Russia

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Russia is a federation which, since March 1, 2008, consists of 83 federal subjects (Russian: субъект федерации, subyekt federatsii).^[1] They are also known as the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In 1993, when the Constitution of Russia was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed. By 2008, the number of federal subjects had been decreased to 83 because of several mergers.

The federal subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council (upper house of the Federal Assembly). They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.

Federal subjects should not be confused with Federal districts of Russia which are much larger and each encompass many federal subjects. There are 83 federal subjects in the Russian Federation; while there are only 8 federal districts.

Terminology[link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (January 2012)

The official government translation of the Constitution of Russia in Article 5 states:^[2] "1. The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, krays, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast and autonomous okrugs, which shall have equal rights as constituent entities of the Russian Federation."

The term was also one of several discussed during the 49th annual American Translators Association conference in Orlando, in which Tom Fennel, a freelancer, gave an opinion that the term "constituent entity of the Russian Federation" is preferred to "subject".^[3] This recommendation is also shared by Tamara Nekrasova, Head of Translation Department, Goltsblat BLP, who in her "Traps & Mishaps in Legal Translation" presentation in Paris stated that "constituent entity of the Russian Federation is more appropriate than subject of the Russian Federation (subject would be OK for a monarchy)".^[4] The term is also used in the UN documents.^{[citation needed]} Other academic sources use the term "subject".^{[citation needed]}

Types[link]

Each federal subject belongs to one of the following types:

List of federal subjects[link]

The subjects have both numerical codes and two- or three-letter ISO 3166-2:RU codes. The numerical codes span from 01 to 92, although nine of them (41, 59, 75, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, and 88) are no longer in use after mergers.

Code	Name	Capital/administrative centre (Largest city given if not capital)	Flag	Coat of arms	Federal district	Economic region	Area (km²)[5]	Population[6]
01	Adygea, Republic of	Maykop			Southern	North Caucasus	7,600	447,109
02	Bashkortostan, Republic of	Ufa			Volga	Urals	143,600	4,104,336
03	Buryatia, Republic of	Ulan-Ude			Siberian	East Siberian	351,300	981,238
04	Altai Republic	Gorno-Altaysk			Siberian	West Siberian	92,600	202,947
05	Dagestan, Republic of	Makhachkala			North Caucasian	North Caucasus	50,300	2,576,531
06	Ingushetia, Republic of	Magas (Largest city: Nazran)			North Caucasian	North Caucasus	4,000	467,294
07	Kabardino-Balkar Republic	Nalchik			North Caucasian	North Caucasus	12,500	901,494
08	Kalmykia, Republic of	Elista			Southern	Volga	76,100	292,410
09	Karachay-Cherkess Republic	Cherkessk			North Caucasian	North Caucasus	14,100	439,470
10	Karelia, Republic of	Petrozavodsk			Northwestern	Northern	172,400	716,281
11	Komi Republic	Syktyvkar			Northwestern	Northern	415,900	1,018,674
12	Mari El Republic	Yoshkar-Ola			Volga	Volga-Vyatka	23,200	727,979
13	Mordovia, Republic of	Saransk			Volga	Volga-Vyatka	26,200	888,766
14	Sakha (Yakutia) Republic	Yakutsk			Far Eastern	Far Eastern	3,103,200	949,280
15	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of	Vladikavkaz			North Caucasian	North Caucasus	8,000	710,275
16	Tatarstan, Republic of	Kazan			Volga	Volga	68,000	3,779,265
17	Tuva Republic	Kyzyl			Siberian	East Siberian	170,500	305,510
18	Udmurt Republic	Izhevsk			Volga	Urals	42,100	1,570,316
19	Khakassia, Republic of	Abakan			Siberian	East Siberian	61,900	546,072
20	Chechen Republic	Grozny			North Caucasian	North Caucasus	15,300	1,103,686
21	Chuvash Republic	Cheboksary			Volga	Volga-Vyatka	18,300	1,313,754
22	Altai Krai	Barnaul			Siberian	West Siberian	169,100	2,607,426
92	Zabaykalsky Krai	Chita			Siberian	East Siberian	431,500	1,155,346
91	Kamchatka Krai	Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky			Far Eastern	Far Eastern	472,300	358,801
23	Krasnodar Krai	Krasnodar			Southern	North Caucasus	76,000	5,125,221
24	Krasnoyarsk Krai	Krasnoyarsk			Siberian	East Siberian	2,339,700	2,966,042
90	Perm Krai	Perm			Volga	Urals	160,600	2,819,421
25	Primorsky Krai	Vladivostok			Far Eastern	Far Eastern	165,900	2,071,210
26	Stavropol Krai	Stavropol			North Caucasian	North Caucasus	66,500	2,735,139
27	Khabarovsk Krai	Khabarovsk			Far Eastern	Far Eastern	788,600	1,436,570
28	Amur Oblast	Blagoveshchensk			Far Eastern	Far Eastern	363,700	902,844
29	Arkhangelsk Oblast	Arkhangelsk			Northwestern	Northern	587,400	1,336,539
30	Astrakhan Oblast	Astrakhan			Southern	Volga	44,100	1,005,276
31	Belgorod Oblast	Belgorod			Central	Central Black Earth	27,100	1,511,620
32	Bryansk Oblast	Bryansk			Central	Central	34,900	1,378,941
33	Vladimir Oblast	Vladimir			Central	Central	29,000	1,523,990
34	Volgograd Oblast	Volgograd			Southern	Volga	113,900	2,699,223
35	Vologda Oblast	Vologda (Largest city: Cherepovets)			Northwestern	Northern	145,700	1,269,568
36	Voronezh Oblast	Voronezh			Central	Central Black Earth	52,400	2,378,803
37	Ivanovo Oblast	Ivanovo			Central	Central	21,800	1,148,329
38	Irkutsk Oblast	Irkutsk			Siberian	East Siberian	767,900	2,581,705
39	Kaliningrad Oblast	Kaliningrad			Northwestern	Kaliningrad	15,100	955,281
40	Kaluga Oblast	Kaluga			Central	Central	29,900	1,041,641
42	Kemerovo Oblast	Kemerovo (Largest city: Novokuznetsk)			Siberian	West Siberian	95,500	2,899,142
43	Kirov Oblast	Kirov			Volga	Volga-Vyatka	120,800	1,503,529
44	Kostroma Oblast	Kostroma			Central	Central	60,100	736,641
45	Kurgan Oblast	Kurgan			Urals	Urals	71,000	1,019,532
46	Kursk Oblast	Kursk			Central	Central Black Earth	29,800	1,235,091
47	Leningrad Oblast	Largest city: Gatchina[a]			Northwestern	Northwestern	84,500	1,669,205
48	Lipetsk Oblast	Lipetsk			Central	Central Black Earth	24,100	1,213,499
49	Magadan Oblast	Magadan			Far Eastern	Far Eastern	461,400	182,726
50	Moscow Oblast	Largest city: Balashikha[b]			Central	Central	45,900	6,618,538
51	Murmansk Oblast	Murmansk			Northwestern	Northern	144,900	892,534
52	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	Nizhny Novgorod			Volga	Volga-Vyatka	76,900	3,524,028
53	Novgorod Oblast	Veliky Novgorod			Northwestern	Northwestern	55,300	694,355
54	Novosibirsk Oblast	Novosibirsk			Siberian	West Siberian	178,200	2,692,251
55	Omsk Oblast	Omsk			Siberian	West Siberian	139,700	2,079,220
56	Orenburg Oblast	Orenburg			Volga	Urals	124,000	2,179,551
57	Oryol Oblast	Oryol			Central	Central	24,700	860,262
58	Penza Oblast	Penza			Volga	Volga	43,200	1,452,941
60	Pskov Oblast	Pskov			Northwestern	Northwestern	55,300	760,810
61	Rostov Oblast	Rostov-on-Don			Southern	North Caucasus	100,800	4,404,013
62	Ryazan Oblast	Ryazan			Central	Central	39,600	1,227,910
63	Samara Oblast	Samara			Volga	Volga	53,600	3,239,737
64	Saratov Oblast	Saratov			Volga	Volga	100,200	2,668,310
65	Sakhalin Oblast	Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk			Far Eastern	Far Eastern	87,100	546,695
66	Sverdlovsk Oblast	Yekaterinburg			Urals	Urals	194,800	4,486,214
67	Smolensk Oblast	Smolensk			Central	Central	49,800	1,049,574
68	Tambov Oblast	Tambov			Central	Central Black Earth	34,300	1,178,443
69	Tver Oblast	Tver			Central	Central	84,100	1,471,459
70	Tomsk Oblast	Tomsk			Siberian	West Siberian	316,900	1,046,039
71	Tula Oblast	Tula			Central	Central	25,700	1,675,758
72	Tyumen Oblast	Tyumen			Urals	West Siberian	1,435,200	3,264,841
73	Ulyanovsk Oblast	Ulyanovsk			Volga	Volga	37,300	1,382,811
74	Chelyabinsk Oblast	Chelyabinsk			Urals	Urals	87,900	3,603,339
76	Yaroslavl Oblast	Yaroslavl			Central	Central	36,400	1,367,398
77	Moscow	—			Central	Central	1,100	10,382,754
78	Saint Petersburg	—			Northwestern	Northwestern	1,439	4,662,547
79	Jewish Autonomous Oblast	Birobidzhan			Far Eastern	Far Eastern	36,000	190,915
83	Nenets Autonomous Okrug	Naryan-Mar			Northwestern	Northern	176,700	41,546
86	Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra	Khanty-Mansiysk (Largest city: Surgut)			Urals	West Siberian	523,100	1,432,817
87	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	Anadyr			Far Eastern	Far Eastern	737,700	53,824
89	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	Salekhard (Largest city: Novy Urengoy)			Urals	West Siberian	750,300	507,006

[edit] References

1. ^ Constitution, Article 65
2. ^ http://www.government.ru/eng/gov/base/54.html
3. ^ http://www.ata-divisions.org/SLD/slavfile/winter-2009.pdf
4. ^ http://eulita.eu/sites/default/files/Tammy_presentation.pdf
5. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_03.xls. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
6. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_04_1.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-23. 

Oblasts[link]

There are 46 oblasts (Russian: область; "provinces").

Krais[link]

There are 9 krais (Russian: край; territories).

1. Altai Krai
2. Kamchatka Krai
3. Khabarovsk Krai
4. Krasnodar Krai
5. Krasnoyarsk Krai
6. Perm Krai
7. Primorsky Krai
8. Stavropol Krai
9. Zabaykalsky Krai

Federal cities[link]

There are 2 federal cities: Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

Map #	Code	ISO Code	Name	Flag	Coat of arms	Federal district	Economic region	Area (km²)[1]	Population[2]
1	77	MOW	Moscow			Central	Central	1,100	10,382,754
2	78	SPE	Saint Petersburg			Northwestern	Northwestern	1,439	4,662,547

Autonomous oblast[link]

There is one autonomous oblast, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.

Mergers[link]

Federal subjects of Russia

Starting in 2005, some of the federal subjects were merged into larger territories. The merging process was finished on March 1, 2008. No new mergers have been planned since March 2008.

Further proposals for mergers[link]

The following merger proposals have been made in recent years; most have since become inactive.

Proposals	Federal subjects	Map
6, 6a	Arkhangelsk Oblast + Nenets Autonomous Okrug = Pomorsky Krai
7, 7a, 7b	Khabarovsk Krai + Jewish Autonomous Oblast + Amur Oblast = Amur Krai
8, 8a	Magadan Oblast + Chukotka Autonomous Okrug = Magadan Krai
9, 9a, 9b	Irkutsk Oblast + Buryat Republic + Zabaykalsky Krai = Baykalsky Krai
10, 10a, 10b	Tyumen Oblast + Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug + Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug = Tyumen Krai
11, 11a, 11b	Novosibirsk Oblast + Omsk Oblast + Tomsk Oblast = Novosibirsk Krai
12, 12a, 12b	Kemerovo Oblast + Altai Republic + Altai Krai = Altai Krai
13	St. Petersburg + Leningrad Oblast = St. Petersburg Oblast
14	Moscow + Moscow Oblast = Moscow Oblast
15, 15a	Yaroslavl Oblast + Kostroma Oblast = Yaroslavl Krai
16, 16a	Novgorod Oblast + Pskov Oblast = Novgorod Krai
17, 17a	Krasnodar Krai + Republic of Adygea = Krasnodar Krai
18, 18a	Republic of Ingushetia + Chechen Republic = Checheno-Ingushetia

See also[link]

• Subdivisions of Russia
• Federal districts of Russia
• Economic regions of Russia
• History of the administrative division of Russia
• Flags of the federal subjects of Russia
• List of heads of federal subjects of Russia
• List of Russian federal subjects by GRP

References[link]

Sources[link]

• 12 декабря 1993 г. «Конституция Российской Федерации», в ред. Федерального конституционного закона №7-ФКЗ от 30 декабря 2008 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №237, 25 декабря 1993 г. (December 12, 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation, as amended by the Federal Constitutional Law #7-FKZ of December 30, 2008. Effective as of the official publication date.).

v t e Lists of federal subjects of Russia By Population (density) Gross Regional Product Literacy rate Total fertility rate Substance abuse HDI Life expectancy Highest point Murder rate Unemployment Name etymology Other Flags Coats of arms Governors

vep:Venälaižen Federacijan subjektad

Wayne Allyn Root
Personal details
Born	(1961-07-20) July 20, 1961 (age 50) Mount Vernon, New York
Political party	Republican (until 2007), Libertarian (2007–)
Spouse(s)	Debra Root
Children	Dakota Root, Hudson Root, Remington Reagan Root, Contessa Root
Occupation	TV celebrity, producer, author, CEO, politician
Religion	Jewish,[1] Born again Christian[2][3]
Website	Root for America

Wayne Allyn Root (born July 20, 1961) is an American politician, entrepreneur, television and radio personality, author and political commentator. He was the 2008 Libertarian Party vice-presidential nominee. Root began his career as a professional sports handicapper, based in Las Vegas, Nevada.

His political talk radio show,W.A.R: The Wayne Allyn Root Showis broadcast in New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago. Root is a frequent guest on several nationally syndicated radio shows such as Savage Nation, The Jerry Doyle Show, and Mancow's Morning Madhouse. He has also made numerous appearances on various programs on the Fox News Channel. He is a frequent speaker at Tea Party events across the United States.^[4]

Root's political columns appear in the Las Vegas Review Journal^[5] and at Newsmax.com.^[6]

At the 2008 Libertarian National Convention, Root was eliminated on the fifth ballot in a bid for the presidential nomination, and subsequently became the vice presidential candidate alongside Libertarian nominee Bob Barr. Root lost a bid to become National Chair of the Libertarian Party at the party's 2010 Convention.

Early life and education[link]

Root was born in Mount Vernon, New York, the son of the late David and Stella Root. His father was a butcher from Bronxville, New York, who dabbled in third party politics as one of the original founders of the New York State Conservative Party.^[7]

Root graduated as Valedictorian from his high school, Thornton-Donovan School, then graduated from Columbia University in 1983 as a Political Science major (in the same class as President Barack Obama).^[8]

Personal life[link]

He has been married to Debra Root for over 17 years. The couple have four children: Dakota, Hudson, Remington, and Contessa.^[9]

Career[link]

This section of a biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2011)

Sports handicapper[link]

Root's TV handicapping career began in New York City on WNBC radio (now WFAN) in the early 1980s. He moved onto NBC "Source Radio Network" syndicated around the country in over 100 markets as a sports talk host. He later became one of the youngest anchormen and national TV hosts in America from 1989 through the early 1990s on Financial News Network (FNN), now known as CNBC.

TV producer and personality[link]

Root is Founder and Chairman of Winning Edge International Inc.^[10] In the 2000s, he hosted Wayne Allyn Root's Winning Edge, a television show which promoted Root's sports handicapping operation.

Root was the creator, executive producer and co-host (along with HBO's Max Kellerman) of King of Vegas on Spike TV.

Author[link]

Root is the author of several books, including The Zen of Gambling,The Joy of Failure!, The King of Vegas' Guide to Gambling, Millionaire Republican, and The Conscience of a Libertarian: Empowering the Citizen Revolution with God, Guns, Gold & Tax Cuts.

Financial adviser[link]

Root is spokesman, board member and Senior Economic Adviser to Wealth Masters International ("WMI"), a global financial services and education company based in Houston, Texas.^[10][11] Norwegian authorities have suspended WMI's sales, finding it to be an illegal pyramid scheme. Root is named in the finding.^[12] Root has partnered with Kip Herriage of WMI and Gerald Celente to create the "Crashproof Prosperity Investment Newsletter".^[13]

Politics[link]

Root was a longtime Republican Party member and supporter who self-identified as a Libertarian Republican. In 2007, Root ended his association with the Republican Party and joined the Libertarian Party.^[14] He authored a book on his libertarian views, The Conscience of a Libertarian, which was published in 2009.^[14]

2008 presidential campaign[link]

On May 4, 2007, Root declared his candidacy for the Libertarian Party's 2008 presidential nomination on Las Vegas' Fox 5 television station.^[15]

On February 5, 2008, he placed second in the Missouri Libertarian presidential primary with 18% of the vote (47% voted for "Uncommitted"). He came in second in Arizona and third in California, without campaigning in any of these states.^[7]

2008 vice-presidential candidacy[link]

On May 25, 2008, Root made it to the fifth ballot of the LP presidential nomination vote at the 2008 Libertarian National Convention before being eliminated and endorsing Bob Barr, who went on to the party's presidential nomination. Root then became the LP vice presidential nominee, securing the nod in the third round of voting for that nomination.^{[16][dead link]}

In September 2008, Root offered to give up his VP slate on the Libertarian ticket to make room for Ron Paul, as the LP had received feelers that the former Republican presidential candidate may have been interested in getting on a strong third party ticket, as there remained a strong following behind him. Paul declined the offer, and denied any intention of running on a third-party presidential ticket.^[17]

Libertarian National Committee[link]

In 2010, Root ran for the position of chair of the Libertarian National Committee of the Libertarian Party of the United States. His candidacy was endorsed by his running mate on the 2008 Libertarian presidential ticket, Bob Barr,^[18] and by the Party's first presidential nominee, John Hospers.^[19] He was defeated by Mark Hinkle by a vote of 228–281 in the third round but subsequently succeeded in being elected to the Libertarian National Committee as an At-Large Member.^[20][21][22]

In July 2011 Root was elected chair of the "Libertarian National Congressional Committee", a Federal Elections Commission registered entity.^[23][24] He renamed it the "Libertarian National Congressional Committee."^[25]

At the 2012 Libertarian National Convention Root again was elected to the Libertarian National Committee as an At-Large Member, despite being seen as part of the "top-down faction."^[26] The party's 2012 presidential candidate Gary Johnson endorsed Root.^[27] Root received the lowest total of the five candidates elected.^{[citation needed]}

Political positions[link]

Root supports smaller government, reduced spending, reduced entitlements, reduced bureaucracy, dramatically lower taxes, and greater personal freedom for individuals. In the area of education, he supports more parental control, more emphasis on school choice (moving education to the state and local level), and increased competition through vouchers. Root and his wife choose to home-school their children. He is also a strong supporter of gun rights for the individual. Root is a small businessman who believes the 2-party system is built on corruption, greed and bribery. He is a fiscal conservative in the mode of his heroes Ronald Reagan, and Barry Goldwater. He believes most social issues should be determined at the state and local level.^[7] Root calls for the repeal of the income tax and favors replacing it, as well as all other sources of federal tax revenues, with a tax on each state in proportion to its population, with each state deciding for itself how to raise its share of the money,^[28] which is mentioned in Article 1, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution. This has been called a "State-Rate Tax".

Root holds that "the Iraq war is a disaster". He states the answer is to "use the success of the surge to declare victory and make plans to get out of Iraq as soon as reasonably possible".^[29] He also questions Central Intelligence Agency information on Iran, would use "any diplomatic means", including the United Nations, in order to "avoid another war".^[30]

Bibliography[link]

• Betting to Win on Sports (as Wayne Alan Root, with Wilbur Cross). Bantam. 1989. ISBN 978-0-553-34789-0. 
• The Joy of Failure!: How to Turn Failure, Rejection, and Pain into Extraordinary Success. Summit Publishing Group. 1997. ISBN 978-1-56530-206-8. 
• The Zen of Gambling: The Ultimate Guide to Risking It All and Winning at Life (with Paul Pease). Tarcher. 2004. ISBN 978-1-58542-402-3. 
• Millionaire Republican. Tarcher. 2005. ISBN 978-1-58542-512-9. 
• The King of Vegas' Guide to Gambling: How to Win Big at Poker, Casino Gambling & Life!The Zen of Gambling updated. Tarcher. 2006. ISBN 978-1-58542-529-7. 
• The Conscience of a Libertarian: Empowering the Citizen Revolution with God, Guns, Gold & Tax Cuts. Wiley. 2009. ISBN 978-0-470-45265-3. 

See also[link]

• Bob Barr presidential campaign, 2008

References[link]

External links[link]

• Root for America! Vice-Presidential Campaign website
• Official website
• Interview on Wikinews
• Interview on RawVegas.tv
• YouTube page
• Candidate profile at Project Vote Smart
• Presidential campaign FEC disclosure report
• Interview with the Progressive Student Voice
• World peace think tank supports Root
• Wealth Masters International Senior Economic Advisor & Executive Committee
• Root interview on the American spirit

v t e Libertarian Party Chairpersons of the LNC Hallett Crane Bergland Clark Grant VerHagen Turney Walter Gingell Dasbach Bergland Lark Neale Dixon Redpath Hinkle Neale Presidential tickets Hospers/Nathan MacBride/Bergland Clark/Koch Bergland/Lewis Paul/Marrou Marrou/Lord Browne/Jorgensen Browne/Olivier Badnarik/Campagna Barr/Root Johnson/Gray Parties by state and territory State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territory District of Columbia Conventions 1972 (Denver) 1974 (Dallas) 1975 (New York City) 1977 (San Francisco) 1979 (Los Angeles) 1981 (Denver) 1983 (New York City) 1985 (Phoenix) 1987 (Seattle) 1989 (Philadelphia) 1991 (Chicago) 1993 (Salt Lake City) 1996 (Washington) 1998 (Washington) 2000 (Anaheim) 2002 (Indianapolis) 2004 (Atlanta) 2006 (Portland) 2008 (Denver) 2010 (St. Louis) 2012 (Las Vegas) Affiliated organizations College Libertarians Libertarian National Committee Libertarian Reform Caucus LPRadicals Outright Libertarians Related articles Committee to Form a Libertarian Party Dallas Accord Electoral history History Libertarian pledge Libertarianism Portal

Henrietta Lacks (August 1, 1920 – October 4, 1951)^[1] (sometimes erroneously called Henrietta Lakes, Helen Lane or Helen Larson) was an African-American woman who was the unwitting source of cells (from her cancerous tumor), which were cultured by George Otto Gey to create an immortal cell line for medical research. This is now known as the HeLa cell line.^[2]