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Alberta
Alberta is the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. It covers nearly the same land area as the state of Texas, and had a population of 3.7 million in 2009. It became a province on September 1, 1905, on the same day as Saskatchewan.
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Aroland First Nation
Aroland (2006 Population 325) is an Ojibwa and Oji-Cree First Nation in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in the Thunder Bay District approximately 20 kilometres west of Nakina. Their community, the Aroland Indian Settlement, have Indian reserve status, though the settlement itself is not a reserve.
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Asubpeeschoseewagong
http://wn.com/Asubpeeschoseewagong -
Aurora, Minnesota
Aurora is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, USA. The population was 1,850 at the 2000 census.
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British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Chequamegon Bay
Chequamegon Bay (, or approximately "sha-wahma-gann"), is an inlet of Lake Superior, NE-SW and 2- wide, in Ashland and Bayfield counties in the extreme northern part of Wisconsin. It lies largely inside the barrier of Chequamegon Point and Long Island, with the Bad River Indian Reservation to the east. Ashland, Wisconsin is on its south, Washburn, Wisconsin is on its north. The Chequamegon National Forest lies largely S and W. The name comes from the Ojibwe name Zhaagawaamikong, "sand bar place; at the sand bar".
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Detroit, Michigan
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Dokis 9, Ontario
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Duluth, Minnesota
Duluth ( in English) is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County. The fourth largest city in Minnesota, Duluth had a total population of 86,918 in the 2000 census and 84,419 according to July 1, 2009 census estimates. The Duluth MSA had a population of 275,486 in 2000. At the westernmost point of the Great Lakes on the north shore of Lake Superior, Duluth is linked to the Atlantic Ocean away via the Great Lakes and Erie Canal/New York State Barge Canal or Saint Lawrence Seaway passages and is the Atlantic Ocean's westernmost deep-water port.
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Great Lakes
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Illinois
Illinois ( {{respell|-i-), is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. It is the most populous state in the Midwest region, however with 65% of its residents concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, most of the state has either a rural or a small town character. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is an important transportation hub; the Port of Chicago connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. As the "most average state", Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics, though the latter has not really been true since the early 1970s.
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Kansas
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Keweenaw Peninsula
The Keweenaw Peninsula (, roughly ) is the northern-most part of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. It projects into Lake Superior and was the site of the first copper boom in the United States. Its major industries are now logging and tourism, as well as jobs related to Michigan Technological University and Finlandia University.
http://wn.com/Keweenaw_Peninsula -
La Pointe, Wisconsin
La Pointe is a town in Ashland County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 246 at the 2000 census. Its name in the Anishinaabe language is Mooningwanekaaning, meaning "The Home of the Golden Breasted Woodpecker (see:Yellow-shafted Flicker)".
http://wn.com/La_Pointe_Wisconsin -
Manitoba
Manitoba is a Canadian prairie province with an area of . The province has over 110,000 lakes and has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other major industries are transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.
http://wn.com/Manitoba -
Medicine wheels
http://wn.com/Medicine_wheels -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
http://wn.com/Michigan -
Milwaukee
http://wn.com/Milwaukee -
Minnesota
Minnesota () is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.27 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
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Montana
http://wn.com/Montana -
Montreal, Quebec
http://wn.com/Montreal_Quebec -
North Dakota
North Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America, along the Canadian border, about halfway between the Pacific Ocean and the Great Lakes. North Dakota is the 19th largest state by area in the U.S. It is also the third least populous, with only about 646,850 residents as of 2009. North Dakota was carved out of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
http://wn.com/North_Dakota -
Northwest Angle
The Northwest Angle, known simply as the Angle by locals, and coterminous with Angle Township, is a part of northern Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, and is the only place in the United States outside of Alaska that is north of the 49th parallel. That parallel is the northern boundary of the 48 contiguous states extending from the west coast along the northern boundaries of Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, and part of Minnesota to the Northwest Angle. The Angle is one of only four non-island locations in the 48 contiguous states not directly connected to them by land within the country, the others being nearby Elm Point, Minnesota; Point Roberts, Washington; and the town of Alburgh, Vermont. All four are located on the Canadian border with the United States.
http://wn.com/Northwest_Angle -
Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,
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Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
http://wn.com/Ontario -
Ottawa
Ottawa ( or ) is the capital of Canada, a municipality and the second largest city within the province of Ontario. Located in the Ottawa Valley, in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario, the city lies on the Ottawa River, a major waterway forming the local boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
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Quebec
Quebec or ( ) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
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Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of . Saskatchewan is bounded on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the American states of Montana and North Dakota.
http://wn.com/Saskatchewan -
Southern Ontario
Southern Ontario is a region of the province of Ontario, Canada that lies south of the French River and Algonquin Park. Depending on the inclusion of the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts, its surface area would cover between 14 to 15% of the province. It is the southernmost region of Canada, and contains the only place in the nation where one can travel north to the United States. At Windsor, Ontario if one travels north they will reach Detroit, Michigan.
http://wn.com/Southern_Ontario -
Superior, Wisconsin
Superior is a city in and the county seat of Douglas County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 27,368 at the 2000 census. Located at the junction of U.S. Routes 2 and 53, it is just north of and adjacent to both the Village of Superior and the Town of Superior.
http://wn.com/Superior_Wisconsin -
Totem
A totem is a stipulated ancestor of a group of people, such as a family, clan, lineage, or tribe.
http://wn.com/Totem -
Treaty of Greenville
The Treaty of Greenville was signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville, Ohio), on August 2, 1795, between a coalition of Native Americans & Frontiers men known as the Western Confederacy and the United States following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest Indian War. The United States was represented by General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, who led the victory at Fallen Timbers. In exchange for goods to the value of $20,000 (such as blankets, utensils, and domestic animals), the Native Americans turned over to the United States large parts of modern-day Ohio, the future site of downtown Chicago, the Fort Detroit area, Maumee Ohio Area, and the Lower Sandusky Ohio Area.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is considered part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Upper Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. As of 2009 the state has an estimated 5.6 million residents. The state contains 72 counties.
http://wn.com/Wisconsin
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Abnaki
http://wn.com/Abnaki -
Adam Beach
Adam Ruebin Beach (born November 11, 1972) is a Canadian Saulteaux actor.
http://wn.com/Adam_Beach -
Al Hunter
Al Hunter is an Anishinaabe writer who has published poetry in journals including Days of Obsidian, Days of Grace (Poetry Harbor, Duluth, MN, 1995).
http://wn.com/Al_Hunter -
Algonquian languages
http://wn.com/Algonquian_languages -
Algonquian peoples
The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American Native language groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds. Today hundreds of thousands of individuals identify with various Algonquian peoples. This grouping consists of peoples that speak Algonquian languages.
http://wn.com/Algonquian_peoples -
Anishinaabe
http://wn.com/Anishinaabe -
Arron Asham
http://wn.com/Arron_Asham -
Beautifying Bird
Chief Beautifying Bird or Dressing Bird (Nay-naw-ong-gay-be, Na-naw-ong-ga-be or Ne-na-nang-eb (''Nenaa'angebi'' in the Fiero orthography), meaning "[Bird that] Fixes-up Its Wing-feathers"), (1794-1855) was a principal chief of the Prairie Rice Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewas, originally located near Rice Lake, Wisconsin. He served as the principal chief about the middle of the 19th century. He was noted chiefly as an orator, and as the father of Ah-shah-way-gee-she-go-qua, the so-called "Chippewa Princess". Nay-naw-ong-gay-be is described as having been of "less than medium height and size," and as having "intelligent features."
http://wn.com/Beautifying_Bird -
Benjamin Chee Chee
Benjamin Chee Chee, artist, of Ojibwa descent, born Kenneth Thomas Benjamin at Temagami, Ontario 26 March 1944; died at Ottawa 14 March 1977. His early life was troubled and he lost track of his mother, who he spent many years searching for. He moved to Montreal in 1965 where he developed his love of drawing, moving back to Ottawa in 1973. He gained fame as he developed his unique style of clear graceful lines with minimal colour of birds and animals giving sense to emotion and movement. After finally finding his mother and achieving success as an artist, he committed suicide in an Ottawa jail.
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Chee_Chee -
Beshekee
This article is about the Ojibwe chief from Leech Lake. For the Ojibwe chief from La Pointe, see Kechewaishke. For other individuals of the name, see Chief Buffalo (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Beshekee -
Buffy Sainte-Marie
Buffy Sainte-Marie, OC (born Beverly Sainte-Marie, February 20, 1941 or 1942) is a Canadian Cree singer-songwriter, musician, composer, visual artist, pacifist, educator, social activist, and philanthropist. Throughout her career in all of these areas, her work has focused on issues of Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Her singing and writing repertoire includes subjects of love, war, religion, and mysticism. Her music might generally be categorized as folk and traditional music, though she did record one mostly country album, ''I'm Gonna Be a Country Girl Again'', in Nashville. Some of her other songs have more modern popular sounds. Her work has been covered by such musicians as Elvis Presley, Barbra Streisand, Neil Diamond, Neko Case, Janis Joplin, Chet Atkins, The Indigo Girls and Joe Cocker. She is also responsible for Cradleboard Teaching Project, an educational curriculum devoted to better understanding of Native Americans. She has won recognition and many awards and honours for both her music and her work in education and social activism.
http://wn.com/Buffy_Sainte-Marie -
Carl Beam
http://wn.com/Carl_Beam -
Carole LaFavor
http://wn.com/Carole_LaFavor -
Cherokee
The Cherokee () are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.
http://wn.com/Cherokee -
Chief Bender
http://wn.com/Chief_Bender -
Chippewa Indians
http://wn.com/Chippewa_Indians -
Chris Simon
Chris Simon (born January 30, 1972 in Wawa, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who is currently playing for Vityaz Chekhov of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
http://wn.com/Chris_Simon -
Cody McCormick
Cody McCormick (born April 18, 1983 in London, Ontario) is a Canadian ice hockey player who currently plays for the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL. He is of First Nations descent, with both Oneida and Chippewa/Ojibway ancestors, and he also has European heritage.
http://wn.com/Cody_McCormick -
Coureur des bois
A coureur des bois (, runner of the woods) was a French woodsman, who travelled to the interior of Canada to engaged in the fur trade with the natives without permission from the French authorities. The Coureurs de Bois was an adventurer, expert canoeist, and skilled businessmen. The coureurs de bois, mostly of French descent, operated during the late 17th century and early 18th century in eastern North America, particularly in New France. Later, a limited number of permits were issued to coureurs des bois who became known as voyageurs.
http://wn.com/Coureur_des_bois -
Cree
The Cree are one of the largest groups of First Nations/Native Americans in North America, with 200,000 members living in Canada. In Canada, the major proportion of Cree live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories, although 15,000 live in eastern Quebec. In the United States, this Algonquian-speaking people lived historically from Lake Superior westward. Today they live mostly in Montana, where they share a reservation with Chippewa (Ojibwa).
http://wn.com/Cree -
David Treuer
David Treuer (born 1970) is a writer of Ojibwe and Jewish descent. He was born in Washington, D.C. and raised on the Leech Lake Indian Reservation in northern Minnesota. He attended Princeton University and was graduated in 1992 after writing two senior theses, one in the anthropology department and one in the Princeton Program in Creative Writing. While at Princeton he studied with Joanna Scott and Paul Muldoon and his thesis advisor was the Nobel Prize winning author Toni Morrison.
http://wn.com/David_Treuer -
David W. Anderson
David W. "Famous Dave" Anderson, most well-known as the founder of the Famous Dave's restaurant chain, was the former Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs in the Department of the Interior, with jurisdiction over the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Office of Indian Education Programs (now the Bureau of Indian Education). Anderson is a Choctaw and Ojibwe Indian, and lives in Edina, Minnesota. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up there as well as on reservations in Wisconsin.
http://wn.com/David_W_Anderson -
Dennis Banks
Dennis Banks (born April 12, 1937), a Native American leader, teacher, lecturer, activist and author, is an Anishinaabe born on Leech Lake Indian Reservation in northern Minnesota. Banks is also known as Nowa Cumig (Naawakamig in the Double Vowel System). His name in the Ojibwe language means "In the Center of the Ground."
http://wn.com/Dennis_Banks -
E. Donald Two-Rivers
E. Donald "Ed" Two-Rivers (sometimes known as Donald Two-River) was Anishinaabe (the correct term for people from the Native American tribe also known as the Ojibwa/Chippewa). He was a noted poet, playwright and spoken-word performer.
http://wn.com/E_Donald_Two-Rivers -
Eastman Johnson
Eastman Johnson (July 29, 1824 - April 5, 1906) was an American painter, and Co-Founder of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, with his name inscribed at its entrance. Best known for his genre paintings, paintings of scenes from everyday life, and his portraits both of everyday people, he also painted portraits of prominent Americans such as Abraham Lincoln, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. His later works often show the influence of the 17th century Dutch masters whom he studied while living in The Hague, and he was even known as The American Rembrandt in his day.
http://wn.com/Eastman_Johnson -
Eddy Cobiness
http://wn.com/Eddy_Cobiness -
Ernest Hemingway
http://wn.com/Ernest_Hemingway -
Eskimo
Eskimos or Esquimaux are indigenous peoples who have traditionally inhabited the circumpolar region from eastern Siberia (Russia), across Alaska (United States), Canada, and Greenland.
http://wn.com/Eskimo -
Ferde Grofe
http://wn.com/Ferde_Grofe -
First Nations
http://wn.com/First_Nations -
Francis Pegahmagabow
Francis Pegahmagabow MM & Two Bars, (March 9, 1891 – August 5, 1952) was the First Nation soldier most highly decorated for bravery in Canadian military history and the most effective sniper of World War I. Three times awarded the Military Medal and seriously wounded, he was an expert marksman and scout, credited with killing 378 Germans and capturing 300 more. Later in life, he served as chief and a councilor for the Wasauksing First Nation, and as an activist and leader in several First Nations organizations. He corresponded with and met other noted aboriginal figures including Fred Loft, Jules Sioui, Andrew Paull and John Tootoosis.
http://wn.com/Francis_Pegahmagabow -
French people
French people can refer to:
http://wn.com/French_people -
George Catlin
http://wn.com/George_Catlin -
Gerald Vizenor
Gerald Robert Vizenor (born 1934) is a Native American (Anishinaabe) writer, and an enrolled member of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, White Earth Reservation. One of the most prolific Native American writers, with over 30 books to his name, Vizenor also taught for many years at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was Director of Native American Studies. Vizenor is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, and Professor of American Studies at the University of New Mexico.
http://wn.com/Gerald_Vizenor -
Gordon Henry Jr.
http://wn.com/Gordon_Henry_Jr -
Hanging Cloud
Hanging Cloud (Ojibwa name Ah-shah-way-gee-she-go-qua (Aazhawigiizhigokwe in the contemporary spelling), meaning "Goes Across the Sky Woman") was an Ojibwa woman who was a full warrior (ogichidaakwe in Ojibwe) among her people, and claimed by the Wisconsin Historical Society as the only woman to ever become one. She was the daughter of Chief ''Nenaa'angebi (Beautifying Bird) and his wife Niigi'o. Aazhawigiizhigokwe was of the Niibinaabe-doodem'' (Merman Clan), of the Prairie Rice Lake Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. Her Band became part of the Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians after the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe.
http://wn.com/Hanging_Cloud -
Hopewell tradition
The Hopewell tradition (also incorrectly called the "Hopewell culture") is the term used to describe common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE. The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society, but a widely dispersed set of related populations. They were connected by a common network of trade routes, known as the Hopewell Exchange System.
http://wn.com/Hopewell_tradition -
Iroquois
The Iroquois (), also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples coalesced as distinct tribes, based mostly in present-day central and upstate New York, in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois became known as the Six Nations. The League is embodied in the Grand Council, an assembly of fifty hereditary sachems.
http://wn.com/Iroquois -
Iroquois Confederacy
http://wn.com/Iroquois_Confederacy -
Jack-O-Pa
http://wn.com/Jack-O-Pa -
James Bartleman
James Karl Bartleman, O.Ont (born 24 December 1939 in Orillia, Ontario) is a Canadian diplomat, author, and was the 27th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 2002 to 2007.
http://wn.com/James_Bartleman -
Jason Behr
Jason Nathaniel Behr (born December 30, 1973) is an American film and television actor. He first starred in the American television series Roswell, for which he was twice nominated for a Saturn Award, followed by roles in the films The Shipping News and the American remake of the Japanese horror film The Grudge. Behr has also had a series of guest appearances in various television shows like Step by Step, The Profiler, 7th Heaven, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, JAG and had a recurring role in the American television series ''Dawson's Creek''.
http://wn.com/Jason_Behr -
Jim Denomie
http://wn.com/Jim_Denomie -
Kaskaskia
The Kaskaskia were one of about a dozen cognate tribes that made up the Illiniwek Confederation or Illinois Confederation. Their first contact with Europeans reportedly occurred near present-day Green Bay, Wisconsin in 1667 at a Jesuit mission station. The Illinois are reported to have asked the French to send a missionary to them in their home country.
http://wn.com/Kaskaskia -
Kechewaishke
http://wn.com/Kechewaishke -
Keith Secola
Keith Secola is an award-winning figure in contemporary Native American music. He is an Ojibwa originally from Minnesota.
http://wn.com/Keith_Secola -
Kickapoo people
The Kickapoo (Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are an Algonquian-speaking Native American tribe. According to the Anishinaabeg, the name "Kickapoo" (Giiwigaabaw in the Anishinaabe language and its Kickapoo cognate Kiwikapawa) means "Stands here and there". It referred to the tribe's migratory patterns. The name can also mean "wanderer". This interpretation is contested and generally believed to be a folk etymology.
http://wn.com/Kickapoo_people -
Kraig Grady
Kraig Grady is a US-Australian composer/sound artist. He has composed and performed with an ensemble of microtonal instruments of his own design and also worked as a shadow puppeteer, tuning theorist, filmmaker, world music radio DJ and concert promoter. His works feature his own ensembles of acoustic instruments, including metallophones, marimbas, hammered dulcimers and reed organs tuned to microtonal just intonation scales. His compositions include accompaniments for silent films and shadow plays. An important influence in the development of Grady's music was Harry Partch, like Grady, a musician from the Southwest, and a composer of theatrical works in Just Intonation for self-built instruments.
http://wn.com/Kraig_Grady -
Lakota people
http://wn.com/Lakota_people -
Leonard Peltier
Leonard Peltier (born September 12, 1944) is an American activist and member of the American Indian Movement (AIM) who was convicted and sentenced in 1977 to two consecutive terms of life imprisonment for the murder of two Federal Bureau of Investigation agents during a 1975 shootout on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Peltier's indictment is the subject of the 1992 documentary Incident at Oglala, a film by Robert Redford and Michael Apted.
http://wn.com/Leonard_Peltier -
Loma Lyns
Loma Lynn Mathias, known professionally as Loma Lyns, is a Canadian country music singer-songwriter and television personality. Her single "Red Handed" was a Top 40 hit on the Canadian country charts in 1990, and her single "Countin' on You This Time" was a Top 40 hit in Europe. She also had chart success in 1998 with "Love Me, I'm Alive", the theme song for the Canadian Special Olympics which she cowrote with Chuck Labelle. She has also collaborated with Patricia Conroy, Russell deCarle, Gil Grand, Lawrence Martin and Collin Raye.
http://wn.com/Loma_Lyns -
Louise Erdrich
Karen Louise Erdrich, known as Louise Erdrich, (born June 7, 1954) is an author of novels, poetry, and children's books with some Native American ancestry. She is widely acclaimed as one of the most significant writers of the second wave of what critic Kenneth Lincoln has called the Native American Renaissance. In April 2009, her novel The Plague of Doves was named a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Fiction. She is the owner of Birchbark Books, a small independent bookstore in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
http://wn.com/Louise_Erdrich -
Maude Kegg
http://wn.com/Maude_Kegg -
Medicine wheels
http://wn.com/Medicine_wheels -
Medicine woman
http://wn.com/Medicine_woman -
Medweganoonind
Medweganoonind (recorded in English as Med-we-gan-on-int, meaning "Who is Heard Spoken To") was a chief of the Ojibwe Tribe at Red Lake, Minnesota.
http://wn.com/Medweganoonind -
Menominee
Some placenames use other spellings, see also Menomonee and Menomonie.
http://wn.com/Menominee -
Meskwaki
:"Fox Nation" redirects here. For the conservative Fox News-related Web site, see The Fox Nation.
http://wn.com/Meskwaki -
Mi'kmaq people
http://wn.com/Mi'kmaq_people -
Miami tribe
The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana, southwest Michigan and western Ohio. Two Miami tribes are recognized by government bodies: the first is the federally recognized Miami Tribe of Oklahoma and the second is the Miami Nation of Indians in Indiana, which is recognized by the state, but not by the Federal government.
http://wn.com/Miami_tribe -
Norval Morrisseau
http://wn.com/Norval_Morrisseau -
Oji-Cree
The Oji-Cree, Anishinini (plural Anishininiwag) or, less correctly, Severn Ojibwa, are a First Nation in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, residing in a narrow band extending from the Missinaibi River region in Northeastern Ontario at the east to Lake Winnipeg at the west.
http://wn.com/Oji-Cree -
Ojibwe people
http://wn.com/Ojibwe_people -
Ozaawindib
http://wn.com/Ozaawindib -
Patrick DesJarlait
Patrick DesJarlait, Sr. (1921-1972) was an Ojibwa artist, known for his watercolor paintings and his commercial art work.
http://wn.com/Patrick_DesJarlait -
Phil Fontaine
Larry Phillip (Phil) Fontaine, OM (born September 20, 1944) is an Aboriginal Canadian leader. He completed his third and final term as National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations in 2009.
http://wn.com/Phil_Fontaine -
Potawatomi
http://wn.com/Potawatomi -
Ramsey Campbell
John Ramsey Campbell (born 4 January 1946 in Liverpool) is an English horror fiction author.
http://wn.com/Ramsey_Campbell -
Rod Michano
Rod Michano, (born Toussaint Roderick Michano, April 19, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a noted Canadian First Nations HIV/AIDS activist and educator. He is a member of the Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation in Northern Ontario.
http://wn.com/Rod_Michano -
Roy Thomas
http://wn.com/Roy_Thomas -
Ruth Landes
http://wn.com/Ruth_Landes -
Stephen King
Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American author of contemporary horror, suspense, science fiction and fantasy fiction. His books have sold more than 500 million copies and have been made into many movies. He is known for novels such as Carrie, The Shining, The Stand, It, Misery, and the seven-novel series The Dark Tower, which King wrote over a period of 27 years. As of 2010, King has written and published 49 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman, five non-fiction books, and nine collections of short stories including Night Shift, Skeleton Crew, and ''Everything's Eventual''. Many of his stories are set in his homestate of Maine. He has collaborated with authors Peter Straub and Stewart O'Nan. Some of his novels have been also been turned into comic books, such are The Stand, The Talisman, and The Dark Tower series.
http://wn.com/Stephen_King -
Sweatlodge
http://wn.com/Sweatlodge -
The Bingo Palace
http://wn.com/The_Bingo_Palace -
Thomas Pynchon
Thomas Ruggles Pynchon, Jr. (born May 8, 1937) is an American novelist. For his most praised novel, ''Gravity's Rainbow'', Pynchon received the National Book Award, and is regularly cited as a contender for the Nobel Prize for Literature. Pynchon is a MacArthur Fellow, is noted for his dense and complex novels, and both his fiction and non-fiction writings encompass a vast array of subject matter, styles and themes, including (but not limited to) the fields of history, science, and mathematics.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Pynchon -
Tommy Prince
Thomas George "Tommy" Prince, MM (October 25, 1915–November 25, 1977) was one of Canada's most decorated First Nations soldiers, serving in World War II and the Korean War.
http://wn.com/Tommy_Prince -
Tony Soprano
Anthony John "Tony" Soprano, Sr. is a fictional character and the protagonist on the HBO television drama series The Sopranos, on which he is portrayed by James Gandolfini. The character was conceived by The Sopranos' creator and show runner David Chase, who was also largely responsible for the character's story arc throughout the show's six seasons. Bobby Boriello portrayed Tony Soprano as a child in one episode and Danny Petrillo played the character as a teenager in three episodes.
http://wn.com/Tony_Soprano -
Vernon Bellecourt
http://wn.com/Vernon_Bellecourt -
Virgil Hill
Virgil Eugene Hill (born January 18, 1964 Clinton, Missouri) was a Joplin, Missouri fighter partly of Native American heritage, who forged a solid connection between the state of North Dakota and the sport of boxing.
http://wn.com/Virgil_Hill -
Voyageurs
http://wn.com/Voyageurs -
Wea
The Wea were a Miami-Illinois-speaking tribe originally located in western Indiana, closely related to the Miami. The name Wea is used today as the a shortened version of their many recorded names. The Weas' name for themselves in their own language is waayaahtanwa, derived from waayaahtanonki, 'place of the whirlpool', their name where they were first recorded being seen and is where they were living at that time. The different spellings of their name is numerous with the influx of the many different settler's ethnic and educational backgrounds. One French recording of the name is "Ouiatenon", another "Ouiateno", these were their villages and are now known as Lafayette and Terre Haute Indiana respectively. A marker was placed by the Indiana Historical Bureau in 2004 depicting the presence of the Wea Village in Terre Haute and the living descendants. The Wea spoke a dialect of the same language as the Miami Tribe.
http://wn.com/Wea -
Wendigo
The Wendigo (also known as Windigo, Weendigo, Windago, Windiga, Witiko, Wihtikow, and numerous other variants) is a mythical creature appearing in the mythology of the Algonquian people. It is a malevolent cannibalistic spirit into which humans could transform, or which could possess humans. Those who indulged in cannibalism were at particular risk, and the legend appears to have reinforced this practice as taboo.
http://wn.com/Wendigo -
Winona LaDuke
Winona LaDuke (born 1959) is a Native American activist, environmentalist, economist, and writer. In 1996 and 2000, she ran for vice president as the nominee of the United States Green Party, on a ticket headed by Ralph Nader. In the 2004 election, however, she endorsed one of Nader's opponents, Democratic candidate John Kerry. In the 2008 presidential election, LaDuke endorsed Democrat Barack Obama.
http://wn.com/Winona_LaDuke
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Chippewa Boots Factory Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Published: 27 Jan 2010
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Here's an example of a program we edited for Justin Brands
http://wn.com/Chippewa_Boots_Factory_Tour
In The Beginning -Ojibwe-Chippewa.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Published: 20 May 2010
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
song sung by the Ojibwe ,old pictures of the Ojibwe-Chippewa
http://wn.com/In_The_Beginning_-Ojibwe-Chippewawmv
Chippewa Indian Language Lessons Part One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:04
- Published: 04 Apr 2010
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
Film about the dialects of the Anishinabe Indian language, including the proper dialect for the Algonquin Indian language, Chippewa Indian language, Cree Indian language, Ojibwa Indian language, Ojibway Indian language, Ojibwe Indian language, Ottawa Indian language, and Potawatomi Indian...
http://wn.com/Chippewa_Indian_Language_Lessons_Part_One
FATFAR - Chippewa Falls, WI - V1 Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:24
- Published: 23 Jun 2008
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
A short film documenting the legendary FATFAR (Frenchtown Annual Tube Float and Regalia) event in Chippewa Falls, WI, where an average of 3000 people float down the Chippewa River each year. Produced by Volume One.
http://wn.com/FATFAR_Chippewa_Falls,_WI_V1_Video
Abandoned Chippewa Lake Amusement Park 1878-2009 Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 26 Apr 2009
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
The park was closed in 1978 and mother nature took back over the park and rides for 30 years untill 2009 when they started clearing out the Abandoned Park for new development.Chippewa Lake Amusement Park 1878-2009 Documentary Chad Dennis Clandestiny Brenna Lee Roth Abandoned Amusement Park Ohio History Time Lapse Then and Now Closed for the Season www.cdbaby.com Song 9 "Lets go to the time Everything was Beautiful"
http://wn.com/Abandoned_Chippewa_Lake_Amusement_Park_1878-2009_Documentary
Saginaw Chippewa Native American Tribe Pow wow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:09
- Published: 09 Aug 2009
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
I went to my first Native American pow wow ever. This particular tribe is the Saginaw Chippewa.
http://wn.com/Saginaw_Chippewa_Native_American_Tribe_Pow_wow
Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Published: 05 Jul 2008
- Updated: 10 Jul 2012
Sault Tribe annual Pow Wow
http://wn.com/Sault_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians
Chippewa Logger Boots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Published: 25 Mar 2007
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
Chippewa logger boots explore various surfaces. Tucked in are duck Dickies work dungarees. Yes, I also went shopping dressed like this.
http://wn.com/Chippewa_Logger_Boots
Chippewa Lake Park
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Published: 12 Mar 2007
- Updated: 05 Jul 2012
an old amusement park by my house
http://wn.com/Chippewa_Lake_Park
SUV Goes Airborne After Road Buckles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:38
- Published: 03 Jul 2012
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
SUV goes airborne after driving on road buckles SUV catches big air on highway
http://wn.com/SUV_Goes_Airborne_After_Road_Buckles
chippewa 11" steel toe engineer boots part 1 / my new boots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Published: 04 Jan 2010
- Updated: 06 Aug 2012
my new boots
http://wn.com/chippewa_11_steel_toe_engineer_boots_part_1_my_new_boots
Chilling Chippewa Falls Part One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Published: 01 Apr 2009
- Updated: 14 Apr 2012
This is a video regarding the reported ghostlore of Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin.
http://wn.com/Chilling_Chippewa_Falls_Part_One
New Chippewa bar accused of racism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Published: 26 Apr 2011
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
There are claims of racism against a Chippewa hot spot. Patrons at the 4Play Nightclub on Chippewa Street were outraged when they were all ordered to leave at 11 pm Saturday night.
http://wn.com/New_Chippewa_bar_accused_of_racism
Chilling Chippewa Falls Part Two
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:38
- Published: 02 Apr 2009
- Updated: 14 Apr 2012
Part two of our Chilling Chippewa Falls video. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Chilling_Chippewa_Falls_Part_Two
Community Area Network: Chippewa Valley, Wisconsin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:08
- Published: 26 Jan 2012
- Updated: 20 Apr 2012
Community institutions in Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin pooled their resources to build a high-speed broadband network. The high-speed connections create opportunities to share applications, and open up possibilities for new uses of technology. A video produced by the ARRA-funded Wisconsin broadband project, Building Community Capacity through Broadband. broadband.uwex.edu
http://wn.com/Community_Area_Network_Chippewa_Valley,_Wisconsin
Hayward Wisconsin Fishing Bass Chippewa Flowage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:30
- Published: 11 Mar 2012
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
This is the full length episode originally aired on Fox Sports March 11, 2012. Season 6 - Episode 13. Largemouth Bass. James Holst and Tanner Wildes fish the Chippewa Flowage in Wisconsin for midsummer largemouth.
http://wn.com/Hayward_Wisconsin_Fishing_Bass_Chippewa_Flowage
chippewa snake boot test
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Published: 21 Jul 2009
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Each new Chippewa snake boot is tested to insure the integrity of the product.
http://wn.com/chippewa_snake_boot_test
February 18, 2012 Auroras in Chippewa National Forest, Grand Rapids, MN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:46
- Published: 20 Feb 2012
- Updated: 08 Aug 2012
Aurora Borealis viewed from the Chippewa National Forest north of Grand Rapids, MN on the evening of February 18, 2012. The last segment was taken on Trout Lake near Bovey, MN. I used Canon 5d Mk II, 24mm f1.4 lens, and 16-35mm f2.8 zoom lens with exposures ranging from 6 seconds to 20 seconds. The auroral event came from a coronal high speed stream with a southward-pointing magnetic field. The ensuing geomagnetic storm reached minor levels with Kp=5 at its peak, when the auroral oval was directly overhead at latitude 47 degrees N.
http://wn.com/February_18,_2012_Auroras_in_Chippewa_National_Forest,_Grand_Rapids,_MN
Custom Beer Pong Table by Chippewa Five; a new style of play
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:27
- Published: 16 Apr 2011
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
LEARN MORE @ Chippewafive.com www.facebook.com www.etsy.com
http://wn.com/Custom_Beer_Pong_Table_by_Chippewa_Five;_a_new_style_of_play
Chippewa Lake Amusement Park
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Published: 24 Mar 2008
- Updated: 07 Aug 2012
Tour through the park after many years abandoned MUSIC- Credit to- Across the Universe- Strawberry Fields
http://wn.com/Chippewa_Lake_Amusement_Park
Abandoned Chippewa Lake Park Visit Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Published: 03 Nov 2007
- Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Chippewa Lake Abandoned Amusement Park Ohio Chad Dennis Matt Duplessie Zach Amanda 216 In Winter
http://wn.com/Abandoned_Chippewa_Lake_Park_Visit_Part_1
The Jim Busta Band - Oktoberfest 2008, Chippewa Falls Wisconsin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Published: 23 Sep 2008
- Updated: 31 Jan 2012
Oktoberfest 2008, Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. 3 days of fun ! Music is by the Jim Busta Band
http://wn.com/The_Jim_Busta_Band_Oktoberfest_2008,_Chippewa_Falls_Wisconsin
Fort Carson - Chippewa Village
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Published: 28 Nov 2011
- Updated: 23 May 2012
Chippewa Village is a 180-townhouse neighborhood full of charm and spectacular mountain views. Imagine the views of Cheyenne Mountain and NORAD from the fenced-in backyards. Designated for E1-E4, the 4-bedroom homes with 2 ½ baths, range from 1946 to 1960 square feet. All homes are equipped with gas stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers, and garbage disposals. Laundry rooms have full size electric washer/dryer hook ups and are located on the second floor. In addition, the homes feature patios with fenced backyards. Just a short drive from the PX and Commissary, Chippewa Village is located near Fort Carson's Gate 1 and the 115 for quick access to many downtown amenities.
http://wn.com/Fort_Carson_Chippewa_Village
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US Navy / Photographers Mate 2nd Class Damon J. Moritz.
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Photo: DOD / Public Domain
07 Oct 2012
America's longest war entered its 12th year Sunday, with the anniversary marked by a Taliban statement claiming that NATO forces are "fleeing Afghanistan" in "humiliation and disgrace". The US led the...
Photo: AP / Andres Kudacki
06 Oct 2012
It’s getting tiresome; every other month a Clásico is contested in some competition (La Liga? The Copa del Rey? The Champions League? The Supercopa de España?). At least that’s how it appears. Though...
Photo: AP / Al Jacinto
07 Oct 2012
Manila: The Philippine government and Muslim rebels have agreed a peace deal for the country's troubled south, President Benigno Aquino announced on Sunday, signalling an end to a 40-year conflict...
Photo: AP / Thanassis Stavrakis
05 Oct 2012
Protesters are appearing in court in the Greek capital Athens a day after a rally by shipyard workers against job cuts descended into violence. A line of blue police lorries flanked the courthouse as...
Photo: AP / Muhammed Muheisen
07 Oct 2012
Imran Khan says two-day convoy has been a success despite failing to reach intended destination Imran Khan addresses a peace rally in Tank. Photograph: A Majeed/AFP/Getty Images...
Under-age revelers not allowed in Chippewa bars
02 Oct 2012
Buffalo News
Patrons at Chippewa-area bars must now be 21 every night of the week. A provision that allowed customers between the ages of 18 and 20 to...(size: 0.9Kb)
noodls
News Releases EAU CLAIRE, Wis.-Drought conditions are evident in tinder-dry forests, an increase in fires and low water levels on the Chippewa Reservoir, area lakes and rivers. According to the U.S. Drought Monitor released Sept. 18, abnormally dry to moderate drought conditions extend across the...(size: 3.3Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics College field hockeyIowa Field HockeyIowa HawkeyesKathleen McGrawTracey GriesbaumCentral Michigan Chippewas Advertisement The 13th ranked Iowa field hockey team did something Sunday that the Iowa football team could not do Saturday ... beat Central Michigan. After taking a 1-all tie...(size: 7.6Kb)
Detroit news
By Charles E. Ramirez The Detroit News Comments Zoom From left, state Rep. Anthony Forlini, R-Harrison Township, and Clinton Township Trustees Joie West and Ken Pearl worked to get the new ÂNo Parking signs up near Chippewa Valley High. (Rep. Anthony Forlini) Clinton Township â Kathy Francis...(size: 9.9Kb)
Ohio
Central Michigan 32, Iowa 31 Central Michigan’s David Harman drilled a 47-yard field goal with 3 seconds left and the Chippewas scored nine points in the final 45 seconds and stunned Iowa on the road Saturday. Central Michigan (2-1) pulled within 31-29 on Ryan Radcliff’s 13-yard...(size: 3.8Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics College Footballiowa footballIowa HawkeyesCentral MichiganBig Ten ConferenceMark Weisman Advertisement Not even a 200-yard rushing game for sophomore Mark Weisman was enough for the Hawkeyes against Central Michigan on Saturday. Weisman rushed for 217 yards and three more touchdowns...(size: 11.3Kb)
Central Michigan Stuns Iowa 32-31: Chippewas Score Nine Points In Final 45 Seconds (VIDEO)
22 Sep 2012
Huffington Post
Central Michigan wide receiver Titus Davis catches a 13-yard touchdown pass during the second half of an NCAA college football game against Iowa, Saturday, Sept. 22, 2012, in Iowa City, Iowa. Central Michigan won 32-31....(size: 3.9Kb)
Sporting News
David Harman’s career-long 47-yard field goal with :03 seconds left gave Central Michigan a stunning 32-31 win at Iowa. Iowa came into the game 19-2 lifetime against MAC schools, and 2-0 against Central Michigan. The Hawkeyes won those two games, 90-21. Kirk Ferentz and the Iowa Hawkeyes have...(size: 2.1Kb)
This article is about the native North American people. For other uses of "Ojibwe", "Ojibway", or "Ojibwa", see Ojibway (disambiguation).
"Chippewa" redirects here. For other uses, see Chippewa (disambiguation).
 |
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2010) |
 Symbol of the Anishinaabe people |
| Total population |
|---|
| 219,711[citation needed] |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Canada, United States |
| Languages |
| Religion |
| Related ethnic groups |
|
Ottawa, Potawatomi and other Algonquian peoples |
The Ojibwe (also Ojibwa or Ojibway) or Chippewa (also Chippeway) are among the largest groups of Native Americans–First Nations north of Mexico. They are divided between Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the second-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by Cree. In the United States, they had the fourth-largest population among Native American tribes, surpassed only by Navajo, Cherokee and the Lakota. Because many Ojibwe were historically formerly located mainly around the outlet of Lake Superior, which the French colonists called Sault Ste. Marie, they referred to the Ojibwe as Saulteurs. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. Ojibwe who were originally located about the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas.[1]
The Ojibwe peoples are a major component group of the Anishinaabe-speaking peoples, a branch of the Algonquian language family which includes the Algonquin, Nipissing, Oji-Cree, Odawa and the Potawatomi. The Ojibwe peoples number over 56,440 in the U.S., living in an area stretching across the northern tier from Michigan west to Montana.[citation needed] Another 77,940 of main-line Ojibwe; 76,760 Saulteaux and 8,770 Mississaugas, in 125 bands, live in Canada, stretching from western Quebec to eastern British Columbia.[citation needed] They are historically known for their crafting of birch bark canoes, sacred birch bark scrolls, use of cowrie shells for trading, cultivation of wild rice, and use of copper arrow points. In 1745 they adopted guns from the British to use to defeat and push the Dakota nation of the Sioux to the south.
The Ojibwe Nation was the first to set the agenda with European-Canadian leaders for signing more detailed treaties before many European settlers were allowed too far west. The Midewiwin Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics.[2]
Contents |
Name[link]
Further information: List of Ojibwa ethnonyms
The autonym for this group of Anishinaabeg is Ojibwe (plural: Ojibweg). This name is commonly anglicized as "Ojibwa" or "Ojibway." The name "Chippewa" is an alternative anglicization. Although many variations exist in literature, "Chippewa" is more common in the United States and "Ojibwa" predominates in Canada, but both terms are used in each country. In many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U.S., more members have been using the generalized name Anishinaabe(-g).
The exact meaning of the name Ojibwe is not known; the most common explanations for the name derivations are:
- from ojiibwabwe (/o/ + /jiibw/ + /abwe/), meaning "those who cook\roast until it puckers", referring to their fire-curing of moccasin seams to make them water-proof.[3] Some early sources say this name described a method of ritual torture which the Ojibwe applied to enemies.;[4]
- from ozhibii'iwe (/o/ + /zhibii'/ + /iwe/), meaning "those who keep records [of a Vision]", referring to their form of pictorial writing, and pictographs used in Midewiwin sacred rites;[5] or
- from ojiibwe (/o/ + /jiib/ + /we/), meaning "those who speak-stiffly"\"those who stammer", an exonym or name given to them by the Cree, characterizing their language as heard by different language speakers.[6]
Language[link]
Main article: Ojibwe language
The Ojibwe language is known as Anishinaabemowin or Ojibwemowin, and is still widely spoken, but the number of fluent speakers has declined sharply. Today, most of the language's fluent speakers are elders. A movement has picked up in recent years to revitalize the language, and restore its strength as an anchor of Ojibwe culture. The language belongs to the Algonquian linguistic group, and is descended from Proto-Algonquian. Its sister languages include Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Cree, Fox, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Shawnee. Anishinaabemowin is frequently referred to as a "Central Algonquian" language; however, Central Algonquian is an area grouping rather than a linguistic genetic one. Ojibwemowin is the fourth-most spoken Native language in North America (US and Canada) after Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut. Many decades of fur trading with the French established the language as one of the key trade languages of the Great Lakes and the northern Great Plains.
The popularity of the epic poem The Song of Hiawatha, written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1855, publicized the Ojibwe culture. The epic contains many toponyms that originate from Ojibwe words.
History[link]
Pre-contact and spiritual beliefs[link]
According to their tradition, and from recordings in birch bark scrolls, many Ojibwe came from the eastern areas of North America, which they called Turtle Island, and from along the east coast. They traded widely across the continent for thousands of years and knew of the canoe routes west and a land route to the west coast. The identification of the Ojibwe as a culture or people may have occurred in response to contact with Europeans. The Europeans preferred to deal with bounded groups and tried to identify those they encountered.[7]
According to the oral history, seven great miigis (radiant/iridescent) beings appeared to the peoples in the Waabanakiing (Land of the Dawn, i.e., Eastern Land) to teach them the mide way of life. One of the seven great miigis beings was too spiritually powerful and killed the peoples in the Waabanakiing when they were in its presence. The six great miigis beings remained to teach, while the one returned into the ocean. The six great miigis beings established doodem (clans) for the peoples in the east, symbolized by animal, fish or bird species. The five original Anishinaabe doodem were the Wawaazisii (Bullhead), Baswenaazhi (Echo-maker, i.e., Crane), Aan'aawenh (Pintail Duck), Nooke (Tender, i.e., Bear) and Moozoonsii (Little Moose), then these six miigis beings returned into the ocean as well. If the seventh miigis being stayed, it would have established the Thunderbird doodem.
At a later time, one of these miigis appeared in a vision to relate a prophecy. It said that if the Anishinaabeg did not move further west, they would not be able to keep their traditional ways alive because of the many new settlements and European immigrants who would arrive soon in the east. Their migration path would be symbolized by a series of smaller Turtle Islands, which was confirmed with miigis shells (i.e., cowry shells). After receiving assurance from the their "Allied Brothers" (i.e., Mi'kmaq) and "Father" (i.e., Abnaki) of their safety to move inland, the Anishinaabeg gradually migrated along the St. Lawrence River to the Ottawa River to Lake Nipissing, and then to the Great Lakes.
The first of the smaller Turtle Islands was Mooniyaa, where Mooniyaang (present-day Montreal, Quebec) now stands. The "second stopping place" was in the vicinity of the Wayaanag-gakaabikaa (Concave Waterfalls, i.e., Niagara Falls). At their "third stopping place" near the present-day city of Detroit, Michigan, the Anishinaabeg divided into six groups, of which the Ojibwe was one. The first significant new Ojibwe culture-centre was their "fourth stopping place" on Manidoo Minising (Manitoulin Island). Their first new political-centre was referred as their "fifth stopping place", in their present country at Baawiting (Sault Ste. Marie).
Traditionally, the Ojibwe had a patrilineal system, in which children were born to the father's clan.[8] People had to be from different clans to marry. Continuing their westward expansion, the Ojibwe divided into the "northern branch," following the north shore of Lake Superior, and "southern branch," along its south shore. As the peoples continued to migrate westward, the "northern branch" divided into a "westerly group" and a "southerly group". The "southern branch" and the "southerly group" of the "northern branch" came together at their "sixth stopping place" on Spirit Island (46°41′15″N 092°11′21″W / 46.6875°N 92.18917°W / 46.6875; -92.18917) located in the St. Louis River estuary of the present-day Duluth/Superior region. The people were directed in a vision by the miigis being to go to the "place where there is food (i.e., wild rice) upon the waters." Their second major settlement, referred as their "seventh stopping place", was at Shaugawaumikong (or Zhaagawaamikong, French, Chequamegon) on the southern shore of Lake Superior, near the present La Pointe, Wisconsin.
The "westerly group" of the "northern branch" migrated along the Rainy River, Red River of the North, and across the northern Great Plains until reaching the Pacific Northwest. Along their migration to the west, they came across many miigis, or cowry shells, as told in the prophecy.
Post-contact with Europeans[link]
The first historical mention of the Ojibwe occurs in the French Jesuit Relation of 1640, a report by the missionary priests to their superiors in France. Through their friendship with the French traders (coureur des bois and voyageurs), the Ojibwe gained guns, began to use European goods, and began to dominate their traditional enemies, the Lakota and Fox to their west and south. They drove the Sioux from the Upper Mississippi region to the area of the present-day Dakotas, and forced the Fox down from northern Wisconsin. The latter allied with the Sauk for protection.
By the end of the 18th century, the Ojibwe controlled nearly all of present-day Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota, including most of the Red River area. They also controlled the entire northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior on the Canadian side and extending westward to the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota. In the latter area, the French Canadians called them Ojibwe or Saulteaux.
The Ojibwe (Chippewa) were part of a long-term alliance with the Anishinaabe Ottawa and Potawatomi peoples, called the Council of Three Fires. They fought against the Iroquois Confederacy, based mainly to the southeast of the Great Lakes in present-day New York, and the Sioux. The Ojibwe expanded eastward, taking over the lands along the eastern shores of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. In part due to its long trading alliance, the Ojibwe allied with the French against Great Britain and its colonists in the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War).[9] After losing the war, in 1763 France was forced to cede "its" colonial claims to lands in Canada and east of the Mississippi River to Britain. After adjusting to British colonial rule, the Ojibwe allied with them and against the United States in the War of 1812. They had hoped a British victory could protect against United States settlers' encroachment on their territory.
Following the war, the United States government tried to forcibly remove all the Ojibwe to Minnesota west of Mississippi River. The Ojibwe resisted, and there were violent confrontations. In the Sandy Lake Tragedy, the US killed several hundred Ojibwe. Through the efforts of Chief Buffalo and the rise of popular opinion in the US against Ojibwe removal, the bands east of the Mississippi were allowed to return to reservations on ceded territory. A few families were removed to Kansas as part of the Potawatomi removal.
In British North America, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 following the Seven Years' War governed the cession of land by treaty or purchase . Subsequently France ceded most of the land in Upper Canada to Great Britain. Even with the Jay Treaty signed between the Great Britain and the United States, the newly formed United States did not fully uphold the treaty. Illegal United States immigration into Ojibwe and other Native American lands continued, and the tribes retaliated in the series of battles called the Northwest Indian War. As it was still preoccupied by war with France, Great Britain ceded to the United States much of the lands in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, parts of Illinois and Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota and North Dakota to settle the boundary of their holdings in Canada.
Many of the land cession treaties the British made with the Ojibwe provided for their rights for continued hunting, fishing and gathering of natural resources after land sales. The government signed numbered treaties in northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. British Columbia had no signed treaties until the late 20th century, and most areas have no treaties yet. The government and First Nations are continuing to negotiate treaty land entitlements and settlements. The treaties are constantly being reinterpreted by the courts because many of them are vague and difficult to apply in modern times. The numbered treaties were some of the most detailed treaties signed for their time. The Ojibwe Nation set the agenda and negotiated the first numbered treaties before they would allow safe passage of many more British settlers to the prairies.
Often, earlier treaties were known as "Peace and Friendship Treaties" to establish community bonds between the Ojibwe and the European settlers. These earlier treaties established the groundwork for cooperative resource-sharing between the Ojibwe and the settlers. The United States and Canada viewed later treaties offering land cessions as offering territorial advantages. The Ojibwe did not understand the land cession terms in the same way because of the cultural differences in understanding the uses of land. The governments of the US and Canada considered land a commodity of value that could be freely bought, owned and sold.
The Ojibwe believed it was a fully shared resource, along with air, water and sunlight. At the time of the treaty councils, they could not conceive of separate land sales or exclusive ownership of land. Consequently, today in both Canada and the US, legal arguments in treaty-rights and treaty interpretations often bring to light the differences in cultural understanding of treaty terms to come to legal understanding of the treaty obligations.[10]
During its Indian Removal of the 1830s, US government attempted to relocate tribes from the east to the west of the Mississippi River as the white pioneers increasingly migrated west. By the late 19th century, the government policy was to move tribes onto reservations within their territories. The government attempted to do this to the Anishinaabe in the Keweenaw Peninsula in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
Culture[link]
The Ojibwe live in groups (otherwise known as "bands"). Most Ojibwe, except for the Great Plains bands, lived a sedentary lifestyle, engaging in fishing and hunting to supplement the women's cultivation of numerous varieties of maize and squash, and the harvesting of manoomin (wild rice). Their typical dwelling was the wiigiwaam (wigwam), built either as a waginogaan (domed-lodge) or as a nasawa'ogaan (pointed-lodge), made of birch bark, juniper bark and willow saplings.
They developed a form of pictorial writing, used in religious rites of the Midewiwin and recorded on birch bark scrolls and possibly on rock. The many complex pictures on the sacred scrolls communicate much historical, geometrical, and mathematical knowledge. Ceremonies also used the miigis shell (cowry shell), which is found naturally in distant coastal areas. Their use of such shells demonstrates there was a vast trade network across the continent at some time. The use and trade of copper across the continent has also been proof of a large trading network that took place for thousands of years, as far back as the Hopewell tradition. Certain types of rock used for spear and arrow heads were also traded over large distances. The use of petroforms, petroglyphs, and pictographs was common throughout the Ojibwe traditional territories. Petroforms and medicine wheels were a way to teach the important concepts of four directions and astronomical observations about the seasons, and to use as a memorizing tool for certain stories and beliefs.
During the summer months, the people attend jiingotamog for the spiritual and niimi'idimaa for a social gathering (pow-wows or "pau waus") at various reservations in the Anishinaabe-Aki (Anishinaabe Country). Many people still follow the traditional ways of harvesting wild rice, picking berries, hunting, making medicines, and making maple sugar. Many of the Ojibwe take part in sun dance ceremonies across the continent. The sacred scrolls are kept hidden away until those who are worthy and respect them are given permission to see and interpret them properly.
The Ojibwe would bury their dead in a burial mound. Many erect a jiibegamig or a "spirit-house" over each mound. A traditional burial mound would typically have a wooden marker, inscribed with the deceased's doodem (clan sign). Because of the distinct features of these burials, Ojibwe graves have been often looted by grave robbers. In the United States, many Ojibwe communities safe-guard their burial mounds through the enforcement of the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
The Ojibwe viewed the world in two genders: animate and inanimate, rather than male and female. As an animate, a person could serve the society as a male-role or a female-role. John Tanner and the anthropologist Hermann Baumann have documented that Ojibwe peoples do not live according to the European ideas of gender and its roles. Individuals known as egwakwe (or Anglicised to "agokwa"), contribute in ways that cross European gender lines. Though these egwakweg may contribute to their communities in whatever way brings out their best character, these documented male-to-female transsexual midew among the Ojibwe were more readily noticed by the ethnic European documenters.[11] A well-known egwakwe warrior and guide in Minnesota history was Ozaawindib.
Several Ojibwe bands in the United States cooperate in the Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission, which manages the treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Lake Superior-Lake Michigan areas. The commission follows the directives of U.S. agencies to run several wilderness areas. Some Minnesota Ojibwe tribal councils cooperate in the 1854 Treaty Authority, which manages their treaty hunting and fishing rights in the Arrowhead Region. In Michigan, the Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority manages the hunting, fishing and gathering rights about Sault Ste. Marie, and the resources of the waters of lakes Michigan and Huron. In Canada, the Grand Council of Treaty #3 manages the Treaty 3 hunting and fishing rights related to the area around Lake of the Woods.
Kinship and clan system[link]
Main article: Anishinaabe clan system
Ojibwe understanding of kinship is complex, and includes not only the immediate family but also the extended family. It is considered a modified bifurcate merging kinship system. As with any bifurcate-merging kinship system, siblings generally share the same kinship term term with parallel cousins, because they are all part of the same clan. The modified system allows for younger siblings to share the same kinship term with younger cross-cousins. Complexity wanes further from the speaker's immediate generation, but some complexity is retained with female relatives. For example, ninooshenh is "my mother's sister" or "my father's sister-in-law"—i.e., my parallel-aunt, but also "my parent's female cross-cousin". Great-grandparents and older generations, as well as great-grandchildren and younger generations, are collectively called aanikoobijigan. This system of kinship speaks of the nature of the Anishinaabe's philosophy and lifestyle, that is, of interconnectedness and balance among all living generations, as well as of all generations of the past and of the future.
The Ojibwe people were divided into a number of odoodeman (clans; singular: doodem) named primarily for animals and birds totems (pronounced doodem). The five original totems were Wawaazisii (Bullhead), Baswenaazhi ("Echo-maker", i.e., Crane), Aan'aawenh (Pintail Duck), Nooke ("Tender", i.e., Bear) and Moozwaanowe ("Little" Moose-tail). The Crane totem was the most vocal among the Ojibwe, and the Bear was the largest — so large, in fact, that it was sub-divided into body parts such as the head, the ribs and the feet.
Traditionally, each band had a self-regulating council consisting of leaders of the communities' clans, or odoodemaan. The band was often identified by the principal doodem. In meeting others, the traditional greeting among the Ojibwe peoples is, "What is your 'doodem'?" ("Aaniin gidoodem?" or "Awanen gidoodem?") to establish social conduct by identifying each of the parties as family, friends or enemies. Today, the greeting has been shortened to "Aaniin."[citation needed]
Spiritual beliefs[link]
Main article: Anishinaabe traditional beliefs
The Ojibwe have a number of spiritual beliefs passed down by oral tradition under the Midewiwin teachings. These include a creation story and a recounting of the origins of ceremonies and rituals. Spiritual beliefs and rituals were very important to the Ojibwe because spirits guided them through life. Birch bark scrolls and petroforms were used to pass along knowledge and information, as well as for ceremonies. Pictographs were also used for ceremonies.
The sweatlodge is still used during important ceremonies about the four directions, when oral history is recounted. Teaching lodges are common today to teach the next generations about the language and ancient ways of the past. The traditional ways, ideas, and teachings are preserved and practiced in such living ceremonies. The Ojbwe crafted the dreamcatcher. They believe that if one is hung above the head of a sleeper, it will catch and trap bad dreams, preventing them from reaching the dreamer. Traditional Ojibwe use dreamcatchers only for children, as they believe that adults should be able to interpret their dreams, good or bad and use them in their lives.
Popular culture[link]
In legends and fiction[link]
- The legend of the Ojibwe Wendigo, in which tribesmen identify with a cannibalistic monster and prey on their families, is a story with many meanings. One points to the consequences of greed and the destruction that results from it. Thomas Pynchon, Ramsey Campbell and Stephen King reference this story in their fiction.
- The novelist Louise Erdrich is Anishinaabe. She has written about characters from her culture in Tracks, Love Medicine, and The Bingo Palace.
- In his story, "Fathers and Sons", Ernest Hemingway uses two Ojibwe as secondary characters.[citation needed]
- Winona LaDuke is a popular political and intellectual voice for the Anishinaabe people.
- The Medicine woman Keewaydinoquay Peschel has written books on ethnobotany and books for children.
- The literary theorist and writer Gerald Vizenor has drawn extensively on Anishinaabe philosophies of language.
- The writer William Kent Krueger has written a series of crime novels chronicling the adventures of a character named Corcoran “Cork” O’Connor, the Ojibwe sheriff of Aurora, Minnesota. The novels expresses how Cork uses his Ojibwe heritage and Anglo-American culture to solve local crimes. Ojibwe spirituality is an important element of the subtext of many of the storylines.
In music[link]
- Composer Ferde Grofe composed a movement, "Father of the Waters", of his Mississippi Suite, which represents the Chippewa Indians and the headwaters of the Mississippi.
In television[link]
- In several episodes of the HBO series The Sopranos (e.g., "Mayham" and "The Fleshy Part of the Thigh"), an Ojibwe Indian saying is left by the bedside of Tony Soprano while he recovers from a gunshot wound: "Sometimes I go about in pity for myself, and all the while, a great wind carries me across the sky".
Bands[link]
In his History of the Ojibway People (1855), William W. Warren recorded 10 major divisions of the Ojibwe in the United States. He mistakenly omitted the Ojibwe located in Michigan, western Minnesota and westward, and all of Canada. When identified major historical bands located in Michigan and Ontario are added, the count becomes 15[citation needed]:
| English Name | Ojibwe Name (in double-vowel spelling) |
Location |
|---|---|---|
| Saulteaux | Baawitigowininiwag | Sault Ste. Marie area of Ontario and Michigan |
| Border-Sitters | Biitan-akiing-enabijig | St. Croix-Namakegon River valleys in eastern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin |
| Lake Superior Band | Gichi-gamiwininiwag | south shore of Lake Superior |
| Mississippi River Band | Gichi-ziibiwininiwag | upper Mississippi River in Minnesota |
| Rainy Lake Band | Goojijiwininiwag | Rainy Lake and River, about the northern boundary of Minnesota |
| Ricing-Rails | Manoominikeshiinyag | along headwaters of St. Croix River in Wisconsin and Minnesota |
| Pillagers | Makandwewininiwag | North-central Minnesota and Mississippi River headwaters |
| Mississaugas | Misi-zaagiwininiwag | north of Lake Erie, extending north of Lake Huron about the Mississaugi River |
| Algonquins (Nipissing) | Odishkwaagamiig | Quebec-Ontario border, about Lake Nipissing |
| Dokis Band | N/A | Along French River region in Ontario, near Lake Nipissing |
| Ottawa Lake (Lac Courte Oreilles) Band | Odaawaa-zaaga'iganiwininiwag | Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin |
| Bois Forte Band | Zagaakwaandagowininiwag | north of Lake Superior |
| Lac du Flambeau Band | Waaswaaganiwininiwag | head of Wisconsin River |
| Muskrat Portage Band | Wazhashk-Onigamininiwag | northwest side of Lake Superior at the Canadian border |
| Nopeming Band | Noopiming Azhe-ininiwag | northeast of Lake Superior and west of Lake Nipissing |
These 15 major divisions developed into the following Ojibwe Bands and First Nations of today. Bands are listed under their respective tribes where possible.[citation needed] See also the listing of Saulteaux communities.
Other tribes known by their Ojibwe/Ottawa names[link]
| Known Name |
Ojibwe Name |
Ojibwe Meaning |
Own Name |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arkansas (Quapaw) | Aakaanzhish(ag) | Dang little Kansas | Ugahxpa (down-stream people) |
| Assiniboine | Asiniibwaan(ag) | Stoney Cookers | Nakota (allies) |
| Blackfoot | Makadewanazid(ag) | Black-foot | Niitsítapi (original people) |
| Chipewyan | Ojiibwayaan(ag) | Pointed Skin | Dënesųłiné |
| Eskimo | Ashki-amaw | Eats It Raw | Inupiaq |
| Flathead | Nebagindibe(g) | Flat-head | Salish |
| Iroquois | Naadowe(g) | Massassauga Rattlesnake | Akunęhsyę̀niʼ in Tuscarora, Rotinonsionni in Mohawk |
| Kansas | Aakaans(ag) | [Lives at the] Little Hell-hole | Kaw (People of the South Wind) |
| Kaskaskia | Gaaskaaskeyaa(g) | Hide-scraper | |
| Kickapoo | Giiwigaabaw(ag) | Stands here-and-there | Kiikaapoa |
| Menominee | Omanoominii(g) | Wild Rice People | Omāēqnomenew |
| Miami | Omaamii(g) | Downstream people | Myaamia |
| Micmac | Miijimaa(g) | Allied-Brothers | Mi'kmaq / L'nu |
| Moingwena | Moowiingwenaa(g) | Have a Filthy Face | |
| Ottawa | Odaawaa(g) | Trader | Odawa |
| Potawatomi | Boodewaadamii(g) | Fire Keeper | Bodéwadmi |
| Sauk/Sac | Ozaagii(g) | [Lives at the] Outlet | Asakiwaki |
| Shawnee | Zhaawanoo(g) | Southerners | Chowanoc |
| Sioux | Naadowensiw(ag) | Little like the Iroquois | Aioe-Dakota-Lakota-Nakota |
| Snake (Shoshoni) | Ginebigowinini(wag) | Snake People | Panamint (grass house), Tukuaduka (sheep eaters), or Toi Ticutta (cattail eaters) |
| Wea | Waawiyaataan(oog) | [Those at the] Rounded [Lake] | Waayaahtanwa |
| Winnebago | Wiinibiigoo(g) | [Lives at the] Stinking Waters | Ho-Chunk ([people of the] Big Voice) |
Notable Ojibwe people[link]
- Ah-shah-way-gee-she-go-qua (Aazhawigiizhigokwe, Hanging Cloud), woman warrior
- David Wayne "Famous Dave" Anderson (Business Entrepreneur)
- Arron Asham (Canadian professional ice hockey player for the Pittsburgh Penguins)
- Dennis Banks (Political Activist)
- James Bartleman (Diplomat, Author)
- Adam Beach (Actor, Writer)
- Carl Beam (Artist)
- Jason Behr (Actor)
- Clyde Bellecourt (White Earth Ojibwe), social activist
- Vernon Bellecourt (White Earth Ojibwe), social activist
- Chief Bender (Baseball player)
- Odell Borg (Native American flutist and flute maker)
- Benjamin Chee Chee (Artist)
- Henry Boucha (American former professional ice hockey player, United States Hockey Hall of Fame)
- Al Hunter (Poet and Writer)
- George Copway (Missionary and Writer)
- Eddy Cobiness (Artist)
- Kelly Church (Grand Traverse Band) basket weaver, painter, and birch bark biter
- Jim Denomie (Artist)
- Patrick DesJarlait, painter and graphic artist
- Louise Erdrich (Turtle Mountain Chippewa), author
- Phil Fontaine (Politician)
- William Gardner, one of the Untouchables
- Kraig Grady (Composer, Puppeteer)
- Gordon Henry Jr. (Writer)
- Virgil Hill (Boxer)
- Basil Johnston (Historian and Cultural Essayist)
- Peter Jones (Missionary and Writer)
- Ke-che-waish-ke (Gichi-Weshkiinh, Buffalo) (Chief)
- Maude Kegg (Author, Cultural Embassidor)
- Winona LaDuke (Activist and Writer)
- Carole LaFavor (Writer)
- Joe Lumsden (Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians), tribal chairman
- Loma Lyns (Singer, Songwriter)
- Cody McCormick (Canadian professional ice hockey player for the Colorado Avalanche)
- Medweganoonind, Chief
- Rod Michano (AIDS Activist/Educator)
- Norval Morrisseau, artist and founder of the Woodlands style of painting
- Ted Nolan (Canadian former professional ice hockey player and coach, Jack Adams Award winner)
- Jim Northrup (Columnist)
- O-zaw-wen-dib (Ozaawindib, Yellow Head, woman warrior, guide
- Francis Pegahmagabow, warrior
- Leonard Peltier, political activist, prisoner, author, artist
- Mel Pervais (Entrepreneur)
- Tommy Prince (Soldier)
- Buffy Sainte-Marie, singer, songwriter
- Keith Secola, rock and blues Singer
- Chris Simon (Canadian professional ice hockey player, Stanley Cup winner w/ 1996 Colorado Avalanche)
- John Smith, Gaa-binagwiiyaas, chief, reported to have lived 137 years
- Drew Hayden Taylor (Playwright, Author and Journalist)
- Roy Thomas, artist
- David Treuer, author
- E. Donald Two-Rivers (Poet, Playwright)
- Alfred Michael "Chief" Venne (Athletic manager and coach)
- Gerald Vizenor, author and educator
- Wawatam, Chief
- Waabaanakwad (White Cloud), Chief
- William Whipple Warren, first historian of the Ojibwe people, territorial legislator
Ojibwe treaties[link]
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Gallery[link]
-
A-na-cam-e-gish-ca (Aanakamigishkaang/"[Traces of] Foot Prints [upon the Ground]"), Ojibwe chief, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America
-
Bust of Aysh-ke-bah-ke-ko-zhay (Eshkibagikoonzhe or "Flat Mouth"), a Leech Lake Ojibwe chief
-
Chief Beautifying Bird (Nenaa'angebi), by Benjamin Armstrong, 1891
-
Bust of Beshekee, war chief, modeled 1855, carved 1856
-
Caa-tou-see, an Ojibwe, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America
-
Hanging Cloud, a female Ojibwe warrior
-
Jack-O-Pa (Shák'pí/"Six"), an Ojibwe/Dakota chief, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America
-
Kay be sen day way We Win, by Eastman Johnson, 1857
-
Kei-a-gis-gis, a Plains Ojibwe woman, painted by George Catlin
-
Leech Lake Ojibwe delegation to Washington, 1899
-
Chippewa baby teething on "Indians at Work" magazine while strapped to a cradleboard at a rice lake in 1940.
-
Milwaukee Ojibwe woman and baby, courtesy of the Wisconsin Historical Society
-
Ojibwa Chief.gif
Ne-bah-quah-om, Ojibwe chief
-
"One Called From A Distance" (Midwewinind) of the White Earth Band, 1894.
-
Shaun Hedican, Eabametoong First Nation
-
Pee-Che-Kir, Ojibwe chief, painted by Thomas Loraine McKenney, 1843
-
Ojibwe chief Rocky Boy
-
Ojibwe woman and child, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America
-
Tshusick, an Ojibwe woman, from History of the Indian Tribes of North America
Notes[link]
- ^ "First Nations Culture Areas Index". the Canadian Museum of Civilization. http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml.
- ^ "Anishinabe". eMuseum @ Minnesota State University. Minnesota State University. Mankato. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/mncultures/anishinabe.html. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- ^ "Microsoft Word - dictionary best for printing 2004 ever finalpdf.doc" (PDF). http://www.humiliationstudies.org/documents/DaffernMultilingualDictionary.pdf. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ Warren, William W. (1885; reprint: 1984) History of the Ojibway People. ISBN 0-87351-162-X
- ^ Louise Erdrich, Books and Islands in Ojibwe Country (2003)[dead link]
- ^ Johnston, Basil. (2007) Anishinaubae Thesaurus ISBN 0-87013-753-0
- ^ Anthony, David. The Horse, the Wheel and Language, Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 102
- ^ "Ojibwe Culture", Milwaukee Public Museum, accessed 10 December 2011
- ^ Gevinson, Alan. "Which Native American Tribes Allied Themselves with the French?" Teachinghistory.org, accessed 23 September 2011.
- ^ "The Atlas of Canada: Historical Indian Treaties". http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/indiantreaties/historicaltreaties. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ Feinberg, Leslie: Transgender Warriors, New York: Beacon Press, 1996, p. 40
References[link]
- F. Densmore, Chippewa Customs (1929, repr. 1970)
- H. Hickerson, The Chippewa and Their Neighbors (1970)
- R. Landes, Ojibwa Sociology (1937, repr. 1969)
- R. Landes, Ojibwa Woman (1938, repr. 1971)
- F. Symington, The Canadian Indian (1969)
Further reading[link]
- Aaniin Ekidong: Ojibwe Vocabulary Project. St. Paul: Minnesota Humanities Center, 2009.http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_ss_i_0_6?url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=aaniin+ekidong&sprefix=aaniin
- Bento-Banai, Edward (2004). Creation- From the Ojibwa. The Mishomis Book.
- Danziger, E.J., Jr. (1978). The Chippewa of Lake Superior. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
- Densmore, F. (1979). Chippewa customs. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. (Published originally 1929)
- Grim, J.A. (1983). The shaman: Patterns of religious healing among the Ojibway Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
- Gross, L.W. (2002). The comic vision of Anishinaabe culture and religion. American Indian Quarterly, 26, 436-459.
- Howse, Joseph. A Grammar of the Cree Language; With which is combined an analysis of the Chippeway dialect. London: J.G.F. & J. Rivington, 1844.
- Johnston, B. (1976). Ojibway heritage. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
- Long, J. Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and Trader Describing the Manners and Customs of the North American Indians, with an Account of the Posts Situated on the River Saint Laurence, Lake Ontario, & C., to Which Is Added a Vocabulary of the Chippeway Language ... a List of Words in the Iroquois, Mehegan, Shawanee, and Esquimeaux Tongues, and a Table, Shewing the Analogy between the Algonkin and the Chippeway Languages. London: Robson, 1791.
- Nichols, J.D., & Nyholm, E. (1995). A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Treuer, Anton. The Assassination of Hole in the Day. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2011.
- Treuer, Anton. Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 2010. Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2010.
- Treuer, Anton. Living Our Language: Ojibwe Tales & Oral Histories. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001. http://www.amazon.com/Living-Our-Language-Ojibwe-Histories/dp/0873514041/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1274417157&sr=8-2
- Vizenor, G. (1972). The everlasting sky: New voices from the people named the Chippewa. New York: Crowell-Collier Press.
- Vizenor, G. (1981). Summer in the spring: Ojibwe lyric poems and tribal stories. Minneapolis: The Nodin Press.
- Vizenor, G. (1984). The people named the Chippewa: Narrative histories. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Warren, William W. (1851). History of the Ojibway People.
- White, Richard (1991). The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Studies in North American Indian History) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, ISBN 0-521-37104-X
- White, Richard (July 31, 2000). Chippewas of the Sault. The Sault Tribe News.
- Wub-e-ke-niew. (1995). We have the right to exist: A translation of aboriginal indigenous thought. New York: Black Thistle Press.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ojibwe |
- Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission
- Chief Buffalo and Benjamin Armstrong
- Ojibwe culture and history, a lengthy and detailed discussion
- Kevin L. Callahan's An Introduction to Ojibway Culture and History
- Ojibwe Song Pictures, recorded by Frances Desmore
- Digital recreation of the 'Chippewa' entry from Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, edited by Frederick Webb Hodge
- Ojibwa migration through Manitoba
- video: The Making of an Ojibwe Hand Drum
- Nindoodemag: The Significance of Algonquian Kinship Networks in the Eastern Great Lakes Region, 1600–1701
- Ojibwe Waasa-Inaabidaa—PBS documentary featuring the history and culture of the Anishinaabe-Ojibwe people of the Great Lakes (United States-focused).
- Ojibwe migratory map from Ojibwe Waasa-Inaabidaa
- Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Chippewa
- 1836 Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority
- Grand Council of Treaty #3
- Batchewana First Nation of Ojibways
- Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
- Mississaugi First Nation
- Southeast Tribal Council
- Wabun Tribal Council
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
