Coordinates	47°14′″N39°42′″N
name	S. T. Joshi
birth date	June 22, 1958
birth place	Pune, India
occupation	Critic, Editor, Historian
nationality	United States since 1978
subject	H. P. Lovecraft, Horror, Fantasy, Atheism, Contemporary Politics, Women's Studies, H. L. Mencken
website	http://stjoshi.org
footnotes	}}

Sunand Tryambak Joshi (b. 22 June 1958 in Pune, India) — known as S. T. Joshi — is an award-winning Indian American literary critic, novelist, and a leading figure in the study of Howard Phillips Lovecraft and other authors of weird and fantastic fiction. Besides having written what critics such as Harold Bloom and Joyce Carol Oates consider to be the definitive biography of Lovecraft, ''I Am Providence: The Life and Times of H.P. Lovecraft'' (Hippocampus Press, 2 vols, 2010 [originally published in one volume as ''H. P. Lovecraft: A Life'', 1996]), Joshi has prepared (with David E. Schultz) several annotated editions of works by Ambrose Bierce. He has also written on crime novelist John Dickson Carr and on Lord Dunsany, Algernon Blackwood and M. R. James, and has edited collections of their works, as well as collections of the best work of several other weird writers. He is a significant bibliographer, having compiled bibliographies of Lovecraft, Bierce, Dunsany, Ramsey Campbell, William Hope Hodgson (forthcoming), Ray Bradbury and Clark Ashton Smith. He has been general editor of the Horror Classics series for Dover Publications. Most recently he has turned his attention to collecting and editing the works of H. L. Mencken. He currently resides in Seattle, Washington.

Literary criticism

Joshi discovered Lovecraft when he was 13 in the public library in Muncie, Indiana. He read L. Sprague de Camp's biography of Lovecraft Lovecraft: a Biography on publication in 1975 and began thereafter to devote himself to the study of Lovecraft, guided in this by scholars such as Dirk W. Mosig, J. Vernon Shea and George Wetzel. He also wrote some Lovecraftian fiction such as the story "The Recurring Doom", which can be found in Robert M. Price's anthology ''Acolytes of Cthulhu''.

Joshi elected to become a freshman at Brown University primarily because of the holdings of Lovecraft books and manuscripts in the John Hay Library. He later did graduate work at Princeton University. Appalled at finding literally 1500 textual errors in his favourite Lovecraft story, ''At the Mountains of Madness'', he devoted years of research consulting manuscripts and early publications to establish the textual history of Lovecraft's works, in order to prepare corrected editions of Lovecraft's collected fiction, revisions and miscellaneous writings in collaboration with Jim Turner for Arkham House; they were published in five volumes between 1984 and 1995.

His literary criticism is notable for its emphases upon readability and the dominant worldviews of the authors in question. His ''The Weird Tale'' looks at six acknowledged masters of horror and fantasy (namely Arthur Machen, Algernon Blackwood, Dunsany, M. R. James, Bierce and Lovecraft), and discusses their respective worldviews in depth and with authority. Aside from his biography of Lovecraft, Joshi regards this book as his most notable achievement to date.

A follow-up volume, ''The Modern Weird Tale'', examines the work of modern writers, including Shirley Jackson, Ramsey Campbell, Stephen King, Robert Aickman, Thomas Ligotti, T. E. D. Klein and others, from a similar philosophically oriented viewpoint.

The third of what amounts to a critical trilogy on the weird tale, ''The Evolution of the Weird Tale'' (2004), includes essays on Dennis Etchison, L. P. Hartley, Les Daniels, E. F. Benson, Rudyard Kipling, David J. Schow, Robert Bloch, L. P. Davies, Edward Lucas White, Rod Serling, Poppy Z. Brite and others.

Magazines Edited

In 1987 Joshi became the fifth Official Editor of the EOD amateur press association (see Esoteric Order of Dagon), an organisation devoted to the study of H.P. Lovecraft particularly but which also examines weird and fantasy fiction in all its forms. Joshi has maintained this role for over twenty years and is currently still Official Editor.

Joshi edited the journals ''Lovecraft Studies'' (1979–2001) and ''Studies in Weird Fiction'' (1986–2005), both published by Necronomicon Press; and ''Studies in the Fantastic'' (2008–09), published by the University of Tampa Press. He is also the editor of ''Weird Fiction Review'' (Centipede Press, 2010-), and ''Lovecraft Annual'' (2007- ) and co-editor of ''Dead Reckonings'' (2007 - ), journals published by Hippocampus Press.

Editions of Lovecraft's Letters

Joshi and his edtorial collaborator David E. Schultz have edited many volumes of Lovecraft's letters to individuals - for Necronomicon Press (including those to Richard F. Searight, Robert Bloch, Henry Kuttner, Samuel Loveman and Vincent Starrett); for Night Shade Books (''Mysteries of Time and Spirit: Letters to Donald Wandrei'') and ''Letters from New York''; and for University of Tampa Press (''O Fortunate Floridian: Letters to Robert H. Barlow''),

Joshi and David E. Schultz are now progressively issuing volumes of H.P. Lovecraft's letters to individual correspondents through Hippocampus Press. Volumes already issued include Lovecraft's letters to Rheinhardt Kleiner, Alfred Galpin, August Derleth(2 vols) and Robert E. Howard(2 vols). There may be twenty or more volumes of Lovecraft's letters in this series. The next issued are likely to be Lovecraft's letters to James F. Morton (forthcoming, 2010), probably followed by those to Clark Ashton Smith.

Other Work including Volumes Forthcoming

Joshi edited the five-volume set of Lovecraft's ''Collected Essays'' issued by Hippocampus Press from 2004-2007. He edited two annotated volumes of Lovecraft's best work for Dell books (the second with Peter H. Cannon).

Joshi and David E. Schultz edited the collected poetry of Clark Ashton Smith, issued by Hippocampus Press (3 vols) (2007–2008), Joshi is working on the collected poetry of George Sterling.

Forthcoming works (some of which are discussed on Joshi's blog at his official website - see below) also include ''Unutterable Horror: A History of Supernatural Fiction'' (to be published in two volumes, 2011 & 2012 by PS Publishing); and ''Encyclopedia of the Vampire'' (Greenwood Press); ''Horror Fiction Index''; a three-volume edition of the letters of Ambrose Bierce; bibliographies of William Hope Hodgson (with Sam Gafford and Mike Ashley) and of Clark Ashton Smith; ''The White People and Other Weird Tales'' by Arthur Machen(for Penguin Classics); ''Essential Writings'' by Ambrose Bierce (Library of America, forthcoming 2011); a comprehensive bibliography of Ray Bradbury (with Jon Eller); a revised/updated edition of the Ramsey Campbell bibliography ''The Core of Ramsey Campbell''; and an edition of the correspondence between Ramsey Campbell and August Derleth.

Joshi will also edit an exhaustively annotated edition of Lovecraft's work for Bloodletting Press, to appear in two volumes (2011 and 2012).

Joshi is general editor of a new line of original Cthulhu Mythos works from Perilous Press, including works by Michael Shea and Brian Stableford. The first publication was Shea's ''Copping Squid and Other Mythos Tales'' (2009), with Stableford's volume titled ''The Womb of Time'' (two Mythos novellas).

Joshi has been asked by film director Guillermo del Toro to act as a consultant on del Toro's long-mooted film project, a cinematic version of Lovecraft's At the Mountains of Madness. Del Toro will also contribute an introduction to Joshi's edition of Arthur Machen's tales for Penguin Classics.

Joshi is also working on editions of work by Robert Aickman (including Aickman's unpublished novel ''Go Back at Once''), Maurice Level and John Metcalfe.

Social and atheist criticism

In addition to literary criticism, Joshi has also edited books on atheism and social relations, including ''Documents of American Prejudice'' (1999), an annotated collection of American racist writings; ''In Her Place'' (2006), which collects written examples of prejudice against women; and ''Atheism: A Reader'' (2000), which collects atheistic writings by such people as Antony Flew, George Eliot, Bertrand Russell, Emma Goldman, Gore Vidal and Carl Sagan, among others. An ''Agnostic Reader'', collecting pieces by such writers as Isaac Asimov, John William Draper, Albert Einstein, Frederic Harrison, Thomas Henry Huxley, Robert Ingersoll, Corliss Lamont, Arthur Schopenhauer and Edward Westermarck, was published in 2007.

Joshi is also the author of ''God's Defenders: What They Believe and Why They Are Wrong'' (2003), an anti-religious polemic against various writers including C. S. Lewis, G. K. Chesterton, T. S. Eliot, William F. Buckley, Jr., William James, Stephen L. Carter, Annie Dillard, Reynolds Price, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Guenter Lewy, Neale Donald Walsch and Jerry Falwell, which is dedicated to theologian and fellow Lovecraft critic Robert M. Price.

In 2006 he published ''The Angry Right: Why Conservatives Keep Getting It Wrong'', which criticised the political writings of such commentators as William F. Buckley, Jr., Russell Kirk, David and Rush Limbaugh, Ann Coulter, Phyllis Schlafly, William Bennett, Gertrude Himmelfarb and Irving and William Kristol, arguing that, despite the efforts of right-wing polemicists, the values of the American people have become steadily more liberal over time.

In 2011, Joshi has been named the editor-in-chief of The American Rationalist Magazine, beginning with the July/August 2011 issue. The American Rationalist, billed as "The alternative to superstition and nonsense", is published by the Center for Inquiry.

Personal life

Joshi formerly resided in New York City. He is a former senior editor at Chelsea House Publishers. Currently he lives in Seattle, Washington. Joshi married Leslie Gary Boba on September 1, 2001. They divorced in December 2010.

Bibliography

Books Written

On H.P. Lovecraft & the Cthulhu Mythos

''H. P. Lovecraft and Lovecraft Criticism: An Annotated Bibliography'' (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1981). This volume is now superseded by Joshi's completely updated/revised edition: ''H.P. Lovecraft: A Comprehensive Bibliography'' (University of Tampa Press, 2009).

''An Index to the Selected Letters of H.P. Lovecraft'' (Necronomicon Press, 1980; 2nd ed, 1991). (This indexes the five volumes of Lovecraft's letters published by Arkham House).

''H. P. Lovecraft'' (Starmont Reader's Guide 13) (Mercer Island, WA: Starmont House, 1982).

''H.P. Lovecraft and Lovecraft Criticism: An Annotated Bibliography: Supplement, 1980-84'' (with Leigh Blackmore) (Necronomicon Press, 1984)

''H. P. Lovecraft: The Decline of the West'' (Mercer Island, WA: Starmont House, 1990).

''H. P. Lovecraft: A Life'' (West Warwick, RI: Necronomicon Press, 1996). (Paperback, with a 250 copy limited hardcover printing). A condensed version was issued as ''A Dreamer and a Visionary: H.P. Lovecraft in His Time'' (Liverpool University Press, 2001). The Necronomicon Press edition was reissued in 2004 (paperback) with a new Afterword by Joshi. A new revised/uncut edition (as ''I Am Providence: The Life and Times of H.P. Lovecraft'') (2 vols, hardcover) has been issued in 2010 (Hippocampus Press); this restores 150,000 words cut for space reasons from the original edition, and is also thoroughly revised and updated in regard to new information on Lovecraft that has come to light since 1996. It may be considered the last word on Lovecraft biography.

''A Subtler Magick The Writings and Philosophy of H. P. Lovecraft.'' (Wildside Press, December 1996). (A much revised and expanded version of Joshi's 1982 Starmont Guide on Lovecraft).

''An H.P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia'' (with David E. Schultz) (Greenwood Press, 2001)

''Primal Sources: Essays on H. P. Lovecraft'' (New York: Hippocampus Press, 2003).

''The Rise and Fall of the Cthulhu Mythos'' (Poplar Bluff, MO: Mythos Books, 2008). ISBN 0-9789911-8-4.

Other Books Written

''The Weird Tale'' (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990).

''John Dickson Carr: A Critical Study'' (Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1990).

''Lord Dunsany: A Bibliography'' (with Darrell Schweitzer) (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1993).

''Lord Dunsany: Master of the Anglo-Irish Imagination'' (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995).

''The Core of Ramsey Campbell: A Bibliography & Reader's Guide'' (with Ramsey Campbell and Stefan Dziemianowicz) (West Warwick, RI: Necronomicon Press, 1995).

''Sixty Years of Arkham House: A History and Bibliography'' (Arkham House, 1999)

''The Modern Weird Tale'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, [March] 2001).

''Ramsey Campbell and Modern Horror Fiction'' (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, [June] 2001).

''God's Defenders: What They Believe and Why They Are Wrong'' (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, [June] 2003). ISBN 978-1591020806

''The Evolution of the Weird Tale'' (New York: Hippocampus Press, 2004).

''The Angry Right: Why Conservatives Keep Getting It Wrong'' (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2006). ISBN 978-1591024637

''Gore Vidal: A Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2007). ISBN 0810860015.

''Emperors of Dreams: Some Notes on Weird Poetry'' (Sydney: P'rea Press, 2008). ISBN 978-0980462531 (paperback, 500 copies); ISBN 9780980462548 (deluxe hardcover, 25 numbered & signed copies)

''Classics and Contemporaries: Some Notes on Horror Fiction'' (New York: Hippocampus Press, 2009). ISBN 978-0-9814888-3-7

''Junk Fiction: America's Obsession with Bestsellers'' (San Bernardino, CA: Borgo Press, 2009). ISBN 978-1434457134

''The Unbelievers: The Evolution of Modern Atheism'' (Prometheus Books, forthcoming, Feb 2011)

''Unutterable Horror: A History of Supernatural Fiction'' (forthcoming; to be published in two volumes)

Books Edited

Editions of Works by or About H.P. Lovecraft & the Cthulhu Mythos

''Uncollected Prose and Poetry'' by H.P. Lovecraft (with Marc A. Michaud) (3 vols, Necronomicon Press, 1978–1982)

''H. P. Lovecraft in "The Eyrie"'' (with Marc A. Michaud) (Necronomicon Press,1979).

''H. P. Lovecraft: Four Decades of Criticism'' (Ohio State University Press,1980).

''The Private Life of H. P. Lovecraft'' by Sonia H. Davis (Sonia Greene) (Necronomicon Press,1985, 1993).

''Uncollected Letters'' by H.P. Lovecraft (Necronomicon Press, 1986)

''An Epicure in the Terrible: A Centennial Anthology of Essays in Honour of H. P. Lovecraft'' (with David E. Schultz) (1991). (New revised edition forthcoming, Hippocampus Press, 2011).

''The H. P. Lovecraft Centennial Conference: Proceedings'' (Necronomicon Press, 1991).

''H. P. Lovecraft in the Argosy'' (1994).

''The Shadow Over Innsmouth'' by H.P. Lovecraft [The Illustrated/Annotated H.P. Lovecraft] (Necronomicon Press, 1994; 2nd revised ed, 1997)

''Caverns Measureless to Man: 18 Memoirs of Lovecraft'' (1996).

''The Annotated H.P. Lovecraft'' (Dell Books, 1997)

''More Annotated H.P. Lovecraft'' (with Peter H. Cannon) (Dell Books, 1999)

''Lord of a Visible World: An Autobiography in Letters'' by H.P. Lovecraft (Ohio University Press, 2000).

''The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature'' by H.P. Lovecraft (Hippocampus Press, 2000).

''The Ancient Track: The Complete Poetical Works of H.P. Lovecraft'' (Night Shade Books, 2001).

''Lovecraft's Library: A Catalogue'' (revised & enlarged ed, Hippocampus Press, 2002).

''The Shadow Out of Time'' by H.P. Lovecraft (with David E. Schultz) (Corrected text ed, Hippocampus Press, 2003)

''Collected Essays'' by H.P. Lovecraft (NY: Hippocampus Press, 5 vols, 2004–2007). Hippocampus have also issued a searchable CD-ROM version containing the complete 5 volumes of Lovecraft's essays on one disc.

''The Dreams in the Witch House and Other Weird Stories'' by H. P. Lovecraft (2005).

''O Fortunate Floridian: H. P. Lovecraft's Letters to Robert H. Barlow''(with David E. Schultz) (University of Tampa Press, 2007).

''Essential Solitude: The Letters of H. P. Lovecraft and August Derleth'' (2 volumes) (with David E. Schultz, 2008).

''A Means to Freedom: The Letters of H.P. Lovecraft and Robert E. Howard'' (2 volumes) (with David E. Schultz and Rusty Burke, 2009)

''Against Religion'' by H.P. Lovecraft. Intro by Christopher Hitchens(Sporting Gentlemen, 2010)

''Black Wings: New Tales of Lovecraftian Horror'' (PS Publishing, 2010)

''The Case of Charles Dexter Ward: Annotated Edition'' by H.P. Lovecraft. (University of Tampa Press, 2010).

''The Annotated Revision and Collaborations of H.P. Lovecraft'' (forthcoming, Bloodletting Press, 2 vols). Vol 1 is titled ''The Crawling Chaos''.

''A Weird Writer in Our Midst'' (Hippocampus Press, 2010). ISBN 978-0-9844802-1-0. Collection of criticism about Lovecraft by writers contemporary with Lovecraft.

''Spawn of the Green Abyss: Great Tales of the Cthulhu Mythos'; (forthcoming, Mythos Books,2011).

''Black Wings II''(forthcoming, PS Publishing).

Editions of Works by Others, Reference Works, etc

''Collected Poems'' by Donald Wandrei (1988).

''Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry'' by Clark Ashton Smith (with Marc & Susan Michaud and Steve Behrends)(Necronomicon Press, 1988, 1993).

''The Count of Thirty: A Tribute to Ramsey Campbell'' (1993). (Critical appreciations of Campbell by various authors).

''Best Ghost Stories'' by Bram Stoker (with Richard Dalby and Stefan Dziemianowicz) (1997).

''A Night with Mephistopheles'' by Henry Ferris (1997).

''The Line of Terror and Other Essays'' by Arthur Machen (Hobgoblin Press, 1997.)

''The Complete John Silence Stories'' by Algernon Blackwood (Dover Books, 1998).

''A Sole Survivor: Bits of Autobiography'' by Ambrose Bierce (with David E. Schultz) (1998).

''Documents of American Prejudice'' (edited) (New York: Basic Books, 1999).

''Great Weird Tales'' (Dover Books, 1999).

''Collected Fables'' by Ambrose Bierce (2000).

''Civil War Memories: Lost tales of the Civil War'' (Rutledge 2000; Gramercy 2003).

''The Horror on the Stair and Other Weird Tales'' by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch (2000).

''The Monster Maker and Other Stories'' by W. C. Morrow (with Stefan Dziemianowicz) (2000).

''The Unabridged Devil's Dictionary'' by Ambrose Bierce (with David E. Schultz) (2000).

''The Yellow Sign and Other Stories: The Complete Weird Tales of Robert W. Chambers'' by Robert W. Chambers (2000).

''Atheism: A Reader'' (Prometheus Books, [October] 2000).

''The Fall of the Republic and Other Political Satires'' by Ambrose Bierce (with David E. Schultz) (2000).

''The Mark of the Beast and Other Horror Tales'' by Rudyard Kipling (Dover Books, 2000).

''From Baltimore to Bohemia: The Letters of H. L. Mencken and George Sterling'' (2001).

''The Three Impostors and Other Stories'' by Arthur Machen (2001).

''The Return of the Soul and Other Stories'' by Robert S. Hichens (2001).

''The Black Diamonds'' by Clark Ashton Smith (2002).

''Great Tales of Terror'' (Dover Books, 2002).

''H. L. Mencken on American Literature'' (2002).

''Ancient Sorceries and Other Weird Stories'' by Algernon Blackwood (2002).

''H. L. Mencken on Religion'' (2002).

''Eyes of the God'' by R. H. Barlow (with Douglas A. Anderson and David E. Schultz) (2002).

''Ramsey Campbell, Probably'' by Ramsey Campbell (2002).

''The Place Called Dagon'' by Herbert S. Gorman (2003).

''A Much Misunderstood Man: Selected Letters'' by Ambrose Bierce (with David E. Schultz) (2003).

''The Thirst of Satan: Poems of Fantasy and Terror'' by George Sterling (2003).

''The Pleasures of a Futuroscope'' by Lord Dunsany (2003).

''The White People and Other Stories'' by Arthur Machen (2003)

''Mencken's America'' by H. L. Mencken (2004)

''The Complete Jorkens'' (3 volumes) by Lord Dunsany (2004)

''In the Land of Time and Other Fantasy Tales'' by Lord Dunsany (2004)

''The House of Sounds and Others'' by M. P. Shiel (NY: Hippocampus Press, 2005).

''The Terror and Other Tales'' by Arthur Machen (2005).

''Closing Arguments: Clarence Darrow on Religion, Law, and Society'' by Clarence Darrow. (Ohio University Press, 2005)

''Supernatural Literature of the World: An Encyclopaedia'' (with Stefan Dziemianowicz) (2005)

''Count Magnus and Other Ghost Stories'' by M. R. James (2006).

''The Haunted Doll's House and Other Ghost Stories'' by M. R. James (2006).

''In Her Place: A Documentary History of Prejudice Against Women'' (2006).

''Icons of Horror and the Supernatural'' (Greenwood Press, 2006, 2 vols)

''Warnings to the Curious: A Sheaf of Criticism on M. R. James'' (with Rosemary Pardoe, 2007).

''The Agnostic Reader'' (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007).

''American Supernatural Tales'' (Penguin Books, 2007).

Barry Pain, ''An Exchange of Souls''/Henri Béraud, ''Lazarus'' (Hippocampus Press, 2007)

Francis Brett Young, ''Cold Harbour''/Leland Hall, ''Sinister House'' (Hippocampus Press, 2008)

''What is Man? and Other Irreverent Essays'' by Mark Twain (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2009).

''The Great God Pan and Other Weird Stories'' by Arthur Machen (Arcane Wisdom/Bloodletting Press, 2009)

''Collected Poems'' by H.L. Mencken (Hippocampus Press, 2009)

''Mencken on Mencken: A New Collection of Autobiographical Writings'' (Louisiana State University Press, 2010)

''Potash and Perlmutter: Stories of the American Jewish Experience'' by Montague Glass (Borgo Press, 2010)

''Dear Dead Women:The Weird Stories of Edna W. Underwood'' by Edna W. Underwood (Tartarus Press, 2010)

''Encyclopedia of the Vampire'' (Greenwood Press, 2010).

''A Walk in the Wastes of Time'' by Lord Dunsany (forthcoming, Hippocampus Press)

''Dreams of Fear: Poems of Terror and the Supernatural'' (forthcoming, Mythos Books, 2011)

''Dead Titans Waken'' (early version of ''Web of Easter Island'')/Invisible Sun'' by Donald Wandrei. (forthcoming, Centipede Press, 2011).

Books Translated

''Lovecraft: A Study in the Fantastic'' by Maurice Lévy (1988).

Foreign Editions

''Qu'est-ce que le Mythe de Cthulhu ?'' (Dir.) (La Clef d'Argent, 2007).

Novels

''The Removal Company: An Historical Mystery Novel'' as by 'J.K. Maxwell' (Borgo Press, 2009). The identity of Joshi as the author of this novel was revealed on W.H. Pugmire's blog on 1 Aug, 2010, and has since been acknowledged on Joshi's own Web site. The title has since been reprinted under Joshi's own name.

''Tragedy at Sarsfeld Manor/Conspiracy of Silence'' (Borgo Press, 2011)

Introductions & Forewords

Leigh Blackmore. ''Spores from Sharnoth & Other Madnesses''. (P'rea Press,2008, 2010; Rainfall Books, 2010)

William F. Nolan & Jason V Brock, ed., ''The Bleeding Edge'' (Cycatrix Press, 2009) [signed/limited]

Washington Irving. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Other Stories (Tartarus Press, 2009)

Voltaire ''God and Human Beings'' (Prometheus Books, 2010), the first translation of the work ''Dieu et les hommes'' (tr. Michael Shreve).

Magazines Edited

''Lovecraft Studies'' (1979–2004)(Nos 1-41:Necronomicon Press; the double issue 42/43 was published by Hippocampus Press, after which rights reverted to Necronomicon Press, who published the final two issues, 44 and 45. ''Lovecraft Studies'' was replaced with ''Lovecraft Annual'' (see below).

''Studies in Weird Fiction'' (1986–2003) (Nos 1-24 and 27: Necronomicon Press). (No 25 published by Hippocampus Press). Note: The Summer 2003 issue was erroneously numbered 25 (which had been previously used on the Summer 2001 issue). There was no Issue 26. The final Issue was No 27, Spring 2005.

''Necrofile: The Review of Horror Fiction'' (1992–1999) (Necronomicon Press) (co-edited with Stefan Dziemanowicz and Michael A. Morrison). See also ''Necropsy'' under ''Reviews'' (below)

''Lovecraft Annual'' (2007- ) (Hippocampus Press)

''Dead Reckonings'' (2007- ) (first co-editor Jack M. Haringa; second co-editor Anthony J. Fonseca) (Hippocampus Press)

''Studies in the Fantastic'' (2008–2009)( No 1-2 (all published):University of Tampa Press)

''Weird Fiction Review'' (2010 - ) (Centipede Press)

Reviews

Joshi has regularly reviewed in the horror field for the journals he has edited (see above). In addition he reviewed for ''Necropsy: The Review of Horror Fiction'', (edited by June Pulliam) the online sister journal to the print journal ''Necrofile'' (see above). Joshi's ''Necropsy'' reviews are archived at: http://www.lsu.edu/necrofile/sindex_reviewers.htm

Awards

References

Griffin, David. "Interview: S.T. Joshi". ''Carnage Hall'' No 4 (1993).

Harksen, Henrik (ed). ''Out of the Shadows: An E.O.D. Tribute to S.T. Joshi''. Odense, Denmark: H. Harksen Productions, 2004.

Murray, Will. "S.T. Joshi: Re-editor". [interview] ''Comics Buyer's Guide'' (Nov 18, 1988); ''Dagon'' 24 (Jan-March 1989)

Notes

External links

"Lurking Terror: H. P. Lovecraft's Socialism" - Interview with Dr. James Hughes (Changesurfer Radio)

2004 Interview with Joshi at Temple of Dagon

"YOG RADIO #29: Interview with S.T. Joshi" - Audio interview with Yog-Sothoth.com

Interview with S.T. Joshi at AcidLogic

Official S. T. Joshi Website

Audio interview with Joshi at Agony Column

"Fright and Freethought - S.T. Joshi" - Audio interview with Joshi by Robert M. Price

Interview with Joshi by James McAlmont at Fruitless Recursion

Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:American literary critics Category:American biographers Category:American book editors Category:American atheists Category:Brown University alumni Category:People from Maharashtra Category:American writers of Indian descent Category:Indian emigrants to the United States Category:Science fiction critics Category:Science fiction editors Category:Marathi people Category:People from Pune Category:Cthulhu Mythos writers

de:Sunand Tryambak Joshi es:Sunand Tryambak Joshi fr:S. T. Joshi lmo:S.T. Joshi sv:S.T. Joshi

S-type asteroids are of a siliceous (''stony'') composition, hence the name. Approximately 17% of asteroids are of this type, making it the second most common after the C-type.

Characteristics

S-types are moderately bright (with an albedo of 0.10 to 0.22) and consist mainly of iron- and magnesium-silicates. They are dominant in the inner main belt within 2.2 AU, common in the central belt within about 3 AU, but become rare farther out. The largest is 15 Eunomia (about 330 km wide across its longest dimension), with the next largest members by diameter being 3 Juno, 29 Amphitrite, 532 Herculina and 7 Iris. These largest S-types are visible in 10x50 binoculars at most oppositions; the brightest, 7 Iris, can occasionally become brighter than +7.0, which is a higher magnitude than any asteroid except the unusually reflective 4 Vesta.

Their spectrum has a moderately steep slope at wavelengths shorter than 0.7 µm, and has moderate to weak absorption features around 1 µm and 2 µm. The 1 µm absorption is indicative of the presence of silicates (stony minerals). Often there is also a broad but shallow absorption feature centered near 0.63 µm. The composition of these asteroids is similar to a variety of stony meteorites which share similar spectral characteristics.

S-group asteroids

SMASS classification

In the SMASS classification, several generally "stony" types of asteroids are brought together into a wider S-group which contains the following types:

A-type

K-type

L-type

Q-type

R-type

a core S-type for asteroids having the most "typical" spectra for the S-group

Sa, Sk, Sl, Sq, and Sr-types containing transition objects between the core S-type and the A, K, L, Q, and R-types, respectively.

This whole "S" assemblage of asteroids is spectrally quite distinct from the carbonaceous C-group and the mostly metallic X-group.

Tholen classification

In the Tholen classification the S-type is a very broad grouping which includes all the types in the SMASS S-group except for the A, Q, and R, which have particularly strong "stony" absorption features around 1 μm.

See also

Asteroid spectral types

L-type asteroid

K-type asteroid

X-type asteroid

References

Category:Asteroid spectral classes *

bg:С-клас астероид fr:Astéroïdes de type S ko:S형 소행성 it:Asteroide di tipo S lv:S tipa asteroīds hu:S-típusú kisbolygók nl:S-type planetoïde ja:S型小惑星 no:S-type-asteroide nn:S-type-asteroide pl:Asteroida klasy S pt:Asteroide tipo S ru:Астероид класса S simple:S-type asteroid sk:Planétka typu S sl:Asteroid tipa S fi:S-tyypin asteroidi th:ดาวเคราะห์น้อยประเภท S uk:Астероїди типу S zh:S-型小行星

Coordinates	47°14′″N39°42′″N
name	Jason V Brock
birth date	March 01, 1970
birth place	Charlotte, North Carolina
birth name	Jason Vincent Brock
occupation	Filmmaker, Editor, Artist, Writer
genre	Horror, Science Fiction, Speculative Fiction, Magic Realism, Poetry, Non-Fiction, Comics
website	http://www.jasunni.com/ }}

Jason V Brock, born March 1, 1970, is an American author, artist, editor and director. He is the founder of JaSunni Productions, LLC, whose documentary films include the controversial ''Charles Beaumont: The Life of Twilight Zone’s Magic Man'' , ''The AckerMonster Chronicles'' , and the upcoming ''Image, Reflection, Shadow: Artists of the Fantastic'' . He is also the author of ''Totems and Taboos'', a compilation of his poetry and artwork, and an editor, along with William F. Nolan, of ''The Bleeding Edge: Dark Barriers, Dark Frontiers'' and ''The Devil's Coattails: More Dispatches from the Dark Frontier'' anthologies published by Cycatrix Press. Brock shares story credit (he was Story Consultant and also assisted in Costume Design) on the ''Logan’s Run: Last Day'' and related comicbook series from Bluewater Productions. In addition, he is also a writer for the comicbook/graphic novel, ''Tales from William F. Nolan's Dark Universe'' (also from Bluewater). He also serves as Managing Editor/Contributor and Art Director for ''Dark Discoveries'' magazine. His novella, ''Milton’s Children'', is being published by Bad Moon Books in 2011. His poetry, short stories, non-fiction articles and essays have been widely published internationally online, and in numerous horror, science fiction and fantasy and scholarly print magazines (''Fangoria'', ''Dark Discoveries'', ''Ethereal Tales'', ''Calliope'' [Official Publication of the Writers' Special Interest Group (SIG) of American Mensa, Ltd], ''Comic-Con International's Souvenir Book'', the ''Weird Fiction Review'', American Rationalist [an organ of the Center_for_Inquiry], and others) and multiple anthologies (''Butcher Knives and Body Counts'', ''The Bleeding Edge'', ''Like Water for Quarks'', ''Animal Magnetism'', and so on). With a large personality and gregarious nature, he is a popular panelist at many horror conventions (such as MythosCon, Orycon, Crypticon and others) and film festivals (including the H.P. Lovecraft Film Festival and Buffalo International Film Festival, Lovecraft's Visions, etc.) and has been compared in intensity to Harlan Ellison and Charles Beaumont by his friends and colleagues.

Life and career

Brock was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. His father was a freelance journalist and graphic designer. His stepfather, Danny Thomas, was a drummer for the 13th Floor Elevators. As a teenager, Brock led the Progressive Rock/Avant-Garde band ''ChiaroscurO'' in Charlotte. He also assisted his father, James Brock, in writing and design. He later worked for James Robert Smith (editor, and author, ''The Flock'') at a comic book store where he met many like-minded individuals and honed his creative writing skills. After that, he worked as a graphic designer for Morris Costumes in their catalog department and also served as an artist’s apprentice for Pat Piro and as an audio engineer trainee at Reflection Sound Studio under Mark Williams. Brock has lived on the West Coast since 1993 spending time in Seattle, Los Angeles and Vancouver, WA. He was an award-winning Field Service Engineer and Regional Manager for several photo companies (Kits/Ritz Cameras, Konica Quality Photo West) before working as a Product Specialist for Fuji Photo Film; he left to form JaSunni Productions, LLC in 2005. Brock and his wife, Sunni, are longtime vegetarians (often vegan) and animal lovers/animal rights activists. They have several skinks, an iguana named “Liz” and four red-foot tortoises that roam their home wearing diapers. During filming of the Charles Beaumont documentary, he struck up a deep friendship with William F. Nolan who is also a vegetarian and very fond of animals. Nolan relocated to Vancouver, WA to be near the Brocks who are like an extended family.

Works

Anthology Appearances

''Animal Magnetism'', poetry. Featured contributor. Edited by S.A. Parham & W. Olivia Race. P. R. Publishing, 2005.

''The Bleeding Edge: Dark Barriers, Dark Frontiers'', fiction. Contributor. Edited by Jason V Brock and William F. Nolan. Cycatrix Press, 2010.

''Like Water for Quarks'', fiction. Contributor. Edited by Elton Elliott and Bruce Taylor. MVP Publishing, 2011.

''Butcher Knives & Body Counts'', non-fiction. Contributor. Edited by Vince Liaguno. Dark Scribe Press, 2011.

''The Devil’s Coattails: More Dispatches from the Dark Frontier'', anthology. Contributor. Edited by Jason V Brock and William F. Nolan. Cycatrix Press, 2011.

''Black Wings II'', fiction. Contributor. Edited by S. T. Joshi. PS Publishing, 2012.

Collections

''Disorders of Magnitude'', non-fiction. Writer. TBD.

Comics

''Logan's Run: Last Day''. Story/Costume Design. Bluewater Productions, 2009.

''Logan's Run: Aftermath''. Story/Costume Design. Bluewater Productions, 2011.

''Tales from William F. Nolan's Dark Universe''. Writer. Bluewater Productions, 2011.

Editor

''Dark Discoveries'', magazine. Managing Editor/Art Director. Dark Discoveries Publications, 2008–present.

''The Bleeding Edge: Dark Barriers, Dark Frontiers'', anthology. Editor (with William F. Nolan)/Contributor/Designer. Cycatrix Press, 2010. The anthology features previously unpublished material by Ray Bradbury, Richard Matheson, William F. Nolan, George Clayton Johnson, Dan O’Bannon, Earl Hamner, Jr., Norman Corwin, John Shirley, and many younger authors, with a foreword by S. T. Joshi. The release was celebrated by an unprecedented signing event in Glendale, Ca at Mystery and Imagination Bookstore where a nearly 90-year-old Bradbury and nearly 100-year-old Corwin greeted hundreds of fans who waited hours to get their copies signed by the fourteen authors in attendance. The book went on to win an award for Book and Jacket Design from Pacific Printing Industries Association, as well as several Honorable Mentions and a main selection in ''The Best Horror of the Year'', edited by Ellen Datlow.

''William F. Nolan: A Miscellany'', chapbook. Editor/Designer. Dark Discoveries Publications in conjunction with Cycatrix Press, 2011.

''The Devil’s Coattails: More Dispatches from the Dark Frontier'', anthology. Editor (with William F. Nolan)/Contributor/Designer. Cycatrix Press, 2011.

''Dead Man Walking and Other Shadow Tales'' (formerly titled ''The Blood Princess and Other Shadow Tales''), fiction collection by William F. Nolan. Editor/Contributor. Arkham House, 2012.

Film

''Charles Beaumont: The Life of Twilight Zone’s Magic Man'', documentary. Director/Writer/Producer. JaSunni Productions, LLC, 2010. The film made its World Premiere at the Egyptian Theatre (American Cinematheque) in Hollywood, in March, 2010.

''The AckerMonster Chronicles'', documentary (about Forrest J Ackerman). Director/Writer/Producer. JaSunni Productions, LLC, 2011.

Novels

''Milton’s Children'', novella. Author. Bad Moon Books, 2011.

Poetry

''Totems and Taboos'', illustrated chapbook. Writer/Artist. Cycatrix Press, 2005.

Influences

Literary: Jorge Luis Borges, H. P. Lovecraft, Kafka, Rod Serling, Bataille, Kurt Vonnegut, W. S. Burroughs, J. G. Ballard, George Orwell, Dante, Percy Shelley, Homer, Poe, Robbe-Grillet, Richard Selzer, William F. Nolan, Ray Bradbury, George Clayton Johnson, Charles Beaumont, Dennis Etchison

Visual: Hieronymous Bosch, Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Ernst Fuchs, Botticelli, Wolfgang Grasse, Beksinski, Bocklin, Vesalius, EC Comics, Francis Bacon, H. R. Giger, Minor White, Helmut Newton

Film: Dan O’Bannon (a personal friend and mentor), David Cronenberg, George A. Romero, Alfred Hitchcock, Luis Buñuel, Kurosawa, Brakhage, Roger Corman, Oliver Stone, Dario Argento

Music: David Bowie, The Beatles, King Crimson, Anthony Braxton, John Zorn, Sir Peter Maxwell-Davies, Philip Glass, Rush, Segovia, Peter Gabriel, Paul Simon, Yes, The Police, classical, jazz, soundtracks, John Coltrane, John McLaughlin

Works in Production

''[NaMeL3ss] Magazine'', magazine (twice yearly). Editor/Art Director. Cycatrix Press, 2012.

''(UnSub)'', novel. Author. TBD, 2011.

''Homunculus'', novel. Author. TBD, 2012.

''Grotteschi'', short story collection. Author. TBD, 2012.

''Strange Interlude: The Worlds of Charles Beaumont'', bibliography. Editor (with William F. Nolan). TBD, 2012.

''Image, Reflection, Shadow: Artists of the Fantastic'', documentary (regarding metaphorical imagery from Hieronymous Bosch to the present). Director/Writer/Producer. JaSunni Productions, LLC, 2012.

''Dark Fantastic: Interfacing with the Weird'', anthology. Editor (with William F. Nolan)/Contributor/Designer. Cycatrix Press, 2012.

''Logan Falls'', novel (a new sequel in the ''Logan's Run'' series). Author (with William F. Nolan), TBD.

Affiliations and Awards

Active Member, Horror Writers Association (HWA).

Member, Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA).

Member, Photo Marketing Association (PMA).

Member, Certified Photographic Consultants (CPC).

Member, Society of Photofinishing Engineers (SPFE).

Award for Book and Jacket Design 2010, Pacific Printing Industries Association (PPI).

References

External links

JaSunni Productions website

JaSunni Productions on Twitter

Jason V Brock on FaceBook

Category:People from Charlotte, North Carolina Category:American horror writers Category:American science fiction writers Category:American vegetarians Category:American documentary filmmakers Category:American artists Category:American musicians Category:1970 births Category:Living people

Charles Beaumont (January 2, 1929 – February 21, 1967) was a prolific American author of speculative fiction, including short stories in the horror and science fiction subgenres. He is remembered as a writer of classic ''Twilight Zone'' episodes, such as "The Howling Man", "Miniature", and "Printer's Devil", but also penned the screenplays for several films, among them ''7 Faces of Dr. Lao'', ''The Intruder'' and ''The Masque of the Red Death''. Novelist Dean R. Koontz has said, "[Charles Beaumont was] one of ''the'' seminal influences on writers of the fantastic and macabre." Beaumont is also the subject of a documentary, ''Charles Beaumont: The Life of Twilight Zone's Magic Man'', by Jason V Brock.

Life and work

Beaumont was born Charles Leroy Nutt in Chicago, to Charles H. and Letty Nutt. His mother is known to have dressed him in girls' clothes, and once threatened to kill his dog to punish him. These early experiences inspired the celebrated short story "Miss Gentilbelle", but according to Beaumont, "Football, baseball and dimestore cookie thefts filled my early world." School did not hold his attention, and his last name exposed him to ridicule, so he found solace as a teenager in science fiction. He dropped out of high school in tenth grade to join the army. He also worked as a cartoonist, illustrator, disc jockey, usher and dishwasher before selling his first story to ''Amazing Stories'' in 1950.

In 1954, ''Playboy'' magazine selected his story "Black Country" to be the first work of short fiction to appear in its pages. It was also at about this time that Beaumont started writing for television and film.

Beaumont was energetic and spontaneous, and was known to take trips (sometimes out of the country) at a moment's notice. An avid racing fan, he often enjoyed participating in or watching area speedway races, with other authors tagging along.

His cautionary fables include "The Beautiful People" (1952), a futuristic short story about a rebellious adolescent girl who lives in a largely conformist society in which people obligatorily alter their physical appearance (adapted as an episode of ''The Twilight Zone'': "Number 12 Looks Just Like You"), and "Free Dirt" (1955), about a frugally gluttonous man who gorges on his entire vegetable harvest, but instead dies from having consumed the magical soil he used to grow it.

His short story "The Crooked Man" (also published by ''Playboy'', in 1955) presented a dystopian future scenario wherein heterosexuality is stigmatized in the same way that homosexuality then was, and depicts heterosexuals living as furtively as pre-Stonewall gays and lesbians. In the story, a man meets the woman he loves in a gay orgy bar. They try to make love in a curtained booth (she dressed in male drag), and are caught.

Beaumont wrote many scripts for the ''Twilight Zone'', including an adaptation of his own short story, "The Howling Man", starring John Carradine, and the hour-long "The Valley of the Shadow," in which a newspaper reporter stumbles upon a cloistered technological Utopia, disguised as an ordinary small town in the middle of nowhere, which refuses to allow its startingly-advanced science discoveries to be given to the outside world, citing humanity's previous misusue of another scientific formula E=mc2 as their cautious rationale. Beaumont famously scripted the film ''Queen of Outer Space'' from an outline by Ben Hecht, deliberately writing the screenplay as a parody. According to Beaumont, the directorial style is not informed by this satiric intent.

He did pen one episode of ''Steve Canyon''; "Operation B-52"; a story where Canyon and his crew attempt to set a new around the world non-stop speed record in a B-52 with a newsman aboard who hates Air Force pilots. The newsman later learns that flyboys aren't so bad after all.

Beaumont was much admired by the well-known colleagues who outlived him (Ray Bradbury, Harlan Ellison, Richard Matheson, Robert Bloch, Roger Corman), and his work is currently in the process of being rediscovered. Many of his stories have been re-released in posthumous volumes (''Best of Beaumont'' (Bantam, 1982) and ''The Howling Man'' (Tom Doherty, 1992)), and a set of previously unpublished tales, ''A Touch of the Creature'' (Subterranean Press, 1999), is now available. In 2004, Gauntlet Press released the first of what is to be two volumes collecting Beaumont's ''Twilight Zone'' scripts.

Illness and death

When Beaumont was 34 and overwhelmed by numerous writing commitments, he began to suffer the effects of what has been called "a mysterious brain disease". He began to age rapidly. His speech slowed and his ability to concentrate diminished.

"He was rarely well," his friend and colleague William F. Nolan (who went on to co-write the science fiction novel ''Logan's Run'') would later recall. "He was almost always thin, and with a headache. He used Bromo-Seltzer like most people use water. He had a big Bromo bottle with him all the time." The disease also affected his work. "He could barely sell stories, much less write. He would go unshaven to meetings with producers, which would end in disaster. [A script writer has] got to be able to think on your feet, which Chuck couldn't do anymore; and so the producers would just go, 'We're sorry, Mr. Beaumont, but we don't like the script.'"

The condition might have been related to the spinal meningitis he suffered as a child. On the other hand, his friend and early agent Forrest J Ackerman has asserted that Beaumont suffered simultaneously from Alzheimer's and Pick's diseases. The former diagnosis was echoed by he UCLA Medical Staff, who subjected Beaumont to a battery of tests in the mid-1960s, indicated that it might be either Alzheimer's or Pick's. Nolan recalls that the UCLA doctors sent Beaumont home: "There's absolutely no treatment for this disease. It's permanent and it's terminal. He'll probably live from six months to three years with it. He'll decline and get to where he can't stand up. He won't feel any pain. In fact, he won't even know this is happening." Nolan summed up what happened: "Like his character 'Walter Jameson,' Chuck just dusted away."

Several fellow writers, including Nolan and friend Jerry Sohl, began ghostwriting for Beaumont in his final years, so that he could meet his many writing obligations. Privately, he insisted on splitting these fees.

Charles Beaumont died in Woodland Hills, California at the age of 38. But at that time, said his son Christopher later, "he looked ninety-five and was, in fact, ninety-five by every calendar except the one on your watch." Beaumont's last residence was in nearby Valley Village, California. He left behind his devoted wife Helen, and two sons and two daughters. One son died in 2004 of eerily similar circumstances. The other, Christopher, is a successful writer in his own right.

Bibliography

''Twilight Zone'' credits

The following is a list of episodes Beaumont penned for ''The Twilight Zone''. An asterisk (*) indicates that the episode was credited to Beaumont, but ghostwritten by Jerry Sohl.

"Perchance to Dream"

"Elegy"

"Long Live Walter Jameson"

"A Nice Place to Visit"

"The Howling Man"

"Static" (story by O. Cee Rich)

"The Prime Mover" (story by George Clayton Johnson, who was inadvertently not credited onscreen)

"Long Distance Call"

"Shadow Play"

"The Jungle"

"Dead Man's Shoes"

"The Fugitive"

"Person or Persons Unknown"

"In His Image"

"Valley of the Shadow"

"Miniature"

"Printer's Devil"

"The New Exhibit"*

"Passage on the Lady Anne"

"Living Doll"*

"Number 12 Looks Just Like You" (with John Tomerlin)

"Queen of the Nile"*

Short stories

“The Devil, You Say?” (Jan 1951, ''Amazing Stories'', adapted for Twilight Zone)

“The Beautiful People” (Sep 1952, ''If'', adapted for Twilight Zone)

“Fritzchen” (1953, ''Orbit #1'')

“Place of Meeting” (1953, ''Orbit #2'')

“Elegy” (Feb 1953, ''Imagination'', adapted for Twilight Zone)

“The Last Caper” (Mar 1954, ''F&SF;'')

“Keeper of the Dream” (1954, ''Time to Come'')

“Mass for Mixed Voices” (May 1954, ''Science Fiction Quarterly'')

“Hair of the Dog” (Jul 1954, ''Orbit #3'')

“The Quadriopticon” (Aug 1954, ''F&SF;'')

“Black Country” (Sep 1954, ''Playboy'')

“The Jungle” (Dec 1954, ''If'', adapted for Twilight Zone)

“The Murderers” (Feb 1955, ''Esquire'')

“The Hunger” (Apr 1955, ''Playboy'')

“The Last Word” (with Chad Oliver, Apr 1955, ''F&SF;'')

“Free Dirt” (May 1955, ''F&SF;'')

“The New Sound” (Jun 1955, ''F&SF;'')

“The Crooked Man” (Aug 1955, ''Playboy'')

“The Vanishing American” (Aug 1955, ''F&SF;'')

“Last Rites” (Oct 1955, ''If'')

“A Point of Honor” / “I’ll Do Anything” (Nov 1955, ''Manhunt'')

“A Classic Affair” (Dec 1955, ''Playboy'')

“Traumerei” (Feb 1956, ''Infinity Science Fiction'')

“The Monster Show” (May 1956, ''Playboy'')

“The Guests of Chance” (with Chad Oliver, Jun 1956, ''Infinity Science Fiction'')

“You Can’t Have Them All” (Aug 1956, ''Playboy'')

“Last Night in the Rain” / “Sin Tower” (Oct 1956, ''Nugget'')

“The Dark Music” (Dec 1956, ''Playboy'')

“Oh Father of Mine” / “Father, Dear Father” (Jan 1957, ''Venture'')

“The Love-Master” (Feb 1957, ''Rogue'')

“The Man Who Made Himself” / “In His Image” (Feb 1957, ''Imagination'', adapted for Twilight Zone)

“Night Ride” (Mar 1957, ''Playboy'')

“The Customers” (Apr 1957, “The Hunger and Other Stories”)

“Fair Lady” (Apr 1957, “The Hunger and Other Stories”)

“The Infernal Bouillabaisse” (Apr 1957, “The Hunger and Other Stories”)

“Miss Gentilbelle” (Apr 1957, “The Hunger and Other Stories”)

“Nursery Rhyme” (Apr 1957, “The Hunger and Other Stories”)

“Open House” (Apr 1957, “The Hunger and Other Stories”)

“Tears of the Madonna” (Apr 1957, “The Hunger and Other Stories”)

“The Train” (Apr 1957, “The Hunger and Other Stories”)

“A Death in the Country” / “The Deadly Will Win” (Nov 1957, ''Playboy'')

“Anthem” (Apr 1958, “Yonder”)

“Mother’s Day” (Apr 1958, “Yonder”)

“A World of Differents” (Apr 1958, “Yonder”)

“The New People” (Aug 1958, ''Rogue'')

“Perchance to Dream” (Oct 1958, ''Playboy'', adapted for Twilight Zone)

“The Intruder” (1959, excerpt of chapter ten of the novel)

“The Music of the Yellow Brass” (Jan 1959, ''Playboy'')

“The Trigger” (Jan 1959, ''Mystery Digest'')

“Sorcerer’s Moon” (Jul 1959, ''Playboy'')

“The Howling Man” (Nov 1959, ''Rogue'', adapted for Twilight Zone)

“Buck Fever” (Mar 1960, “Night Ride and Other Journeys”)

“The Magic Man” (Mar 1960, “Night Ride and Other Journeys”)

“The Neighbors” (Mar 1960, “Night Ride and Other Journeys”)

“Song For a Lady” (Mar 1960, “Night Ride and Other Journeys”, adapted for Twilight Zone)

“Gentlemen, Be Seated” (Apr 1960, ''Rogue'')

“Three Thirds of a Ghost” / “The Baron’s Secret” (Aug 1960, ''Nugget'')

“Blood Brother” (Apr 1961, ''Playboy'')

“Mourning Song” (1963, ''Gamma #1'')

“Something in the Earth” (1963, ''Gamma #2'')

"Auto Suggestion" (1965, ''Gamma #5'')

"Insomnia Vobiscum" (1982, "Best of Beaumont")

“My Grandmother’s Japonicas” (1984, ''Masques #1'')

“Appointment with Eddie” (1987, “The Howling Man”)

“The Carnival” (1987, “The Howling Man”)

“The Crime of Willie Washington” (1987, “The Howling Man”)

“The Man with the Crooked Nose” (1987, “The Howling Man”)

“To Hell with Claude” (with Chad Oliver, 1987, “The Howling Man”)

“The Wages of Cynicism” (1999)

“Adam’s Off Ox” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“Fallen Star” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“A Friend of the Family” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“The Indian Piper” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“The Junemoon Spoon” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“Lachrymosa” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“A Long Way from Capri” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“Moon in Gemini” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“Mr. Underhill” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“The Pool” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“Resurrection Island” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“The Rival” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“Time and Again” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“With the Family” (2000, “A Touch of the Creature”)

“I, Claude” (with Chad Oliver)

“The Rest of Science Fiction” (with Chad Oliver)

Short story collections

''The Hunger and Other Stories'' (Apr 1957)

''Yonder'' (Apr 1958)

''Night Ride and Other Journeys'' (Mar 1960)

Anthologies of short fiction

''The Magic Man'' (1965) - nine from ''Hunger'', three from ''Yonder'', six from ''Night Ride''

''The Edge'' (1966) - three from ''Yonder'', eight from ''Night Ride''

''Best of Beaumont'' (Nov 1982) - four from ''Hunger'', eight from ''Yonder'', six from ''Night Ride'', four never before anthologized

''Selected Stories'' (1988) - nine from ''Hunger'', three from ''Yonder'', eight from ''Night Ride'', one from ''Best'', eight never before anthologized

''The Howling Man'' (1992) - reprint of ''Selected Stories''

''A Touch of the Creature'' (2000) - fourteen previously unpublished/unfinished stories

Film

''Tradita'' (1954)

''Queen of Outer Space'' (1958)

''Ursula'' (1961, based on the short story "Miss Gentilbelle")

''Night of the Eagle'' (1962)

''Premature Burial'' (1962)

''The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm'' (1962)

''The Intruder'' (1962, based on the novel)

''The Haunted Palace'' (1963)

''7 Faces of Dr. Lao'' (1964)

''The Masque of the Red Death'' (1964)

''Mister Moses'' (1965)

''Journey Into Darkness'' (1968, based on the short story "The New People")

''Brain Dead'' (1990) (posthumously, from his screenplay)

''Miss Gentilbelle'' (2000)

Novel

''Run from the Hunter'' (1957, as Keith Grantland, w/ John E. Tomerlin)

''The Intruder'' (1959)

Nonfiction

''Remember? Remember?'' (1956, essays on American pop culture between the world wars)

''Omnibus of Speed: An Introduction to the World of Motorsport'' (1958, with William F. Nolan)

References

Further reading

''Running from the Hunter: The Life and Works of Charles Beaumont'', by Lee Prosser, (1996), ISBN 0-89370-291-9.

''California Sorcery'', edited by William F. Nolan and William Schafer.

''The Work of Charles Beaumont: An Annotated Bibliography & Guide'', by William F. Nolan.

External links

Bibliograpical information

George Clayton Johnson interview in the Archive of American Television

Category:1929 births Category:1967 deaths Category:American science fiction writers Category:American horror writers Category:Writers from California Category:Writers from Chicago, Illinois Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease

fr:Charles Beaumont it:Charles Beaumont

:''For devotions see Saint George: Devotions, traditions and prayers''

Coordinates	47°14′″N39°42′″N
Name	Saint George of Lydda
Birth date	between ca. AD 256 and 285
Death date	April 23, 303
Feast day	April 23
Venerated in	Roman CatholicismAnglicanismEastern OrthodoxyLutheranismCoptic OrthodoxIslam
Birth place	Lydda, Syria Palaestina, Roman Empire
Death place	Nicomedia, Bithynia, Roman Empire
Titles	Martyr
Attributes	Clothed as a soldier in a suit of armour or chain mail, often bearing a lance tipped by a cross, riding a white horse, often slaying a dragon. In the West he is shown with St George's Cross emblazoned on his armour, or shield or banner.
Patronage	Many ''Patronages of Saint George'' exist around the world
Prayer attrib	}}

Saint George (ca. 275/281 – 23 April 303) was, according to tradition, a Roman soldier from Syria Palaestina and a priest in the Guard of Diocletian, who is venerated as a Christian martyr. In hagiography Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Catholic (Western and Eastern Rites), Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, and the Oriental Orthodox churches. He is immortalized in the tale of Saint George and the Dragon and is one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. His memorial is celebrated on 23 April, and he is regarded as one of the most prominent military saints.

Many ''Patronages of Saint George'' exist around the world, including: Bulgaria, Aragon, Catalonia, England, Ethiopia, Georgia, Greece, India, Iraq, Lithuania, Israel, Portugal, Serbia, Ukraine and Russia, as well as the cities of Genoa, Amersfoort, Beirut, Fakiha, Bteghrine, Cáceres, Ferrara, Freiburg, Kumanovo, Ljubljana, Pomorie, Preston, Qormi, Rio de Janeiro, Lod, Lviv, Barcelona, Moscow, Tamworth and the Maltese island of Gozo, as well as a wide range of professions, organizations and disease sufferers.

Life and legend

Historians have debated the exact details of the birth of Saint George for over a century, although the approximate date of his death is subject to little debate. The Catholic Encyclopedia takes the position that there seems to be no ground for doubting the historical existence of Saint George, but that little faith can be placed in some of the fanciful stories about him.

The work of the Bollandists Danile Paperbroch, Jean Bolland and Godfrey Henschen in the 17th century was one of the first pieces of scholarly research to establish the historicity of the saint's existence via their publications in Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca and paved the way for other scholars to dismiss the medieval legends. Pope Gelasius stated that George was among those saints ''whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose actions are known only to God''.

The traditional legends have offered a historicised narration of George's encounter with a dragon: see "St. George and the Dragon" below. The modern legend that follows below is synthesized from early and late hagiographical sources, omitting the more fantastical episodes, to narrate a purely human military career in closer harmony with modern expectations of reality. Chief among the legendary sources about the saint is the Golden Legend, which remains the most familiar version in English owing to William Caxton's 15th-century translation.

It is likely that Saint George was born to a Christian noble family in Lod, Syria Palaestina during the late third century between about 275 AD and 285 AD, and he died in Nicomedia. His father, Gerontius, was a Roman army official from Cappadocia and his mother, Polychronia, was from Palestine. They were both Christians and from noble families of Anici, so by this the child was raised with Christian beliefs. They decided to call him Georgius (Latin) or Geōrgios (Greek), meaning "worker of the land". At the age of 14, George lost his father; a few years later, George's mother, Polychronia, died. Eastern accounts give the names of his parents as Anastasius and Theobaste.

Then George decided to go to Nicomedia, the imperial city of that time, and present himself to Emperor Diocletian to apply for a career as a soldier. Diocletian welcomed him with open arms, as he had known his father, Gerontius — one of his finest soldiers. By his late 20s, George was promoted to the rank of Tribunus and stationed as an imperial guard of the Emperor at Nicomedia.

In the year AD 302, Diocletian (influenced by Galerius) issued an edict that every Christian soldier in the army should be arrested and every other soldier should offer a sacrifice to the Pagan gods. However George objected and with the courage of his faith approached the Emperor and ruler. Diocletian was upset, not wanting to lose his best tribune and the son of his best official, Gerontius. George loudly renounced the Emperor's edict, and in front of his fellow soldiers and Tribunes he claimed himself to be a Christian and declared his worship of Jesus Christ. Diocletian attempted to convert George, even offering gifts of land, money and slaves if he made a sacrifice to the Roman gods. The Emperor made many offers, but George never accepted.

Recognizing the futility of his efforts, Diocletian was left with no choice but to have him executed for his refusal. Before the execution George gave his wealth to the poor and prepared himself. After various torture sessions, including laceration on a wheel of swords in which he was resuscitated three times, George was executed by decapitation before Nicomedia's city wall, on April 23, 303. A witness of his suffering convinced Empress Alexandra and Athanasius, a pagan priest, to become Christians as well, and so they joined George in martyrdom. His body was returned to Lydda in Palestine for burial, where Christians soon came to honour him as a martyr.

Although the above distillation of the legend of George connects him to the conversion of Athanasius, who according to Rufinus was brought up by Christian ecclesiastical authorities from a very early age, Edward Gibbon argued that George, or at least the legend from which the above is distilled, is based on George of Cappadocia, a notorious Arian bishop who was Athanasius' most bitter rival, who in time became Saint George of England. According to Professor Bury, Gibbon's latest editor, "this theory of Gibbon's has nothing to be said for it". He adds that: "the connection of St. George with a dragon-slaying legend does not relegate him to the region of the myth".

In 1856 Ralph Waldo Emerson published a book of essays entitled "English Traits". In it, he wrote a paragraph on the history of Saint George. Emerson compared the legend of Saint George to the legend of Amerigo Vespucci, calling the former "an impostor" and the latter "a thief". The editorial notes appended to the 1904 edition of Emerson's complete works state that Emerson based his account on the work of Gibbon, and that current evidence seems to show that real St. George was not George the Arian of Cappadocia. Merton M. Sealts also quotes Edward Emerson, Ralph Waldo Emerson's youngest son as stating that he believed his father's account was derived from Gibbon and that the real St. George "was apparently another who died two generations earlier".

Saint George and the dragon

The episode of St George and the Dragon was a legend brought back with the Crusaders and retold with the courtly appurtenances belonging to the genre of Romance. The earliest known depiction of the legend is from early eleventh-century Cappadocia, (in the iconography of the Eastern Orthodox Church, George had been depicted as a soldier since at least the seventh century); the earliest known surviving narrative text is an eleventh-century Georgian text.

In the fully developed Western version, which developed as part of the Golden Legend, a dragon or crocodile makes its nest at the spring that provides water for the city of "Silene" (perhaps modern Cyrene in Libya or the city of Lydda in the Holy Land, depending on the source). Consequently, the citizens have to dislodge the dragon from its nest for a time, to collect water. To do so, each day they offer the dragon at first a sheep, and if no sheep can be found, then a maiden must go instead of the sheep. The victim is chosen by drawing lots. One day, this happens to be the princess. The monarch begs for her life to be spared, but to no avail. She is offered to the dragon, but there appears Saint George on his travels. He faces the dragon, protects himself with the sign of the Cross, slays the dragon, and rescues the princess. The grateful citizens abandon their ancestral paganism and convert to Christianity.

The dragon motif was first combined with the standardised ''Passio Georgii'' in Vincent of Beauvais' encyclopaedic ''Speculum historale'' and then in Jacobus de Voragine, ''Golden Legend'', which guaranteed its popularity in the later Middle Ages as a literary and pictorial subject.

The parallels with Perseus and Andromeda are inescapable. In the allegorical reading, the dragon embodies a suppressed pagan cult. The story has other roots that predate Christianity. Examples such as Sabazios, the sky father, who was usually depicted riding on horseback, and Zeus's defeat of Typhon the Titan in Greek mythology, along with examples from Germanic and Vedic traditions, have led a number of historians, such as Loomis, to suggest that George is a Christianized version of older deities in Indo-European culture.

In the medieval romances, the lance with which St George slew the dragon was called Ascalon, named after the city of Ashkelon in Israel.

Veneration as a martyr

A church built in Lydda during the reign of Constantine I (reigned 306–37), was consecrated to "a man of the highest distinction", according to the church history of Eusebius of Caesarea; the name of the patron was not disclosed, but later he was asserted to have been George.

By the time of the Muslim conquest in the seventh century, a basilica dedicated to the saint in Lydda existed. The church was destroyed in 1010 but was later rebuilt and dedicated to Saint George by the Crusaders. In 1191 and during the conflict known as the Third Crusade (1189–92), the church was again destroyed by the forces of Saladin, Sultan of the Ayyubid dynasty (reigned 1171–93). A new church was erected in 1872 and is still standing.

During the fourth century the veneration of George spread from Palestine through Lebanon to the rest of the Eastern Roman Empire –though the martyr is not mentioned in the Syriac Breviarium– and Georgia. In Georgia the feast day on November 23 is credited to St Nino of Cappadocia, who in Georgian hagiography is a relative of St George, credited with bringing Christianity to the Georgians in the fourth century. By the fifth century, the cult of Saint George had reached the Western Roman Empire as well: in 494, George was canonized as a saint by Pope Gelasius I, among those "whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to [God]."

In England the earliest dedication to George, who was mentioned among the martyrs by Bede, is a church at Fordington, Dorset, that is mentioned in the wars of Alfred the Great. "Saint George and his feast day began to gain more widespread fame among all Europeans, however, from the time of the Crusades." The St. George's flag, a red cross on a white field, was adopted by England and the City of London in 1190 for their ships entering the Mediterranean to benefit from the protection of the Genoese fleet during the Crusades and the English Monarch paid an annual tribute to the Doge of Genoa for this privilege. An apparition of George heartened the Franks at the siege of Antioch, 1098, and made a similar appearance the following year at Jerusalem. Chivalric military Order of St. George were established in Aragon (1201), Genoa, Hungary, and by Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, and in England the Synod of Oxford, 1222 declared St George's Day a feast day in the kingdom of England. Edward III put his Order of the Garter under the banner of St. George, probably in 1348. The chronicler Froissart observed the English invoking St. George as a battle cry on several occasions during the Hundred Years' War. In his rise as a national saint George was aided by the very fact that the saint had no legendary connection with England, and no specifically localized shrine, as of Thomas Becket at Canterbury: "Consequently, numerous shrines were established during the late fifteenth century," Muriel C. McClendon has written, "and his did not become closely identified with a particular occupation or with the cure of a specific malady."

The establishment of George as a popular saint and protective giant in the West that had captured the medieval imagination was codified by the official elevation of his feast to a ''festum duplex'' at a church council in 1415, on the date that had become associated with his martyrdom, 23 April. There was wide latitude from community to community in celebration of the day across late medieval and early modern England, and no uniform "national" celebration elsewhere, a token of the popular and vernacular nature of George's ''cultus'' and its local horizons, supported by a local guild or confraternity under George's protection, or the dedication of a local church. When the Reformation in England severely curtailed the saints' days in the calendar, St. George's Day was among the holidays that continued to be observed.

Sources

According to the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', the earliest text preserving fragments of George's narrative is in an Acta Sanctorum identified by Hippolyte Delehaye of the scholarly Bollandists to be a palimpsest of the fifth century. However, this ''Acta Sancti Georgii'' was soon banned as heresy by Pope Gelasius I (in 496).

The compiler of this ''Acta'', according to Hippolyte Delehaye "confused the martyr with his namesake, the celebrated George of Cappadocia, the Arian intruder into the see of Alexandria and enemy of St. Athanasius". A critical edition of a Syriac ''Acta'' of Saint George, accompanied by an annotated English translation was published by E.W. Brooks (1863–1955) in 1925. The hagiography was originally written in Greek.

In Sweden, the princess rescued by Saint George is held to represent the kingdom of Sweden, while the dragon represents an invading army. Several sculptures of Saint George battling the dragon can be found in Stockholm, the earliest inside Storkyrkan ("The Great Church") in the Old Town.

The façade of architect Antoni Gaudi's famous Casa Batlló in Barcelona, Spain depicts this allegory.

In Islamic literature

Saint George is also included in early Muslim texts as a saintly figure. One Muslim legend recounts that George lived among a group of believers who had been in direct contact with the last disciples of Jesus. George is said to have been a rich merchant who opposed the erection of a statue of the pagan deity Apollo, by Dadan, the king of Mosul. After confronting the king, George was apparently tortured many times but to no effect and was imprisoned, later being aided by angels. Muslim literature too depicts George as a martyr.

Feast days

In the General Calendar of the Roman Rite the feast of Saint George is on April 23. In the Tridentine Calendar it was given the rank of "Semidouble". In Pope Pius XII's 1955 calendar this rank is reduced to "Simple". In Pope John XXIII's 1960 calendar the celebration to just a "Commemoration". In Pope Paul VI's 1969 calendar it is raised to the level of an optional "Memorial". In some countries, such as England, the rank is higher.

St George is very much honoured by the Eastern Orthodox Church, wherein he is referred to as a "Great Martyr", and in Oriental Orthodoxy overall. His major feast day is on April 23 (Julian Calendar April 23 currently corresponds to Gregorian Calendar May 6). The Russian Orthodox Church also celebrates two additional feasts in honour of St. George: one on November 3 commemorating the consecration of a cathedral dedicated to him in Lydda during the reign Constantine the Great (305–37). When the church was consecrated, the relics of the St. George were transferred there. The other feast on November 26 for a church dedicated to him in Kiev, ca. 1054.

In Egypt the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria refers to St George as the "Prince of Martyrs" and celebrates his martyrdom on the 23rd of Paremhat of the Coptic Calendar equivalent to May 1. The Copts also celebrate the consecration of the first church dedicated to him on June 10.

Patronages

As a highly celebrated saint in both the Western and Eastern Christian churches, a large number of Patronages of Saint George exist throughout the world.

St. George is the patron saint of England; his cross forms the national flag of England, and features within the Union Flag of the United Kingdom. Traces of the cult of Saint George in England pre-date the Norman Conquest in the eleventh century; by the fourteenth century the saint had been declared both the patron saint and the protector of the royal family.

The country of Georgia, where devotions to the saint date back to the fourth century, is not technically named after the saint, but is a well-attested backward derivation of the English name. However, a large number of towns and cities around the world are. Saint George is one of the patron Saints of Georgia; the name Georgia (''Sakartvelo'' in Georgian) is an anglicisation of ''Gurj'', derived from the Persian word for the frightening and heroic people in that territory. However, chronicles describing the land as ''Georgie'' or Georgia in French and English, date from the early Middle Ages "because of their special reverence for Saint George", but these accounts have been seen as folk etymology; compare Land of Prester John.

There are exactly 365 Orthodox churches in Georgia named after Saint George according to the number of days in a year. According to myth, St. George was cut into 365 pieces after he fell in battle and every single piece was spread throughout the entire country. According to another myth, Saint George appeared in person during the Battle of Didgori to support the Georgian victory over the Seldjuk army and the Georgian uprising against Persian rule. Saint George is considered by many Georgians to have special meaning as a symbol of national liberation.

Devotions to Saint George in Portugal date back to the twelfth century, and Saint Constable attributed the victory of the Portuguese in the battle of Aljubarrota in the fourteenth century to Saint George. During the reign of King John I (1357–1433) Saint George became the patron saint of Portugal and the King ordered that the saint's image on the horse be carried in the Corpus Christi procession.

Saint George is also one of the patron saints of the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Gozo. In a battle between the Maltese and the Moors, Saint George was alleged to have been seen with Saint Paul and Saint Agata, protecting the Maltese. Besides being the patron of Victoria where St. George's Basilica, Malta is dedicated to him, St George is the protector of the island Gozo.

Interfaith Shrine

There is a tradition in the Holy Land of Christians and Muslim going to an Eastern Orthodox shrine of St. George at Beith Jala, Jews also attending the site in the belief that the prophet Elijah was buried there. This is testified to by Elizabeth Finn in 1866, where she wrote, "St. George killed the dragon in this country Palestine; and the place is shown close to Beirut (Lebanon). Many churches and convents are named after him. The church at Lydda is dedicated to St. George: so is a convent near Bethlehem, and another small one just opposite the Jaffa gate; and others beside. The Arabs believe that St. George can restore mad people to their senses; and to say a person has been sent to St. George's, is equivalent to saying he has been sent to a madhouse. It is singular that the Moslem Arabs share this veneration for St. George, and send their mad people to be cured by him, as well as the Christians. But they commonly call him El Khudder —The Green—according to their favourite manner of using epithets instead of names. Why he should be called green, however, I cannot tell—unless it is from the colour of his horse. Gray horses are called green in Arabic." A possible explanation for this colour reference is Al Khidr, the erstwhile tutor of Moses, gained his name from having sat in a barren desert, turning it into a lush green paradise.

William Dalrymple reviewing the literature in 1999 tells us that J. E. Hanauer in his 1907 book ''Folklore of the Holy Land: Muslim, Christian and Jewish'' "mentioned a shrine in the village of Beit Jala, beside Bethlehem, which at the time was frequented by all three of Palestine's religious communities. Christians regarded it as the birthplace of St. George, Jews as the burial place of the Prophet Elias. According to Hanauer, in his day the monastery was "a sort of madhouse. Deranged persons of all the three faiths are taken thither and chained in the court of the chapel, where they are kept for forty days on bread and water, the Eastern Orthodox priest at the head of the establishment now and then reading the Gospel over them, or administering a whipping as the case demands.' In the 1920s, according to Taufiq Canaan's ''Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine'', nothing seemed to have changed, and all three communities were still visiting the shrine and praying together."

Dalrymple himself visited the place in 1995. "I asked around in the Christian Quarter in Jerusalem, and discovered that the place was very much alive. With all the greatest shrines in the Christian world to choose from, it seemed that when the local Arab Christians had a problem – an illness, or something more complicated: a husband detained in an Israeli prison camp, for example – they preferred to seek the intercession of St George in his grubby little shrine at Beit Jala rather than praying at the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem or the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem." He asked the priest at the shrine "Do you get many Muslims coming here?" The priest replied, "We get hundreds! Almost as many as the Christian pilgrims. Often, when I come in here, I find Muslims all over the floor, in the aisles, up and down."

The ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' quotes G.A. Smith in his ''Historic Geography of the Holy Land'' p. 164 saying "The Mahommedans who usually identify St. George with the prophet Elijah, at Lydda confound his legend with one about Christ himself. Their name for Antichrist is Dajjal, and they have a tradition that Jesus will slay Antichrist by the gate of Lydda. The notion sprang from an ancient bas-relief of George and the Dragon on the Lydda church. But Dajjal may be derived, by a very common confusion between n and l, from Dagon, whose name two neighbouring villages bear to this day, while one of the gates of Lydda used to be called the Gate of Dagon."

Colours and flag

The "Colours of Saint George", or St George's Cross are a white flag with a red cross, frequently borne by entities over which he is patron (e.g. the Republic of Genoa and then Liguria, England, Georgia, Catalonia, Aragon, etc.).

Ironically, the cross was originally the personal flag of another saint and key Christian figure, St. Ambrose. Adopted by the city of Milan (of which he was Archbishop) at least as early as the Ninth century, its use spread over Northern Italy including Genoa. Genoa's patron saint was St. George and through the flag's use by the vast Genoese trading fleet, the association was carried throughout Europe.

The same colour scheme was used by Viktor Vasnetsov for the façade of the Tretyakov Gallery, in which some of the most famous St. George icons are exhibited and which displays St. George as the coat of arms of Moscow over its entrance.

Iconography and models

St. George is most commonly depicted in early icons, mosaics and frescos wearing armour contemporary with the depiction, executed in gilding and silver colour, intended to identify him as a Roman soldier. After the Fall of Constantinople and the association of St George with the crusades, he is more often portrayed mounted upon a white horse.

At the same time St George began to be associated with St. Demetrius, another early soldier saint. When the two saints are portrayed together mounted upon horses, they may be likened to earthly manifestations of the archangels Michael and Gabriel. St George is always depicted in Eastern traditions upon a white horse and St. Demetrius on a red horse St George can also be identified in the act of spearing a dragon, unlike St Demetrius, who is sometimes shown spearing a human figure, understood to represent Maximian.

A 2003 Vatican stamp issued on the anniversary of the Saint's death depicts an armoured Saint George atop a white horse, killing the dragon.

During the early second millennium, George came to be seen as the model of chivalry, and during this time was depicted in works of literature, such as the medieval romances.

Jacobus de Voragine, Archbishop of Genoa, compiled the ''Legenda Sanctorum'', (''Readings of the Saints'') also known as ''Legenda Aurea'' (the ''Golden Legend'') for its worth among readers. Its 177 chapters (182 in other editions) contain the story of Saint George.

Modern Russians interpret the icon not as a killing but as a struggle, against ourselves and the evil among us. The dragon never dies but the saint persists with his horse (will and support of the people) and his spear (technical means). In Eastern Orthodox Christianity it is possible to find Icons of St.George riding on Black horse, as well, there are various examples in Russian Iconography, like the Icon in British Museum Collection.

See also

Bristol, England, which has a district called Saint George and also a park bearing that name

Diada de Sant Jordi

Dragon Hill, Uffington

Frithjof Schuon

Georgslied, 9th-century Old High German poem about the life of Saint George

Knights of St. George

One Good Knight (a novel) Andres Dealencar.

Paladin

Uastyrdzhi

St George's Church, churches dedicated to St. George

St. George Dragons (sports)

''The Magic Sword'', 1961 film loosely based on the legend of St. George and the Dragon

Patrick Woodroffe, author of several poems about St George collated in a book called ''Hallelujah Anyway''

Gallery

:''For a larger gallery, please see'': Saint George gallery.

Notes

References

Brooks, E.W., 1925. ''Acts of Saint George'' in series ''Analecta Gorgiana'' 8 (Gorgias Press).

Burgoyne, Michael H. 1976. ''A Chronological Index to the Muslim Monuments of Jerusalem''. In ''The Architecture of Islamic Jerusalem''. Jerusalem: The British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.

Alban Butler, ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'', vol. 2, pp. 148–150. "George, Martyr, Protector of the Kingdom of England" (on-line text)

Gabidzashvili, Enriko. 1991. ''Saint George: In Ancient Georgian Literature''. Armazi – 89: Tbilisi, Georgia.

Good, Jonathan, 2009. ''The Cult of Saint George in Medieval England'' (Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press).

Loomis, C. Grant, 1948. ''White Magic, An Introduction to the Folklore of Christian Legend'' (Cambridge: Medieval Society of America)

Natsheh, Yusuf. 2000. "Architectural survey", in ''Ottoman Jerusalem: The Living City 1517–1917''. Edited by Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand (London: Altajir World of Islam Trust) pp 893–899.

Whatley, E. Gordon, editor, with Anne B. Thompson and Robert K. Upchurch, 2004. ''St. George and the Dragon in the South English Legendary (East Midland Revision, c. 1400)'' Originally published in ''Saints' Lives in Middle English Collections''

(Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications) (On-line Introduction)

Prof. George Menachery, ''Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India''. Vol.II Trichur – 73.

External links

St. George and the Dragon, free illustrated book based on 'The Seven Champions' by Richard Johnson (1596)

Archnet

Saint George and the Dragon links and pictures (more than 125), from Dragons in Art and on the Web

Story of St. George from The Golden Legends

Saint George and the Boy Scouts, including a woodcut of a Scout on horseback slaying a dragon

A prayer for St George's Day

St. George

St. George and the Dragon: An Introduction

Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George Orthodox icon and synaxarion for April 23

Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George in Lydia Icon and synaxarion for November 3

Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev Icon and synaxarion for November 26

Plášťovce,(Palást) in Slovakia">St. George in the church in Plášťovce,(Palást) in Slovakia

The St George Orthodox Military Association

Famous Georgian Pilgrim Center in India St. George Orthodox Church Puthuppally, Kerala, India

Category:Anglican saints Category:Catalan symbols Category:Eastern Catholic saints Category:Eastern Orthodox saints Category:Fourteen Holy Helpers Category:People from Lod Category:Roman Catholic saints Category:Saints from the Holy Land Category:Saints of the Golden Legend Category:303 deaths Category:3rd-century births Category:3rd-century Romans Category:4th-century Romans Category:4th-century Christian martyr saints

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