Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Adrian Newey
- Alain Ferté
- Alain Prost
- Alberto Ascari
- Alessandro Nannini
- Allan McNish
- Andrea de Cesaris
- Andros Trophy
- Armenians
- Audi R18
- Australia
- Austria
- Autosport
- Ayrton Senna
- Benetton Formula
- BMW V12 LM
- BMW V12 LMR
- Brabham
- Brazil
- Bruce McLaren
- Bruno Senna
- Bump starting
- Canada
- Cancer
- Canon (company)
- Champ Car
- Champ car
- Champion
- Chicane
- Colin McRae
- Cosworth DFV
- Damon Hill
- Denny Hulme
- Département
- Eddie Cheever
- Elf Aquitaine
- Elio de Angelis
- Emerson Fittipaldi
- Enrique Scalabroni
- Equipe Ligier
- Estoril Circuit
- Fastest lap
- Fernando Alonso
- Ferrari
- Ferrari 641
- Ferrari 642
- Ferrari 643
- FIA Super Licence
- Finland
- Flag of France
- Flavio Briatore
- Football (soccer)
- Ford Motor Company
- Formula One
- Formula Renault
- Formula Three
- France
- Frank Dernie
- François Mitterrand
- French Grand Prix
- French People
- Gary Paffett
- Gavin Fisher
- Geoff Willis
- Gerhard Berger
- Germany
- Gianni Morbidelli
- Giuseppe Farina
- Gordon Coppuck
- Gordon Murray
- Graham Hill
- Guy Ligier
- Haymarket Group
- Hodder & Stoughton
- Honda Racing F1
- Ice racing
- Inferiority complex
- Italy
- Ivan Capelli
- Jack Brabham
- Jackie Stewart
- Jacques Villeneuve
- James Hunt
- Jan Lammers
- Japan
- Jarno Trulli
- Jean Alesi
- Jean-Marie Balestre
- Jenson Button
- Jim Clark
- Jo Ramirez
- Jochen Rindt
- Jody Scheckter
- John Barnard
- John Surtees
- Jordan Grand Prix
- Juan Manuel Fangio
- Juan Pablo Montoya
- Kart racing
- Keke Rosberg
- Kimi Räikkönen
- L'Etape du Tour
- La Sarthe
- Le Mans 24 Hours
- Legion d'Honneur
- Leo Mehl
- Lewis Hamilton
- Loire
- Lorette, Loire
- Légion d'honneur
- Mario Andretti
- Marlboro (cigarette)
- Marshal
- Martin Whitmarsh
- Mauro Baldi
- McLaren
- McLaren F1
- McLaren F1 GTR
- McLaren F1 LM
- McLaren Group
- McLaren M10A
- McLaren M12
- McLaren M14A
- McLaren M15
- McLaren M16A
- McLaren M18
- McLaren M19A
- McLaren M1A
- McLaren M20
- McLaren M21
- McLaren M22
- McLaren M23
- McLaren M24
- McLaren M25
- McLaren M26
- McLaren M28
- McLaren M29
- McLaren M2A
- McLaren M2B
- McLaren M3
- McLaren M30
- McLaren M4A
- McLaren M4B
- McLaren M5A
- McLaren M6A
- McLaren M7A
- McLaren M838T engine
- McLaren M8A
- McLaren M9A
- McLaren MP4 1
- McLaren MP4 10
- McLaren MP4 11
- McLaren MP4 12
- McLaren MP4 13
- McLaren MP4 14
- McLaren MP4 15
- McLaren MP4 2
- McLaren MP4 3
- McLaren MP4 4
- McLaren MP4 5
- McLaren MP4 6
- McLaren MP4 7A
- McLaren MP4 8
- McLaren MP4 9
- McLaren MP4-12C
- McLaren MP4-16
- McLaren MP4-17
- McLaren MP4-18
- McLaren MP4-19
- McLaren MP4-20
- McLaren MP4-21
- McLaren MP4-22
- McLaren MP4-23
- McLaren MP4-24
- McLaren MP4-25
- McLaren MP4-26
- McLaren MP4-27
- Mercedes-Benz
- Michael Schumacher
- Michele Alboreto
- Mika Häkkinen
- Mike Coughlan
- Mike Hawthorn
- Minardi
- Mugen-Honda
- Murray Walker
- Neil Oatley
- Nelson Piquet
- New York Times
- Nicholas Tombazis
- Nick Heidfeld
- Nicolas Prost
- Nigel Mansell
- Nigel Roebuck
- Niki Lauda
- Norbert Haug
- Nyon
- Oliver Turvey
- Olivier Panis
- Paddy Lowe
- Pallbearer
- Pastor Maldonado
- Pat Fry
- Patrick Depailler
- Patrick Head
- Peugeot
- Phil Hill
- Pit stop
- Podium
- Pole position
- President of France
- Prost Grand Prix
- Public relations
- Renault
- Renault Clio
- Renault F1
- Renault Laguna
- Renault RE20
- Renault RE30
- Renault RE40
- René Arnoux
- Riccardo Patrese
- Robin Herd
- Roller skating
- Ron Dennis
- Ross Brawn
- Rover Metro
- Sabbatical
- Saint-Chamond
- Saint-Etienne
- Sam Michael
- Scrutineer
- Scuderia Ferrari
- Sebastian Vettel
- Shinji Nakano
- Siegfried Stohr
- Stefan Bellof
- Stefan Johansson
- Steve Nichols
- Susie Wolff
- Switzerland
- TAG Group
- Teddy Mayer
- Template McLaren
- Template Williams
- TF1
- Tire
- Toto Wolff
- Tour de France
- Turbo charger
- Turbo-charged
- Tyrrell Racing
- Uniroyal
- United Kingdom
- United States
- V10 engine
- V12 engine
- V6 engine
- Valtteri Bottas
- Venezuela
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Williams F1
- Williams FW
- Williams FW04
- Williams FW05
- Williams FW06
- Williams FW07
- Williams FW08
- Williams FW09
- Williams FW10
- Williams FW11
- Williams FW12
- Williams FW13
- Williams FW14
- Williams FW15C
- Williams FW16
- Williams FW17
- Williams FW18
- Williams FW19
- Williams FW20
- Williams FW21
- Williams FW22
- Williams FW23
- Williams FW24
- Williams FW25
- Williams FW26
- Williams FW27
- Williams FW28
- Williams FW29
- Williams FW30
- Williams FW31
- Williams FW32
- Williams FW33
- Williams FW34
- WilliamsF1
- Wrestling
- Yens
- Yvan Muller
- Zerex Special
-
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Estoril Circuit
http://wn.com/Estoril_Circuit -
Ferrari
Ferrari S.p.A. is an Italian sports car manufacturer based in Maranello, Italy. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929, as Scuderia Ferrari, the company sponsored drivers and manufactured race cars before moving into production of street-legal vehicles as Ferrari S.p.A. in 1947. Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where it has had great success.
http://wn.com/Ferrari -
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
French Grand Prix
http://wn.com/French_Grand_Prix -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Le Mans 24 Hours
http://wn.com/Le_Mans_24_Hours -
Loire
Loire (; ; ) is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the River Loire's upper reaches.
http://wn.com/Loire -
McLaren Group
The McLaren Group, based at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking in the United Kingdom, is a group of companies created by Ron Dennis, described by the International Herald Tribune as "a small conglomerate". The Group is focused around the Vodafone McLaren Mercedes Formula One racing team and was originally formed from the team established by New Zealander Bruce McLaren in 1963. The company hopes to expand its market from Formula One to manufacturing cars as it prepares to launch the successor to the McLaren F1, the McLaren MP4-12C. In recent years, the group has branched out to other precision manufacturing areas, such as motorized devices for the solar and wind industries.
http://wn.com/McLaren_Group -
Prost Grand Prix
Prost Grand Prix was a Formula One racing team managed by former world champion Alain Prost. The team participated in five seasons from 1997 to 2001.
http://wn.com/Prost_Grand_Prix -
Renault F1
{| style="float:right; background:transparent;"
http://wn.com/Renault_F1 -
Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
http://wn.com/Switzerland -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Venezuela
http://wn.com/Venezuela
-
Adam Parr
http://wn.com/Adam_Parr -
Adrian Newey
Adrian Newey (born December 26, 1958) is the chief technical officer of the Red Bull Racing Formula One team.
http://wn.com/Adrian_Newey -
Alain Ferté
http://wn.com/Alain_Ferté -
Alain Prost
http://wn.com/Alain_Prost -
Alberto Ascari
Alberto Ascari (July 13, 1918 – May 26, 1955) was an Italian racing driver and twice Formula One World Champion. He is one of only two Italian Formula One World Champions in the history of the sport, and the only one winning his two championships in a Ferrari.
http://wn.com/Alberto_Ascari -
Alessandro Nannini
Alessandro "Sandro" Nannini (born July 7, 1959) is a former racing driver from Italy. He is the younger brother of rock-singer Gianna Nannini.
http://wn.com/Alessandro_Nannini -
Allan McNish
| style="float:right; background:transparent;"
http://wn.com/Allan_McNish -
Andrea de Cesaris
Andrea de Cesaris (born May 31, 1959) is an Italian former race car driver. He started 208 races but never won; his is the longest career without a race victory. A string of accidents early in his career earned him the nickname 'Andrea de Crasheris',. Though the nickname stuck, he became a more reliable driver in his later career.
http://wn.com/Andrea_de_Cesaris -
Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians (, hayer) are a nation and ethnic group native to the Caucasus and the Armenian Highland.
http://wn.com/Armenians -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Ayrton Senna
http://wn.com/Ayrton_Senna -
Bruce McLaren
| style="float:right; background:transparent;"
http://wn.com/Bruce_McLaren -
Bruno Senna
http://wn.com/Bruno_Senna -
Colin McRae
http://wn.com/Colin_McRae -
Damon Hill
Damon Graham Devereux Hill OBE, born 17 September 1960, is a retired British racing driver from England. In 1996 Hill won the Formula One World Championship; as the son of the late Graham Hill, he is the only son of a world champion to win the title. His father died in an aeroplane crash when Hill was 15, leaving the family in reduced circumstances, and Hill came to professional motorsport at the relatively late age of 23 by racing motorcycles. After some minor success, he moved on to single-seater racing cars and progressed steadily up the ranks to the International Formula 3000 championship by 1989, where, although often competitive, he never won a race.
http://wn.com/Damon_Hill -
Denny Hulme
Denis Clive "Denny" Hulme OBE (18 June 1936–4 October 1992) was a New Zealand car racer, the 1967 Formula One World Champion for the Brabham team.
http://wn.com/Denny_Hulme -
Eddie Cheever
Edward "Eddie" McKay Cheever, Jr. (born January 10, 1958 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American racing driver who raced for almost thirty years in Formula One, Sports cars, CART and the Indy Racing League. Cheever participated in 143 World Championship Formula One races and started 132, more than any other American, driving for nine different teams from 1978 through 1989. In 1997, he formed his own IRL team and won the Indianapolis 500 as both owner and driver in 1998. The team now competes in sports cars.
http://wn.com/Eddie_Cheever -
Elio de Angelis
http://wn.com/Elio_de_Angelis -
Emerson Fittipaldi
http://wn.com/Emerson_Fittipaldi -
Fernando Alonso
http://wn.com/Fernando_Alonso -
Frank Dernie
Frank Dernie (born 3 April 1950) is a veteran British engineer with extensive Formula One motorsport experience.
http://wn.com/Frank_Dernie -
François Mitterrand
http://wn.com/François_Mitterrand -
French People
http://wn.com/French_People -
Gary Paffett
Gary Paffett (born 24 March 1981 in Bromley) is a British racing driver in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters. He is also a test driver for the McLaren Formula One team. Paffett progressed through the ranks of karting and junior formulae in the United Kingdom, winning the McLaren Autosport BRDC Award in 1999. He now lives in Hawkedon, Suffolk, England, and is married with three sons.
http://wn.com/Gary_Paffett -
Gavin Fisher
Gavin Fisher (born August 30, 1964) was formerly Chief Designer of the Williams Formula One team. He studied mechanical engineering at Hatfield Polytechnique, which was famous for its aeronautical engineers, graduating with a first class honors degree. He was hired by Williams through an add in the media in 1988. A few months later Adrian Newey joined Williams from Leyton House and Fisher worked with him until Newey left in 1997 to join McLaren. Fisher, his pupil, was promoted to the role of chief designer, a role that he held until 2005.
http://wn.com/Gavin_Fisher -
Geoff Willis
Geoffrey "Geoff" Willis (born December 23, 1959) is the Technical Director of Hispania Racing. He was also the Technical Director of Red Bull Racing team from 2007 to 2009.
http://wn.com/Geoff_Willis -
Gerhard Berger
http://wn.com/Gerhard_Berger -
Gianni Morbidelli
Gianni Morbidelli (born January 13, 1968 in Pesaro) is a racing driver from Italy. He is the son of Giancarlo Morbidelli, the founder of Morbidelli motorcycle company which had success in Grand Prix motorcycle racing. Morbidelli participated in 70 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on March 11, 1990. He achieved one podium, and scored a total of 8.5 championship points. He competes in the Superstars Series.
http://wn.com/Gianni_Morbidelli -
Giuseppe Farina
Emilio Giuseppe "Nino" Farina (30 October 1906, Turin, Piedmont - 30 June 1966) was an Italian racing driver. He stands out in the history of Grand Prix motor racing for his much copied 'straight-arm' driving style and his status as the first ever Formula One World Champion.
http://wn.com/Giuseppe_Farina -
Gordon Coppuck
Gordon Coppuck (b. 8 December 1936, Fleet, Hampshire) is a British racing car designer who was chief designer for McLaren and later worked for March and co-founded Spirit.
http://wn.com/Gordon_Coppuck -
Graham Hill
http://wn.com/Graham_Hill -
Guy Ligier
Guy Ligier (born 12 July 1930 in Vichy, Allier) is a French former rugby player and racing driver.
http://wn.com/Guy_Ligier -
Ivan Capelli
Ivan Franco Capelli (born in Milan, May 24, 1963) is an Italian former Formula One driver. He participated in 98 Grands Prix, debuting on October 6, 1985. He achieved 3 podiums, and scored a total of 31 championship points. Today he is an F1 commentator on the Italian TV station Rai Uno.
http://wn.com/Ivan_Capelli -
Jack Brabham
Sir John Arthur "Jack" Brabham, AO, OBE (born 2 April 1926) is an Australian former racing driver who was Formula One champion in , and . He was a founder of the Brabham racing team and race car constructor that bore his name.
http://wn.com/Jack_Brabham -
Jackie Stewart
:For other people of this name see Jackie Stewart (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Jackie_Stewart -
Jacques Villeneuve
| style="float:right;"
http://wn.com/Jacques_Villeneuve -
James Hunt
James Simon Wallis Hunt (29 August 1947 – 15 June 1993) was a British racing driver from England who won the Formula One World Championship in . After retiring from driving, Hunt became a media commentator and businessman.
http://wn.com/James_Hunt -
Jan Lammers
Johannes "Jan" Lammers, (born June 2, 1956 in Zandvoort), is a racing driver and team principal from the Netherlands. He participated in 41 Formula One Grand Prix races, debuting on January 21, 1979. He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1988 and later participated the race with his own team Racing for Holland. Also, Jan Lammers is the seatholder of the Dutch A1 Grand Prix team.
http://wn.com/Jan_Lammers -
Jean Alesi
http://wn.com/Jean_Alesi -
Jean-Marie Balestre
Jean-Marie Balestre (April 9, 1921 – March 27, 2008) was a French auto racing executive, who was president of FISA from 1978 to 1991 and of the FIA from 1985 to 1993.
http://wn.com/Jean-Marie_Balestre -
Jo Ramirez
http://wn.com/Jo_Ramirez -
Jochen Rindt
| align=right
http://wn.com/Jochen_Rindt -
Jody Scheckter
Jody David Scheckter (born January 29, 1950) is a South African former auto racing driver, the Formula One World Drivers Champion.
http://wn.com/Jody_Scheckter -
John Barnard
John Barnard (b. 4 May 1946, Wembley, London) is a race car designer and is currently working alongside Terence Woodgate designing high specification carbon fibre furniture.
http://wn.com/John_Barnard -
John Surtees
| style="float:right; background:transparent;"
http://wn.com/John_Surtees -
Juan Manuel Fangio
http://wn.com/Juan_Manuel_Fangio -
Keke Rosberg
Keijo Erik Rosberg () (born December 6, 1948 in Solna, Stockholm County, Sweden), nicknamed "Keke", is a Finnish former racing driver and winner of the 1982 Formula One World Championship. He was the first Finnish driver to compete regularly in the series. Rosberg grew up in Oulu and Iisalmi, Finland. He is the father of current Mercedes GP driver Nico Rosberg.
http://wn.com/Keke_Rosberg -
Kimi Räikkönen
http://wn.com/Kimi_Räikkönen -
Lewis Hamilton
Lewis Carl Davidson Hamilton MBE (born 7 January 1985 in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England) is a British Formula One racing driver, currently racing for the McLaren team, and is the youngest ever Formula One World Champion.
http://wn.com/Lewis_Hamilton -
Mario Andretti
Mario Gabriele Andretti (born February 28, 1940) is a retired Italian-American world champion racing driver, one of the most successful Americans in the history of the sport. He is one of only two drivers to win races in Formula One, IndyCar, World Sportscar Championship and NASCAR (the other being Dan Gurney). He also won races in midget cars, sprint cars, and drag racing.
http://wn.com/Mario_Andretti -
Martin Whitmarsh
Martin Whitmarsh (born 29 April 1958) is the CEO of McLaren Racing, a subsidiary company of the McLaren Group and Chief Operating Officer of that group, as well as Team Principal of Vodafone McLaren Mercedes, following Ron Dennis' retirement on 1 March 2009. Whitmarsh is also the chairman of the Formula One Teams Association and therefore has the responsibility of representing the F1 teams' interests.
http://wn.com/Martin_Whitmarsh -
Mauro Baldi
Mauro Baldi (born January 31, 1954 in Reggio Emilia) is an Italian former Formula One driver who raced for the Arrows, Alfa Romeo and Spirit teams.
http://wn.com/Mauro_Baldi -
Michael Schumacher
http://wn.com/Michael_Schumacher -
Michele Alboreto
| style="float:right; background:transparent;"
http://wn.com/Michele_Alboreto -
Mika Häkkinen
http://wn.com/Mika_Häkkinen -
Mike Coughlan
Mike Coughlan (born February 17, 1959) is a race car designer. He was Chief Designer for the McLaren Formula One team from to , when he was suspended for his part in the spy scandal between McLaren and Ferrari before his contract was subsequently terminated.
http://wn.com/Mike_Coughlan -
Mike Hawthorn
John Michael Hawthorn (10 April 1929 - 22 January 1959) was a racing driver, born in Mexborough, Yorkshire, England, and educated at Ardingly College, West Sussex.
http://wn.com/Mike_Hawthorn -
Murray Walker
Graeme Murray Walker, OBE (known as Murray Walker; born 10 October 1923, Hall Green, Birmingham, England) is a Formula One (F1) motorsport commentator. For most of his career he worked for the BBC, but when it lost the contract for F1 coverage to the company ITV, Walker continued his commentating after the change of broadcaster.
http://wn.com/Murray_Walker -
Neil Oatley
Neil Oatley (born June 12, 1954) is currently Design and Development Director for the McLaren Formula One team.
http://wn.com/Neil_Oatley -
Nelson Piquet
Nelson Piquet Souto Maior (born August 17, 1952), known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian former racing driver. He was Formula One world champion in , and . He is one of eight drivers to win three or more world championships, the others being Jack Brabham, Jackie Stewart, Niki Lauda, Ayrton Senna (3 each), Alain Prost (4), Juan Manuel Fangio (5), and Michael Schumacher (7). In 1983, he became the only driver to win the F1 championship in a BMW engined car.
http://wn.com/Nelson_Piquet -
Nicholas Tombazis
Nicholas Tombazis (born April 22, 1968 in Athens, Greece) is the chief designer at Ferrari.
http://wn.com/Nicholas_Tombazis -
Nicolas Prost
| style="float:right; background:transparent;"
http://wn.com/Nicolas_Prost -
Nigel Mansell
|align="right"
http://wn.com/Nigel_Mansell -
Nigel Roebuck
Nigel Roebuck (born in 1946, in Manchester, Lancashire, England) is an English journalist. Since 1971 he has reported on Formula One, and is considered one of the sport's most influential writers. In 2007 he became editor-in-chief of Motor Sport magazine.
http://wn.com/Nigel_Roebuck -
Niki Lauda
Andreas Nikolaus "Niki" Lauda (born February 22, 1949 in Vienna) is an Austrian former Formula One (F1) racing driver and three-time F1 World Champion. More recently an aviation entrepreneur, he has founded and run two airlines and was manager of the Jaguar Formula One racing team for two years.
http://wn.com/Niki_Lauda -
Norbert Haug
http://wn.com/Norbert_Haug -
Olivier Panis
| align="right"
http://wn.com/Olivier_Panis -
Paddy Lowe
Paddy Lowe (born 8 April 1962) is the Engineering Director of the McLaren Formula One racing team.
http://wn.com/Paddy_Lowe -
Pastor Maldonado
Pastor Maldonado (born March 9, 1985 in Maracay) is a Venezuelan racing driver, whose career has thus far centred around single-seater Formula racing. He is the current GP2 Champion, and a former champion of Italian Formula Renault.
http://wn.com/Pastor_Maldonado -
Pat Fry
Pat Fry (born 17 March 1964) is an English motor racing engineer, presently the assistant technical director of the Ferrari Formula One team.
http://wn.com/Pat_Fry -
Patrick Depailler
http://wn.com/Patrick_Depailler -
Phil Hill
| align=right
http://wn.com/Phil_Hill -
René Arnoux
http://wn.com/René_Arnoux -
Riccardo Patrese
Riccardo Gabriele Patrese (born 17 April 1954) is an Italian former racing driver, who raced in Formula One from to . He became the first Formula One driver to achieve 200 Grand Prix starts when he appeared at the 1990 British Grand Prix, and the first to achieve 250 starts at the 1993 German Grand Prix. Patrese entered 257 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix and started 256 races making him the third most experienced F1 driver in history, after Rubens Barrichello and Michael Schumacher. He was runner up in the 1992 Formula One season and third in 1989 and 1991. He won six Formula One races, with a record gap of over six years between two of these - the 1983 South African Grand Prix and 1990 San Marino Grand Prix.
http://wn.com/Riccardo_Patrese -
Robin Herd
Robin Herd (born 23 March 1939) is an English engineer, designer and businessman.
http://wn.com/Robin_Herd -
Ron Dennis
Ron Dennis CBE (born June 1, 1947) is the executive chairman of McLaren Automotive and McLaren Group, and is also a significant shareholder in both companies. He was also the team principal of McLaren, the group's Formula One team, until 2009.
http://wn.com/Ron_Dennis -
Ross Brawn
Ross Brawn OBE (born 23 November 1954) is an English motorsport engineer and Formula One team principal. He has worked for a number of Formula One teams, serving as the technical director of the championship-winning Benetton and Ferrari teams. He took a sabbatical from the sport in 2007 but returned to F1 for the 2008 season as Team Principal of Honda. He was the owner of the Brawn GP team, which acquired the Honda team in early 2009, and won the Formula One Constructors and Drivers Championships in that year. Mercedes bought out the team in November 2009, where Brawn remains team principal.
http://wn.com/Ross_Brawn -
Sam Michael
Sam Michael (born 29 April 1971) is technical director of WilliamsF1, a Formula One constructor. He was born in Western Australia and grew up in Canberra. After studying Mechanical Engineering at the University of New South Wales with a thesis on data acquisition systems for racing cars, he worked with the Formula Holden team. The team owner, Gregg Siddle, employed him on a part-time basis so that Michael could continue his studies.
http://wn.com/Sam_Michael -
Sebastian Vettel
Sebastian Vettel (born July 3, 1987 in Heppenheim, West Germany) is a German racing driver, and the 2009 Formula One World Drivers' Championship Runner-up. He drives for Red Bull Racing alongside Australian Mark Webber in the 2010 season.
http://wn.com/Sebastian_Vettel -
Shinji Nakano
| style="float:right; background:transparent;"
http://wn.com/Shinji_Nakano -
Siegfried Stohr
Siegfried Stohr (born October 10, 1952 in Rimini) is a former racing driver from Italy. He participated in 13 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on March 15, 1981. He scored no championship points.
http://wn.com/Siegfried_Stohr -
Stefan Bellof
http://wn.com/Stefan_Bellof -
Stefan Johansson
http://wn.com/Stefan_Johansson -
Teddy Mayer
Edward Everett "Teddy" Mayer (September 8, 1935 – January 30, 2009) was an American motor racing entrepreneur who was successful in several categories of racing, including Formula One and IndyCars.
http://wn.com/Teddy_Mayer -
Toto Wolff
'''Christian 'Toto' Wolff''' (born January 12, 1972 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian investor and racing driver.
http://wn.com/Toto_Wolff -
Valtteri Bottas
http://wn.com/Valtteri_Bottas -
Yvan Muller
| style="float:right; background:transparent;"
http://wn.com/Yvan_Muller
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
A Tribute to Alain Prost
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:04
- Published: 20 Jun 2011
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Please Read: Well subscribers, it's here. It's finally here. After being postponed for over a month and after multiple failed attempts to render it in Windows Movie Maker, Vegas Movie Studio and a new computer FINALLY got it done. This, my 27th video, is a tribute to the extraordinary French driver Alain Prost. Prost throughout his career won 51 Grands Prix, a record better only by Michael Schumacher. He also took an astounding 4 WDCs. He is perhaps best remembered though, for his storied rivalry with the late Ayrton Senna that categorised both drivers' careers. After having won 2 titles and 28 races, Prost being an established legend was beaten to his third title by the talented Brazilian, and the rivalry that ensued is regarded by many (including myself) to be the greatest ever. Either way, I hope you enjoy the video. No, wait... I PRAY you enjoy the video as so much rage came as a result of making it. Thank you for watching, that is all.
http://wn.com/A_Tribute_to_Alain_Prost
Alain Prost: 50 years of racing at Goodwood
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Published: 30 Jun 2012
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Four-time Formula One Drivers' Champion Alain Prost explains why he's so pleased to have finally made it to Goodwood's Festival of Speed.
http://wn.com/Alain_Prost_50_years_of_racing_at_Goodwood
Alain Prost Interview about why he retire from Formula 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Published: 06 Apr 2012
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
Alain Prost declaration about his retire from Formula 1
http://wn.com/Alain_Prost_Interview_about_why_he_retire_from_Formula_1
Ayrton Senna vs. Alain Prost
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Published: 18 Jan 2012
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
A video that had been in the doldrums of my mind for quite a while, but I never got round to making it. Here it is, a tribute to not only the greatest rivalry in Formula One, but in all International Motorsport. These two drivers, Prost and Senna, were collectively and unquestionably the greatest of their generation, and many tag either or these drivers with the title of "Greatest Formula One Driver of All Time". In the same way that Fangio, Clark and Schumacher became the Kings of their respective eras, these two dominated the sport through a combination of unbridled talent, skill, determination and tenacity. Hope you enjoy the video, please subscribe and give a thumbs up :D
http://wn.com/Ayrton_Senna_vs_Alain_Prost
Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost After Donington 1993 - The Best Lap in The History of F1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:14
- Published: 22 Feb 2012
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
The 1993 British F1 GP held that year Donington park in the UK. This was arguably the best F1 race ever. Ayrton Senna goes from forth on the grid to first place on the opening lap, passing first Michael Schumacher, then Damon Hill, and Alain Prost to take first place, in wet and damp conditions!
http://wn.com/Ayrton_Senna_and_Alain_Prost_After_Donington_1993_The_Best_Lap_in_The_History_of_F1
Alain Prost Tribute - The Great Professor.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Published: 01 Jan 2012
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Twitter; www.twitter.com This is my tribute to Alain Prost. To me, Prost would be in the top 4 greatest drivers of all time. The super-minded Frenchman was a brilliant driver, to which he won 4 world championships, although some say he won them in the wrong years. This film to me is my best tribute to any driver, as I think I have made a step forward with my editing styles. Please give thumbs up & subscribe.
http://wn.com/Alain_Prost_Tribute_The_Great_Professor
Alain Prost - 1991 Italian Grand Prix onboard race start
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Published: 12 Aug 2012
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
We ride with Alain Prost's Ferrari 643 with the awesome V12 engine on the legendary Autodromo Nazionale di Monza :)
http://wn.com/Alain_Prost_1991_Italian_Grand_Prix_onboard_race_start
SNOW DRIFT with Alain Prost
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:59
- Published: 05 Mar 2012
- Updated: 15 Aug 2012
More videos on www.youtube.com CLASH supports : Axel ANQUETIL Hello, my name is Axel. I am a 26 year old filmmaker from france. I started with my first canon EOS camera two years ago. Now i make corporate videos, documentaries, interviews or advertisements for companies (banking, insurance ...). But what i like most is motosport. Why? Because i love it: racing, team spirit, challenges ... In recent months, i spent a lot of my time at Abbeville circuit for which i manage the web tv but also the legendary Andros Trophy, where i spent very nice moments, following drivers such as Evens STIEVENART, Nicolas and Alain PROST. My dream? Work around the world. Look my web site www.becomm-communication.com Hope you like my videos!
http://wn.com/SNOW_DRIFT_with_Alain_Prost
Alain Prost ponders all things F1 with RT!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Published: 23 Jul 2012
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
while the F1 cars gear up for the Hockenhaim Gran Prix.... Four-time World champion Alain Prost was in Moscow last weekend Our correspondent Konstantin Potapov caught up with the legendary racer and asked him who would win the F1 championship and more....
http://wn.com/Alain_Prost_ponders_all_things_F1_with_RT!
Lamborghini Vs Porsche - Alain Prost test drive!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 08 Feb 2008
- Updated: 06 Aug 2012
The ultimate supercar test drive made by the four times F1 world champion Alain Prost. More supercar test drives at AutoReviewVideos.com ps I've tried to translate what the Prost says in the video sorry if my English sounds ridiculous... Please: rate and comment, you're welcome!
http://wn.com/Lamborghini_Vs_Porsche_Alain_Prost_test_drive!
Senna film clip: Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost collide in 1990
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Published: 19 May 2011
- Updated: 02 Sep 2012
Watch the clip where Ayrton Senna's McLaren touches rvial Alain Prost's Ferrari at the Japanse Grand Prix, handing the 1990 F1 title to Senna.
http://wn.com/Senna_film_clip_Ayrton_Senna_and_Alain_Prost_collide_in_1990
Monaco 1981: Onboard with Alain Prost (Renault RE-30) Formula One 1981 Season
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Published: 02 Dec 2011
- Updated: 20 Aug 2012
Simply, Amazing!!!! This is Real F1
http://wn.com/Monaco_1981_Onboard_with_Alain_Prost_Renault_RE-30_Formula_One_1981_Season
Prost's Rant in Adelaide - 1989 Australian Grand Prix
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Published: 16 Jul 2011
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
Alain Prost speaks out to Barry Sheene about starting the race, before and after the start of the 1989 Australian Grand Prix, refusing to do more than one lap under severe wet weather conditions.
http://wn.com/Prost's_Rant_in_Adelaide_1989_Australian_Grand_Prix
British fans are fans for life says Formule 1 legend Alain Prost
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Published: 01 Jul 2012
- Updated: 09 Aug 2012
At the opening of his photographic exhibition at the Goodwood Festival of Speed Alain Prost marvels at the dedication of his British supporters.
http://wn.com/British_fans_are_fans_for_life_says_Formule_1_legend_Alain_Prost
Alain Prost interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Published: 18 Feb 2010
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
Watch this Alain Prost interview from our archives.
http://wn.com/Alain_Prost_interview
Yerevan Magazine: The Formula Of Alain Prost: July 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:08
- Published: 17 Jul 2012
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
A man of controversy: perhaps these are the best words to characterize the quadruple Formula 1 Drivers' champion (1985, 1986, 1989 and 1993) Alain Prost, who from 1987 until 2001 held the record of most Grand Prix victories, a total of 51. This legendary driver was the first French Formula One World Champion, the recipient of the World Sports Awards of the Century, the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire and the National Order of the Legion of Honour of France. Hosted by Violet Kanian: www.twitter.com Follow us on Twitter & Facebook www.twitter.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Yerevan_Magazine_The_Formula_Of_Alain_Prost_July_2012
Haute Route 2011 - Interview with Alain Prost (English)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Published: 21 Aug 2011
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
www.hauteroute.org. Watch the interview with Alain Prost after Stage 1 of the Haute Route in Megève. Prost talks about his experience of the Haute Route so far, his love for cycling in general and how it compares to Formula 1.
http://wn.com/Haute_Route_2011_Interview_with_Alain_Prost_English
Alain Prost: Verseny egy életen át
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:01
- Published: 26 May 2012
- Updated: 26 Jul 2012
Alain Prost: Racing Through Life
http://wn.com/Alain_Prost_Verseny_egy_életen_át
Kyalami 83 on board with Alain prost
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Published: 13 Jul 2006
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
One lap with Alain Prost on old circuit of Kyalami in 1983
http://wn.com/Kyalami_83_on_board_with_Alain_prost
F1 Battles Alan Jones v's Alain Prost Germany 1981
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Published: 02 Nov 2009
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
One of the great duels in F1, the stuff that F1 exists for...
http://wn.com/F1_Battles_Alan_Jones_v's_Alain_Prost_Germany_1981
Karting Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost duel full race 1993
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:08
- Published: 31 Dec 2007
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
The whole karting race in 1993, where F1 drivers like Senna or Prost showed their driving skills at karting. Thanks to everybody for watching and for discussing :)
http://wn.com/Karting_Ayrton_Senna_and_Alain_Prost_duel_full_race_1993
Alain Prost says "ah shit" on the f1 show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:17
- Published: 30 Jun 2012
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Alain Prost on the F1 show at goodwood. Using naughty words, you can see them both smile after its said. I think they thought no-one would notice haha
http://wn.com/Alain_Prost_says_ah_shit_on_the_f1_show
Ayrton Senna interview + he calls Alain Prost a "coward"! ...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Published: 29 Jul 2011
- Updated: 16 Aug 2012
In this video you see a Senna as he realises he cannot drive "the best" car in the next F1 season. He talks bad about all. The F1 and its persons. And he compares the 1993 season as a bad season like 1989 or 1990! wow.. a hard compare! Senna also calls Prost a coward!! (what? yeah you heard right!) and at last he smashes his glas away! omg ;-) He is angry like hell .... wow! Place interview: 1992 in Portugal / Estoril
http://wn.com/Ayrton_Senna_interview_+_he_calls_Alain_Prost_a_coward!_
Creative Commons / Darren
Creative Commons / FlickreviewR
Creative Commons / David Monniaux
Creative Commons / Stuart Seeger
Photo: AP / Predrag Vuckovic
14 Oct 2012
Update: Extreme athlete Felix Baumgartner has landed on Earth after a jump from the stratosphere in what could be the world's first supersonic skydive. Baumgartner landed in eastern New Mexico desert...
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
15 Oct 2012
PUNE: Profiles of all secondary schools in the state will now be available at the click of a mouse. A project to this effect has been undertaken by the state Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, a...
Photo: AP / Shakil Adil
15 Oct 2012
ISLAMABAD — Pakistan airlifted a 14-year-old activist who was shot and seriously wounded by the Taliban to the United Kingdom for treatment today, a move that will give her access to the...
Photo: AP / Mark Baker
28 Sep 2012
If Lewis Hamilton is going to join the pantheon of Formula 1 greats then he has to prove himself at Mercedes, according to Sky Sports F1's Martin Brundle....
BBC News
This year, BBC Sport is profiling 20 of the greatest Formula 1 drivers of all time. The BBC F1 team were asked to provide their own personal top 20s, which were combined to produce a BBC list. Veteran commentator Murray Walker provides his own reflections in a video of their career highlights, and...(size: 17.2Kb)
F1's greatest drivers - Number 5: Alain Prost
09 Oct 2012
An Education from the Professor – Alain Prost in the Lotus F1 Team R30 [Q&A;] (Lotus F1 Team Limited)
02 Oct 2012
noodls
Just describe your experience in the R30 for us… I didn't imagine I could have so much fun, stepping back into a Formula 1 car. I've had many opportunities in the past and have always said no, but it's been a good day. After sixteen years out of Formula 1 it felt quite strange to be back in the...(size: 3.5Kb)
Alain Prost takes On Kyalami (Video)
27 Aug 2012
Formula1 FanCast
It’s fair to say the F1 cars of the 1980′s were hard to handle. With turbochargers churning out...(size: 0.8Kb)
On board with Alain Prost: Monaco 1981
14 Aug 2012
Formula1 FanCast
It’s hard to truly grasp the difficulty of racing the Monaco circuit whilst watching on our television sets. We all hear how perilous...(size: 0.9Kb)
On Board With Alain Prost At Zandvoort (Video)
08 Aug 2012
Formula1 FanCast
Formula One has come on leaps and bounds over the past few decades, with technical advancements and developments making the sport almost...(size: 0.9Kb)
F1 Legends: Alain Prost
05 Jul 2012
Formula1 FanCast
Stats never lie, and so it is clear to anyone that looks at the record books that Alain Prost is an all-time great in the pantheon of Formula One. Born in the French town of St. Chamond, near to the city of Saint Etienne, Prost made his debut in the sport relatively late on, he was 25 by the time he...(size: 3.2Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
The famous French Formula One racing driver compares opposition to the Bahrain Grand Prix to the anger he faced when he competed in South Africa during apartheid. 560 315 TelegraphPlayer_9367902 tag -->...(size: 8.2Kb)
F1 Rivalries: Ayrton Senna & Alain Prost
21 Jun 2012
Formula1 FanCast
The late 1980’s saw fierce inter-team rivalries in Formula One, with Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell fighting for supremacy at Williams. However, that battle was overshadowed by one of the biggest sporting rivalries in history between Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost. The rivalry between the late, great...(size: 4.6Kb)
"Prost" redirects here. For other uses, see Prost (disambiguation).
 Prost in 2012 |
|
| Born | (1955-02-24) 24 February 1955 (age 57) |
|---|---|
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  French |
| Active years | 1980–1991, 1993 |
| Teams | McLaren, Renault, Ferrari, Williams |
| Races | 202 (199 starts) |
| Championships | 4 (1985, 1986, 1989, 1993) |
| Wins | 51 |
| Podiums | 106 |
| Career points | 768.5 (798.5)[1] |
| Pole positions | 33 |
| Fastest laps | 41 |
| First race | 1980 Argentine Grand Prix |
| First win | 1981 French Grand Prix |
| Last win | 1993 German Grand Prix |
| Last race | 1993 Australian Grand Prix |
Alain Marie Pascal Prost, OBE, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (born 24 February 1955 in Lorette, Loire) is a French racing driver. A four-time Formula One Drivers' Champion, Prost has won more titles than any driver except for Juan Manuel Fangio (five championships), and Michael Schumacher (seven championships). From 1987 until 2001 Prost held the record for most Grand Prix victories. Schumacher surpassed Prost's total of 51 victories at the 2001 Belgian Grand Prix. In 1999, Prost received the World Sports Awards of the Century in the motor sport category.[2]
Prost discovered karting at the age of 14 during a family holiday. He progressed through motor sport's junior ranks, winning the French and European Formula Three championships, before joining the McLaren Formula One team in 1980 at the age of 25. He finished in the points on his Formula One début and took his first race victory at his home Grand Prix in France a year later, while he was driving for Renault's factory team.
During the 1980s and early 1990s, Prost formed a fierce rivalry with mainly Ayrton Senna, but also Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell. In 1986, at the last race of the season, he managed to pip Mansell and Piquet of Williams to the title after Mansell retired late on in the race, and Piquet was pulled in for a late precautionary pit stop. Senna joined Prost at McLaren in 1988 and the two had a series of controversial clashes, including a collision at the 1989 Japanese Grand Prix that gave Prost his third Drivers' Championship. A year later at the same venue they collided again, but this time Prost, driving for Ferrari, lost out. Before the end of a winless 1991 season Prost was fired by Ferrari for his public criticism of the team. After a sabbatical in 1992, Prost joined the Williams team, prompting reigning drivers' champion Mansell to leave for CART. With a competitive car, Prost won the 1993 championship but he retired at the end of the year rather than be teammates with Senna who signed for 1994 and face the animosities of 1989 and 1990 again.
In 1997, Prost took over the French Ligier team, running it as Prost Grand Prix until it went bankrupt in 2002. He currently competes in the Andros Trophy, which is an ice racing championship.
Prost employed a smooth, relaxed style behind the wheel, deliberately modeling himself on personal heroes like Jackie Stewart and Jim Clark.[3] He was nicknamed "The Professor" for his intellectual approach to competition. Skilled at setting up his car for race conditions, Prost would often conserve his brakes and tyres early on in a race, leaving them fresher for a challenge at the end.[4]
Contents |
Personal and early life[link]
Alain Prost was born near the town of Saint-Chamond, close to the city of Saint-Etienne in the département of Loire, France, to André Prost and Marie-Rose Karatchian, born in France of Armenian descent.[5] Prost had one younger brother called Daniel, who died of cancer in September 1986.[6] Although short, standing at 1.67m (5 ft 6 in) Prost was an active, athletic child, who enthusiastically took part in diverse sports, including wrestling, roller skating and football. In doing so he broke his nose several times.[7] He considered careers as a gym instructor or a professional footballer before he discovered kart racing at the age of 14 while on a family holiday.[8] This new sport quickly became his career of choice.
Prost is married to Anne-Marie (born 14 February 1955). They have two sons, Nicolas (born 18 October 1981) and Sacha Prost (born 30 May 1990). Prost also has a daughter, Victoria. As of 2008, Nicolas races in the Euroseries 3000 championship for the Elk Motorsport team.[9] Prost lived in his hometown, Saint-Chamond, until he and his Renault team fell out in the early 1980s. In April 1983 the Prost family moved to Sainte-Croix, Switzerland, and shortly after to Yens, Switzerland. They moved to Switzerland after Renault workers went to Prost's house in France and burned his Mercedes-Benz.[10] They lived there until November 1999, when they moved to Nyon in the same country.[11]
In 1986 or 1987 Prost was awarded the Legion d'Honneur by President François Mitterrand.[10]
Driving career[link]
Pre-Formula One[link]
Prost won several karting championships in his teens. In 1974 he left school to become a full-time racer, supporting himself by tuning engines and becoming a kart distributor. His prize for winning the 1975 French senior karting championship was a season in French[12] Formula Renault,[13] a category in which he won the title and all but one race in 1976.
Prost went on to win the 1977 Formula Renault European championship before moving up to Formula Three (F3) in 1978. In 1979 he won both the French and European F3 championships, by which time he was on the shopping lists of several Formula One teams.[13] After carefully considering his options, he chose to sign with McLaren for 1980. He surprised the British team by declining their offer of a race drive in a third car at the final race of the 1979 season at Watkins Glen — reasoning that the token effort would benefit neither him or the team.[14]
Formula One[link]
1980: McLaren[link]
Related article: McLaren
Prost began his career with McLaren (being run by Teddy Mayer) in 1980 alongside Ulsterman John Watson. On his debut in Buenos Aires he finished in sixth place earning one point, something achieved by only a handful of drivers. Prost added four more points to his tally during the season, scoring points at Interlagos, Brands Hatch and Zandvoort. Prost finished the year 15th in the drivers' championship, equalling points with former world champion Emerson Fittipaldi. Despite the encouraging debut season, Prost had several accidents, breaking his wrist during practice at Kyalami and suffering a concussion during practice at Watkins Glen. At the end of the season, despite having two years remaining on his contract, he left McLaren and signed with Renault. Prost has said that he left because of the large number of breakages on the car and because he felt the team blamed him for some of the accidents.[14]
1981–1983: Renault[link]
Related article: Renault F1
- 1981
Prost was partnered with fellow Frenchman René Arnoux for 1981. Motor sports author Nigel Roebuck reports that there were problems between Prost and Arnoux from the start of the season, Prost being immediately quicker than his more experienced teammate.[15] He did not finish the first two Grands Prix, due to collisions with Andrea de Cesaris in Long Beach and Siegfried Stohr in Jacarepaguá, but scored his first podium finish in Argentina. He retired in the next four races before winning his first Formula One race at his home Grand Prix in France, finishing two seconds ahead of his old teammate John Watson. For Prost, his debut victory was memorable mostly for the change it made in his mindset. "Before, you thought you could do it," he said. "Now you know you can."[16] Prost won two more races during the season, took his first pole position in Germany and finished on the podium every time he completed a race distance. He finished fifth in the drivers' championship, seven points behind champion Nelson Piquet.
- 1982
Prost won the first two Grands Prix of the 1982 season in South Africa, where Prost recovered from losing a wheel, and Brazil. He finished in the points on four other occasions, but did not win again. Despite retiring from seven races, Prost improved on his drivers' championship position, finishing in fourth, but with nine fewer points than the previous year. His relationship with Arnoux deteriorated further after the French Grand Prix. Prost believes that Arnoux, who won the race, went back on a pre-race agreement to support Prost during the race. His relationship with the French media was also poor. He has since commented that "When I went to Renault the journalists wrote good things about me, but by 1982 I had become the bad guy. I think, to be honest, I had made the mistake of winning! The French don't really like winners."[15]
- 1983
Arnoux left Renault in 1983, and American Eddie Cheever replaced him as Prost's partner. Prost earned a further four victories for Renault during the season and finished second in the drivers' championship, two points behind Nelson Piquet. Piquet and the Brabham team overhauled Prost and Renault in the last few races of the season. Prost, who felt the team had been too conservative in developing the car, found himself increasingly at odds with Renault's management, who made him the scapegoat for failing to win a championship. In addition to that, the French fans recalled the bitter fight that had caused their favourite, Arnoux, to leave the team. Renault fired Prost only two days after the last race of the season. He re-signed for McLaren for the 1984 season within days and moved his family home to Switzerland.[15]
1984–1989: McLaren[link]
- 1984
The Frenchman joined double world champion Niki Lauda at McLaren (now being run by Ron Dennis) in 1984, driving the McLaren MP4/2 using TAG-Porsche engines. He lost the world championship to Lauda in the final race by half a point, despite winning seven races to Lauda's five. The half point came from the Monaco Grand Prix, where Prost had been leading, albeit with Ayrton Senna and Stefan Bellof closing on him rapidly, when officials stopped the race at half distance due to heavy rain, which was controversial as the red flag was produced as Senna overtook Prost. Under Formula One regulations, Prost received only half of the nine points normally awarded for a victory.[17]
- 1985
In 1985 Prost became the first French Formula One World Champion. He won five of the sixteen Grands Prix during the season. He had also won the San Marino Grand Prix, but was disqualified after his car was found to be 2 kg underweight in post-race scrutineering.[18] Prost finished 20 points ahead of his closest rival, Michele Alboreto. Prost's performance in 1985 earned him the Légion d'honneur distinction in France.
- 1986
Niki Lauda retired for good at the end of 1985, and was replaced at McLaren by 1982 Champion Keke Rosberg for 1986. Prost successfully defended his title, despite his car struggling against the Honda-powered Williams cars driven by Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell, possibly due to the in-fighting at Williams.[19] Until the latter stages of the final race of the 1986 season, the Australian Grand Prix, Prost appeared set to finish second in the Championship, behind Mansell. Prost had the same amount of wins as Piquet, but he had four second places to Piquet's three, thus placing him second before the final race. While running third behind Piquet and Prost (all he needed to win the title), Mansell suffered a tyre failure at high speed, and crashed out. The Williams team called his teammate Piquet in to change tyres as a safety precaution, handing the race victory — and Championship — to Prost, who had already pitted. Another memorable race that year for Prost was at the San Marino Grand Prix. He was cruising to victory when his car began to run out of fuel three corners from the chequered flag. Frantically weaving the car back and forth to slosh the last drops of fuel into the pickup, he managed to keep it running just long enough to creep over the line and win the race. It happened again at the German Grand Prix: while running in fourth position, Prost's car ran out of fuel on the finishing straight of the last lap. Instead of retiring, Prost got out of his car and tried to push it to the finish, to great applause from the crowd. The finish line was too far, though, and he never reached it. He was classified sixth in the race, as the seventh-placed car was a lap behind.[20]
- 1987
With Rosberg retiring from Formula One at the end of 1986 season, Stefan Johansson filled the McLaren seat alongside Prost for the 1987 season. Even though Prost was driving a by now outclassed McLaren, he challenged Piquet and Mansell almost until the end, winning three races and breaking Jackie Stewart's record for race victories by winning for the 28th time. Prost considers the Brazilian Grand Prix as his best and most rewarding race ever. The Williams-Hondas had been dominant during qualifying, and Prost started fifth on the grid. He had worked on his race set-up, and with everyone else going for a high-downforce set-up, the Frenchman went the other way. The set-up meant less tyre wear, thanks to slower speeds in the corners while going fast down the straights. Only one stop was necessary, and Prost won the race by 40 seconds.
| “ | When you win a race like this the feeling is very, very good. There have been times when I have been flat-out to finish sixth, but you can't see that from the outside. In 1980 I finished three or four times in seventh place. I pushed like mad, yet everyone was gathered around the winner and they were thinking that I was just trundling around. But that's motor racing. So in fact the only thing you can judge in this sport is the long term. You can judge a career or a season, but not one race. | ” |
|
—Alain Prost some-time after the race – transcript of recording from Forix.com, paragraphs 19 & 20. |
||
Prost finished the 1987 season in fourth place, 30 points behind champion Nelson Piquet.
- 1988
Despite Nelson Piquet winning the Drivers' Championship and Williams winning the Constructors' Championship, Honda decided not to supply the team with their engines due to their refusal to hire a Japanese driver, and instead supplied the McLaren team for 1988. Prost had convinced Ron Dennis to sign Senna to a three-year contract, which played a role in luring Honda. However, this began the rivalry that pushed two of the sport's greatest drivers to unprecedented heights of success and controversy. McLaren-Honda dominated the season, winning 15 out of 16 races. Prost finished first or second in every race other than his two retirements at Silverstone and Monza. He won seven and outscored his new teammate Ayrton Senna by 11 points, despite Senna winning one more race than Prost. However, only the 11 best results from the season counted toward the championship total, and this gave Senna the title by three points. Prost went on to be a proponent of essentially the 90's scoring system – all results counting to the final results with the winner scoring 10, not 9, points.
- 1989
McLaren's domination continued throughout 1989, and the Prost-Senna struggle for supremacy put them on a collision course. Mutual admiration turned to all-out hatred, with the Frenchman accusing his Brazilian teammate of "dangerous driving"[21] and of receiving more than a fair share of attention from both McLaren and Honda. Prost was accused of being in the pocket of FISA's French president Jean-Marie Balestre. Their embittered season ended as many pundits had feared. In the Japanese Grand Prix at the end of lap 46, Senna made his move at the chicane. Prost turned into his teammate's path. The two interlocked McLarens slid up the chicane escape road. Prost, thinking the World Championship was over, climbed out of his car. To separate the cars, the marshals pushed Senna's McLaren backwards onto the track. This left it in a dangerous position, so they pushed it forwards again. As they did so, Senna bump-started the engine. He drove through the chicane and rejoined. The nose of his car was damaged and he had to pit, but he rejoined only five seconds behind Alessandro Nannini. On lap 50, Ayrton sliced past Nannini at the chicane to take the lead and won the race. But it was Nannini who appeared on the top step of the podium. Race officials had excluded Senna for missing the chicane. McLaren appealed the decision, but the FIA Court of Appeal not only upheld the decision but fined Senna US$100,000 and gave him a suspended six-month ban.[22] Thus Prost clinched his third driving title in controversial circumstances.
However, Prost had the firm belief that Honda and Ron Dennis viewed Senna as the future of the team. Prost recalled that by Monza he had one car with maybe four or five mechanics, while his teammate had two cars and 20 people around him.[23] As a result, Prost announced in July 1989 that he would depart from McLaren and the Frenchman quickly joined his new employers: Ferrari.
1990–1991: Ferrari[link]
Related article: Scuderia Ferrari
- 1990
The Frenchman replaced Gerhard Berger at Ferrari and was partnered with Britain's Nigel Mansell for 1990. As reigning world champion, Prost took over as the team's lead driver and was said to have played on Mansell's inferiority complex. Mansell recalls one incident where at the 1990 British Grand Prix, the car he drove didn't handle the same as in the previous race where he had taken pole position, and later found out from team mechanics that Prost saw Mansell as having a superior car and had them swapped without Mansell knowing.[24] Prost won five races for Ferrari that year, in Brazil, Mexico, France, Britain and Spain. Notable among these was the Mexican Grand Prix, where he won after starting in 13th position. In both the Mexican and Spanish races, he led Mansell to Ferrari 1–2 finishes. The championship once again came to the penultimate round of the season in Japan with Prost trailing his McLaren adversary, Ayrton Senna, by nine points. As in 1989, a controversial collision between the two settled the race. At the first corner Senna, as he later admitted, intentionally drove his race car into Prost's, taking them both out of the race and sealing the title in his favour.[25] "What he did was disgusting," Prost said. "He is a man without value."[16] Prost finished the season seven points behind Senna, and his Ferrari team were runners-up to McLaren.
- 1991
Mansell left the Scuderia due to his unstable relationship with Prost,[26] to rejoin Williams for the 1991 Formula One season. Mansell's replacement was Frenchman Jean Alesi, who had been impressive during the previous two years at Tyrrell. Ferrari had entered a downturn, partially as their famous V12 engine was no longer competitive against the smaller, lighter and more fuel efficient V10s of their competitors. The Ferrari chassis, despite a major revision by the French Grand Prix (F-643) was also not up to the level of the McLaren and the Williams models. Prost won no races, only getting onto the podium five times. He took this out on the team, publicly criticising them (at the 1991 Japanese Grand Prix he famously described his car's handling as worse than "a truck"),[27] and subsequently had his contract terminated before the end of the season, immediately prior to the Australian Grand Prix.[28] He was replaced by Italian driver Gianni Morbidelli for the final race of the 1991 season and by another Italian, Ivan Capelli, for the following season.
1993: Williams[link]
Related article: WilliamsF1
Prost went onto a sabbatical year in 1992,[29] which was dominated by Nigel Mansell in a Williams-Renault. After hearing that Prost would be his teammate again in 1993, Mansell left Williams to race in the CART series. The Frenchman had a clause in his contract which prevented rival Ayrton Senna from joining the team that year.[30] Prost was part of a new-look driver line-up at Williams, with test driver Damon Hill coming in to replace Riccardo Patrese, who had left to join Benetton.
Prost won his fourth, and final, title, but in a year where he was regularly challenged by teammate Hill, and Ayrton Senna driving an inferior McLaren. Shortly before the Portuguese Grand Prix in October 1993, Prost announced he would not defend his world title, as the clause in the Frenchman's contract did not extend to 1994 and Senna would be able to join Williams for the upcoming season,[30] and instead opted to retire as the driver with the record for most grand prix victories[31] — a record which stood for almost a decade. On the podium in Adelaide in 1993, Prost's last race, he and Senna embraced, and it was as if — now that Prost was no longer a rival — Senna saw no reason for any more hostility. Prost was surprised by the gesture.[32] Prost's performances earned him an OBE.
German Michael Schumacher broke Prost's record of 51 Grand Prix wins during the 2001 season. However, the Frenchman still holds the records for the most Grand Prix starts in turbo powered cars (126), most wins at home Grand Prix (six at the French Grand Prix) and wins with most different teams (4: Renault, McLaren, Ferrari, and Williams). He also shares the record for starting every race of the season from the front row (16 in 1993), with Ayrton Senna in 1989, and Damon Hill in 1996.
He is also thus far the most recent Frenchman to win his home Grand Prix.
Rivalry with Ayrton Senna[link]
Prost's battles with Ayrton Senna were particularly notable. The rivalry originated in 1988, when Senna joined Prost at the McLaren team. The most notable event during the season between the two occurred during the Portuguese Grand Prix, where Senna tried to block Prost from taking the lead by forcing the Frenchman to run close to the pitwall; Prost managed to edge Senna outwards, taking the lead as they went into the first corner but he remained angered by the Brazilian's dangerous manoeuvre.[33]
The rivalry intensified after the 1989 San Marino Grand Prix, where the two drivers had an agreement that neither would get in each other's way to the first corner (cf. 1982 San Marino Grand Prix). At the start, Senna got away in the lead and Prost followed him through the first corner without getting in Senna's way. Gerhard Berger's crash on lap four stopped the race. At the restart, it was Prost this time that got away the better of the two; but Senna forced his way past Prost in the first corner, breaking the pair's agreement at the start of the race, leaving the Frenchman furious with Senna. Senna argued it was the re-start.[34] Prost himself was angered by McLaren apparently favouring Senna because of Senna's better relationship with Honda, so he announced his signing with Ferrari during midseason.
The rivalry then reached its peak at the end of 1989, when the title was to be decided between Senna and Prost at Suzuka. The two McLarens collided at the Casio Triangle chicane when Prost blocked an attempted pass by Senna. Prost walked away while Senna returned to the track by illegally cutting the chicane. Though he went on to win the race, the manœuvre resulted in his disqualification. After an unsuccessful appeal by McLaren, the Brazilian received a further US$100,000 fine and a six month suspension, leading Senna to accuse FIA president Jean-Marie Balestre of favoring the Frenchman. Senna's disqualification meant that it was mathematically impossible for him to overhaul Prost's points total, and so the 1989 Championship went to the Frenchman. There has been much debate as to whether Prost intentionally ran into Senna, whether Senna was overambitious in his overtaking manoeuver, or whether the collision was simply a racing incident between two team-mates who were embittered with each other.
1990 saw the two drivers collide again. Senna led Prost, now in a Ferrari, in the world drivers' championship. Prost had qualified second for the penultimate race of the season in Suzuka, Japan, and Senna was on pole. Yet this pole position was moved to the other side of the racing line without an explanation. Senna had therefore complained that his side of the grid was dirty, meaning he would get less grip and therefore a slower start compared to Prost who had been moved to the clean side of the grid. The Brazilian's appeal was rejected.[35] At the start of the race, Prost got the better start of the two; but whilst braking for the first corner, Senna refused to back off and collided with Prost at 160 mph (260 km/h), clinching the title for the Brazilian.[36] Prost almost retired from the sport, saying "What he did was disgusting. He is a man without value."[16] A year later, Senna admitted that the move was premeditated, in retaliation for Prost taking the two out of the race at the chicane on the same course the previous year when in a similar position.[25]
There was one controversial incident in 1991, Prost's inferior Ferrari was unable to put up a challenge regularly to Senna's frontrunning McLaren. At the German Grand Prix at Hockenheim, Prost battled Senna for 4th place, however he felt Senna defended too aggressively and at the first chicane forced Prost to take avoiding action by using the escape road. Prost stalled his car rejoining the race. Coincidentally, Senna ran out of fuel on the last lap at the very same point.
The Frenchman took a sabbatical in 1992 while the Brazilian struggled as McLaren was no longer competitive with Williams. Prost announced his signing with Williams for the upcoming 1993 season. Senna had wanted to join Williams too, as they were the most competitive, but Prost had a clause in his contract forbidding the Brazilian as a teammate and an infuriated Senna called the Frenchman a coward during a press conference at Estoril.
During the 1993 season, Prost and Senna continued their on-track rivalry. Prost was escorted by police to the Interlagos circuit for the 1993 Brazilian Grand Prix due to the hostility of Brazilians towards him.[37] The two continued their on-track battles at Silverstone where Senna aggressively defended his position against Prost. At Prost's last Grand Prix, the 1993 Australian Grand Prix, he was pulled up by Senna onto the top step of the podium for an embrace.[38]
On 1 May 1994, Ayrton Senna was killed during the San Marino Grand Prix. Prost was a pallbearer at the Brazilian's funeral.[39] Speaking four years after the Brazilian's death, Prost told Nigel Roebuck that he had "always refused to speak about him." When Senna died, Prost stated that "a part of himself had died also", because their careers had been so bound together.[40] Senna had also felt the same when Prost had retired at the end of 1993, when he admitted to a close friend that he had realised how much of his motivation had come from fighting with Prost. Only a couple of days before his death, when filming an in-car lap of Imola for French television channel TF1, he greeted Prost, by then a pundit on the channel: "A special hello to my,... to our dear friend Alain. We all miss you Alain." Prost said that he was amazed and very touched by the comment.[41]
Comparison with team-mates[link]
During the course of his career, season-by-season Prost beat nearly all his team-mates on total points, including five World Champions. The only exceptions were in 1984 when Niki Lauda won by half a point, and in Prost's first F1 season, when he was beaten by John Watson. In 1988, although Prost scored more points in total than his team-mate Ayrton Senna, only the best eleven of sixteen results counted towards the championship, which Senna won.
| Year | Prost's points[1] | Team-mates' points[1] | Team-mate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 5 | 6 | John Watson |
| 1981 | 43 | 11 | René Arnoux |
| 1982 | 34 | 28 | René Arnoux |
| 1983 | 57 | 22 | Eddie Cheever |
| 1984 | 71.5 | 72 | Niki Lauda |
| 1985 | 73 (76) | 14 | Niki Lauda |
| 1986 | 72 (74) | 22 | Keke Rosberg |
| 1987 | 46 | 30 | Stefan Johansson |
| 1988 | 87 (105) | 90 (94) | Ayrton Senna |
| 1989 | 76 (81) | 60 | Ayrton Senna |
| 1990 | 71 (73) | 37 | Nigel Mansell |
| 1991 | 34 | 21 | Jean Alesi |
| 1993 | 99 | 69 | Damon Hill |
Helmet[link]
File:Prost 1993.JPG
Alain Prost's racing overalls for the 1993 season.
Prost uses a helmet design based on the three colours of the French flag, those being blue, white and red, along with his name along the side. During his early career however, Prost used a basic design of white all over with some blue detail around the visor (blue helmet with a white 180° flipped Y and red lines in the lower branch of the flipped Y and in the upper branch, surrounding the top).[42] During Prost's time at Renault, he used more blue details, most notably around the rear of his helmet. Prost's helmet changed in 1985, as his helmet now had the blue detail around the front, surrounding the visor(with also a blue stripe on the side region, making the white area become a P) and a white ring with red lines surrounding the top (forming a white circle with a blue half in the rear of the top). .[43] Prost kept a similar design for his entry at Ferrari and Williams. Sometimes, prost used variants of his helmet design, in 2007 he used his original design, but with the circle top all red and a red line in the lower chin area. In 2010, he used a pearl white helmet with silver flames and a blue-white-red-white-blue stripe trepassing the visor, designed by kaos design.
Later life[link]
During 1994 and 1995, Prost worked as TV pundit for the French TV channel TF1.[44] He also worked for Renault as a PR man.[44] Prost went back to his old team McLaren, working as a technical advisor; he also completed L'Etape du Tour, an annual mass-participation bike ride that takes place on a stage of the Tour de France.[44] Although not an official race, riders fight hard for places; Prost finished 12th in his category, 42nd overall out of over 5000 riders.[44]
Prost Grand Prix[link]
Main article: Prost Grand Prix
During 1989 Prost began to contemplate starting his own team, as his relationship with his McLaren teammate, Ayrton Senna, had turned sour. Prost and John Barnard, formerly chief designer at McLaren, came close to founding a team in 1990; but a lack of sponsorship meant that this was not possible, so Prost moved to Ferrari. After falling out with the Italian team at the end of 1991, Prost found himself without a drive for 1992; after the failure of extensive negotiations with Guy Ligier about buying his Ligier team, Prost decided to join Williams for 1993.[45] In 1995, when Prost was working for Renault, people began to assume that a Prost-Renault team would be formed in the near future. Renault refused Prost's request to supply engines for his team, ending the speculation.[45]
On 13 February 1997, Prost bought the Ligier team from Flavio Briatore and renamed it "Prost Grand Prix".[46] The day after he bought the team, Prost signed a three-year deal with French car manufacturer Peugeot, who would supply the team with engines for the 1998 season through the 2000 season.[46] For the team's first season, Prost kept one of Ligier's 1996 drivers, Olivier Panis, who had won the Monaco Grand Prix the previous year; Japanese driver Shinji Nakano was signed to partner Panis. The team raced with the Mugen-Honda engines used by Ligier the previous season. Things looked promising at the start of the season, as the team picked up two points on its Grand Prix debut in Australia when Olivier Panis finished fifth. The team scored a further 13 points before Panis broke his leg in an accident during the Canadian Grand Prix. He was replaced by Minardi's Jarno Trulli. From there, things started to go downhill slightly, the team scored only five points during Panis' recovery. The Frenchman came back at the end of the season to race the final three Grand Prix. Prost GP finished sixth in the constructors' championship in its first season, with 21 points.
Prost became the president of Prost Grand Prix at the start of 1998. With Peugeot supplying the engines for Prost GP, Mugen-Honda decided to supply the Jordan team. Prost GP scored a single point during the season, Jarno Trulli finishing sixth in Belgium.
1999 was a crucial year for Prost GP.[47] Prost hired John Barnard as a technical consultant,[46] Barnard's B3 Technologies company helping Loic Bigois and the design of the AP02. Panis and Trulli agreed to stay on with the team for the season. While the car did not prove to be a major concern, the Peugeot engine proved to be heavy and unreliable.
Peugeot's final year as Prost's engine supplier in 2000 saw some optimism, Prost hiring his 1991 Ferrari team mate Jean Alesi to drive the lead car and German Nick Heidfeld, who had won the 1999 Formula 3000 championship, to partner him. The season proved to be yet another disastrous one, with the AP03 proving to be unreliable and ill handling. Things weren't helped when both drivers collided with each other in the Austrian Grand Prix. Newly hired technical director Alan Jenkins fired midway through the year. Prost restructured the team, hiring Joan Villadelprat as the managing director and replacing Jenkins with Henri Durand as the team's new technical director.[46]
2001 saw some much needed optimism for the team as Ferrari agreed to be the team's engine supplier for the season, the team now moving in the right direction.[46] But the money ran out at the start of the 2002 season and Prost was out of business, leaving debts of around $30 million.[46]
After Prost Grand Prix[link]
During 2002, Prost spent time with his family and competed in eight bicycle races, finishing third in the Granite – Mont Lozère.[48] The Frenchman raced in the Andros ice race series in 2003, finishing second in the championship behind Yvan Muller;[49] he also became an Ambassador for Uniroyal, a position he would keep until May 2006.[44]
Prost continued to compete in the Andros Trophy, winning the title with Toyota in 2006/07, 2007/08 and 2011/2012.[50][51][52] However Prost has also stated that he has no intention of racing at the famous Le Mans 24 Hours sportscar race held annually in La Sarthe France due to concerns about the skill and experience of other drivers along the nature of the multiple class racing that occurs at Le Mans, a factor that was supported by Scotsman and two time LeMans winner Allan McNish's horror crash in the Audi R18 in the 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans.
For the 2010 Formula One season, the Sporting Regulations were changed so that a former driver sits on the stewards' panel. Prost was the first such driver to take on this role, at the 2010 Bahrain Grand Prix.[53] Prost also took part in the Race of Champions in 2010, a race organised for legends of motor sport to compete in equal machinery.
Complete Formula One results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)
- ‡ Race was stopped with less than 75% of laps completed, half points awarded.
Further reading[link]
- Alan Henry, Alain Prost (Champion Series) ISBN 0-946132-30-5
- Pierre Ménard and Jacques Vassal, Alain Prost: The Science of Racing (Formula 1 Legends S.) ISBN 2-84707-062-1
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b c d Up until 1990, not all points scored by a driver contributed to their final World Championship tally (see list of points scoring systems for more information). Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
- ^ The Independent (London), Nov 21, 1999, Retrieved 8 March 2008; Jet, 13 December 1999, Retrieved 8 March 2008; Prostfan.com – Profile. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
- ^ Roebuck, Nigel (1986) Grand Prix Greats p. 131 Book Club Associates ISBN 0-85059-792-7
- ^ Hall of Fame — Alain Prost, Formula1.com. Paragraph 6. Retrieved 16 August 2006.
- ^ Alain's Biography (1921–54), ProstFan.com. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
- ^ Alain Prost Siblings, ProstFan.com. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
- ^ Hall of Fame — Alain Prost, Formula1.com. Paragraph 2. Retrieved 16 August 2006.
- ^ Hall of Fame — Alain Prost, Formula1.com. Paragraph 1. Retrieved 16 August 2006.
- ^ – Nicolas' career year by year, 2003 – 2008, ProstFan.com. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
- ^ a b McBride, Stewart (8 November 1987). "Racing's Record Breaker". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/08/magazine/racing-s-record-breaker.html. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ "Alain Prost Information". prostfan.com. http://www.prostfan.com/index.htm. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
- ^ There were several national Formula Renault championships in Europe.
- ^ a b Alain Prost, GrandPrix.com. Retrieved October 2006.
- ^ a b Roebuck, Nigel Grand Prix Greats 1986, p. 126. Book Club Associates ISBN 0-85059-792-7
- ^ a b c Roebuck, Nigel Grand Prix Greats 1986, p. 129. Book Club Associates ISBN 0-85059-792-7
- ^ a b c Hall of Fame — Alain Prost, formula1.com. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
- ^ Prost wins under a cloud of controversy, GPRacing.net192.com. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
- ^ "1985 San Marino Grand Prix". GPRacing.net192.com. http://www.gpracing.net192.com/races/reports/407.cfm. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
- ^ "1986 Australian Grand Prix". GPRacing.net192.com. http://www.gpracing.net192.com/races/reports/436.cfm. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
- ^ "Grand Prix Results: German GP, 1986". GrandPrix.com. http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr430.html. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
- ^ "Hall of Fame – Alain Prost". Formula1.com Paragraph 7. http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/36/. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
- ^ "Grand Prix Results: Japanese GP, 1989". GrandPrix.com. http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr483.html. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
- ^ Senna, Ayrton (01.10.1998). Interview with Alain Prost. MOTOR SPORT (prostfan.com). http://www.prostfan.com/senna2.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
- ^ Mansell, Nigel My Autobiography page 222 Collins Willow ISBN 0-00-218497-4
- ^ a b Ayrton Senna attacks Jean-Marie Balestre, GrandPrix.com. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
- ^ Murray Walker & Simon Taylor Murray Walker's Formula One Heroes p. 108, paragraph 2. Virgin Books, ISBN 1-85227-918-4
- ^ Zapelloni, Umberto (2004). Formula Ferrari. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 17. ISBN 0-340-83471-4.
- ^ Murray Walker & Simon Taylor, Murray Walker's Formula One Heroes p. 115, lines 6–9. Virgin Books, ISBN 1-85227-918-4
- ^ "Hall of Fame — Alain Prost". Formula1.com, paragraph 9. http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/36/. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
- ^ a b Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 138.
- ^ "Grand Prix Results: Portuguese GP, 1993". GrandPrix.com. http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr546.html. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
- ^ "Ayrton Senna by Alain Prost". ProstFan.com, paragraph 50. http://www.prostfan.com/senna2.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
- ^ Grand Prix Results: Portuguese GP, 1988, GrandPrix.com. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
- ^ Hughes, Mark. The Unofficial Complete Encyclopedia Of Formula One. Hermes House. pp. 72, lines 13–27. ISBN 1-84309-864-4.
- ^ Hughes, Mark. The Unofficial Complete Encyclopedia Of Formula One. Hermes House. pp. 75, lines 8–17. ISBN 1-84309-864-4.
- ^ Hughes, Mark. The Unofficial Complete Encyclopedia of Formula One. Hermes House. pp. 75, lines 18–29. ISBN 1-84309-864-4.
- ^ Allsop, Derick. Designs on Victory: On the Grand Prix Trail With Benetton. Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-178311-9.
- ^ "Fan review of Grand Prix with image of pair on podium". farzadsf1gallery.com. http://www.farzadsf1gallery.com/features/adel93.html. Retrieved 28 January 2007.
- ^ Open Warfare, GPRacing.net192.com. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
- ^ Ayrton Senna — By Alain Prost, ProstFan.com. Paragraph 3. Retrieved 16 August 2006.
- ^ Hamilton, Maurice. Frank Williams. Macmillan. p. 234. ISBN 0-333-71716-3.
- ^ Grande Prěmio da Argentina de 1980 LookWeb.com.br. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
- ^ Alain Prost Helmet JmJauto.com. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
- ^ a b c d e Alain Prost Information – Alain's career year by year, 1973–2006 ProstFan.com. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
- ^ a b Team Prost – a dream or reality? GrandPrix.com. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f GrandPrix.com - GP Encyclopedia - Constructor - Prost Grand Prix GrandPrix.com. Retrieved 8 September 2006.
- ^ Jean-Michel Desnoues; Patrick Camus & Jean-Marc Loubat Formula 1 99 . Queen Anne Press. ISBN 1-85291-606-0
- ^ Alain Prost 2002 Bicycle Racing, ProstFan.com. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
- ^ Trophée Andros Championship Standings, p. 3. ProstFan.com. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
- ^ Trophée Andros Championship Standings, p. 4. ProstFan.com. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
- ^ Trophée Andros Championship Standings, p. 5. ProstFan.com. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
- ^ Trophée Andros, ProstFan.com. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
- ^ Beer, Matt (2010-03-11). "Prost joins stewards for Bahrain". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/82000. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
References[link]
All Formula One race and championship results are taken from:
- Official Formula One website, Results for 1980–93 seasons. Retrieved 16 August 2006.
- Official Formula One website, Results for 1997–2001 seasons. Retrieved 17 August 2006.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alain Prost |
- Alain Prost – fan page: interviews, photos, statistics, regularly updated
- Grand Prix History – Hall of Fame
- Alain Prost statistics
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Prost, Alain Marie Pascal |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Retired French Formula One Driver |
| Date of birth | 24 February 1955 |
| Place of birth | Saint-Chamond, France |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Alain_Prost
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Alain Prost
http://cs.wn.com/Alain Prost
http://id.wn.com/Alain Prost
http://es.wn.com/Alain Prost
http://ru.wn.com/Прост, Ален
http://nl.wn.com/Alain Prost
http://pl.wn.com/Alain Prost
http://fr.wn.com/Alain Prost
http://de.wn.com/Alain Prost
http://pt.wn.com/Alain Prost
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Prost
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This name uses Portuguese naming customs. The first or maternal family name is Senna and the second or paternal family name is Silva.
 Senna at the 1989 San Marino Grand Prix |
|
| Born | (1960-03-21)21 March 1960 São Paulo, Brazil |
|---|---|
| Died | 1 May 1994(1994-05-01) (aged 34) Bologna, Italy |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  Brazilian |
| Active years | 1984–1994 |
| Teams | Toleman, Lotus, McLaren, Williams |
| Races | 162 (161 starts) |
| Championships | 3 (1988, 1990, 1991) |
| Wins | 41 |
| Podiums | 80 |
| Career points | 610 (614)[1] |
| Pole positions | 65 |
| Fastest laps | 19 |
| First race | 1984 Brazilian Grand Prix |
| First win | 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix |
| Last win | 1993 Australian Grand Prix |
| Last race | 1994 San Marino Grand Prix |
Ayrton Senna da Silva (pronounced [aˈiɾtõ ˈsenɐ da ˈsiwvɐ] (
listen); 21 March 1960 – 1 May 1994) was a Brazilian racing driver. Senna was a three-time Formula One world champion and is widely regarded as one of the greatest F1 drivers of all time.[2][3][4][5][6][7] He died in a crash at Tamburello corner while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix and is the most recent driver to die at the wheel of a Formula One car.
Senna began his motorsport career in karting, moving up to open-wheel racing in 1981, and winning the British Formula 3 championship in 1983. He made his Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984 before moving to Lotus-Renault the following year and winning six Grands Prix over the next three seasons. In 1988, he joined Frenchman Alain Prost at McLaren-Honda. Between them, they won all but one of the 16 Grands Prix that year and Senna his first World Championship. Prost claimed the championship in 1989, and Senna his second and third championships in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, the Williams-Renault combination began to dominate Formula One. Senna nonetheless managed to finish the 1993 season as runner-up, winning five races and negotiating a move to Williams in 1994.
Senna was recognised for his qualifying speed over one lap and from 1989 until 2006 held the record for most pole positions. He was especially quick in wet conditions, as shown by his performances in the 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, the 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, and the 1993 European Grand Prix. He also holds the record for most victories at the prestigious Monaco Grand Prix – six – and is the third most successful driver of all time in terms of race wins. Senna courted controversy throughout his career, particularly during his turbulent rivalry with Alain Prost. Both the 1989 Championship won by Prost and the 1990 Championship won by Senna were decided by collisions between them at those years' Japanese Grands Prix.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Senna was born in Santana, a neighbourhood of São Paulo city,[8] the son of wealthy Brazilian landowner and factory owner Milton da Silva and his wife Neide Senna da Silva (whose family is of Italian lineage). He was highly athletic, excelling in gymnastics and other sports, and developed an interest in cars and motor racing at the age of four.
Senna's first kart was a small 1 HP go-kart, built by his father using a lawnmower engine. Senna entered karting competition at the age of 13[9] and, in 1977, won the South American Kart Championship. He contested the Karting World Championship each year from 1978 to 1982, finishing runner-up in 1979 and 1980.[10]
In 1981, Senna moved to England to begin single-seater racing, winning the RAC and Townsend-Thoreson Formula Ford 1600 Championships that year with the Van Diemen team. Despite this, Senna initially did not believe he would continue in motorsport. At the end of the season, under pressure from his parents to take up a role in the family business, he returned to Brazil.[11] Before leaving England, however, Senna was offered a drive with a Formula Ford 2000 team for £10,000. Back in Brazil, he decided to take up this offer and returned to live in England. As Silva is a very common Brazilian name, he adopted his mother's maiden name, Senna.[12] Senna went on to win the 1982 British and European Formula Ford 2000 championships under that surname.
In 1983, Senna drove in the British Formula Three Championship with the West Surrey Racing team. He dominated the first half of the season until Martin Brundle, driving a similar car for Eddie Jordan Racing, closed the gap in the second part of the championship. Senna won the title at the final round after a closely fought and, at times, acrimonious battle.[13] In November that year, he triumphed at the inaugural Macau Formula 3 Grand Prix with Teddy Yip's Toyota powered Theodore Racing Team.[14][15]
Formula One career[link]
1984: Toleman[link]
Senna tested for Formula One teams Williams, McLaren, Brabham and Toleman. Peter Warr of Lotus, Ron Dennis of McLaren, and Bernie Ecclestone of Brabham made offers for testing in 1984 and presented long-term contracts that tied Senna to driving later on. At his test for Williams at Donington Park, Senna completed 40 laps and was quicker than the other drivers inculding Keke Rosberg.[16] Neither Williams nor McLaren had a vacancy for the 1984 season.[16] Warr actually wanted to replace Nigel Mansell with Senna at Lotus, but the title sponsor, Imperial Tobacco, wanted a British driver. Senna, however, was determined to drive that season and certainly on his own terms. Senna was also linked to Brabham's second seat, but the lead driver, Nelson Piquet, preferred Roberto Moreno.[17] Consequently, he joined Toleman, a relatively new team, using less competitive Pirelli tyres.[18][19] Venezuelan Johnny Cecotto was his team mate.
Senna made his debut at the Brazilian Grand Prix in Rio de Janeiro. He scored his first World Championship point in his second race at the South African Grand Prix with severe muscle spasms, replicating that result two weeks later at the Belgian Grand Prix. A combination of tyre issues and a fuel pressure problem resulted in his failure to qualify for the San Marino Grand Prix, the only time this happened during his career.[20] Senna's best result of the season came at the Monaco Grand Prix, the first wet weather race of the season. Qualifying 13th on the grid, he made steady progress in climbing through the field, passing Niki Lauda for second on lap 19. He quickly began to cut the gap to race leader Alain Prost, but before he could attack Prost the race was stopped on lap 31 for safety reasons, as the rain had grown even heavier. At the time the race was stopped Senna was catching Prost at 4 seconds per lap.[21] Senna finally passed Prost during the 32nd lap at the end of which the red flag was shown. However according to the rules, the positions counted were those from the last lap completed by every driver, lap 31, at which point Prost was still leading.[22] Senna's second place was his first podium in Formula One.
Still in 1984, Senna took two more podium finishes that year—third at the British and Portuguese Grands Prix—and placed 9th in the Drivers Championship with 13 points overall. He did not take part in the Italian Grand Prix after he was suspended by Toleman for being in breach of his contract by signing for Lotus for 1985 without informing the Toleman team first.[23]
Senna also raced in two high-profile non-Formula One races in 1984: The ADAC 1000 km Nürburgring where, alongside Henri Pescarolo and Stefan Johansson, he co-drove a Joest Racing Porsche 956 to finish 8th, as well as an exhibition race to celebrate the opening of the new Nürburgring, which was attended by several Formula 1 drivers, each driving identical Mercedes 190E 2.3–16. Senna won from Niki Lauda and Carlos Reutemann.[24][25] After the race Senna was quoted as saying, "Now I know I can do it."[26]
1985–1987: Lotus[link]
- 1985
Senna was partnered in his first year at Lotus-Renault by Italian driver Elio de Angelis. At the second round of the season, the Portuguese Grand Prix, Senna took the first pole position of his Formula 1 career. He converted it into his first victory in the race, which was held in very wet conditions, winning by over a minute from Michele Alboreto.[27] He would not finish in the points again until coming second at the Austrian Grand Prix, despite taking pole three more times in the intervening period. (His determination to take pole at the Monaco Grand Prix had infuriated Alboreto and Niki Lauda; Senna had set a fast time early and was accused of deliberately baulking the other drivers by running more laps than necessary, a charge he rejected.)[28] Two more podiums followed in the Netherlands and Italy, before Senna added his second victory, again in wet conditions, at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium.[29] Senna's relationship with De Angelis soured over the season, as both drivers demanded top driver status within Lotus and, after spending six years at the team, De Angelis departed for Brabham at the end of the year, convinced that Lotus were becoming focused around the Brazilian.[30] Senna and De Angelis finished the season 4th and 5th respectively in the driver rankings, separated by five points in the quick but unreliable 97T. In terms of qualifying, however, Senna had begun to establish himself as the quickest in the field: his tally of seven poles that season was far more than that of any of the other drivers.
- 1986
De Angelis was replaced at Lotus by Scot Johnny Dumfries after Senna vetoed Derek Warwick from joining the team, saying that Lotus were not able to run competitive cars for two top drivers at the same time. Senna later admitted "It was bad, bad. Until then I had a good relationship with Derek."[31] Senna started the season well, coming second in Brazil and winning the Spanish Grand Prix by just 0.014s from Nigel Mansell—one of the closest finishes in Formula One history—to find himself leading the World Championship after two races.[32] However, poor reliability, particularly in the second half of the season, saw him drift behind the Williams pairing of Mansell and Piquet, as well as eventual champion, Alain Prost. Nonetheless, Senna was once more the top qualifier, with eight poles, and he took a further six podium finishes that season, including another victory at the Detroit Grand Prix, and finished the season fourth in the driver's standings again, with 55 points.
After winning the Detroit Grand Prix, two days after Brazil was eliminated from the 1986 FIFA World Cup, Senna asked a supporter for the Brazilian flag and drove one lap waving the flag. Thereafter, he repeated this ritual every time he won a race.
- 1987
Lotus had a new engine deal in 1987, running the same Honda engines as Williams had used to win the previous year's Constructors' Championship, and with them came a new team-mate, 34 year-old Japanese driver, Satoru Nakajima. Senna started the season with mixed fortunes: a podium at the San Marino Grand Prix was tempered by controversy at the following race at Spa-Francorchamps, where he collided with Mansell and was confronted by the angered Englishman in the pits afterwards.[33] Senna then won two races in a row: the ensuing Monaco Grand Prix (the first of his record six victories at the Principality) and the Detroit Grand Prix, his second victory in two years at the Michigan street circuit, to take the lead in the World Championship. As the championship wore on however, it became evident that the Williams cars had the advantage over the rest of the field, the gap between the Honda-engined teams made most obvious at the British Grand Prix, where Mansell and Piquet lapped the Lotuses of Senna and Nakajima. Senna became dissatisfied with his chances at Lotus and at Monza it was announced that he would be joining McLaren for 1988.[34] Senna finished the season strongly, coming second in the final two races in Japan and Australia, however post-race scrutineering at the final race found the brake ducts of his Lotus to be wider than permitted by the rules and he was disqualified, bringing his last and most successful season with Lotus to a sour end.[35] Senna was classified third in the final standings, with 57 points, one pole position and six podium finishes. This season marked a turning point in Senna's career as, throughout the year, he built a deep relationship with Honda, one which would pay big dividends, as McLaren had secured Williams' supply of Honda's V6 turbo engines for 1988.[36]
1988–1993: McLaren[link]
- 1988
In 1988, thanks to the relationship he had built up with Honda throughout the 1987 season with Lotus, and with the approval of McLaren's number one driver and then-double world champion, Alain Prost, Senna joined the McLaren team.[37] The foundation for a fierce competition between Senna and Prost was laid, culminating in a number of dramatic race incidents between the two over the next five years.[38] At the 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Prost made a slightly faster start than Senna but the Brazilian dived into the first corner ahead. Prost responded and went to pass Senna at the end of the first lap. Senna swerved to block Prost, forcing the Frenchman to nearly run into the pitwall at 180 mph (290 km/h). Prost kept his foot down and soon edged Senna into the first corner and started pulling away. Though Prost was angered by Senna's manoeuvre, the Brazilian got away with a warning from the FIA. Senna would later apologize to Prost for the incident. Ultimately, the pair won 15 of 16 races in the McLaren MP4/4 in 1988 with Senna coming out on top, winning his first Formula One world championship title by taking eight wins to Prost's seven (Prost had scored more points over the season, but had to drop three second places as only the 11 best scores counted).[39]
- 1989
The following year, the rivalry between Senna and Prost intensified into numerous battles on the track and a psychological war off it.[40] Tension and mistrust between the two drivers increased when Senna overtook Prost at the restart of the San Marino Grand Prix, a move which Prost claimed violated a pre-race agreement. Senna took an early lead in the championship with victories in San Marino, Monaco, and Mexico. However, unreliability in Phoenix, Canada, France, Britain and Italy, together with collisions in Brazil and Portugal, swung the title in Prost's favour.
Prost took the 1989 world title after a collision with Senna at the Suzuka Circuit in Japan, the penultimate race of the season, which Senna needed to win to remain in contention for the title. Senna had attempted an inside pass on Prost who turned into the corner and cut him off, with the two McLarens finishing up with their wheels interlocked in the Suzuka chicane escape road. Senna then got a push-start from marshals, pitted to replace the damaged nose of his car, and rejoined the race. He took the lead from the Benetton of Alessandro Nannini and went on to finish first, only to be disqualified by the FIA (at the insistence of Prost[citation needed] who ran into the race marshals' office after seeing Senna rejoin the race) for cutting the chicane after the collision, and for crossing into the pit lane entry (not part of the track).[41] A large fine and temporary suspension of his Super License followed in the winter of 1989, and an irate Senna engaged in a bitter war of words with the FIA and its then President Jean-Marie Balestre.[42] Senna finished the season second with six wins and one second place. Prost left McLaren for rivals Ferrari for the following year.
- 1990
In 1990, Senna took a commanding lead in the championship with six wins, two second places and three thirds. His most memorable victories were at the opening round in Phoenix, in which he diced for the lead for several laps with a then-unknown Jean Alesi before coming out on top, and at Germany where he fought Benetton driver Alessandro Nannini throughout the race for the win. As the season reached its final quarter however, Alain Prost in his Ferrari rose to the challenge with five wins, including a crucial victory in Spain where he and teammate Nigel Mansell finished 1–2 for the Scuderia. Senna had gone out with a damaged radiator and the gap between Senna and Prost was now reduced to 11 points with two races remaining.
At the penultimate round of the Championship in Japan at Suzuka (the same circuit where Senna and Prost had their collision a year before), Senna took pole ahead of Prost. The pole position in Suzuka was universally known to be on the left-hand, racing-line of the track. However, at FIA President Balestre's direction (no-one else has the power to make this order) Prost was given the racing-line start position and Senna was placed on the right-hand, dirty side of the track. As a result, Ferrari made a better start and pulled ahead of Senna's McLaren. At the first turn Senna aggressively kept his inside line, while Prost turned in and the McLaren ploughed into the rear wheel of Prost's Ferrari at about 270 km/h (170 mph), putting both cars off the track, this time making Senna the Formula 1 world champion.[43] A year later, after taking his third world championship, Senna explained to the press his actions of the previous year in Suzuka. He maintained that prior to qualifying fastest, he had sought and received assurances from race officials that pole position would be changed to the left-hand, clean side of the track, only to find this decision reversed by Jean-Marie Balestre after he had taken pole.[44] Explaining the collision with Prost, Senna said that what he had wanted was to make it clear that he was not going to accept the unquestionably unfair decision-making by Balestre, including his 1989 disqualification and the incorrect pole position in 1990.[45] Senna also testified that no matter what happened he would not yield the corner and that Prost taking his normal racing line (to which the leading driver is entitled) would result in an accident. Prost would later go on record slamming Senna's actions as "disgusting" and that he seriously considered retiring from the sport after that incident.[37]
- 1991
Senna captured his third title in 1991, taking seven wins and staying largely clear of controversy. Prost, because of the downturn in performance at Ferrari, was no longer a serious competitor. Senna won the first four races. By mid-season, Mansell in the more advanced Williams was able to put up a challenge. There were some memorable moments, such as at the Spanish Grand Prix when Senna and Mansell went wheel to wheel with only centimetres to spare, at over 320 km/h (200 mph) down the main straight, a race that the Briton eventually won. Quite a different spectacle was offered following Mansell's victory in the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. Senna's car had come to a halt on the final lap but he was not left stranded out on the circuit, as Mansell pulled over on his parade lap and allowed the Brazilian to ride on the Williams side-pod back to the pits. Though Senna's consistency and the Williams's unreliability at the beginning of the season gave him an early advantage, Senna insisted that Honda step up their engine development program and demanded further improvements to the car before it was too late. These modifications enabled him to make a late season push and he managed to win three more races to secure the championship, which was settled for good in Japan (yet again) when Mansell (who needed to win), went off at the first corner while running third and beached his Williams-Renault into the gravel trap. Senna finished second, handing the victory to teammate Gerhard Berger at the last corner as a thank-you gesture for his support over the season. Senna was planning to move to the Williams team for the 1992 season, but Honda's CEO, Nobuhiko Kawamoto, personally requested that he remain at McLaren-Honda, which Senna did out of a sense of loyalty.[46]
- 1992
In 1992, Senna's determination to win manifested itself in dismay at McLaren's inability to challenge Williams's all-conquering FW14B car.[47] McLaren's new car for the season had several shortcomings. There was delay in getting the new model running (it debuted in the third race of the season, the Brazilian Grand Prix) and in addition to lacking active suspension, the new car suffered from reliability issues, was unpredictable in fast corners, while its Honda V12 engine was no longer the most powerful on the circuit.[48] Senna scored wins in Monaco, Hungary, and Italy that year. During qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix, French driver Érik Comas crashed heavily and Senna was the first to arrive at the scene. He got out of his car and ran across the track to help the Frenchman, disregarding his own safety in an effort to aid a fellow driver. He later went to visit Comas in hospital. Senna finished fourth overall in the championship, behind the Williams duo of Mansell and Patrese, and Benetton's Michael Schumacher.[49][50]
- 1993
Questions about Senna's intentions for 1993 lingered throughout 1992, as he did not have a contract with any team by the end of the year. He felt the McLaren cars were less competitive than in previous years (especially after Honda bowed out of Formula 1 at the end of the 1992 season and preseason testing with a Lamborghini V12 unit proved fruitless). Joining Williams alongside Prost (who had secured a drive for the team for 1993) became impossible, since Prost had a clause on his contract vetoing Senna as a team-mate, even though the Brazilian offered to drive for free. An infuriated Senna called Prost a coward in a press conference in Estoril.[51][52] In December, Senna went to Phoenix, Arizona and tested Emerson Fittipaldi's Penske IndyCar.[53] McLaren boss Ron Dennis meanwhile was trying to secure a supply of the dominant Renault V10 engine for 1993.[54] When this deal fell through, McLaren was forced to take a customer supply of Ford V8 engines which were two specifications behind that of Ford's factory team, Benetton.[55] McLaren hoped to make up for the inferior horsepower with mechanical sophistication, including an effective active suspension system.[56] Dennis then finally persuaded Senna to return to McLaren. The Brazilian, however, agreed only to sign up for the first race in South Africa, where he would assess whether McLaren's equipment was competitive enough for him to put in a good season. After driving McLaren's 1993 car, Senna concluded that the new car had a surprising potential, albeit the engine was still down on power and would be no match for Prost's Williams Renault.[57] Senna declined to sign a one-year contract but agreed to drive on a race-by-race basis, eventually staying for the year.[58]
After finishing second in the opening race in South Africa,[59] Senna won in changing conditions in Brazil and Donington. The latter has often been regarded as one of Senna's greatest victories.[60] He was fifth at the first corner and led the race at the end of the first lap going on to lap all but 2nd place in a race where up to seven pit stops were required by some drivers for rain or slick tyres.[61][62] Senna then scored a second-place finish in Spain and a record-breaking sixth win at Monaco.[63] After Monaco, the sixth race of the season, Senna unexpectedly led the championship from Prost in the Williams-Renault.[64] As the season progressed, Prost and Damon Hill asserted the superiority of the Williams-Renault car, with Prost securing the drivers' championship while Hill moved up to second in the standings. Senna concluded the season and his McLaren career with two wins in Japan and Australia, finishing second overall in the championship.[56][65] The penultimate race was noted for an incident where Jordan's rookie Eddie Irvine unlapped himself against Senna. The incensed Brazilian later appeared at Jordan's garage and after a lengthy and heated discussion, punched the Irishman in the face.[66] For the 1994 season, Senna had offers from McLaren, WIlliams, Benetton, and Ferrari, the team he believed was the soul of Formula 1, and to which he planned to move to in 1996 before retiring in 2000. According to his manager, Julian Jakobi, a deal was in the works with Ferrari who had already offered Senna, the most sought after driver, a groundbreaking $22 million a year.[67]
1994: Williams[link]
For 1994, Senna finally signed with the Williams-Renault team after Prost had reluctantly decided to end his career. Prost's contract clause forbidding Senna from joining Williams did not extend to 1994 and Prost retired with one year left on his contract, rather than face the prospect of a repeat of the animosities of 1989 and 1990.[68] Pre-season testing showed that the new Williams FW16 car had speed, but it was extremely difficult to control. Senna himself had made numerous diplomatic comments that the FW16 had some quirks which needed to be ironed out due to the fact that, contractually, he was forbidden from outright criticising the car. It was obvious that the FW16, after the regulation changes banning active suspension, traction control, power brakes, and ABS, exhibited none of the superiority of the FW15C and FW14B cars that had preceded it. It was also the first season that Williams used power steering, a system which had been problematic. Furthermore, the cockpit was too tight for Senna's frame, and several adjustments were subsequently made, including the lengthening of the steering column by 12 millimetres. The surprise of testing was the Benetton team, whose car was more nimble than the Williams although less powerful. Senna prophetically commented, "It's going to be a season with lots of accidents, and I'll risk saying that we'll be lucky if something really serious doesn't happen.”[citation needed]
The first race of the season was in Brazil, where Senna took pole. In the race Senna took an early lead but Schumacher's Benetton was never far behind. Schumacher took the race lead for good after passing Senna in the pits. Senna refused to settle for second. While trying for a win, he pushed too hard and spun the car coming out of Junção on lap 56, stalling it and retiring from the race. The second race was the Pacific Grand Prix at Aida where Senna again placed the car on pole. However, after being beaten to the first corner by second qualifier Schumacher, he was hit from behind in the first corner by Mika Häkkinen and his race came to a definitive end when a Ferrari driven by Nicola Larini also crashed into his Williams. Hill also retired with transmission problems, while Schumacher took victory again.
It was Senna's worst start to an F1 season, failing to finish or score points in the first two races, despite taking pole both times. Schumacher was leading Senna in the drivers' championship by twenty points.[69] Senna and others that year then began suspecting that Benetton's performance was enhanced by the illegal use of traction control, which fuelled a media controversy, but never materialised into a formal complaint to the FIA.
Death[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) |
Main article: Death of Ayrton Senna
File:Senna accident.jpg
Senna's fatal accident at the moment of impact
Senna's third and final race of the 1994 season, the San Marino Grand Prix, was held on the "Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari" circuit located in Imola, Italy. Imola had traditionally been considered the beginning of the F1 season proper, on European soil.
Senna, who did not finish the two opening races of the season, declared that this was where his season would start, with fourteen races, as opposed to sixteen, in which to win the title.[70] Senna placed the car on pole for a then-record 65th and final time, but he was upset by events unfolding that race weekend. That weekend, Senna's feedback about the FW16 included comments about the car switching between oversteering and understeering and that the car's performance was generally worse instead of better after the engineers' latest adjustments.[71]
During the afternoon qualifying session, Senna's compatriot and protégé Rubens Barrichello was involved in a serious accident when his Jordan became airborne at the Variante Bassa chicane (the last of the circuit) violently slamming into the tyres and fence. In the impact, Barrichello suffered a broken nose and arm; injuries that prevented him from competing in the race. Barrichello indicated that Senna was the first person he saw upon regaining consciousness.[72]
The next day, Saturday, Austrian rookie driver Roland Ratzenberger was killed during qualifying in a devastating accident when the front wing broke on his Simtek-Ford while going flat out at the fast Villeneuve right-hander bend and into the concrete wall. A distraught Senna requested a track marshall to take him to the site of Ratzenberger's fatal crash. Senna was met by FIA's Medical Chief Professor Sid Watkins, who recalled that Senna was tearful, despite having only just met Ratzenberger the previous day. Professor Watkins suggested to Senna on that occasion to stop racing and go fishing (a hobby they both shared), to which Senna said he could not stop racing.
To obtain information about his injured colleagues that weekend, Senna climbed the fence of the Medical Centre after he inspected the crash site. Senna had commandeered an official's car to visit that site, yet the FIA chose not to take any formal disciplinary actions against Senna.
Senna spent his final morning making time to meet with fellow drivers to discuss the re-establishment of a drivers' group (i.e. Grand Prix Drivers' Association) in an attempt to increase safety in Formula One, because of that weekend's tragic events. As the most senior driver, Senna offered to take the role of leader, starting from the next race event in Monaco.
During the drivers' briefing, complaints were raised about the commercial gimmick of a Porsche 911 lead car for the warm-up lap. As this lap neared, Senna again queried the closeness of the Porsche and was jokingly told by his team's chief engineer, Patrick Head, that the 911 would remain close by, as per the preceding races. Instead, the Porsche was ordered to leave earlier, to Senna's content.
At the start of the Grand Prix race, Senna retained the lead from Schumacher but proceedings soon became interrupted by a huge accident on the start line, caused by JJ Lehto's Benetton-Ford stalling, and an unsighted Pedro Lamy ramming him in his Lotus-Mugen Honda at nearly full speed. A wheel was torn off the car and landed in the main grandstand, injuring eight fans and a police officer. The safety car – which was a sporty version of the Opel Vectra medium family sedan – was deployed and the drivers followed it for several laps. The Vectra's slow pace was later questioned because of the consequential drop in tyre pressures on the Formula One cars. In fact, under those safety car conditions, video footage shows Senna pulling alongside the Vectra, gesticulating to the Vectra driver, Max Angelelli, to increase his speed.[73] On the restart (lap 6), Senna immediately set a quick pace with the third quickest lap of the race, followed by Schumacher. As Senna entered the high-speed Tamburello corner on lap 7, the car left the track at around 205 mph (330 km/h), hitting the concrete retaining wall at around 135 mph (217 km/h), after what telemetry showed to be an application of the brakes for around 2 seconds. The red flag was shown as a consequence of the accident. Within two minutes of crashing, Senna was extracted from his race car by Professor Sid Watkins and his medical team. Initial treatment took place by the side of the car, with Senna having a weak heartbeat and significant blood loss (approximately 4.5 liters). Because of Senna's poor neurological condition, Professor Watkins performed an on site tracheotomy and requested the immediate airlifting of Senna to Bologna's Maggiore Hospital, where he was declared dead hours later. Watkins later said that as soon as he saw Senna's fully dilated pupils, he knew that his brainstem was inactive and that he would not survive.[74]
It is believed that the right suspension frame was sent stabbing back into the cockpit, striking Senna on the right side of his helmet, forcing his head back against the headrest and causing fatal skull fractures and brain injury. A piece of the upright attached to the wheel partially penetrated his helmet causing trauma to his forehead. In addition, it appeared that a jagged piece of the upright assembly, most likely a tie rod, penetrated the Bell helmet visor, which was a new, thinner version, above his right eye. Senna also suffered a burst temporal artery.[75]
It was later revealed that, as medical staff examined Senna, a furled Austrian flag was found in his car—a flag that he had intended to raise in honour of Ratzenberger after the race.[76]
Photographs of Ayrton Senna after the accident were taken by Senna's friend and Autosprint's picture editor, Angelo Orsi. Out of respect, those photographs have never been sold to interested parties.
- Funeral
Senna's death was considered by many of his Brazilian fans to be a national tragedy, and the Brazilian government declared three days of national mourning. The Italian Air Force offered to fly the coffin back to Brazil, but the Senna family wished that it return home in a Brazilian plane. Contrary to airline policy and out of respect, Senna's coffin was allowed to be flown back to his home country not as cargo but in the passenger cabin of Varig's McDonnel-Douglas MD-11 commercial jetliner (registration PP-VOQ (cn 48435/478)), accompanied by his distraught younger brother, Leonardo, and close friends. The plane was escorted by fighter jets into São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, where it was met by São Paulo's mayor, Paulo Maluf, and state governor, Luís Antônio Fleury. The coffin was carried by soldiers from the Policia da Aeronautical to a fire engine, where eight cadets from the Military Police Academy mounted guard as it carried the coffin on the 20-mile journey into the city. Leading the motorcade were seventeen police motorbikes, and 2,500 policemen lined the route to keep the crowds at bay.[77]
An estimated three million people flocked to the streets of Senna's hometown of São Paulo to offer him their salute. This is widely accepted as the largest recorded gathering of mourners in modern times.[citation needed] Over 200,000 people filed past as his body lay in state at the Legislative Assembly building in Ibirapuera Park. After the public viewing, a 21-gun salute was fired by the 2nd Artillery Brigade and seven jets of the Brazilian Air Force flew in a diamond formation as the funeral procession made its way to Morumbi Cemetery. Many prominent motor racing figures attended Senna's state funeral, such as team managers Ken Tyrrell, Peter Collins, Ron Dennis, and Frank Williams, and driver Jackie Stewart. The pallbearers included drivers Gerhard Berger, Michele Alboreto, Alain Prost, Thierry Boutsen, Damon Hill, Rubens Barrichello, Roberto Moreno, Derek Warwick, Mauricio Gugelmin, Hans Stuck, Johnny Herbert, Pedro Lamy, Maurizio Sala, Raul Boesel, Emerson Fittipaldi, Wilson Fittipaldi, and Christian Fittipaldi. Neither Sid Watkins nor Jo Ramirez, the McLaren team coordinator, could bear to attend because they were so grief-stricken. Senna's family did not allow FOM president Bernie Ecclestone, a friend of Senna's, to attend the ceremony, after an altercation between Ecclestone and Senna's brother Leonardo at Imola regarding Ecclestone's misconstrued reaction to the news of Ayrton's death and the fact that the race had not been abandoned after his accident.[78] FIA President Max Mosley instead attended the funeral of Ratzenberger which took place on 7 May 1994, in Salzburg, Austria.[79] Mosley said in a press conference ten years later, "I went to his funeral because everyone went to Senna's. I thought it was important that somebody went to his."[80] Senna's grave bears the epitaph "Nada pode me separar do amor de Deus," which means "Nothing can separate me from the love of God" (a reference to Romans 8:38-39[81]).
A testament to the adulation he inspired among fans worldwide was the scene at the Tokyo headquarters of Honda where the McLaren cars were typically displayed after each race. Upon his death, so many floral tributes were received that it overwhelmed the large exhibition lobby.[82] This despite the fact Senna no longer drove for McLaren and that McLaren in the preceding seasons did not use Honda power. Senna had a special relationship with company founder Soichiro Honda[citation needed] and was beloved in Japan, where he achieved a near mythic status. For the next race at Monaco, the FIA decided to leave the first two grid positions empty and painted them with the colours of the Brazilian and the Austrian flags, to honour Senna and Ratzenberger.
- Trial
The cause of the accident has been identified as a steering column failure. Italian law demands that any unusual incident be investigated. Many court cases followed immediately afterwards and the judgment went on for years, with Williams being investigated for manslaughter. The last word from the Italian Court of Appeal was on 13 April 2007. In verdict no. 15050, the Court ruled thus: "It has been determined that the accident was caused by a steering column failure. This failure was caused by badly designed and badly executed modifications. The responsibility of this falls on Patrick Head, culpable of omitted control". Patrick Head was not arrested; in Italy the statute of limitation for manslaughter is 7 years and 6 months, and the final verdict was pronounced 13 years after the accident.[83] Despite Formula One regulations, the Williams-Renault team was allowed to extract Senna's black boxes from the wreck of his FW16 once it returned in the pitlane, only for them to be returned completely bereft of any telemetry, despite no external damage. Had Senna's death been declared immediately, under Italian Law, the wreckage would have had to have been immediately impounded and the race event suspended. Instead, the Imola Grand Prix proceeded, with drivers being advised of Senna's condition only at the end of the race.[citation needed]
Personal life[link]
|
|
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) |
Senna was a devout Catholic, once saying "Just because I believe in God, just because I have faith in God, it doesn't mean that I'm immune. It doesn't mean that I'm immortal" (1989).[84] He often read the Bible on long flights from São Paulo to Europe.[85][86] In Senna, a documentary about his racing career that was released in 2010, Ayrton's sister, Viviane, revealed that following, first the accident of his friend Rubens Barrichello followed the next day by the death of Roland Ratzenberger during the San Marino Grand Prix of 1994, Senna had sought strength from the Bible. "Faced with a night of turmoil, of conflict, no one knew what his decision would be on Sunday morning, on race day ...'On that final morning, he woke and opened his bible and read a text,' explained Viviane 'that he would receive the greatest gift of all, which was God himself.'" [84]
As his profile rose, Senna expressed concern over the widespread poverty in Brazil. After his death it was discovered that he had quietly donated an extremely large portion of his personal fortune (estimated at around $400 million) to help poor children.[87] Shortly before his death, he created the framework for an organisation dedicated to Brazilian children, which later became Instituto Ayrton Senna.[88]
Senna, renowned for his intensity and almost mystic qualities, was often quoted using driving as a means for self-discovery and racing as a metaphor for life: "The harder I push, the more I find within myself. I am always looking for the next step, a different world to go into, areas where I have not been before. It's lonely driving a Grand Prix car, but very absorbing. I have experienced new sensations, and I want more. That is my excitement, my motivation."[89]
Towards the end of his career, Senna became increasingly preoccupied with the dangers of his profession. On the morning of his death he initiated the re-formation of the GPDA safety organisation, with which he had intended to work to improve the safety of his sport.
In the late 1980s, to take advantage of the close relationship Honda had formed with Senna, the Japanese company asked him to help fine-tune the Honda NSX's suspension setting during its final development stages. The tests were conducted at Suzuka Circuit with chief NSX engineer Shigeru Uehara and his engineering team present to gather Senna's direct input. Senna found the prototype NSX initially lacked chassis stiffness to the level he was accustomed to, so the final production version was further reinforced to his satisfaction.
Senna was also instrumental in bringing Audi cars into his native country, both as an import and manufacturing business. Audi entered Brazil in 1994 via Ayrton Senna's company, Senna Import, founded in 1993. Sales began in April that year, just a month before his untimely death. In 1999, Audi Senna was created as a joint venture of Audi with Senna Import.[90] Senna's personal car in 1994 was an Audi S4.[91]
Planning a retirement in 2000 with Ferrari,[citation needed] Senna exercised his strong entrepreneurial spirit in the early 1990s by developing his own logo, the double S, after his full surname, "Senna da Silva".[92] This logo is meant to represent an S chicane on a racing circuit. The Senna brand was on apparel, watches (TAG Heuer), bicycles (Carraro), and boats. TAG Heuer and Hublot have created limited edition watches to honor Senna, both during his lifetime and after his death.
Senna owned several properties, including an organic farm in Tatuí, Brazil, a beach house in Angra dos Reis, Brazil, an apartment in São Paulo, an apartment in Monaco, and a house in Algarve, Portugal.
Ayrton enjoyed a range of physical activities including running, waterskiing, jet skiing, and paddleboarding. He also had several hobbies, such as flying real and model planes and helicopters, boating, fishing and riding his favourite Ducati motorbikes. His private jet was a British Aerospace 125 (BAe HS125), and he also piloted his own helicopter between his residences in Brazil. He was left-handed.
His nickname from childhood was "Beco", and the Japanese Honda engineers would call him "Harry" because they had difficulty pronouncing "Ayrton".
Senna was close friends with McLaren teammate Gerhard Berger, and the two were always playing practical jokes on each other.[93] Berger is quoted as saying "He taught me a lot about our sport, I taught him to laugh." He calls their three seasons together (1990 to 1992) "the James Bond years" since, as biographer Tom Rubython notes, "money, success, and girls littered every corner of their lives."[94] In the documentary film The Right to Win, made in 2004 as a tribute to Senna, Frank Williams notably recalls that as good a driver as Senna was, ultimately "he was an even greater man outside of the car than he was in it."
Senna was married to Lilian de Vasconcelos Souza, whom he had known since childhood, from 1981 until 1982. The marriage ended due to the fact that Lilian was used to an easy life with servants in Brazil and could not handle the freezing cold of England and the comparatively spartan and isolated lifestyle that her husband's racing demanded. Senna, who did not have much of an income early in his racing career, insisted on supporting his wife with no help from his father out of a sense of pride.[citation needed] After his marriage to Vasconcelos ended, Senna dated several women including model Marjorie Andrade. He subsequently courted Adriane Yamin, daughter of an entrepreneur from São Paulo, who was 15 years old when they began the relationship in 1985 and often chaperoned by her mother during meetings with Senna. They were briefly engaged, but the relationship was broken off by Senna in late 1988.[95] Senna dated Brazilian TV star Xuxa from late 1988 until 1990. He then dated Christine Ferracciu, who lived with him at his homes in Monaco and Portugal, on and off between 1990 and 1991. By the time of his death, Senna had been dating Brazilian model Adriane Galisteu for a year and a half.[96]
Ayrton was the uncle of Formula One driver Bruno Senna (Viviane's son), of whom he said in 1993: "If you think I'm fast, just wait until you see my nephew Bruno."[97]
Legacy[link]
Many safety improvements were made in the sport following Senna's and Ratzenberger's deaths. These include improved crash barriers, redesigned tracks, higher crash safety standards (such as larger sills along the driver cockpit) and major cuts to engine power. Ironically, these knee-jerk measures resulted in further major crashes that year (e.g., at the Spanish Grand Prix). Also ironically, entry to the fatal Tamburello corner and other chicanes on the Imola circuit had been significantly altered for 1995. This was despite calls for action in 1989, after a serious high-speed crash that saw Senna's best friend, Gerhard Berger, suffering burns to his hand. No action took place after that crash because, following an inspection by Senna and Berger, they ended up siding with officials who had, for years, claimed that the wall could not be moved further back due to a river nearby.
Soon after his death in 1994, the Brazilian football World Cup winning team dedicated their win to the great racer in order to recognise his contributions to Formula 1.[98][99]
A few months before his death, Senna had discussed with his sister the foundation of a charitable organization, based on a desire to contribute to those less fortunate in a more organised and effective manner. After his death, Viviane Senna set up the Instituto Ayrton Senna in his honor, which has invested nearly US$80 million over the last twelve years in social programs and actions in partnership with schools, government, NGOs, and the private sector aimed at offering children and teenagers from low-income backgrounds the skills and opportunities they need to develop their full potential as persons, citizens and future professionals.[100] The foundation is officially advised by Bernie Ecclestone, Frank Williams, Alain Prost, and Gerhard Berger. The "Senninha" ("Little Senna") cartoon character, born in 1993/94, was another means by which Senna extended his role model status in favour of Brazilian children.
In his home country of Brazil, the main freeway from the international airport to São Paulo and a tunnel along route to the heart of the city is named in his honour. Also, one of the most important freeways of Rio de Janeiro is named after Senna ("Avenida Ayrton Senna"). The main road in Senna's Portuguese resort at Quinta do Lago, Algarve, was also dedicated to him, due to the fact that his villa there was very near (but not on) this road. A portion of the Interlagos circuit in São Paulo is named the "Senna Esses Chicane" in his honor. In the English town of Reading, Berkshire, where Senna lived for a short period of time, Ayrton Senna's name has been given to an avenue in the suburb of Tilehurst.[101]
In 2004, a book called Ayrton: The Hero Revealed (original title: Ayrton: O Herói Revelado[102]) was published in Brazil for the tenth anniversary of his passing. Senna remains a national hero in Brazil and his grave attracts more visitors than the graves of John F. Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley combined.[85]
In addition, to mark the tenth anniversary of Senna's death, on 21 April 2004, over 10,000 people attended a charity match in a football stadium near Imola. The game was organised by several devoted Italian and Canadian fans of Senna, bringing the 1994 FIFA World Cup winning team of Brazil (who dedicated their 1994 FIFA World Cup win to Senna) to face the "Nazionale Piloti", an exhibition team composed exclusively of top race car drivers. Senna had been a part of the latter in 1985. Michael Schumacher, Jarno Trulli, Rubens Barrichello, Fernando Alonso and many others faced the likes of Dunga, Careca, Taffarel and several of the team that won the World Cup in the United States ten years earlier. The match finished 5–5 and the money was donated to Instituto Ayrton Senna. Viviane Senna, the president of the institute, gave the initial kick. That same weekend, Bernie Ecclestone revealed that he still believed Senna was and remained the best F1 driver he had ever seen.[78]
Since his death, Senna has been the subject of songs by Italian singer-songwriter Lucio Dalla, Jazz pianist Kim Pensyl, Japanese jazz-fusion guitarist and T-square bandleader Masahiro Andoh (on songs such as "Faces" and subsequential revisions, like "The Face") and Chris Rea (on his song "Saudade"). The Spanish band, Delorean, released an extended play entitled Ayrton Senna in 2009.
Between 1996 and 1998, to pay tribute to Senna, the Italian motorcycle manufacturer Ducati produced special Senna editions of their 916 superbike. Ducati was at the time owned by Claudio Castiglioni, a personal friend of Senna who was an avid Ducati lover. In 2002, the MV Agusta F4 750 Senna motorbike was created, again by Castiglioni, now president of MV Agusta. The production was limited to 300 bikes, and all profits from sales went to the Ayrton Senna Foundation.[citation needed]
In 2009, it was announced that Senna's nephew Bruno would be making his Formula One debut in 2010.[103]
The former Formula One grand prix circuit in Adelaide, Australia, renamed its first chicane the "Senna Chicane" in honour of his memory. This track—which remains the site of Senna's last Formula One win—is still used for local V8 Supercars racing after the move of the F1 grand prix to Melbourne. There is also a street named after him in the Adelaide suburb of Wingfield. The Adelaide street circuit was said to be a favourite of Senna's, and he was reportedly unhappy about the upcoming shift of venue from Adelaide to Melbourne in 1996.[citation needed]
He has been voted the best driver of all time in various motorsport polls, including F1 Racing Magazine's 2004 poll and one involving current drivers as published by the German newspaper Bild am Sonntag in July 2010.[104] In 2009, a poll of 217 current and former Formula One drivers conducted by the British magazine Autosport named Senna as "the greatest Formula One driver who ever lived".[2][105]
On 25 July 2010, popular BBC motoring show, Top Gear paid an emotional tribute to Senna with British Formula One World Champion, Lewis Hamilton driving Senna's original MP4/4, with which he won the 1988 title.
A documentary film Senna was released in 2011 to great critical acclaim.
Helmet Design[link]
Senna's helmet design was yellow with a green stripe surrounding the upper visor and a blue stripe surrounding the lower visor (with 2 parallel white lines in each stripe). The helmet never had significant changes, minus the sponsors. His nephew Bruno, currently racing in Formula One, bears a modified version of his helmet design (a yellow helmet with a green and blue stripe), but the stripes are shaped after an S rather than being straight, under the chin area it has a green stripe and it has a blue rounded rectangle in the top area.
Complete Formula One results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Team | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | WDC | Points[1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | Toleman Group Motorsport | Toleman TG183B | Hart S4 (t/c) | BRA Ret |
RSA 6 |
BEL 6 |
SMR DNQ |
9th | 13 | ||||||||||||
| Toleman TG184 | Hart S4 (t/c) | FRA Ret |
MON‡ 2 |
CAN 7 |
DET Ret |
DAL Ret |
GBR 3 |
GER Ret |
AUT Ret |
NED Ret |
ITA |
EUR Ret |
POR 3 |
||||||||
| 1985 | John Player Special Team Lotus | Lotus 97T | Renault V6 (t/c) | BRA Ret |
POR 1 |
SMR 7 |
MON Ret |
CAN 16 |
DET Ret |
FRA Ret |
GBR 10 |
GER Ret |
AUT 2 |
NED 3 |
ITA 3 |
BEL 1 |
EUR 2 |
RSA Ret |
AUS Ret |
4th | 38 |
| 1986 | John Player Special Team Lotus | Lotus 98T | Renault V6 (t/c) | BRA 2 |
ESP 1 |
SMR Ret |
MON 3 |
BEL 2 |
CAN 5 |
DET 1 |
FRA Ret |
GBR Ret |
GER 2 |
HUN 2 |
AUT Ret |
ITA Ret |
POR 4 |
MEX 3 |
AUS Ret |
4th | 55 |
| 1987 | Camel Team Lotus Honda | Lotus 99T | Honda V6 (t/c) | BRA Ret |
SMR 2 |
BEL Ret |
MON 1 |
DET 1 |
FRA 4 |
GBR 3 |
GER 3 |
HUN 2 |
AUT 5 |
ITA 2 |
POR 7 |
ESP 5 |
MEX Ret |
JPN 2 |
AUS DSQ |
3rd | 57 |
| 1988 | Honda Marlboro McLaren | McLaren MP4/4 | Honda V6 (t/c) | BRA DSQ |
SMR 1 |
MON Ret |
MEX 2 |
CAN 1 |
DET 1 |
FRA 2 |
GBR 1 |
GER 1 |
HUN 1 |
BEL 1 |
ITA 10 |
POR 6 |
ESP 4 |
JPN 1 |
AUS 2 |
1st | 90 (94) |
| 1989 | Honda Marlboro McLaren | McLaren MP4/5 | Honda V10 | BRA 11 |
SMR 1 |
MON 1 |
MEX 1 |
USA Ret |
CAN 7 |
FRA Ret |
GBR Ret |
GER 1 |
HUN 2 |
BEL 1 |
ITA Ret |
POR Ret |
ESP 1 |
JPN DSQ |
AUS Ret |
2nd | 60 |
| 1990 | Honda Marlboro McLaren | McLaren MP4/5B | Honda V10 | USA 1 |
BRA 3 |
SMR Ret |
MON 1 |
CAN 1 |
MEX 20 |
FRA 3 |
GBR 3 |
GER 1 |
HUN 2 |
BEL 1 |
ITA 1 |
POR 2 |
ESP Ret |
JPN Ret |
AUS Ret |
1st | 78 |
| 1991 | Honda Marlboro McLaren | McLaren MP4/6 | Honda V12 | USA 1 |
BRA 1 |
SMR 1 |
MON 1 |
CAN Ret |
MEX 3 |
FRA 3 |
GBR 4 |
GER 7 |
HUN 1 |
BEL 1 |
ITA 2 |
POR 2 |
ESP 5 |
JPN 2 |
AUS‡ 1 |
1st | 96 |
| 1992 | Honda Marlboro McLaren | McLaren MP4/6B | Honda V12 | RSA 3 |
MEX Ret |
4th | 50 | ||||||||||||||
| McLaren MP4/7A | Honda V12 | BRA Ret |
ESP 9 |
SMR 3 |
MON 1 |
CAN Ret |
FRA Ret |
GBR Ret |
GER 2 |
HUN 1 |
BEL 5 |
ITA 1 |
POR 3 |
JPN Ret |
AUS Ret |
||||||
| 1993 | Marlboro McLaren | McLaren MP4/8 | Ford V8 | RSA 2 |
BRA 1 |
EUR 1 |
SMR Ret |
ESP 2 |
MON 1 |
CAN 18 |
FRA 4 |
GBR 5 |
GER 4 |
HUN Ret |
BEL 4 |
ITA Ret |
POR Ret |
JPN 1 |
AUS 1 |
2nd | 73 |
| 1994 | Rothmans Williams Renault | Williams FW16 | Renault V10 | BRA Ret |
PAC Ret |
SMR Ret |
MON |
ESP |
CAN |
FRA |
GBR |
GER |
HUN |
BEL |
ITA |
POR |
EUR |
JPN |
AUS |
NC | 0 |
- ‡ Race was stopped with less than 75% of laps completed, half points awarded.
Formula One records[link]
Senna holds the following Formula One records:
| Record | |
|---|---|
| Most consecutive pole positions | 8 consecutive pole positions (1988 Spanish Grand Prix–1989 United States Grand Prix) |
| Most pole positions at the same Grand Prix | 8 pole positions at the San Marino Grand Prix (1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994)[N 1] |
| Most consecutive starts from front row | 24 (1988 German Grand Prix–1989 Australian Grand Prix) |
| Starts from front row in every race in one season | 16 out of 16 front row starts in 1989[N 2] |
| Most races leading the entire race | 19 |
| Youngest triple World Champion | 31 years, 227 days (1988, 1990, 1991) |
- Footnotes
- ^ Record shared with Michael Schumacher, who took 8 pole positions at the Japanese Grand Prix.
- ^ Record shared with Alain Prost (16 out of 16 in 1993) and Damon Hill (16 out of 16 in 1996).
References[link]
- ^ a b Up until 1990, not all points scored by a driver contributed to their final World Championship tally (see list of points scoring systems for more information). Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
- ^ a b Straw, Edd (10 December 2009). "Drivers vote Senna the greatest ever". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/80517. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
- ^ "Interview with Bernie Ecclestone.". The Independent (UK). 22 April 2004. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/senna-would-have-beaten-schumacher-in-equal-cars-560807.html. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Alan Henry's Top 100 F1 Drivers". London: The Telegraph online.. 27 February 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2293034/Formula-One-Top-100-drivers.html. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ Rice, Simon (12 March 2010). "The Ten Best Formula One Drivers". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/the-ten-best-formula-one-drivers-1920034.html?action=gallery&ino=1.
- ^ "Best Formula 1 Driver Ever". Rankopedia. http://www.rankopedia.com/Best-Formula-1-driver-ever/Step1/7/.htm.
- ^ "The Best F1 Racing Drivers Post-1976". McCabism. http://mccabism.blogspot.com/2008/08/best-f1-racing-drivers-post-1976.html.
- ^ "Gafisa presta homenagem a Ayrton Senna: "morador ilustre a gente não esquece"". Senna.globo.com. http://senna.globo.com/institutoayrtonsenna/br/noticias_interna.asp?cod_Noticia=128. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Ayrton Senna: Racing in My Blood, Official Video Biography (Kultur Video, 1991).
- ^ "Ayrton Senna – Racing Career". MotorSports Etc. http://www.motorsportsetc.com/info/senna.htm.
- ^ Hilton 1999 pp. 38–40
- ^ Hilton (2005), pp. 9, 33–43, 154.
- ^ Hilton, Christopher, Ayrton Senna – The Complete Story (2004), pp. 99–116.
- ^ Hilton (2005), pp. 43–47, 154.
- ^ Greg Girard, Ian Lambot, and Philip Newsome, Macau Grand Prix: The Road To Success (Watermark Surrey, 1998).
- ^ a b "Senna Rembered". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/3605323.stm. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
- ^ Rubython, Tom, The Life of Senna (2004), p. 90
- ^ Hilton (2004), pp. 121–122.
- ^ Drackett, Phil (1985). Brabham : Story of a racing team. Arthur Barker. ISBN 0-213-16915-0. pp. 134–135
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 138.
- ^ Mark Hughes and Simon Arron, The Complete Book of Formula One (Motorbooks International, 2003), p. 310.
- ^ Hamilton, Maurice (1984)) Autocourse 1984–85 p.141 Hazleton publishing ISBN 0-905138-32-5
- ^ Hilton (2004), pp. 149–152.
- ^ "FIA World Endurance Championship 1984". wsrp.ic.cz. http://wsrp.ic.cz/wsc1984.html#4. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
- ^ "Senna – Porsche 956K – Nurburgring". The Nostalgia Forum at AtlasF1. http://forums.autosport.com/showthread.php?s=&threadid=50415. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 140.
- ^ Timothy Collings and Sarah Edworthy, The Formula One Years: A Season-by-Season Account of the World's Premier Motor Racing Championship from 1950 to the Present Day (Carlton Books, 2002), p. 208.
- ^ Hamilton, Maurice (ed.) (1985) Autocourse 1985 – 1986 Hazleton publishing pp.74 & 104 ISBN 0-905138-38-4
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 427
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 163
- ^ Hilton (2004), p. 170.
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 428
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 432
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 186
- ^ Hilton (2004), p 188
- ^ "Engines: Honda Motor Company," GP Encyclopedia, printed from www.grandprix.com on 2 June 2007.
- ^ a b "Ayrton Senna by Alain Prost". prostfan.com. http://www.prostfan.com/senna2.htm. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Hughes and Arron (2003), p. 340.
- ^ Bruce Jones, ed. 50 Years of the Formula One World Championship (Carlton, 1999). pp. 221–222.
- ^ Christopher Hilton, Ayrton Senna: The Whole Story (Haynes, 2004)
- ^ Jones, ed. (1999), pp. 227–228.
- ^ "F1 – Grandprix.com > Features > News Feature > McLaren versus Jean-Marie Balestre". Grandprix.com. 1 December 1989. http://www.grandprix.com/ft/ft00018.html. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 106–107.
- ^ Menard and Vassal(2003), p. 107.
- ^ "Senna blows his top at Suzuka," printed from www.autosport.com on May 30, 2007
- ^ Ernesto Rodrigues, Ayrton: The Hero Revealed (1994)
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 129–130.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 128–129.
- ^ Jones (1999), pp. 253, 257.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), pp. 244–247.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 129–132.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 239, 250.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 132.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 130.
- ^ "Constructors: McLaren International", GP Encyclopedia, printed from www.grandprix.com on May 30, 2007.
- ^ a b "History of McLaren: Time Line – the 1990s." printed from www.mclaren.com on 30 May 2007.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 133.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 250.
- ^ "Grand Prix Results: South African GP, 1993", GP Encyclopedia, printed from www.grandprix.com on 30 May 2007.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 250
- ^ "1993 European Grand Prix". http://www.formula1.com. http://www.formula1.com/results/season/1993/86/. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 134.
- ^ Ian Thomsen, "Senna, Hill and Monaco: Roaring Through the Ghost of a Winner Past", International Herald Tribune, Monday, 24 May 1993; printed from http://www.iht.com on 28 May 2007.
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), pp. 134–135.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), pp. 251–253.
- ^ "Ayrton Senna Suzuka 1993". www.ayrton-senna.com. http://www.ayrton-senna.com/senna/suzuka.html. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
- ^ Rubython (2004), p. 497
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 138.
- ^ "Senna retrospective". BBC News. 21 April 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/photo_galleries/3636399.stm. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Interview with Ayrton Senna, 28 May 1994". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iErwQ9Y0q-Y.
- ^ Senna film (2010)
- ^ Hilton (2004), p. 341
- ^ "History of the F1 Safety Car". enterF1.com. 21 April 2009. http://www.enterf1.com/news/049-the-bite-point.asp. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
- ^ Calkin, Jessamy (20 May 2011). "Senna: The Driver Who Lit Up Formula One". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/8524259/Senna-the-driver-who-lit-up-Formula-One.html.
- ^ Hilton (1994), p. 386
- ^ Longer, Andrew (31 October 1994). "Ayrton Senna: The Last Hours". The Times. p. 30. http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:LTIB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0F9242ED73BC537B&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated4&req_dat=63FF7C9CECF24CA8828B27BFD2B2546B. "Back at the track, in the shattered remains of Senna's car, they discovered a furled Austrian flag Senna had intended to dedicate his 42nd grand prix victory to Ratzenberger's memory."
- ^ Rubython (2004), p. 422
- ^ a b "'Senna would have beaten Schumacher in equal cars' – Motor Racing, Sport". The Independent (UK). 22 April 2004. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/senna-would-have-beaten-schumacher-in-equal-cars-560807.html. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ David Tremayne, Mark Skewis, Stuart Williams, Paul Fearnley (5 April 1994). "Track Topics". Motoring News (News Publications Ltd.).
- ^ "Max went to Roland's funeral". www.f1racing.net. 23 April 2004. http://www.f1racing.net/en/news.php?newsID=48657. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
- ^ Romans 8:38-39, NIV
- ^ "アイルトン・セナの去った夜" (in Japanese). http://www.honda.co.jp/collection-hall/episodes_old/motor/mp44/index.html.
- ^ Gazzetta dello Sport: Senna, Head Responsabile http://www.gazzetta.it/Motori/Formula1/Primo_Piano/2007/04_Aprile/13/senna.shtml
- ^ a b Pandey, Manish (1 August 2011). "Ayrton Senna: The Faith Of The Man Who Could Drive On Water". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/manish-pandey/ayrton-senna_b_909096.html.
- ^ a b Philip, Robert (17 October 2007). "Spirit of Ayrton Senna is Lewis Hamilton's spur". The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2323502/Spirit-of-Ayrton-Senna-is-Lewis-Hamiltons-spur.html. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ "Hamilton visits Senna's grave". ESPN. 16 October 2009. http://sports.espn.go.com/rpm/racing/f1/news/story?id=4565293. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ "The Official Formula 1 Website". Formula1.com. http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/45/. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ Widdows, Rob (2 February 2008). "Instituto Ayrton Senna: Gone but not forgotten". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/2750524/Instituto-Ayrton-Senna-Gone-but-not-forgotten.html. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ^ Collings and Edworthy (2002), p. 238.
- ^ "Audi Brasil > Companhia > Audi no Brasil". Audi.com.br. 21 September 2010. http://www.audi.com.br/br/brand/pt/company/audi_no_brasil.html. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Folha Online – Classificados – Veículos – Audi expõe S4 de Ayrton Senna no Salão do Automóvel – 20/10/2004". .folha.uol.com.br. 20 October 2004. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/classificados/veiculos/ult1670u1406.shtml. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ Rubython (2004), p. 497
- ^ Menard and Vassal (2003), p. 70.
- ^ Rubython, p. 267
- ^ Rodrigues, Ernesto (2004) (in Portuguese). Ayrton: o herói revelado. Objetiva. p. 639. ISBN 978-85-7302-602-3.
- ^ "Adriane Galisteu: "Ayrton Senna está no meu coração e na minha cabeça" [Adriane Galisteu: "Ayrton Senna's in my heart and in my head"]" (in Portuguese). Quem. 7 November 2010. http://revistaquem.globo.com/Revista/Quem/0,,EMI185731-9531,00-ADRIANE%20GALISTEU%20AYRTON%20SENNA%20ESTA%20NO%20MEU%20CORACAO%20E%20NA%20MINHA%20CABECA.html. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ "Formula 1™ – The Official F1™ Website". Formula1.com. 12 November 2009. http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2009/11/10214.html. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "World Cup history: 1994". Times LIVE. 7 June 2010. http://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/article437858.ece/World-Cup-history--1994. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
- ^ "FIFA World Cup USA '94 – Tournament Report" (PDF). FIFA. 17 March 2003. p. 23 (document page: 22). http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/08/62/wc_94_tr_part1_272.pdf. Retrieved 13 September 2010. "... while the proud and delighted Brazilians were unrolling a banner on the pitch dedicating their win to the late Formula 1 world champion Ayrton Senna, who died in Imola in May 1994 ...'"
- ^ "Instituto Ayrton Senna". Senna.globo.com. http://senna.globo.com/institutoayrtonsenna/. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- ^ "Ayrton Senna Road, Tilehurst, Berkshire, RG41 4JQ" http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/s/2095008_ayrton_senna_a_legend_but_not_in_the_garden
- ^ written by Ernesto Rodrigues, Editora Objetiva
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (31 October 2009). "Campos honoured to give Senna F1 slot". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79887. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
- ^ "Alonso voted best driver". Sify (Sify Technologies Ltd.). 23 July 2010. http://sify.com/sports/alonso-voted-best-driver-news-news-khxqOjgjchi.html. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ "Formula 1's Greatest Drivers: 1. AYRTON SENNA". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). 10 December 2009. http://f1greatestdrivers.autosport.com/?driver=1. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ayrton Senna |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ayrton Senna |
- official Ayrton Senna website (Portuguese)
- Instituto Ayrton Senna
- SennaFiles - Ayrton Senna and Bruno Senna news, photos and videos
- Daily Telegraph obituary
- Formula One's Hall of Fame driver profile
- Autosport's greatest F1 driver in history
- ESPN F1 Senna profile
- biography of Ayrton Senna
- Ayrton Senna – Motor Racing Legend
- Senna: The Driver Who Lit Up Formula One
- interview with Professor Sid Watkins about Senna
- Ayrton Senna: The Faith of the Man Who Could Drive on Water
- Motor Racing: A Nation Weeps for Its Idol
- Ayrton Senna virtual memorial
- Ayrton Senna Rally Driving in Wales
- Ayrton Senna brand and charitable organization 10 years later
- Ayrton Senna photos
- Ayrton Senna career details
- Ayrton Senna statistics
- Ayrton Senna at the Internet Movie Database
- Ayrton Senna at the Notable Names Database
- Ayrton Senna's Super Monaco GP II at MobyGames
- Top Gear's tribute to Ayrton Senna
{{Navboxes |title=Ayrton Senna sporting positions | list1 =
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Roberto Moreno |
British Formula Ford Champion 1981 |
Succeeded by Julian Bailey |
| Preceded by Tommy Byrne |
British Formula Three Champion 1983 |
Succeeded by Johnny Dumfries |
| Preceded by Roberto Moreno |
Macau Grand Prix Winner 1983 |
Succeeded by John Nielsen |
| Preceded by Nelson Piquet |
Formula One World Champion 1988 |
Succeeded by Alain Prost |
| Preceded by Alain Prost |
Formula One World Champion 1990–1991 |
Succeeded by Nigel Mansell |
| Preceded by Roland Ratzenberger |
Formula One fatal accidents 1 May 1994 |
Succeeded by Last F1 fatality to date |
| Awards and achievements | ||
| Preceded by Nigel Mansell |
Autosport International Racing Driver Award 1988 |
Succeeded by Jean Alesi |
| Preceded by Jean Alesi |
Autosport International Racing Driver Award 1990–1991 |
Succeeded by Nigel Mansell |
|
|||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||
|
|||||
|
|||||
|
|||||
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Senna, Ayrton |
| Alternative names | Senna, Ayrton, da Silva |
| Short description | Brazilian racing driver and triple Formula One world champion |
| Date of birth | 21 March 1960 |
| Place of birth | São Paulo, Brazil |
| Date of death | 1 May 1994 |
| Place of death | Imola, Italy |
http://wn.com/Ayrton_Senna
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://cs.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://id.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://es.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://ru.wn.com/Сенна, Айртон
http://nl.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://pl.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://fr.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://de.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
http://hi.wn.com/एर्टन सेना
http://pt.wn.com/Ayrton Senna
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrton_Senna
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: The article lacks structure and needs more background information (as well as sources).. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (December 2011) |
 |
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (December 2011) |
|
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) |
There are many people in history who are commonly appended with the phrase "the Great", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as e Bozorg and e azam in Persian and Urdu respectively.
In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.[1]
The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus)[2] assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "the Great".
The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).
Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.
As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.
Contents |
Rulers[link]
- Abbas I of Persia (1571–1629), Shah of Iran
- Akbar (1542–1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India
- Alain I of Albret (1440–1522), French aristocrat
- Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia
- Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia
- Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias
- Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex
- Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire
- Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty
- Ashot I of Iberia “the Great”(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),
- Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire
- Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand
- Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland
- Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)
- Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736–1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)
- Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden
- Casimir III the Great (1310–1370), King of Poland
- Catherine the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia
- Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India
- Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans
- Chulalongkorn (1853–1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)
- Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks
- Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen
- Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman emperor
- Cyaxares the Great (c. 625-585 BC), third king of Media
- Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire
- Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire
- Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent
- Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse[3]
- Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile
- Frederick the Great (1712–1786), King of Prussia
- Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
- Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe
- Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594–1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader
- Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea[4][5]
- Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC
- Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)
- Henry IV of France (1553–1610), King of France and King of Navarre
- Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea
- Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris
- Hugh Magnus of France (1007–1025), co-King of France
- Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057–1101)
- Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat
- Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Tsar of Russia
- John I of Portugal (1358–1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve
- John II of Aragon (1398–1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre
- Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor
- Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i
- Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India
- Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010–1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia
- Kublai Khan (1215–1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty
- Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales
- Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland
- Mangrai the Great (1238–1317), Lanna, northern Thailand
- Emperor Meiji (1852–1912), Emperor of Japan
- Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)
- Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)
- Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom
- Mstislav I of Kiev (1076–1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus
- Naresuan (1555–1605), King of Ayutthaya
- Narai (1633–1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)
- Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine
- Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)
- K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque
- Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka
- Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia
- Peter the Great (1672–1725), Tsar of Russia
- Peter III of Aragon (1239–1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily
- Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar
- Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar
- Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.[6][7][8]
- Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014–1044), Tamil King of India
- Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt
- Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)
- Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082–1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties
- Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)
- Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev
- Saladin (c. 1138-1193), Kurdish Sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and victor over the Crusaders
- Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent
- Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre
- Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire
- Sejong the Great (1397–1450), Korean king[9]
- Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia
- Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire
- Stephen III of Moldavia (1433–1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)
- Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks
- Taksin (1734–1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)
- Tamar (1160-1123), Queen of the Georgian Empire
- Timur (1336–1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty
- Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie
- Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire
- Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor
- Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia
- Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia
- Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire
- Valdemar I of Denmark (1131–1182), King of Denmark
- Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor
- Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus
- Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy
- William I, Count of Burgundy (1020–1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon
- William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou
- Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)
- Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China
Religious figures[link]
- Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East
- Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia
- Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian
- Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt
- Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader
- Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian
- Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)
- Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint
- Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint
- Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)
- Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine
- Pope John Paul II (1920–2005)
- Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)
- Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit
- Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)
- Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople
- William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites
Other[link]
- Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies
- Emmy the Great, folk singer
- Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III
- Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia
See also[link]
- Epithet
- List of monarchs by nickname
- List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I
- James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus
- Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, whose common honorific "Mahatma" means "Great Soul"
Notes[link]
- ^ In a clay cylinder (online). The expression was used in a propagandistic context: the conqueror wants to show he is a normal Babylonian ruler. The first Persian ruler to use the title in an Iranian context was Darius I of Persia (Darius the Great), in the Behistun Inscription (online).
- ^ Plautus, Mostellaria 775.
- ^ History, Instituto Geografico De Agostini S.p.A., p. 479
- ^ World and Its Peoples:Korea. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. September 2008. p. 887. ISBN 0-7614-7631-8.
- ^ Alison Behnke (2004). North Korea in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 0-8225-1908-9. http://books.google.com/?id=ovWvhyLc6hAC&pg=RA1-PA70&dq=%22Gwanggaeto+the+Great%22.
- ^ Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (December 1919). "An English History of India". Political Science Quarterly 34 (4): 644–653. DOI:10.2307/2142032. JSTOR 2142032. ""The finances of the state were not more centralized under Louis XIV than under Rajaraja the Great.""
- ^ "Heaven sent: Michael Wood explores the art of the Chola dynasty". Royal Academy, UK. http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/ra-magazine/winter2006/features/heven-sent,47,RAMA.html. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ "The Chola Dynasty: Accession of Rajaraja, the Great". Sify.com. http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13219885. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ Christoph Bluth; Gareth Schott (2007). Korea. Polity. p. 10. ISBN 0-7456-3356-0.
http://wn.com/List_of_people_known_as_The_Great
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Великий (прозвище)
http://id.wn.com/Daftar tokoh dengan gelar yang Agung
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_known_as_The_Great
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
