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Birmingham
Birmingham ( , locally ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands county of England. It is the most populous British city outside London with a population of 1,028,700 (2009 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the United Kingdom's second most populous Urban Area with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area, which includes surrounding towns to which it is closely tied through commuting, is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
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Bloxwich
Bloxwich is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall, West Midlands, England, with a population of around 40,000 people.
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Bury
Bury (pronounced , locally also ) is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on the River Irwell, east of Bolton, west-southwest of Rochdale, and north-northwest of the city of Manchester. Bury is surrounded by several smaller settlements which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, of which Bury is the largest settlement and administrative centre.
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Carlton Club
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Chippenham
Chippenham is a market town in Wiltshire, England, located 21 km (13 miles) east of Bath and 163 km (96 miles) west of London. In the 2001 census the population of the town was recorded as 28,065.
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Derbyshire
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Drayton Manor
Drayton Manor was a British stately home at Drayton Bassett, in the District of Lichfield, Staffordshire, England.
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Dronfield
Dronfield is a town in North East Derbyshire, England formed by the three communities of Dronfield, Dronfield Woodhouse and Coal Aston.
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Edgbaston
Edgbaston is an area in the city of Birmingham in England. It is also a formal district, managed by its own district committee. The constituency includes the smaller Edgbaston ward and the wards of Bartley Green, Harborne and Quinton.
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George Square
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Glasgow
Glasgow ( (); (pronounced )) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands. A person from Glasgow is known as a Glaswegian, which is also the name of the local dialect.
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Hendon
Hendon is a London suburb situated northwest of Charing Cross.
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House of Lords
The House of Lords (commonly referred to as "the Lords" and also known as House of Peers for ceremonial purposes) is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. Parliament comprises the Sovereign, the House of Commons (which is the lower house of Parliament and referred to as "the Commons"), and the Lords. The House of Lords, like the House of Commons, assembles in the Palace of Westminster.
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Kingston upon Thames
Kingston upon Thames is the principal settlement of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames in southwest London. It was the ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned and is now a suburb situated south west of Charing Cross. It is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan.
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Lancashire
Lancashire ( or, less commonly, ) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster, and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster. Although Lancaster is still considered to be the county town, Lancashire County Council is based in Preston. Lancashire is sometimes referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, originally used by the Royal Mail. The population of the county is 1,449,700. People from the county are known as Lancastrians.
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Leeds
Leeds () is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. In 2001 Leeds' main urban subdivision had a population of 443,247, while the entire city had a population of (). Leeds is the cultural, financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which at the 2001 census had a population of 1.5 million, and the Leeds city region, an economic area with Leeds at its core, had a population of 2.9 million. Leeds is the UK's largest centre for business, legal, and financial services outside London, and according to the most recent Office for National Statistics estimates, Leeds is the fastest growing city in the UK.
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Leicester
Leicester (, ) is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands area of England. It is also the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and at the edge of the National Forest. In 2006, the population of the Leicester unitary authority was estimated at 289,700, the largest in the East Midlands, whilst 441,213 people lived in the wider Leicester Urban Area. Eurostat's Larger Urban Zone listed the population of the area at 772,400 people as of 2004. Leicester is the 10th most populous settlement in the United Kingdom using the 2001 census definitions and the urban area is the fifteenth largest conurbation in the UK, the second largest in the region behind the Nottingham Urban Area.
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Manchester
Manchester () is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2009, the population of the city was estimated to be 483,800, making it the seventh-most populous local authority district in England. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas; the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester had an estimated population of 2,600,100, the Greater Manchester Urban Area a population of 2,240,230, and the Larger Urban Zone around Manchester, the second-most-populous in the UK, had an estimated population in the 2004 Urban Audit of 2,539,100. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian.
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Melbourne
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Montrose, Angus
Montrose is a Scottish coastal resort town and former royal burgh in Angus. It is situated 38 miles (61 km) north east of Dundee between the mouths of the North and South Esk rivers. It is the northernmost coastal town in Angus and developed at a natural harbour that traded in skins, hides and cured salmon in medieval times.
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New South Wales
New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW), Australia's most populous state, is located in the south-east of the country, north of Victoria, south of Queensland, east of South Australia and encompasses the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 and originally comprised much of the Australian mainland, as well as Van Diemen's Land, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island in addition to the area currently referred to as the state of New South Wales, which was formed during Federation in 1901.
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Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
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Peel Monument
:See peel tower for the generic structure
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Peel Park, Bradford
Peel Park is a public park in Bradford, England, located to the north-east of the city, named after Sir Robert Peel. It was created as the result of a public meeting in 1850 and opened in 1853. It is now owned by Bradford Council.
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Piccadilly Gardens
Piccadilly Gardens is a green space in Manchester city centre, England, situated at one end of Market Street (a busy shopping area) and on the edge of the Northern Quarter. Piccadilly runs eastwards from the end of Market Street to a point where London Road begins: to the south of this are the gardens and paved areas.
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Preston, Lancashire
Preston () is the administrative centre of Lancashire, England, located on the north bank of the River Ribble. It is an urban settlement and unparished area that, when combined with its surrounding suburban and rural hinterland, forms part of the City of Preston local government district of Lancashire, which obtained city status in 2002, becoming England's 50th city in the 50th year of Queen Elizabeth II's reign. The settlement, or unparished area, of Preston has a population of 114,300, and the whole City of Preston district has a population of 132,000.City of Preston: 132,000 [http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do;jsessionid=ac1f930d30d899479cecf37043e19d7a8d3fa6304509?a=7&b;=277022&c;=Preston&d;=13&e;=13&g;=463253&i;=1001x1003x1004&o;=280&m;=0&r;=1&s;=1282408183176&enc;=1&nsjs;=true&nsck;=true&nssvg;=false&nswid;=108 Preston (Local Authority): Key Figures for People and Society: Population and Migration], Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 August 2010. The population for the unparished area of Preston is calculated by subtracting the populations of the three rural Middle Layer Super Output Areas, Preston 001 (5,185), Preston 002 (6,417) and Preston 010 (6,134).
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Ramsbottom
Ramsbottom is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, Greater Manchester, England. It is situated on the course of the River Irwell, in the West Pennine Moors. Historically within Lancashire, it is located north-northwest of Bury, and north-northwest of Manchester. At the time of the 2001 census Ramsbottom had a population of 14,635.
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Rowley Regis
Rowley Regis is a town in the Sandwell metropolitan borough of the West Midlands county and a part of the Black Country in the United Kingdom. Being part of the Black Country, locals speak with the traditional dialect, though in a form regarded by many as the quickest and the hardest to understand.
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Sandy, Bedfordshire
Sandy is a small market town and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England. It is between Cambridge and Bedford, and on the A1 road from London to Edinburgh. The area is dominated by a range of hills known as the Sand Hills. The River Ivel runs through Sandy. The dedication of the Anglican church is to St Swithun. The town is also the location of numerous schools the biggest being Sandy Upper School.
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Scotland Yard
New Scotland Yard (NSY) is the headquarters building of the Metropolitan Police. Commonly known as the "Met", the force is responsible for law enforcement within Greater London, excluding the square mile of the City of London, which is covered by the City of London Police. The London Underground and national rail network are the responsibility of the British Transport Police.
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Southsea
Southsea is a seaside resort located in Portsmouth at the southern end of Portsea Island in the county of Hampshire in England. The built up areas of Portsmouth and Southsea have merged, and the centre of Southsea is within a mile of Portsmouth's city centre.
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Surrey
Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire, Buckinghamshire and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford. Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of Greater London since 1965.
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Tamworth
Tamworth is a town and local government district in Staffordshire, England, located north-east of Birmingham city centre and north-west of London. The town takes its name from the River Tame, which flows through the town, as does the River Anker. At the 2001 census the town had a population of 74,531.
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Trafford Centre
The Trafford Centre is a large indoor shopping centre located in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester, the nearest towns being Davyhulme and Urmston. The planning process for the Trafford Centre was one of the longest and most expensive in the history of the United Kingdom. Ultimately the matter was decided by the House of Lords.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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Walsall
Walsall () is a large industrial town in the West Midlands of England. It is located northwest of Birmingham and east of Wolverhampton. Historically a part of Staffordshire, Walsall is a component area of the West Midlands conurbation, and is sometimes described as part of the Black Country.
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West Yorkshire
West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of 2.2 million. West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972.
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Westminster
Westminster is an area of Central London, within the City of Westminster, England. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames, southwest of the City of London and southwest of Charing Cross. It has a large concentration of London's historic and prestigious landmarks and visitor attractions, including Buckingham Palace and Westminster Abbey.
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Winckley Square
Winckley Square is situated near the centre of Preston, Lancashire, England, at the west end of Avenham.
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Yorkshire
Yorkshire is a historic county of northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its great size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been increasingly undertaken over time by its subdivisions, which have also been subject to periodic reform. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory and cultural region. The name is familiar and well understood across the United Kingdom and is in common use in the media and the military, and also features in the titles of current areas of civil administration, such as Yorkshire and the Humber and West Yorkshire.
http://wn.com/Yorkshire
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Alan Johnson
Alan Arthur Johnson (born 17 May 1950) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Hull West and Hessle since 1997. Currently the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer, he served as Home Secretary from June 2009 to May 2010. Before that, he filled a wide variety of Cabinet positions in both the Blair and Brown Governments, including Health and Education Secretary. He was the first former trade union leader to serve in Cabinet since Frank Cousins in 1964.
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Alistair Darling
Alistair Maclean Darling (born 28 November 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who has been a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1987, currently for Edinburgh South West. He served as the Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2007 to 2010. Darling was one of only three people to have served in the Cabinet continuously from Labour's victory in 1997 until its defeat in 2010 (the others being Gordon Brown and Jack Straw).
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Anthony Barber
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Anthony Eden
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Arthur Balfour
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Arthur Henderson
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Austen Chamberlain
Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain, KG (16 October 1863 – 17 March 1937) was a British statesman and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
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Benjamin Disraeli
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Bonar Law
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Caroline Spelman
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Cecil Parkinson
Edward Cecil Parkinson, Baron Parkinson, PC (born 1 September 1931 in Carnforth, Lancashire), is a British Conservative politician and former Cabinet Minister.
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Charles Clarke
Charles Rodway Clarke (born 21 September 1950) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich South from 1997 until 2010, and served as Home Secretary from December 2004 until May 2006.
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Charles James Fox
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Charles Philip Yorke
Charles Philip Yorke PC, FRS, FSA (12 March 1764–13 March 1834), was a British politician. He notably served as Home Secretary from 1803 to 1804.
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Charles Townshend
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Chris Patten
Christopher Francis Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes, CH, PC, better known as Chris Patten or Lord Patten (born 12 May 1944), is a British Conservative politician, and a Patron of the Tory Reform Group.
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Clement Attlee
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David Blunkett
David Blunkett (born 6 June 1947) is a British Labour Party politician and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough, having represented Sheffield Brightside from 1987 to 2010. Blind since birth, and coming from a poor family in one of Sheffield's most deprived districts, he rose to become Education Secretary in Tony Blair's first Cabinet following Labour's victory in the 1997 general election.
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David Cameron
David William Donald Cameron (; born 9 October 1966) is the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, and Leader of the Conservative Party. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Witney.
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David Lloyd George
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Douglas Hurd
Douglas Richard Hurd, Baron Hurd of Westwell, CH, CBE, PC (born 8 March 1930), is a British Conservative politician and novelist, who served in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major between 1979 and his retirement in 1995. Viewed as one of the Conservative Party's senior elder statesmen, he is a patron of the Tory Reform Group, and remains an active figure in public life.
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Edward Drummond
Edward Drummond (30 March 1792 – 25 January 1843) was a British civil servant, and was Personal Secretary to several British Prime Ministers. He was murdered by Daniel M'Naghten, whose subsequent trial gave rise to the M'Naghten Rules, the legal test of insanity used in many common law jurisdictions.
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Edward du Cann
Sir Edward Dillon Lott du Cann (born 28 May 1924) is a retired politician from the United Kingdom. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1956-87, and served as Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1965-67, and Chairman of party's 1922 Committee from 1972-84.
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Edward Heath
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Edward Hodges Baily
Edward Hodges Baily RA FRS (10 March 1788 - 22 May 1867) - (sometimes misspelled Bailey) was an English sculptor who was born in Downend in Bristol.
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Edward Shortt
Edward Shortt PC KC (10 March 1862 – 10 November 1935) was a British lawyer and Liberal Party politician. He served as a member of David Lloyd George's cabinet, notably as Home Secretary from 1919 to 1922.
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Eric Pickles
Eric Jack Pickles (born 20 April 1952) is a British Conservative Party politician. Pickles was appointed Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government of the coalition government headed by Prime Minister David Cameron on 12 May 2010. He is currently the only MP to have more than six chins, following the retirement of John Prescott.
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European Democrats
The European Democrats was a loose association of conservative political parties in Europe. It is a political group in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. It was also a political group in the European Parliament, until 1992, when it became a subgroup of EPP-ED.
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Francis Maude
Francis Anthony Aylmer Maude (born 4 July 1953) is a British politician, member of the Conservative Party and current Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General as well as a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the constituency of Horsham. He is the son of the former Conservative Cabinet minister Angus Maude.
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Frederick Peel
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Geoffrey Howe
Richard Edward Geoffrey Howe, Baron Howe of Aberavon, CH, QC, PC (born 20 December 1926) is a former British Conservative politician. He was Margaret Thatcher's longest-serving Cabinet minister, successively holding the posts of Chancellor of the Exchequer, Foreign Secretary, and finally Leader of the House of Commons and Deputy Prime Minister. His resignation on 1 November 1990 is widely considered to have hastened Thatcher's own downfall three weeks later.
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George Canning
George Canning (11 April 1770 – 8 August 1827) was a British statesman and politician who served as Foreign Secretary and briefly Prime Minister.
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George Osborne
George Gideon Oliver Osborne MP (born 23 May 1971) is a British Conservative politician. He is currently the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom, a role he was appointed to in May 2010, and has been the Member of Parliament for Tatton since 2001.
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George Ward Hunt
George Ward Hunt (30 July 1825 – 29 July 1877) was a British Conservative Party politician and statesman, Chancellor of the Exchequer and First Lord of the Admiralty in 1st and 2nd ministries of Benjamin Disraeli.
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Godfrey Giffard
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Gordon Brown
James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is a British Labour Party politician, who has been a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1983, currently for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. He served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 until 2010. Brown became Prime Minister in June 2007, after the resignation of Tony Blair and three days after becoming leader of the governing Labour Party. Immediately before this, he had served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Labour Government from 1997 to 2007. His tenure ended in May 2010, when he resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party.
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H. H. Asquith
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Harold Macmillan
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Harold Wilson
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Harriet Harman
Harriet Ruth Harman (born 30 July 1950) is a British Labour Party politician, who is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Camberwell and Peckham, and was MP for the predecessor Peckham constituency from 1982 to 1997. She was the interim Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition from 11 May to 25 September 2010, until Ed Miliband took over the role.
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Henry Bilson-Legge
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Henry Goulburn
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Henry Seymour Conway
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Herbert Morrison
Herbert Stanley Morrison, Baron Morrison of Lambeth, CH, PC (3 January 1888 – 6 March 1965) was a British Labour politician; he held a various number of senior positions in the Cabinet, including Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Deputy Prime Minister.
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Hervey de Stanton
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Hugh Childers
http://wn.com/Hugh_Childers -
Hugh Dalton
Edward Hugh John Neale Dalton, Baron Dalton PC (16 August 1887 – 13 February 1962) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1945 to 1947, when he was implicated in a political scandal involving budget leaks.
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Hugh Gaitskell
Hugh Todd Naylor Gaitskell PC (9 April 1906 – 18 January 1963) was a British Labour politician, who served in a number of Cabinet positions under various governments, and was the Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition from 1955, until his death in 1963.
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Iain Macleod
Iain Norman Macleod (11 November 1913 – 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party politician and government minister.
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J. R. Clynes
John Robert Clynes (27 March 1869 – 23 October 1949) was a British trade unionist and Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for 35 years, and led the party in its breakthrough at the 1922 general election. He was the first Englishman to serve as leader of the Labour Party
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Jack Straw
John Whitaker Straw (born 3 August 1946), commonly known as "Jack Straw", is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Blackburn since 1979. He served as Home Secretary from 1997 to 2001, Foreign Secretary from 2001 to 2006 and Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons from 2006 to 2007 under Tony Blair. From 2007-2010 he was the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain and the Secretary of State for Justice, appointed as part of Prime Minister Gordon Brown's first Cabinet. Straw is one of only three people to have served in Cabinet continuously from 1997 to 2010 (the others being Gordon Brown and Alistair Darling).
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Jacqui Smith
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James Callaghan
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Jeremy Hanley
Sir Jeremy James Hanley, KCMG (born 17 November 1945) is a politician and chartered accountant from the United Kingdom. He served as the Chairman of the Conservative Party from 1994-95, and as a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the constituency of Richmond and Barnes from 1983-97.
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John Aislabie
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John Biffen
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John Charles Herries
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John Ernle
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John Hotham
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John Major
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John Maunsell
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John Sandale
John Sandale (or Sandall) was a medieval Bishop of Winchester.
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Kenneth Clarke
Kenneth Harry "Ken" Clarke QC MP (born 2 July 1940) is a British Conservative politician, currently Member of Parliament for Rushcliffe, Secretary of State for Justice, and Lord Chancellor. He was first appointed a minister in Edward Heath's government, in 1972, and is one of Britain's best-known politicians. Since 1997 he has been President of the Tory Reform Group.
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Leon Brittan
Leon Brittan, Baron Brittan of Spennithorne, QC, PC, DL (born 25 September 1939, North London) is a British barrister, politician and former Conservative Member of Parliament, as well as former member of the European Commission. His brother is Sir Samuel Brittan, an economics commentator at the Financial Times and financial journalist.
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Liam Fox
Liam Fox (born 22 September 1961) is a British Conservative Party politician, currently the Secretary of State for Defence of the United Kingdom and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Somerset (known as Woodspring prior to 2010).
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Lord John Cavendish
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Margaret Beckett
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Margaret Thatcher
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Michael Ancram
Michael Andrew Foster Jude Kerr, 13th Marquess of Lothian, PC, QC (born 7 July 1945), known as Michael Ancram, is a United Kingdom Conservative Party politician. He is a former Member of Parliament, and a former member of the Shadow Cabinet. He is also currently the Chief of the Scottish Kerr Clan.
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Michael Foot
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Neville Chamberlain
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Nigel Lawson
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Norman Fowler
Peter "Norman" Fowler, Baron Fowler, PC (born 2 February 1938) is a British Conservative politician who was from 1981 to 1990 a member of Margaret Thatcher's Cabinet.
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Norman Gash
Norman Gash CBE (16 January 1912, Meerut, India – 1 May, 2009, Somerset) was a British historian, notable for a two volume biography of British Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel.
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Norman Tebbit
Norman Beresford Tebbit, Baron Tebbit CH, PC (born 29 March 1931) is a British Conservative politician and former Member of Parliament (MP) for Chingford, who was born in Ponders End, Middlesex. He and his wife were injured, she seriously, in the Provisional Irish Republican Army bombing of the 1984 Conservative Party conference in Brighton.
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Peter Hain
Peter Gerald Hain (born 16 February 1950) is a British Labour Party politician, who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Welsh constituency of Neath since 1991, and has served in the Cabinets of both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, firstly as Leader of the House of Commons under Blair and both Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Secretary of State for Wales under Brown. He resigned from ministerial office over the failure to declare donations to his campaign for the Deputy Leadership of the Labour Party in 2008. He is currently Shadow Welsh Secertary.
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Queen Victoria
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Rab Butler
Richard Austen Butler, Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902 – 8 March 1982), who invariably signed his name R. A. Butler and was familiarly known as Rab, was a British Conservative politician. Butler was one of only eight British politicians to have served in three of the four Great Offices of State - as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary, but never achieved—and was twice passed over for—the Premiership.
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Ramsay MacDonald
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Reform Act 1832
The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament (2 & 3 Will. IV)
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Reginald Maudling
Reginald Maudling (7 March 1917 - 14 February 1979) was a British politician who held several Cabinet posts, including Chancellor of the Exchequer. He had been spoken of as a prospective Conservative leader since 1955, and was twice seriously considered for the post; he was Edward Heath's chief rival in 1965. He also held many directorships in the British financial world.
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Richard Heber
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Robert Carr
Leonard Robert Carr, Baron Carr of Hadley, PC (born 11 November 1916) is a British Conservative politician.
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Robert de Ashton
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Robert de Stratford
Robert de Stratford (died 9 April 1362) was an English bishop, and was one of Edward III of England's principal ministers.
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Robert Lowe
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Robert Peel
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Robert Walpole
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Robin Cook
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Roy Jenkins
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Selwyn Lloyd
John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd, Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC CBE TD (28 July 1904 - 18 May 1978), known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative Party politician who served as Foreign Secretary from 1955 to 1960, then as Chancellor of the Exchequer until 1962. He was Speaker of the House of Commons from 1971 to 1976.
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Spencer Perceval
Spencer Perceval, KC (1 November 1762 – 11 May 1812) was a British statesman and Prime Minister. He is the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated. He is the only Solicitor General or Attorney General, and one of very few lawyers, to have been Prime Minister.
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Stafford Cripps
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Stanley Baldwin
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Stanley Jackson
Sir Francis Stanley Jackson, GCSI, GCIE, PC, KStJ (21 November 1870 – 9 March 1947), known as the Honourable Stanley Jackson during his playing career, was an English cricketer, soldier and Conservative Party politician.
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Theresa May
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Thomas Lovell
Sir Thomas Lovell was Speaker of the House of Commons and Secretary to the Treasury. He assisted Dame Agnes Mellers with the foundation of Nottingham High School and liased on its establishment with King Henry VIII.
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Thomas Thwaites
Thomas Thwaites was the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster between April 2, 1478 - July 7, 1483.
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Tony Blair
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a former British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007; he resigned from all these positions in June 2007.
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Tony Newton
Antony Harold Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree, PC, OBE (born 29 August 1937), known as Tony Newton, is a British Conservative politician and former Cabinet member. He was the member of Parliament for Braintree from 1974-1997, and is now a member of the House of Lords.
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Walter Mildmay
Sir Walter Mildmay (bef. 1523 – 31 May 1589) was an English statesman who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer of England under Queen Elizabeth I, and founder of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
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William Catesby
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William Cooke Taylor
William Cooke Taylor, Writer, Journalist, Historian and Anti-Corn Law propagandist. Born at Youghal on 16 April 1800 and died at 20 Herbert Street, Dublin on 12 September 1849.
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William Huskisson
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William Yates Peel
William Yates Peel (3 August 1789 – 1 June 1858), was a British Tory politician.
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Winston Churchill
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Sir Robert Peel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Published: 09 Aug 2010
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Sir Robert Peel founded the London Metropolitan Police on nine basic principles. One of them states that the police are the public and the public are the police. Which is another way to define Coactive Policing. Take a look at how this principle applies to law enforcement today... For more character-based police training videos, go to www.PoliceDynamicsMedia.com Sheriff Ray Nash Police Dynamics Institute
http://wn.com/Sir_Robert_Peel
Huerta de Soto 2: Robert Peel's Bank Act
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:46
- Published: 16 Apr 2011
- Updated: 18 Apr 2011
Watch the whole 1 hour and 6 minute presentation at www.goldmoney.com In this second video, Jesús Huerta de Soto, Professor of Political Economy at Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, (www.urjc.es discusses why Robert Peel's Bank Act of 1844 was a failure, despite its good intentions. Although the Act placed legal limits on banks' issuance of paper notes, its failure to place the same limits on deposits allowed banks to pyramid deposits, which ultimately led to the fractional reserve banking that we have today.
http://wn.com/Huerta_de_Soto_2_Robert_Peel's_Bank_Act
Happy Feet (HOT!) - Sir Robert Peel (Bart) & his Band
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Published: 14 Mar 2010
- Updated: 03 Jun 2012
For a brief outline of this Sir Robert , please see his version of "On the sunny side of the street" which I uploaded last year. This band is rarely heard and this brilliant version of "Happy Feet" deserves a wider audience. Vocal chorus by Cavan O'Connor. Recorded June 1930.
http://wn.com/Happy_Feet_HOT!_Sir_Robert_Peel_Bart_his_Band
Sir Robert Peel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:50
- Published: 24 Sep 2007
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
1st Saturday night deepstack.LPPL
http://wn.com/Sir_Robert_Peel
The Life and Times of Sir Robert Peel Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Published: 15 May 2009
- Updated: 06 Jan 2012
A trailer for the 2009 blockbuster 'The Life and Times of Sir Robert Peel' starring Eleanor Virgo and a whole bunch of sock puppets. Made by the A Level History class of Rosebery School
http://wn.com/The_Life_and_Times_of_Sir_Robert_Peel_Trailer
Steam Engine Train "Sir Robert Peel" in Toddington 1993
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Published: 23 Aug 2009
- Updated: 02 Feb 2011
Railway Station Toddington with Steam Engine Train ELR Sir Robert Peel May 1993
http://wn.com/Steam_Engine_Train_Sir_Robert_Peel_in_Toddington_1993
Sir Robert Peel.Stephi Showing His Arse
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:14
- Published: 30 Sep 2007
- Updated: 25 Mar 2012
just for Rhys.He said he would and he has.
http://wn.com/Sir_Robert_PeelStephi_Showing_His_Arse
Pokerface/d - Sir Robert Peel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Published: 14 Feb 2007
- Updated: 29 Oct 2009
Pokerface/d at Nambucca 09/02/07
http://wn.com/Pokerface_d_Sir_Robert_Peel
The Robert Peel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Published: 11 Jan 2008
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Dover Athletic & Kingstonian fans share a few beers at the "Robert Peel" before the game.
http://wn.com/The_Robert_Peel
Wedding of Beatrice Lillie & Sir Robert Peel - 20th January 1920
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Published: 14 Oct 2011
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
Sir Robert Peel and Clyde the Camel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:48
- Published: 09 Aug 2010
- Updated: 16 Aug 2010
The long awaited video of me getting thrown off my camel in the middle of the Wadi Rum desert.
http://wn.com/Sir_Robert_Peel_and_Clyde_the_Camel
Meet Me In My Dreams Tonight - Sir Robert Peel (Bart.) and his Band
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Published: 09 Sep 2012
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
By way of a change from up tempo Fox-trots, here is a popular waltz tune from 1930. Played by the aristrocratic Sir Robert Peel. A rare opportunity to hear one of his seldom seen records. Vocal chorus by Cavan O'Connor. Recorded September 1930.
http://wn.com/Meet_Me_In_My_Dreams_Tonight_Sir_Robert_Peel_Bart_and_his_Band
Swindon Town vs. AFC Wimbledon 19/11/11 - Swindon Fans in the Sir Robert Peel Bar.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Published: 20 Nov 2011
- Updated: 14 May 2012
Swindon fans singing in the Robert Peel near AFC Wimbledon's ground.
http://wn.com/Swindon_Town_vs_AFC_Wimbledon_19_11_11_Swindon_Fans_in_the_Sir_Robert_Peel_Bar
Stockport County v Huddersfield Town - Huddersfield fans outside 'The Robert Peel'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:33
- Published: 24 Apr 2010
- Updated: 27 Sep 2011
Huddersfield Town fans singing outside 'The Robert Peel'
http://wn.com/Stockport_County_v_Huddersfield_Town_Huddersfield_fans_outside_'The_Robert_Peel'
Robert Peel - An example of a Barn Dance 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Published: 24 Sep 2011
- Updated: 24 Sep 2011
Robert is a versatile entertainer and his Barn dances prove very popular with folk.
http://wn.com/Robert_Peel_An_example_of_a_Barn_Dance_1
On the sunny side of the street - Sir Robert Peel (Bart) & his Band
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Published: 16 May 2009
- Updated: 02 Jul 2012
A direct descendant of the early Victorian Prime Minister. This Sir Robert was the 5th baronet. He married actress Beatrice Lillie in 1920 (a film of the wedding can be seen on You Tube). One of the big hits of 1930 - and every year since. Recorded for the Sterno label on 24th July 1930. Vocal chorus by Tom Barratt.
http://wn.com/On_the_sunny_side_of_the_street_Sir_Robert_Peel_Bart_his_Band
Interview with Robert Peel about album launch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Published: 18 May 2012
- Updated: 20 Jul 2012
May 2012.
http://wn.com/Interview_with_Robert_Peel_about_album_launch
Peel & His Men - a Historical Blockbuster
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Published: 10 Feb 2009
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
This film symbolises Sir Robert Peel's struggle to form a national police force and save England from crime. Though low on facts and historically inaccurate in places, PEEL & HIS MEN presents an alternative side to British politics in the 1800s and the power struggles within. Starring Daniel Maggs, Tom Campbell, Jordan Addis & Maddie Wrench Directed by Jack Humphrey Produced & Edited by Jordan Addis, Daniel Maggs, Kathryn Jones & Jack Humphrey Filmed by Kathy Jones
http://wn.com/Peel_His_Men_a_Historical_Blockbuster
Robert Peel 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:07
- Published: 25 May 2007
- Updated: 07 Mar 2010
I think this is Robert Peel?
http://wn.com/Robert_Peel_1989
Robert Lowe's Straight Rover Peel and Combination Peg-out
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Published: 15 May 2009
- Updated: 22 Jan 2011
This shows Robert Lowe of NZ doing a straight rover peel and combination peg-out on Lawn 3 at PGA to complete his triple. No sound until the end.
http://wn.com/Robert_Lowe's_Straight_Rover_Peel_and_Combination_Peg-out
The Victorians: Painting The Town (Ep.1 BBC)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:13
- Published: 08 Jan 2012
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
Jeremy Paxman takes his love of Victorian paintings as the starting point for a journey into Victorian Britain. Such pictures may not be fashionable today, but they are a goldmine of information about the most dynamic age in British history. He investigates the most dramatic event of Victorian Britain: the explosion of great cities. At first the Victorians feared these new monsters in their midst, but then grew to love and transform them. Jeremy explores the canals and sewers, suburbs and back streets, workhouses and magnificent buildings of the great Victorian city, while also experiencing the fun-filled chaos of Derby Day. Episode 2 here: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/The_Victorians_Painting_The_Town_Ep1_BBC
LJMU lecture: British policing history
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 78:05
- Published: 21 Feb 2011
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
Former Superintendant with Merseyside Police, Andrew Fisher, delivers a guest lecture entitled 'The More That Things Change, The More They Stay The Same' - challenging the myth that Sir Robert Peel created the British Police Force.
http://wn.com/LJMU_lecture_British_policing_history
Penetration @ Robert Peel Kingston 13 sept 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Published: 13 Sep 2012
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / HenryLi
For other people named Robert Peel, see Robert Peel (disambiguation).
| The Right Honourable Sir Robert Peel Bt |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |
| In office 30 August 1841 – 29 June 1846 |
|
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Preceded by | The Viscount Melbourne |
| Succeeded by | Lord John Russell |
| In office 10 December 1834 – 8 April 1835 |
|
| Monarch | William IV |
| Preceded by | The Duke of Wellington |
| Succeeded by | The Viscount Melbourne |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office 18 April 1835 – 30 August 1841 |
|
| Monarch | William IV Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Viscount Melbourne |
| Preceded by | The Viscount Melbourne |
| Succeeded by | The Viscount Melbourne |
| Chancellor of the Exchequer | |
| In office 2 December 1834 – 8 April 1835 |
|
| Monarch | William IV |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | The Lord Denman |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Spring Rice |
| Home Secretary | |
| In office 17 January 1822 – 10 April 1827 |
|
| Monarch | George IV |
| Prime Minister | Lord Liverpool |
| Preceded by | The Viscount Sidmouth |
| Succeeded by | William Sturges Bourne |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1788-02-05)5 February 1788 Ramsbottom, Lancashire, England |
| Died | 2 July 1850(1850-07-02) (aged 62) Westminster, London, England |
| Political party | Tory/Conservative |
| Alma mater | Christ Church, Oxford |
| Signature |  |
Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850) was a British Conservative statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 December 1834 to 8 April 1835, and again from 30 August 1841 to 29 June 1846. While Home Secretary, Peel helped create the modern concept of the police force, leading to officers being known as "bobbies" (in England) and "Peelers" (in Northern Ireland). While Prime Minister after 1841, Peel repealed the Corn Laws and issued the Tamworth Manifesto (1834), leading to the formation of the Conservative Party out of the shattered Tory Party.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Peel was born in Bury, Lancashire, England, to the industrialist and Member of Parliament Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet. His father was one of the richest textile manufacturers of the early Industrial Revolution.[1] Peel was educated first at Hipperholme Grammar School, then at Harrow School and finally Christ Church, Oxford, where he took a double first in classics and mathematics.[2] He is also believed to have attended Bury Grammar School. While living in Tamworth, he is credited with the development of the Tamworth Pig by breeding Irish stock with some local Tamworth pigs.
Peel entered politics in 1809 at the young age of 21 as MP for the Irish rotten borough of Cashel, Tipperary.[3] With a scant 24 electors on the rolls, he was elected unopposed. His sponsor for the election (besides his father) was the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, with whom Peel's political career would be entwined for the next 25 years. Peel made his maiden speech at the start of the 1810 session, when he was chosen by the Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, to second the reply to the king's speech.[4] His speech was a sensation, famously described by the Speaker, Charles Abbot, as "the best first speech since that of William Pitt."[5]
As Chief Secretary in Dublin in 1813, he proposed the setting up of a specialist police force, later called "Peelers".[6][7] In 1814 the Royal Irish Constabulary was founded under Peel.
For the next decade he occupied a series of relatively minor positions in the Tory governments: Undersecretary for War, Chief Secretary for Ireland, and chairman of the Bullion Committee (charged with stabilizing British finances after the end of the Napoleonic Wars).[8] He also changed constituency twice: first picking up another constituency, Chippenham, then becoming MP for Oxford University in 1817.[9]
He later served as MP for Tamworth from 1830 until his death. His home of Drayton Manor has since been demolished.[10]
Home Secretary[link]
Peel was considered one of the rising stars of the Tory party, first entering the cabinet in 1822 as Home Secretary.[11] As Home Secretary, he introduced a number of important reforms of British criminal law: most memorably establishing the Metropolitan Police Force (Metropolitan Police Act 1829).[12] He also reformed the criminal law, reducing the number of crimes punishable by death, and simplified it by repealing a large number of criminal statutes and consolidating their provisions into what are known as Peel's Acts.[13] He reformed the gaol system, introducing payment for gaolers and education for the inmates.[14]
He resigned as Home Secretary after the Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool, became incapacitated and was replaced by George Canning.[15] Canning favoured Catholic Emancipation, while Peel had been one of its most outspoken opponents (earning the nickname "Orange Peel").[16] George Canning himself died less than four months later and, after the brief premiership of Lord Goderich, Peel returned to the post of Home Secretary under the premiership of his long-time ally the Duke of Wellington.[17] During this time he was widely perceived as the number-two in the Tory Party, after Wellington himself.[18]
However, the pressure on the new ministry from advocates of Catholic Emancipation was too great and an Emancipation Bill was passed the next year.[19] Peel felt compelled to resign his seat as MP representing the graduates of Oxford University (many of whom were Anglican clergymen), as he had stood on a platform of opposition to Catholic Emancipation (in 1815 he had, in fact, challenged to a duel the man most associated with emancipation, Daniel O'Connell).[20] Peel instead moved to a rotten borough, Westbury, retaining his Cabinet position. Peel's protégé Gladstone later emulated Peel by serving as MP for Oxford University from 1847 to 1865, before himself being defeated for his willingness to disestablish the Irish Church.
Police reform[link]
It was in 1829 that Peel established the Metropolitan Police Force for London based at Scotland Yard. The 1,000 constables employed were affectionately nicknamed 'Bobbies' or, somewhat less affectionately, 'Peelers' (both terms are still used today). Although unpopular at first they proved very successful in cutting crime in London,[21] and by 1857 all cities in the UK were obliged to form their own police forces.[22] Known as the father of modern policing, Peel developed the Peelian Principles which defined the ethical requirements police officers must follow in order to be effective.
Whigs in power (1830–1834)[link]
The Middle and Working Classes in England at that time, however, were clamoring for reform, and Catholic Emancipation was only one of the ideas in the air.[23] The Tory ministry refused to bend on other issues and were swept out of office in 1830 in favor of the Whigs.[24] The following few years were extremely turbulent, but eventually enough reforms were passed that King William IV felt confident enough to invite the Tories to form a ministry again in succession to those of Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne in 1834.[25] Peel was selected as Prime Minister but was in Italy at the time, so Wellington acted as a caretaker for the three weeks until Peel's return.[26]
First term as Prime Minister (1834–1835)[link]
Main article: First Peel Ministry
This new Tory Ministry was a minority government, however, and depended on Whig goodwill for its continued existence. As his statement of policy at the general election of January 1835, Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto.[27] The issuing of this document is often seen as one of the most crucial points at which the Tories became the Conservative Party.[28] In it he pledged that the Conservatives would endorse modest reform, but the Whigs instead formed a compact with Daniel O'Connell's Irish Radical members to repeatedly defeat the government on various bills.[29] Eventually Peel's ministry resigned out of frustration and the Whigs under Lord Melbourne returned to power.[30] The only real achievements of Peel's first administration was a commission to review the governance of the Church of England. This ecclesiastical commission being the forerunner of the Church Commissioners.[31] A further achievement was a rapid gain in seats in the House of Commons which was around 100 seats in the 100 days Peel's Ministry lasted.[32]
Leader of the Opposition (1835–1841)[link]
In May 1839, he was offered another chance to form a government, this time by the new monarch, Queen Victoria.[33] However, this too would have been a minority government and Peel felt he needed a further sign of confidence from his Queen. Lord Melbourne had been Victoria's confidant for several years, and many of the higher posts in Victoria's household were held by the wives and female relatives of Whigs;[34] there was some feeling that Victoria had allowed herself to be too closely associated with the Whig party. Peel therefore asked that some of this entourage be dismissed and replaced with their Conservative counterparts, provoking the so-called Bedchamber Crisis.[35] Victoria refused to change her household, and despite pleadings from the Duke of Wellington, relied on assurances of support from Whig leaders. Peel refused to form a government, and the Whigs returned to power.[36]
Second term as Prime Minister (1841–1846)[link]
Main article: Second Peel ministry
Economic and financial reforms[link]
Peel came to office during an economic recession which had seen a slump in world trade and a budget deficit of £7.5 million run up by the whigs. Confidence in Banks and Businesses was low and a trade deficit existed.
To raise revenue Peel's 1842 budget saw the re-introduction of Income Tax,[37] removed previously at the end of the Napoleonic War. The money raised was more than expected and allowed for the removal and reduction of over 1,200 tariffs including the controversial sugar duties.[38] It was also in the 1842 budget that the repeal of the corn laws was first proposed.[39] It was defeated in a Commons vote by a margin of 4:1.
Factory Act[link]
Peel finally had a chance to head a majority government following the election of July 1841.[40] His promise of modest reform was held to, and the second most famous bill of this ministry, while "reforming" in 21st century eyes, was in fact aimed at the reformers themselves, with their constituency among the new industrial rich. The Factory Act 1844 acted more against these industrialists than it did against the traditional stronghold of the Conservatives, the landed gentry, by restricting the number of hours that children and women could work in a factory, and setting rudimentary safety standards for machinery.[41] Interestingly, this was a continuation of his own father's work as an MP, as the elder Robert Peel was most noted for reform of working conditions during the first part of the 19th century. Helping him was Lord Shaftesbury, a British MP who also established the coal mines act. In 1843 Peel was the target of a failed assassination attempt; a criminally-insane Scottish woodsman named Daniel M'Naghten stalked him for several days before accidentally killing Peel's personal secretary Edward Drummond instead.[42]
Corn Laws and after[link]
The most notable act of Peel's second ministry, however, was the one that would bring it down.[43] This time Peel moved against the landholders by repealing the Corn Laws, which supported agricultural revenues by restricting grain imports.[44] This radical break with Conservative protectionism was triggered by the Great Irish Famine (1845–1849).[45] Tory agriculturalists were sceptical of the extent of the problem,[46] and Peel reacted slowly to the famine. As realisation dawned, however, he hoped that ending the Corn Laws would free up more food for the Irish.
His own party failed to support the bill, but it passed with Whig and Radical support. On the third reading of Peel's Bill of Repeal (Importation Act 1846) on 15 May, MPs voted 327 votes to 229 (a majority of 98) to repeal the Corn Laws. On 25 June the Duke of Wellington persuaded the House of Lords to pass it. On that same night Peel's Irish Coercion Bill was defeated in the Commons by 292 to 219 by "a combination of Whigs, Radicals, and Tory protectionists".[47] Following this, on 29 June 1846, Peel resigned as Prime Minister.[48]
Though he knew repealing the laws would mean the end of his ministry, Peel decided to do so.[49] It is possible that Peel merely used the Irish Famine as an excuse to repeal the Corn Laws as he had been an intellectual convert to free trade since the 1820s. Blake points out that if Peel were convinced that total repeal was necessary to stave off the famine, he would have enacted a bill that brought about immediate temporary repeal, not permanent repeal over a three-year period of gradual tapering-off of duties.
The historian Boyd Hilton argues Peel knew from 1844 he was going to be deposed as Conservative leader—many of his MPs had taken to voting against him and the rupture within the party between liberals and paternalist which had been so damaging in the 1820s, but masked by the issue of reform in the 1830s was brought to the surface over the Corn Laws. Hilton's hypothesis is that Peel wished to actually be deposed on a liberal issue so that he might later lead a Peelite/Whig/Liberal alliance.
As an aside in reference to the Repeal of the Corn Laws, Peel did make some moves to subsidise the purchase of food for the Irish, but this attempt was small and had little tangible effect. In the age of laissez-faire,[50] government taxes were small, and subsidies or direct economic interference were almost non-existent. That subsidies were actually given was very much out of character for the political times; Peel's successor, Lord John Russell, received more criticism than Peel on Irish policy. The repeal of the Corn Laws was more political than humanitarian.[51] Peel's support for free trade could already be seen in his 1842 and 1845 budgets;[52] in late 1842 Graham wrote to Peel that "the next change in the Corn Laws must be to an open trade" while arguing that the government should not tackle the issue.[53] Speaking to the cabinet in 1844, Peel argued that the choice was maintenance of the 1842 Corn Law or total repeal.[54] Despite all of Peel's efforts, his reform programs had little effect on the situation in Ireland.[55]
Later career and death[link]
He did retain a hard core of supporters however, known as Peelites,[56] and at one point in 1849 was actively courted by the Whig/Radical coalition. He continued to stand on his conservative principles, however, and refused. Nevertheless, he was influential on several important issues, including the furtherance of British free trade with the repeal of the Navigation Acts.[57] Peel was a member of the committee which controlled the House of Commons Library, and on 16 April 1850 was responsible for passing the motion that controlled its scope and collection policy for the rest of the century.
Peel was thrown from his horse while riding up Constitution Hill in London on 29 June 1850, the horse stumbled on top of him and he died three days later on 2 July at the age of 62 due to a clavicular fracture rupturing his subclavian vessels.[58] His Peelite followers, led by Lord Aberdeen and William Gladstone, went on to fuse with the Whigs as the Liberal Party.[59]
Family[link]
Peel married Julia, youngest daughter of General Sir John Floyd, 1st Baronet, in 1820.[60] They had five sons and two daughters. Four of his sons gained distinction in their own right. His eldest son Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet, served as Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1861 to 1865. His second son Sir Frederick Peel was a politician and railway commissioner. His third son Sir William Peel was a naval commander and recipient of the Victoria Cross. His fifth son Arthur Wellesley Peel was Speaker of the House of Commons and created Viscount Peel in 1895. His daughter Julia married the 6th Earl of Jersey. Julia, Lady Peel, died in 1859. Some of his direct descendants now reside in South Africa, the Australian states of Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania, and in various parts of the United States.
Memorials[link]
Statues[link]
Statues of Sir Robert Peel are found in the following UK locations.
- Memorial outside the Robert Peel public house in Bury town centre, his birthplace.[61]
- Parliament Square, London
- Winckley Square in Preston city centre.
- West Midlands Police Training Centre, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
- Piccadilly Gardens in Manchester.
- Montrose town centre.
- Woodhouse Moor, Leeds.
- Tamworth town centre.
- George Square, Glasgow.
- Peel Park, Bradford
- Peel Centre, Hendon Police College, Hendon. In front of the Peel Centre overlooking Peel Drive
- Gawsworth Hall, Cheshire, UK.
-
Statue in Parliament Square, London
-
Statue by Edward Hodges Baily in Bury
-
Statue in Woodhouse Moor, Leeds
-
Statue in Peel Park, Bradford
-
Statue in George Square, Glasgow
Public houses / hotels[link]
The following public houses, bars or hotels are named after Peel.[62]
UK[link]
- Robert Peel public house [63] in Bury town centre, his birthplace
- Sir Robert Peel public house [1], Tamworth
- Peel Hotel [2], Tamworth
- Sir Robert Peel public house Heckmondwike, West Yorkshire
- Sir Robert Peel public house,[64] Leicester
- Sir Robert Peel public house, Malden Road, London NW5
- Sir Robert Peel public house, Peel Precinct, Kilburn, London NW6
- Sir Robert Peel public house, London SE17
- Sir Robert Peel Hotel, Preston
- Sir Robert Peel public house Rowley Regis
- Sir Robert Peel public house, Southsea
- Sir Robert Peel public house,[65] Stoke-on-Trent
- Sir Robert Peel public house Kingston upon Thames, Surrey
- Sir Robert Peel public house [3], Bloxwich, Walsall
Elsewhere[link]
- The Sir Robert Peel Hotel (colloquially known as "The Peel" [4]), a gay bar and nightclub located at the corner of Peel and Wellington Streets in the Melbourne suburb of Collingwood, in Australia.
- The Sir Robert Peel Motor Lodge Hotel, Alexandria Bay, New York.
- Mostly in the United Kingdom, numerous streets feature the name Peel.
Other memorials[link]
- Peel Park, Bradford is named after Sir Robert Peel. It is one of the largest parks in the city, and indeed Yorkshire.
- Peel Tower Monument, this tower was built on top of Holcombe Hill in Ramsbottom, Bury.
- The Sir Robert Peel Hospital in Tamworth.
- A small monument in the centre of the town of Dronfield in Derbyshire. Nearby is the Peel Centre, a community centre in a former Methodist church.[66]
- The Regional Municipality of Peel (originally Peel County) in Ontario, Canada
- Peel Street in Collingwood, Victoria Melbourne Australia.
- Rue Peel, Montréal and its Peel Metro station. The street also features a high-rise residential building called Sir-Robert-Peel.
- The Peel River in Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia.
- Peel High School in Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia.
- Robert Peel Lower School in Sandy, Bedfordshire.
- A British steamer named SS Sir Robert Peel, based in Canada, was burned by American forces on 29 May 1838, at the height of American-Canadian tensions over the Caroline Affair.
- Tamworth-raised musician Julian Cope sings "the king and queen have offered me the estate of Robert Peel" on the song 'O King of Chaos', from his 1984 LP Fried.
- The right wing of the Trafford Centre is called Peel Avenue, named after Robert Peel.
- The official mascot of Bury Football Club is Robbie the Bobby, in honour of Sir Robert Peel.
- The Peel building, situated on Peel Campus of the University of Salford
See also[link]
- List of Acts of Parliament during the First Peel Ministry
- List of Acts of Parliament during the Second Peel Ministry
- Peelian Principles
Notes[link]
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 2–11.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 11–12.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 1; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 13; 376.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 18.
- ^ Gash, Mr. Secretary Peel, 59–61; 68–69.
- ^ BBC: Northern Ireland: A Brief History
- ^ OED entry at peeler (3)
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 6–12; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 18–65; 376.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 12; 18; 35.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 490; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 4; 119.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 3; 9; 13; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 66; 68; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 65.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 2; Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 3; 44; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 103.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 68–71; 122; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 104.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 70–71.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 4; 96–97; Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 26–28.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 21–48; 91–100.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 28–30; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 103–104; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 18.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 104.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 37–39; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 114–121.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 35–40; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 46–47; 110; 376.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 88–89.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 87–90.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 123–140.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 45–50; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 136–141.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 51–62; 64–90; 129–143; 146–177; 193–201; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 179; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 66.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 196–197; 199; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 66–67.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 210–215; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 184; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 12; 69–72.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 213–215; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 180–182; Read Peel and the Victorians, 68; 86.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 227; 229–235; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 185–187; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 71–73.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 250–254; 257–261; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 188–192; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 74–76.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 224–226.
- ^ Read, Peel and the Victorians, 74.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 417–418; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 206.
- ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 416–417; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 206–207.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 207–208; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 89.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 23; Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 419–426; 448; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 208–209; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 89–91.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 35–36; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 227; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 112.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 37; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 235; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 113–114.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 35–36; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 112–113.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 24.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 40–42; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 302–305; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 125; 129.
- ^ Read, Peel and the Victorians, 121–122.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 113–115.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, vi.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 66; Ramsay; Sir Robert Peel, 332–333.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 72.
- ^ Schonhardt-Bailey, p. 239.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 68–69; 70; 72; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 347; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 230–231.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 67–68; 69.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 70.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 69–71.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 35–37; 59.
- ^ Quoted in Gash, Sir Robert Peel, 362.
- ^ Gash, Sir Robert Peel, 429.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 48–49.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 78–80; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 353–355.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 78; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 377; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 257.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 80; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 361–363; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 1; 266–270.
- ^ Adelman, Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850, 86–87; Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 364.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir Robert Peel, 61.
- ^ "Sir Robert Peel Statue Bury". Panoramio.com. http://www.panoramio.com/photo/11220446. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ The UK-based Peel Hotels group are named after their founders Robert and Charles Peel, not Sir Robert Peel
- ^ New Pubs Opening All The Time (1997-04-30). "The Robert Peel, Bury | Our Pubs". J D Wetherspoon. http://www.jdwetherspoon.co.uk/pubs/pub-details.php?PubNumber=305. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Sir Robert Peel, Leicester, Leicestershire". Everards. http://www.everards.co.uk/pubs/sir_robert_peel_125/. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ "Sir Robert Peel - Dresden - Longton". Thepotteries.org. http://www.thepotteries.org/inns/longton/sir_robert_peel.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ The Peel Centre with image of the monument
References[link]
- Adelman, Paul (1989). Peel and the Conservative Party: 1830–1850. London and New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-35557-5.
- Clark, George Kitson (1964). Peel and the Conservative Party: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841. 2nd ed. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, The Shoe String Press, Inc.
- Cooke Taylor, William (1851). Life and times of Sir Robert Peel. London: Peter Jackson.
- Gash, Norman (1961). Mr. Secretary Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel to 1830. New York: Longmans.
- Gash, Norman (1972). Sir Robert Peel: The Life of Sir Robert Peel after 1830. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-87471-132-0. .
- Gaunt, Richard A., Sir Robert Peel: the life and legacy (London, I.B. Tauris, 2010).
- Hurd, Douglas, Robert Peel: A Biography (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007).
- Ramsay, Anna Augustus Whittall (1928, 1969). Sir Robert Peel. Freeport, New York: Books for Library Press.
- Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs [self-published source?][better source needed]
- Leigh Rayment's List of Baronets [self-published source?][better source needed]
- Read, Donald (1987). Peel and the Victorians. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, New York: Basil Blackwell, Inc. ISBN 0-631-15725-5.
- Stephen, Sir Leslie and Sir Sidney Lee (editors). The Dictionary of National Biography: From the Earliest Times to 1900. Volume XV Owens-Pockrich. Oxford University Press.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robert Peel |
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Sir Robert Peel, Bt
- More about Sir Robert Peel on the Downing Street website.
- Biography of Sir Robert Peel at www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
- Biography of Sir Robert Peel at www.victorianweb.org
- An overview of the career of Sir Robert Peel at www.victorianweb.org
- The Peel Family Sir Robert Peel and his descendents
- The Peel Web For A-level History students
- Sir Robert Peel, a memorial biography by H. Morse Stephens
- "Peel the empiricist": a review by Ferdinand Mount of Douglas Hurd's Peel biography in the TLS, 22 August 2007
- Works by & about Robert Peel 1788–1850 at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
- Financial Crisis and Economic Recession, The Fatal Error of Peel's Bank Act by Professor Huerta de Soto
- Archival material relating to Robert Peel listed at the UK National Register of Archives
- Portraits of Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Bt at the National Portrait Gallery, London
.svg)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Peel, Robert |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom |
| Date of birth | 5 February 1788 |
| Place of birth | Bury, Lancashire, England |
| Date of death | 2 July 1850 |
| Place of death | Westminster, London, England |
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| Beatrice Lillie | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Beatrice Lillie, as photographed by Yousuf Karsh, 1948. |
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| Birth name | Beatrice Gladys Lillie | ||||
| Born | (1894-05-29)May 29, 1894 Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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| Died | January 20, 1989(1989-01-20) (aged 94) Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England |
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| Medium | Stage, motion pictures | ||||
| Nationality | British | ||||
| Years active | 1914–1989 | ||||
| Spouse | Sir Robert Peel (m.1920-1934; his death) (1 son (killed in action during World War II) |
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Beatrice Gladys "Bea" Lillie (May 29, 1894 – January 20, 1989) was an actress and comedic performer. Following her 1920 marriage to Sir Robert Peel in England, she was known in private life as Lady Peel.
Contents |
Early career[link]
Lillie was born in Toronto, where she performed, along with other Ontario towns as part of a family trio with her mother and older sister, Muriel. Eventually, her mother, Lucie, took the girls to London, England where she made her West End debut in the 1914 Not Likely. She was noted primarily for her stage work in revues, especially those staged by André Charlot, and light comedies, and was frequently paired with Gertrude Lawrence, Bert Lahr and Jack Haley.[citation needed]
In her revues, she utilized sketches, songs, and parody that won her lavish praise from the New York Times after her 1924 New York debut. In some of her best known bits, she would solemnly parody the flowery performing style of earlier decades, mining such songs as "There are Fairies at the Bottom of our Garden" and "Mother Told Me So" for every double entendre, while other numbers ("Get Yourself a Geisha" and "Snoops the Lawyer", for example) showcased her exquisite sense of the absurd. Her performing in such comedy routines as "One Double Dozen Double Damask Dinner Napkins", (in which an increasingly flummoxed matron attempts to purchase said napkins) earned her the frequently used sobriquet of "Funniest Woman in the World". She never performed the "Dinner Napkins" routine in Britain, because British audiences had already seen it performed by the Australian-born English revue performer Cicely Courtneidge, for whom it was written.[citation needed]
File:Tom-powers-bea-lillie.jpg
Scene from "Oh Joy!", showing Tom Powers (as George Budd) with Lillie (as Jackie Sampson), London, 1919
In 1926 she returned to New York city to perform. While there, she starred in her first film, Exit Smiling, opposite fellow Canadian Jack Pickford, the scandal-scarred younger brother of Mary Pickford. From then until the approach of World War II, Lillie repeatedly crisscrossed the Atlantic to perform on both continents. She was long associated with the works of Noël Coward (giving, for instance, the first ever public performance of "Mad Dogs and Englishmen"), though Cole Porter is among those who also wrote songs for her. She made few appearances on film, appearing in a cameo role as a revivalist in Around the World in Eighty Days and as "Mrs. Meers" (a white slaver) in Thoroughly Modern Millie.
She won a Tony Award in 1953 for her revue An Evening With Beatrice Lillie and made her final stage appearance as Madame Arcati in High Spirits, the musical version of Coward's Blithe Spirit. This was Lillie's only performance in a book musical: that is, a musical with a plot; all her other stage appearances had been in revues although in 1958 she briefly stepped into the role of Mame Dennis during the original Broadway run of Auntie Mame succeeding Rosalind Russell and Greer Garson, before taking the lead in the first London production.
Throughout her career as a revue performer, Lillie's contracts almost invariably stipulated that she would not make her first entrance onstage until at least half an hour into the show; by that point, every other act in the revue had made its first appearance and the audience would be keenly awaiting the entrance of Miss Lillie, the star of the evening.[citation needed] After seeing An Evening with Beatrice Lillie, critic Ronald Barker wrote, "Other generations may have their Mistinguett and their Marie Lloyd. We have our Beatrice Lillie and seldom have we seen such a display of perfect talent." In 1954 she won the Sarah Siddons Award for her work in Chicago theatre.[citation needed]
Marriages and offspring[link]
She was married, on January 20, 1920, at the church of St. Paul, Drayton Bassett, Fazeley, Staffordshire, to Sir Robert Peel, 5th Baronet.[1] She eventually separated from her husband (but the couple never divorced); he died in 1934. Their only child, Sir Robert Peel, 6th Baronet, was killed in action aboard HMS Tenedos in Colombo Harbour, Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) in 1942.
During World War II, Lillie was an inveterate entertainer of the troops. Before she went on stage one day, she learned her son was killed in action. She refused to postpone the performance saying "I'll cry tomorrow." In 1948 she met singer/actor John Philip Huck, almost three decades younger than she, who became her friend and companion. Lillie met John Phillip Huck while touring in the show Inside USA. She and Huck later married.[citation needed]
Retirement[link]
She retired from the stage due to Alzheimer's disease and died on January 20, 1989, which was also the date of her wedding anniversary, at Henley-on-Thames. Huck died of a heart attack 31 hours later, and is interred next to her in the Peel family estate's cemetery near Peel Fold, Blackburn.[citation needed]
For her contributions to film, Beatrice Lillie has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6404 Hollywood Blvd.
Filmography[link]
Features:
- Exit Smiling (1926)
- The Show of Shows (1929)
- Are You There? (1930)
- Dr. Rhythm (1938)
- On Approval (1944)
- Around the World in Eighty Days (1956)
- Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967)
Short Subjects:
Stage Appearances[link]
- Not Likely (West End, 1914)
- 5064 Gerrard (West End, 1915)
- Samples (West End, 1916)
- Some (West End, 1916)
- Cheep (West End, 1917)
- Tabs (West End, 1918)
- Bran Pie (West End, 1919)
- Oh, Joy! (West End, 1919)
- Now and Then (West End, 1921)
- Pot Luck (West End, 1921)
- The Nine O'Clock Revue (West End, 1922)
- Andre Charlot's Revue of 1924 (Broadway, 1924)
- Charlot Revue (Broadway, 1925-1926)
- Oh, Please (Broadway, 1926-1927)
- She's My Baby (Broadway, 1928)
- This Year of Grace (Broadway, 1928-1929)
- Charlot's Masquerade (West End, 1930)
- The Third Little Show (Broadway, 1931)
- Too True to Be Good (Broadway, 1932)
- Walk a Little Faster (Broadway, 1932-1933)
- Please (West End, 1933)
- At Home Abroad (Broadway, 1935-1936)
- The Show Is On (Broadway, 1936-1937)
- Happy Returns (West End, 1938)
- Set to Music (Broadway, 1939)
- Big Top (West End, 1942)
- Seven Lively Arts (Broadway, 1944-1945)
- Better Late (West End, 1946)
- Inside U.S.A. (Broadway, 1948-1949)
- An Evening With Beatrice Lillie (Broadway and West End, 1952-1953)
- Ziegfeld Follies of 1957 (Broadway, 1957)
- Auntie Mame (Broadway, 1958) (four week replacement for Greer Garson)
- A Late Evening with Beatrice Lillie (Edinburgh Festival, 1960)
- High Spirits (Broadway, 1964-1965)
Awards[link]
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Tony Awards[link]
- 1953 : Special Award — An Evening With Beatrice Lillie (winner)
- 1958 : Best Leading Actress in a Musical — Ziegfeld Follies of 1957 (nominee)
- 1964 : Best Leading Actress in a Musical — High Spirits (nominee)
References[link]
- ^ GRO 1920 record of marriage of Beatrice G. Lillie, registered in Tamworth, Staffs @ www.findmypast.co.uk Civil Registration event: Marriage; Name: LILLIE, Beatrice G.; Registration District: Tamworth; County: Staffordshire; Year of Registration: 1920; Quarter of Registration: Jan-Feb-Mar; Spouse's last name: Peel; Volume No:6B/Page No: 773
Sources[link]
- Lillie, Beatrice, with John Philip Huck and James Brough, Every Other Inch a Lady (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972).
External links[link]
- Beatrice Lillie at the Internet Broadway Database
- Beatrice Lillie at the Internet Movie Database
- Records in the Theatre Archive at the University of Bristol of stage performances by Beatrice Lillie
- Fan video for the song I Hate Spring
- Beatrice Lillie Papers - The Billy Rose Theatre Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
- Beatrice Lillie at Find a Grave
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Helen Hayes |
Sarah Siddons Award - Sarah Siddons Society, Chicago 1954 |
Succeeded by Deborah Kerr |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lillie, Bea |
| Alternative names | Lillie, Beatrice Gladys |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 29, 1894 |
| Place of birth | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Date of death | January 20, 1989 |
| Place of death | Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, UK |
http://wn.com/Beatrice_Lillie
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Лилли, Беатрис
http://de.wn.com/Beatrice Lillie
http://it.wn.com/Beatrice Lillie
http://es.wn.com/Beatrice Lillie
http://pl.wn.com/Beatrice Lillie
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Lillie
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Robert Lowe, see Robert Lowe (disambiguation).
| The Right Honourable The Viscount Sherbrooke PC |
|
|---|---|
| File:Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke.jpg | |
| Chancellor of the Exchequer | |
| In office 9 December 1868 – 11 August 1873 |
|
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | William Ewart Gladstone |
| Preceded by | George Ward Hunt |
| Succeeded by | William Ewart Gladstone |
| Home Secretary | |
| In office 9 August 1873 – 20 February 1874 |
|
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | William Ewart Gladstone |
| Preceded by | Henry Bruce |
| Succeeded by | R. A. Cross |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 4 December 1811 (2012-06-26T18:25:10) Bingham, Nottinghamshire |
| Died | 27 July 1892(1892-07-27) (aged 80) |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse(s) | Georgiana Orred (d. 1884) |
| Alma mater | University College, Oxford |
Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke PC (4 December 1811 – 27 July 1892),[1] British and Australian statesman, was a pivotal but often forgotten figure who shaped British politics in the latter half of the 19th century. He held office under William Ewart Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1868 and 1873 and as Home Secretary between 1873 and 1874. Lowe is remembered for his work in education policy, his opposition to electoral reform and his contribution to modern Company Law. The Division of Lowe, a now abolished Australian electoral division located in Sydney, was named after him. Gladstone appointed Lowe as Chancellor expecting him to hold down public spending. Public spending rose, and Gladstone pronounced Lowe "wretchedly deficient"; most historians agree. Lowe repeatedly underestimated the revenue, enabling him to resist demands for tax cuts and to reduce the national debt instead. He insisted that the tax system be fair to all classes. By his main own criterion of fairness - that the balance between direct and indirect taxation remain unchanged - he succeeded. However historians do not believe this balance is a good measure of class incidence and was by that time thoroughly archaic.[2]
Contents |
Education and Australia[link]
Lowe was born in Bingham, Nottinghamshire, England, the second son of Reverend Robert Lowe (rector of Bingham). His mother was Ellen,[1] the daughter of the Rev. Reginald Pyndar.[3] Lowe was an albino, and his sight was so weak that initially it was thought he was unfit to be sent to school.[3] In 1822 he went to a school at Southwell, then to one at Risley, and in 1825 to Winchester as a commoner. In Lowe's fragment of autobiography he shows an unpleasing picture of the under-feeding and other conditions of the school life of the time. The languages of Latin and Greek were the main subjects of study and Lowe records that both were easy for him.[3] Lowe then attended University College, Oxford and enjoyed the change; there he gained a first class degree in Classics and a second class in Mathematics, besides taking a leading part in the Union debates. In 1835 he won a fellowship at Magdalen, but vacated it on marrying, on 26 March 1836, Georgiana Orred (d. 1884).[1] Lowe was for a few years a successful tutor at Oxford, but in 1838 was disappointed at not being elected to the professorship of Greek at the University of Glasgow.
In 1841 Lowe moved to London to read for the Bar, but his eyesight showed signs of serious weakness, and, acting on medical advice, sailed to Sydney in the colony of New South Wales, where he set to work in the law courts. In 1843 he was nominated by Sir George Gipps, the Governor of New South Wales, to a seat in the New South Wales Legislative Council; owing to a difference with Gipps he resigned his seat, but was elected shortly afterwards for Sydney. Lowe soon made his mark in the political world by his clever speeches, particularly on finance and education; and besides obtaining a large legal practice, he was one of the principal writers for the Atlas newspaper. In 1850 he went back to England, to enter political life there.[3]
England and Parliament[link]
Lowe's previous university reputation and connections combined with his colonial experience stood him in good stead; The Times was glad to employ his ready pen, and, as one of its ablest leader-writers, he made his influence widely felt. In 1852, he was returned to Parliament for Kidderminster in the Liberal interest. In the House of Commons, his acute reasoning made a considerable impression, and, under successive Liberal ministries (1853–1858), he obtained official experience as Secretary to the Board of Control and Vice-President of the Board of Trade. During his time there, he saw the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 passed - the first nationwide codification of company law in the world. He has been referred to as "the father of modern company law".[4] This status was again referred to in the presentation by Lord Sainsbury of the second reading leading up to the new United Kingdom Companies Act 2006.
"One hundred and fifty years ago, my predecessor Robert Lowe, later First Viscount Sherbrooke, brought forward the Bill that created the joint stock limited liability company. It was the first nationwide codification of company law in the world, and he has recently been described as "the father of modern company law". Our company law continues to have an excellent record. Since 1997 new incorporations have risen by over 60 per cent and the number of foreign firms incorporating in the UK has more than quadrupled. No doubt this is because, according to the World Bank's assessment, it is quicker and cheaper for companies to set up in the UK than in any other EU member state."[5]
In 1859, Lowe went to the Education Office as Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education in Lord Palmerston's ministry; there he pursued a vigorous policy, insisting on the necessity of payment by results, and bringing in the revised code (1862), which embodied this principle and made an examination in "the three R's" the test for grants of public money. He felt then, and still more after the Reform Act of 1867, that "we must educate our masters," and he rather scandalized his old university friends by the stress he laid on physical science as opposed to classical studies. Considerable opposition was aroused by the new regime at the Education Office, and in 1864 Lowe was driven to resign by an adverse vote in Parliament with reference to the way in which inspectors' reports were "edited." The result was unjust to Lowe, but a good deal of feeling had been aroused against Lingen's administration of the Education Office, and this was the outcome.
Reform[link]
Lord Palmerston had been a towering opponent to widening democratic participation and his death in October 1865 opened the way to the Russell-Gladstone reform ministry, which introduced the Reform Bill of 1866. Lowe carried on his former Prime Minister's views, as part of the Canning and Peel Liberal school. Moreover he had been heavily shocked by his experiences of the comparatively developed union movement in his time in Australia in a less rigid class system. He had already made known his objections to the advance of "democracy", notably in his speech in 1865 on Sir Edward Baines's Borough Franchise Bill. He was not invited to join the new ministry. Lowe retired into what Bright called the "Cave of Adullam", and with other Liberals and Whig peers (known collectively as the 'Adullamites' ) opposed the bill in a series of brilliant speeches, which raised his reputation as an orator to its highest point and helped to cause government's downfall.
However Benjamin Disraeli who led the subsequent Conservative government proposed his own Reform Bill, which by splitting the parties succeeded to become the Reform Act 1867. As he said in the third reading of the Bill, Lowe thought any step towards democracy was bad because it engendered "a right existing in the individual as opposed to general expediency… numbers as against wealth and intellect".[6] So the bill contained "the terms of endless agitation".[7]
Proponents of the Bill argued a lower property qualification would give the vote to respectable members of the working class. But Lowe thought:
| “ | the elite of the working classes you are so fond of, are members of trades unions... founded on principles of the most grinding tyranny not so much against masters as against each other... It was only necessary that you should give them the franchise, to make those trades unions the most dangerous political agencies that could be conceived; because they were in the hands, not of individual members, but of designing men, able to launch them in solid mass against the institutions of the country.[8] | ” |
Being a man of company law, Robert Lowe saw unions as a threat to the order, which as he drafted, allowed only for social participation through investment of capital, not investment of labour. As it was the case that participation in Parliament was also only possible through possession of property, Lowe was fearful that a change in one part of the world he understood would lead to another, ending in unforeseeable chaos.
| “ | This principle of equality which you have taken to worship, is a very jealous power; she cannot be worshipped by halves, and like the Turk in this respect, she brooks no rival near the throne. When you get a democratic basis for your institutions, you must remember that you cannot look at that alone, but you must look at it in reference to all your other institutions. When you have once taught the people to entertain the notion of the individual rights of every citizen to share in the Government, and the doctrine of popular supremacy, you impose on yourselves the task of re-modelling the whole of your institutions, in reference to the principles that you have set up...[9] | ” |
Lowe concluded his speech with considerable flair.
| “ | You must take education up the very first question, and you must press it on without delay for the peace of the country. Sir, I was looking to-day at the head of the lion which was sculptured in Greece during her last agony after the battle of Chaeronea, to commemorate that even, and I admired the power and the spirit which portrayed in the face of that noble beast the rage, the disappointment, and the scorn of a perishing nation and of a down-trodden civilization, and I said to myself, "O for an orator, O for an historian, O for a poet, who would do the same thing for us!" We also have had our battle of Chaeronea; we too have had our dishonest victory. That England, that was wont to conquer other nations, has now gained a shameful victory over herself; and oh! that a man would rise in order that he might set forth in words that could not die, the shame, the rage, the scorn, the indignation, and the despair with which this measure is viewed by every cultivated Englishman who is not a slave to the trammels of party, or who is not dazzled by the glare of a temporary and ignoble success![10] | ” |
Office[link]
In spite of the fact that his appeals did not prevent the passing of the Second Reform Act, Robert Lowe beat Walter Bagehot in the next election to become the first Member of Parliament (MP) for the London University, a new constituency created by the very Act he opposed. In 1868 he accepted office in the Gladstone Cabinet as Chancellor of the Exchequer, an office that he described in the following terms in the House of Commons on 11 April 1870: "The Chancellor of the Exchequer is a man whose duties make him more or less of a taxing machine. He is entrusted with a certain amount of misery which it is his duty to distribute as fairly as he can."
Lowe was a rather cut-and-dry economist, who prided himself that during his four years of office he took twelve millions off taxation; but later opinion has hardly accepted his removal of the shilling registration duty on corn (1869) as good statesmanship, and his failures are remembered rather than his successes. His proposed tax of a halfpenny a box on Lucifer matches in 1871 (for which he suggested the epigram ex luce lucellum, "out of light a little profit") roused a storm of opposition, and had to be dropped. In 1873 he was transferred to the Home Office, but in 1874 the government resigned.
Lowe spoke against the Royal Titles Bill in 1876 at East Retford and implied that Queen Victoria had been responsible for the bill's introduction. As a result, when the Liberals returned to power in 1880, Victoria made it clear that she would not accept any ministry that included Lowe.[1] Nevertheless, he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Sherbrooke, of Sherbrooke in the County of Surrey,[11] against the express wishes of Queen Victoria, but with the backing of William Gladstone (a peerage that would become extinct upon his death). But from 1875 till his death at Warlingham, Surrey, his health was constantly failing, and by degrees he figured less and less in public life and ended up becoming a supporter of the Liberal Unionist party in 1886.
During the 1870s the following epitaph was suggested for him by one of the wits of his day:
"Here lies poor old Robert Lowe;
Where he's gone to I don't know;
If to the realms of peace and love,
Farewell to happiness above;
If, haply, to some lower level,
We can't congratulate the devil."
Lowe was delighted with this, and promptly translated it into Latin, as follows:
"Continentur hac in fossa
Humilis Roberti ossa;
Si ad coelum evolabit,
Pax in coelo non restabit;
Sin in inferis jacebit,
Diabolum ejus poenitebit."
See also[link]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d Knight, R. L.. "Lowe, Robert {Viscount Sherbrooke} (1811 - 1892)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020119b.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
- ^ John Maloney, "Gladstone's Gladstone? The Chancellorship of Robert Lowe, 1868-73." Historical Research 2006 79(205): 404-428.
- ^ a b c d Serle, Percival. "Lowe, Robert, Viscount Sherbrooke (1811-1892)". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Project Gutenberg Australia. http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogL.html#lowe1. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
- ^ John Micklethwait and Michael Wooldridge (2003) The Company
- ^ Lords Hansard text for 11 January 2006
- ^ Hansard 15th of July 1867 p.1540
- ^ Hansard 15th of July 1867 p.1542
- ^ Hansard 15th of July 1867 p.1546
- ^ Hansard 15th of July 1867 col 1543
- ^ Hansard 15th of July 1867 p.1549-1550
- ^ London Gazette: no. 24847. p. 3173. 25 May 1880.
References[link]
- John Maloney, "Gladstone's Gladstone? The Chancellorship of Robert Lowe, 1868-73." Historical Research 2006 79(205): 404-428.
- AP Martin, Life and Letters of the Rt Hon Robert Lowe, Viscount Sherbrooke (London, 1892) 2 Vols
- R Knight, Illiberal Liberal - Robert Lowe in New South Wales, 1842–1850 (Melbourne University Press 1966)
- AJ Marcham, "Educating our masters: political parties and elementary education 1867 to 1870" British Journal of Educational Studies (1973) 21(2) 180-191
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robert Lowe, Viscount Sherbrooke |
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Robert Lowe
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John Best |
Member of Parliament for Kidderminster 1852 – 1859 |
Succeeded by Alfred Bristow |
| Preceded by Sir William Williams, Bt |
Member of Parliament for Calne 1859 – 1868 |
Succeeded by Lord Edmond Petty-Fitzmaurice |
| New constituency | Member of Parliament for London University 1868 – 1880 |
Succeeded by Sir John Lubbock, Bt |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Henry Baillie Charles Bruce |
Joint Secretary to the Board of Control 1852–1855 |
Succeeded by Henry Danby Seymour |
| Preceded by Hon. Edward Pleydell-Bouverie |
Paymaster-General 1855–1858 |
Succeeded by The Earl of Donoughmore |
| Vice-President of the Board of Trade 1855–1858 |
||
| Preceded by Charles Adderley |
Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education 1859–1864 |
Succeeded by Henry Bruce |
| Preceded by George Ward Hunt |
Chancellor of the Exchequer 1868–1873 |
Succeeded by William Ewart Gladstone |
| Preceded by Henry Bruce |
Home Secretary 1873–1874 |
Succeeded by Sir R. A. Cross |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Viscount Sherbrooke 1880–1892 |
Extinct |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sherbrooke, Robert Lowe, Viscount |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | British politician |
| Date of birth | 4 December 1811 |
| Place of birth | Bingham, Nottinghamshire |
| Date of death | 27 July 1892 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Robert_Lowe
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Robert Lowe, 1. Viscount Sherbrooke
http://pl.wn.com/Robert Lowe
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowe
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
