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Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
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Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
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Alexandria
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Antioch
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Areopagus
:This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met. It is also the term for the judicial body which met there. For the 16th century literary movement, see Areopagus (poetry). For the regional government during the Greek War of Independence, see Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece. For the modern Greek Supreme Court, see Court of Cassation (Greece).
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Attalid dynasty
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
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Baltimore
Baltimore () is the largest independent city in the United States and the largest city and cultural center of the U.S. state of Maryland. The city is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is sometimes referred to as Baltimore City in order to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County. Founded in 1729, Baltimore is a major U.S. seaport and is situated closer to major Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. The harbor is now home to Harborplace, a shopping, entertainment, and tourist center, and the National Aquarium in Baltimore. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy. Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital are now the city's largest employers.
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Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
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California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Classical Athens
The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508-322 BC) was a notable polis (city-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Hippias. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War) . The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.
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Constantinople
Constantinople (, , Turkish: Istanbul) was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.
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Crete
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Cyprus
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Cyrene, Libya
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Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (, ), formerly known as the Hellespont
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East Germany
The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik or DDR), informally called East Germany by the West, was the socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany and in the East Berlin portion of the Allied-occupied capital city. The German Democratic Republic, which consisted geographically of northeast Germany rather than all of eastern Germany, had an area of 107,771 km2. (41,610 mi.2), bordering Czechoslovakia in the south, West Germany (officially: Federal Republic of Germany) in the south and west, the Baltic Sea to the north, and Poland in the east.
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Ephesus
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Greece
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Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country.
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Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania, including Saranda and Himara, and a large number of Greek islands, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands, and other islands include the Strophades, Sphagia, Schiza, Sapientza and Kythira. The sea is one of the most seismic areas in the world.
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Italy
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Maryland
Maryland () is an American state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Maryland has the highest median household income of any state, with a median income of $70,545. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it, the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State are occasionally used.
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Miletus
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
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Oregon
Oregon ( ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843; the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 30th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 582,130 (2009 estimate) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area.
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Parthenon
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: ) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BCE. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
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Peloponnese
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Pergamon
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Platonic Academy
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Rice University
William Marsh Rice University (commonly known as Rice University) opened in 1912 as The William Marsh Rice Institute for the Advancement of Letters, Science and Art is a private coeducational research university located in Houston, Texas, United States. Its campus is located near the Houston Museum District and adjacent to the Texas Medical Center.
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San Francisco
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San Marino
San Marino, officially the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( ; ), is a country situated on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave, in Italy. Its size is just over with an estimated population of almost 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino. One of the European microstates, along with Liechtenstein, the Vatican, Monaco, Andorra, and Malta, San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Sparta
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Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States. The university is located on an campus in northwestern Santa Clara Valley approximately southeast of San Francisco and approximately northwest of San Jose.
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Sutter's Mill
'''Sutter's Mill''' was a sawmill owned by 19th century pioneer John Sutter. It was located in Coloma, California, at the bank of the South Fork American River. Sutter's Mill is most famous for its association with the California Gold Rush.
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Syracuse, Sicily
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Temple of Hephaestus
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Temple of Zeus
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully-developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, when the cult of Zeus was joined the already establish cult here of Hera.
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Thermopylae
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Troy
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Walters Art Museum
http://wn.com/Walters_Art_Museum
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Aeschylus
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Aesop
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Alcaeus of Mytilene
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Alcibiades
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Alexander the Great
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Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
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Anaximander
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Anthemius of Tralles
Anthemius of Tralles (c. 474 – before 558) (Greek ) was a Greek professor of Geometry in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul in Turkey) and architect, who collaborated with Isidore of Miletus to build the church of Hagia Sophia by the order of Justinian I. Anthemius came from an educated family, one of five sons of Stephanus of Tralles, a physician. Of his brothers, Dioscorus followed his father's profession in Tralles; Alexander became at Rome one of the most celebrated medical men of his time; Olympius was deeply versed in Roman jurisprudence; and Metrodorus was a distinguished grammarian in Constantinople.
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Antisthenes
Antisthenes (; c. 445-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
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Archilochus
:For the hummingbird genus, see ''Archilochus.
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Archimedes
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Archytas
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Aristaeus the Elder
Aristaeus the Elder (active 370 BC-300 BC) was a Greek mathematician who worked on conic sections. He was a contemporary of Euclid, though probably older. We know practically nothing of his life except that the mathematician Pappus of Alexandria refers to him as Aristaeus the Elder which presumably means that Pappus was aware of another later mathematician also named Aristaeus. Pappus gave Aristaeus great credit for a work entitled Five Books concerning Solid Loci which was used by Pappus but has been lost. He may have also authored the book Concerning the Comparison of Five Regular Solids. This book has also been lost; we know of it through a reference by the Greek mathematician Hypsicles.
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Aristarchus of Samos
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Aristophanes
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Aristotle
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Aspasia
Aspasia (ca. 470 BC–ca. 400 BC, Greek: ) was a Milesian woman who was famous for her involvement with the Athenian statesman Pericles. Very little is known about the details of her life. She spent most of her adult life in Athens, and she may have influenced Pericles and Athenian politics. She is mentioned in the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day.
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Ausonius
Decimius Magnus Ausonius (ca. 310–395) was a Latin poet and rhetorician, born at Burdigala (Bordeaux).
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Autolycus of Pitane
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Bacchylides
Bacchylides () (5th century BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets which included his uncle Simonides. The elegance and polished style of his lyrics have been a commonplace of Bacchylidean scholarship since at least Longinus (De Sublimitate 33,5). Some scholars however have associated these qualities with superficial charm. He has often been compared unfavourably with his contemporary, Pindar, as "a kind of Boccherini to Pindar's Haydn", yet the differences in their styles doesn't allow for easy comparison and "to blame Bacchylides for not being Pindar is as childish a judgement as to condemn...Marvel for missing the grandeur of Milton." His career coincided with the ascendency of dramatic styles of poetry, as embodied in the works of Aeschylus or Sophocles, and he is in fact one of the last poets of major significance within the more ancient tradition of purely lyric poetry. The most notable features of his lyrics are their clarity in expression and simplicity of thought, making them an ideal introduction to the study of Greek lyric poetry in general and to Pindar's verse in particular.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
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Boethius
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Bryson of Heraclea
Bryson of Heraclea (late 5th-century BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician and sophist who contributed to solving the problem of squaring the circle and calculating pi.
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Byzantine Greeks
Byzantine Greeks or Byzantines ()
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Carl Benjamin Boyer
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Chrysippus
Chrysippus of Soli (Ancient Greek: , ; c. 279–c. 206 BC) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of Cleanthes in the Stoic school. When Cleanthes died, around 230 BC, Chrysippus became the third head of the school. A prolific writer, Chrysippus expanded the fundamental doctrines of Zeno of Citium, the founder of the school, which earned him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism.
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Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero (; Classical Latin: ; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC; sometimes anglicized as "Tully"), was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
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Clifford A. Pickover
Clifford A. Pickover is an American author, editor, and columnist in the fields of science, mathematics, and science fiction, and is employed at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown, New York.
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Conon of Samos
Conon of Samos (ca. 280 BC - ca. 220 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician. He is primarily remembered for naming the constellation Coma Berenices.
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Ctesibius
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Democritus
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Demosthenes
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Dicaearchus
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Dinostratus
Dinostratus (, ca. 390 BCE - ca. 320 BCE) was a Greek mathematician and geometer, and the brother of Menaechmus. He is known for using the quadratrix to solve the problem of squaring the circle.
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Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope ( Diogenes ho Sinopeus), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic, he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey) in 412 or 404 BCE
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Diophantus
Diophantus of Alexandria (Greek: . b. between 200 and 214 CE, d. between 284 and 298 CE), sometimes called "the father of algebra", was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with solving algebraic equations, many of which are now lost. In studying Arithmetica, Pierre de Fermat
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Domenico Fetti
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Empedocles
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Epaminondas
Epaminondas (Greek: ) (ca. 410 BC – 362 BC) or Epameinondas was a Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics. In the process he broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years, having been defeated in the Messenian War ending in 600 BC. Epaminondas reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities. He was militarily influential as well, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics.
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Epicurus
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Eratosthenes
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Euclid
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Eudemus of Rhodes
:Eudemus is also the name of a general of Alexander the Great (died 316 BC).
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Eudoxus of Cnidus
Eudoxus of Cnidus (410 or 408 BC – 355 or 347 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, scholar and student of Plato. Since all his own works are lost, our knowledge of him is obtained from secondary sources, such as Aratus's poem on astronomy. Theodosius of Bithynia's Sphaerics may be based on a work of Eudoxus.
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Euripides
http://wn.com/Euripides -
Galen
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Galileo Galilei
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Geminus
Geminus of Rhodes (), was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, who flourished in the 1st century BC. An astronomy work of his, the Introduction to the Phenomena, still survives; it was intended as an introductory astronomy book for students. He also wrote a work on mathematics, of which only fragments quoted by later authors survive.
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Gerard of Cremona
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Gorgias
Gorgias (, ca. 485-c.380 BCE) "the Nihilist", Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. "Like other Sophists he was an itinerant, practicing in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to invite miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies."
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Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
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Hero of Alexandria
http://wn.com/Hero_of_Alexandria -
Herodotus
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Hesiod
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Hipparchus
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Hippasus
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Hippias
Hippias of Elis (; late 5th century BCE) was a Greek Sophist, and a contemporary of Socrates. With an assurance characteristic of the later sophists, he claimed to be regarded as an authority on all subjects, and lectured on poetry, grammar, history, politics, mathematics, and much else. Most of our knowledge of him is derived from Plato, who characterizes him as vain and arrogant.
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Hippocrates
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Hippocrates of Chios
Hippocrates of Chios was an ancient Greek mathematician, (geometer), and astronomer, who lived c. 470 – c. 410 BCE.
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Hipponax
Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek iambic poet.
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Homer
http://wn.com/Homer -
Hypatia
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Hypsicles
This article is about Hypsicles of Alexandria. For the historian, see Hyspicrates (historian).
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Ibycus
Ibycus (Ancient Greek: ) (6th century BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. The extant fragments of his work contain the earliest-known example of the triadic choral lyric and epinician poetry.
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Isidore of Miletus
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John Kitzhaber
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John Tzetzes
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John Wallis
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John Wesley
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Leonidas I
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Leucippus
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Lionel Casson
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Livy
Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own time. He was on familiar terms with the Julio-Claudian family, advising Augustus' grandnephew, the future emperor Claudius, as a young man not long before 14 AD in a letter to take up the writing of history. Livy and Augustus' wife, Livia, were from the same clan in different locations, although not related by blood.
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Lycurgus of Sparta
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Lysander
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Marinus of Neapolis
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Marshall Clagett
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Milo of Croton
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Nicoteles of Cyrene
Nicoteles of Cyrene (c. 250 BCE) was a Greek mathematician from Cyrene.
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Oenopides
:Oenopides is also the name of a lunar crater
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Pappus of Alexandria
Pappus of Alexandria (Greek ) (c. 290 – c. 350) was one of the last great Greek mathematicians of Antiquity, known for his Synagoge or Collection (c. 340), and for Pappus's Theorem in projective geometry. Nothing is known of his life, except (from his own writings) that he had a son named Hermodorus, and was a teacher in Alexandria.
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Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
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Pausanias (general)
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Pericles
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Perseus (geometer)
Perseus (c. 150 BC) was an ancient Greek geometer, who invented the concept of spiric sections, in analogy to the conic sections studied by Apollonius of Perga.
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Philip II of Macedon
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Philon
Philon, Athenian architect of the 4th century BC, is known as the planner of two important works: the portico of the great Hall of the Mysteries at Eleusis and an arsenal at Athens. Of the last we have exact knowledge from an inscription. E. A. Gardner observes that it "is perhaps known to us more in detail than any other lost monument of antiquity." It was to hold the rigging of the galleys; and was so contrived that all its contents were visible from a central hall, and so liable to the inspection of the Athenian democracy. He is known to have written books on the Athenian arsenal and on the proportions of temple buildings, but these are now lost.
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Pindar
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Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
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Plutarch
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Polybius
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Posidonius
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Proclus
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Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
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Ptolemy
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Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (, Pyrros; 319-272 BC) was a Greek general of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from ca. 297 BC), and later he became King of Epirus (306-302, 297-272 BC) and Macedon (288-284, 273-272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.
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Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (, O Pythagoras o Samios, "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
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René Descartes
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Sappho
Sappho ( in English; Attic Greek ' , Aeolic Greek ' ) was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired throughout antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.
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Simonides of Ceos
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Socrates
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Solon
Solon (ancient Greek: , c. 638 BC–558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
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Sophocles
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Stesichorus
Stesichorus (Ancient Greek: , circa 640 - 555 BC) was the first great poet of the Greek West. He is best known for telling epic stories in lyric metres but he is also famous for some ancient traditions about his life, such as his opposition to the tyrant Phalaris, and the blindness he is said to have incurred and cured by composing verses first insulting and then flattering to Helen of Troy. He was ranked among the nine lyric poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria and yet his work attracted relatively little interest among ancient commentators, which in turn left a disproportionate number of gaps in the modern record as one scholar observed in 1967: "Time has dealt more harshly with Stesichorus than with any other major lyric poet." Recent discoveries, recorded on Egyptian papyrus (notably and controversially, the Lille papyrus, in 1974), have enhanced modern understanding of his work, confirming his role as a link between Homer's epic narrative and the lyric narrative of poets like Pindar.
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T. L. Heath
Sir Thomas Little Heath (5 October 1861 – 16 March 1940) was a British civil servant, mathematician, classical scholar, historian of ancient Greek mathematics, translator, and mountaineer. He was educated at Clifton College. Heath translated works of Euclid of Alexandria, Apollonius of Perga, Aristarchus of Samos, and Archimedes of Syracuse into English.
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Thales
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Thales of Miletus
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Theano (philosopher)
Theano (; 6th-century BC) was a Pythagorean philosopher. She was said by many to have been the wife of Pythagoras, although others made her the wife of Brontinus. A few fragments and letters ascribed to her have survived which are of uncertain authorship. She is believed by some historians to have been a student of Pythagoras and later a teacher in the Pythagorean school, which had 28 female Pythagoreans participating in it .
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Themistocles
Themistocles (Greek: ; "Glory of the Law"); c. 524–459 BC, was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, and was possibly one of the 10 Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
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Theodorus of Cyrene
Theodorus of Cyrene () was a Greek mathematician of the 5th century BC. The only first-hand accounts of him that we have are in two of Plato's dialogues: the Theaetetus and the Sophist. In the former, his student Theaetetus attributes to him the theorem that the square roots of the non-square numbers up to 17 are irrational:
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Theon of Alexandria
Theon (, ca. 335 - ca. 405 AD) was a GreekTihon, Anne, "Theon of Alexandria and Ptolemy's Handy Tables", In Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination. Dibner Institute studies in the history of science and technology. Edited by N.M. Swerdlow. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999, p. 357.
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Theon of Smyrna
Theon of Smyrna (fl. 100 CE) was a Greek philosopher and mathematician, whose works were strongly influenced by the Pythagorean school of thought. His surviving On Mathematics Useful for the Understanding of Plato is an introductory survey of Greek mathematics.
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Thucydides
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Thymaridas
Thymaridas of Paros (ca. 400 BCE - ca. 350 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician and Pythagorean noted for his work on prime numbers and simultaneous linear equations.
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Thābit ibn Qurra
http://wn.com/Thābit_ibn_Qurra -
Timocreon
Timocreon, of Ialysus in Rhodes, was a Greek lyric poet who flourished about 480 BC.
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Vitruvius
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Xenophon
http://wn.com/Xenophon -
Zeno of Citium
http://wn.com/Zeno_of_Citium -
Zeno of Elea
http://wn.com/Zeno_of_Elea -
Zhang Heng
http://wn.com/Zhang_Heng
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Archimedes Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:05
- Published: 05 Dec 2008
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Archimedes(c. 287 BC 212 BC) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity
http://wn.com/Archimedes_Part_1
Secrets of Archimedes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:41
- Published: 03 Dec 2011
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης; c. 287 BC -- c. 212 BC) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines, including siege engines and the screw pump that bears his name. Modern experiments have tested claims that Archimedes designed machines capable of lifting attacking ships out of the water and setting ships on fire using an array of mirrors. Archimedes is generally considered to be the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time. He used the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series, and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of pi. He also defined the spiral bearing his name, formulae for the volumes of surfaces of revolution and an ingenious system for expressing very large numbers. Archimedes died during the Siege of Syracuse when he was killed by a Roman soldier despite orders that he should not be harmed. Cicero describes visiting the tomb of Archimedes, which was surmounted by a sphere inscribed within a cylinder. Archimedes had proven that the sphere has two thirds of the volume and surface area of the cylinder (including the bases of the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Secrets_of_Archimedes
Team Fortress 2 Soundtrack | Archimedes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 15 Oct 2011
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
wiki.teamfortress.com Audio was created and is owned by Valve Corporation.
http://wn.com/Team_Fortress_2_Soundtrack_|_Archimedes
How taking a bath led to Archimedes' principle - Mark Salata
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Published: 06 Sep 2012
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
View full lesson here: ed.ted.com Stories of discovery and invention often begin with a problem that needs solving. Summoned by the king to investigate a suspicious goldsmith, the early Greek mathematician Archimedes stumbles upon the principle that would make him famous. Lesson by Amdon Consulting's Mark Salata, animation by TED-Ed.
http://wn.com/How_taking_a_bath_led_to_Archimedes'_principle_Mark_Salata
Archimedes the Greatest Mathematician
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:55
- Published: 02 Nov 2009
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Discoveries and inventions : The Golden Crown, The Archimedes Screw, The Claw of Archimedes, The Archimedes Heat Ray...etc Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης; c. 287 BC c. 212 BC) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and the explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines, including siege engines and the screw pump that bears his name. Modern experiments have tested claims that Archimedes designed machines capable of lifting attacking ships out of the water and setting ships on fire using an array of mirrors.[1] Archimedes is generally considered to be the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time.[2][3] He used the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series, and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of pi.[4] He also defined the spiral bearing his name, formulas for the volumes of surfaces of revolution and an ingenious system for expressing very large numbers. Archimedes died during the Siege of Syracuse when he was killed by a Roman soldier despite orders that he should not be harmed. Cicero describes visiting the tomb of Archimedes, which was surmounted by a sphere inscribed within a cylinder <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Archimedes_the_Greatest_Mathematician
Archimedes' Principle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:46
- Published: 23 Aug 2009
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Purchase: hilaroad.com This video explains how to calculate the weight of a horse using Archimedes' Principle. Includes a demonstration with digital scales and overflow apparatus. The forces acting on hot air balloons, cargo and cruise ships is explained by this principle from the ancient Greeks. Marine architects and engineers use this basic principle to design floating structures - ships, submarines and oil rigs. Suitable as a learning resource for an introduction to buoyancy and Archimedes in physics and general science.
http://wn.com/Archimedes'_Principle
Astronomy Cast 266 - Archimedes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:42
- Published: 18 Jun 2012
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Archimedes Almost Dies Laughing (High Quality Version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Published: 14 Oct 2008
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
A great clip from the one of the best disney movies. --Special Thanks goes out to mikeymcdee for putting out the first version of this clip.--
http://wn.com/Archimedes_Almost_Dies_Laughing_High_Quality_Version
The Archimedes Palimpsest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:05
- Published: 22 Aug 2012
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Google TechTalks March 7, 2006 Will Noel Roger L. Easton, Jr. Michael B. Toth ABSTRACT The Archimedes Palimpsest is a 10th Century medieval manuscript that is the subject of an ongoing technical, scientific and conservation effort at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. Since 1999, the multidisciplinary team has been disbinding, conserving, imaging, analyzing, transcribing and studying the 174 parchment folios – yielding approximately 400Gb of data to date. The Palimpsest, which the team affectionately calls “Archie,” includes at least seven treatises by Archimedes: The only copies of two of his Treatises, /The Method/ and /Stomachion/; the only copy in Greek of /On Floating Bodies;/ and copies of the /Equilibrium of Planes/, /Spiral Lines/, /The Measurement of the Circle/, and /Sphere and Cylinder/. It also contains 10 pages of text by the 4th century BC Attic Greek orator Hyperides; six folios from a Neo-Platonic philosophical text that has yet to be identified, but may be commentaries on Aristotle; four folios from a liturgical book; and twelve pages from two different books, the text of which has yet to be deciphered. Google engEDU
http://wn.com/The_Archimedes_Palimpsest
Julius Sumner Miller - Physics - Archimedes pt. 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:43
- Published: 05 Jun 2007
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Demonstrations in physics - archimedes' principle
http://wn.com/Julius_Sumner_Miller_Physics_Archimedes_pt_1
Archimedes' screw
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Published: 25 Jan 2010
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Archimedes' screw The Archimedes' Screw consists of a screw inside a hollow pipe. The screw is turned usually by a windmill or by manual labour. As the bottom end of the tube turns, it scoops up a volume of water. This amount of water will slide up in the spiral tube as the shaft is turned, until it finally pours out from the top of the tube and feeds the irrigation systems.
http://wn.com/Archimedes'_screw
Archimedes Screw
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Published: 15 Dec 2011
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
www.epicphysics.com An animation showing the screw pump designed by Archimedes of Syracuse. The Archimedes screw was designed to lift water from low lying areas to higher areas for irrigation purposes. Archimedes screw can also be found in today's machines, from industrial manufacturing plants right down to miniature pumps in modern engines.
http://wn.com/Archimedes_Screw
Acorn Archimedes Promotion from 1987
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:05
- Published: 22 Sep 2011
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
The video used to promote the 'new' range of Acorn Archimedes Computers.
http://wn.com/Acorn_Archimedes_Promotion_from_1987
Crown of Syracuse (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Published: 09 Mar 2009
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Now in HD! This film was created in March 2007 for the brickfilms.com IDEA contest, and was awarded first place. It tells the story of the Greek inventor Archimedes as he struggles to solve a difficult problem for the king. The story is based (loosely) on a legend first recorded by the writer Vitruvius. The entire film was made in ten days. Enjoy! www.smeagol.110mb.com
http://wn.com/Crown_of_Syracuse_HD
Archimedes The Highly Educated Owl
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:38
- Published: 20 Dec 2006
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
A Tribute to a classic Disney character
http://wn.com/Archimedes_The_Highly_Educated_Owl
Archimedes In HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Published: 23 Jan 2012
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
My homemade Archimedes Marble Roller Coaster - in HD
http://wn.com/Archimedes_In_HD
The Story of the Archimedes Palimpsest to 2000 (Part 1/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:45
- Published: 17 Sep 2008
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
The Walters Art Museum, DVD 1999
http://wn.com/The_Story_of_the_Archimedes_Palimpsest_to_2000_Part_1_3
Pi - Archimedes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Published: 20 Jan 2007
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
There will be no order, only chaos.
http://wn.com/Pi_Archimedes
(Doku) Genie der Antike - Archimedes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:51
- Published: 22 May 2012
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
(Dokumentation) Genie der Antike - Archimedes
http://wn.com/Doku_Genie_der_Antike_Archimedes
Archimedes derives the volume of a sphere formula
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Published: 03 Apr 2010
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
Gary Rubinstein teaches how Archimedes in 'The Method,' a manuscript which was lost between 900 AD and 1900 AD (and then lost again until 1998) first derived the formula for the volume of a sphere using the law of the lever.
http://wn.com/Archimedes_derives_the_volume_of_a_sphere_formula
Conceptual Physics: Demo of Archimedes' principle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Published: 22 May 2011
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Paul Hewitt demos and explains Archimedes' principle
http://wn.com/Conceptual_Physics_Demo_of_Archimedes'_principle
Restoring The Archimedes Palimpsest by Will Noel, Ep25
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:29
- Published: 04 Aug 2009
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
The Archimedes Palimpsest is a 10th century manuscript of the mathematician's work. Unfortunately it was turned into a prayer book in the 13th century. Will Noel explains how he helped rescue the text in this weeks Ignite talk. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.
http://wn.com/Restoring_The_Archimedes_Palimpsest_by_Will_Noel,_Ep25
Archimedes Principle - Verification of Archimedes Principle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Published: 24 Feb 2012
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
This is a video demonstration of the activity "Verification of Archimedes Principle" in the iPad app "Archimedes Principle". It illustrates how an Exploriment helps in understanding and achieving a Science objective, and showcases the interactivity of the app. It also shows some app features that are common to all Exploriments, such as Activities, Overview, Actions and Insights. This demo is intended as a preview of using the actual app on an iPad. The app is available on the App Store in iTunes: itunes.apple.com And on the web: www.exploriments.com Please write to us with comments or suggestions exploriments@ilfsindia.com
http://wn.com/Archimedes_Principle_Verification_of_Archimedes_Principle
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For other uses, see Archimedes (disambiguation).
| Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης) |
|
|---|---|
 Archimedes Thoughtful by Fetti (1620) |
|
| Born | c. 287 BC Syracuse, Sicily Magna Graecia |
| Died | c. 212 BC (aged around 75) Syracuse |
| Residence | Syracuse, Sicily |
| Fields | Mathematics, physics, engineering, astronomy, invention |
| Known for | Archimedes' principle, Archimedes' screw, hydrostatics, levers, infinitesimals |
Archimedes of Syracuse (Ancient Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης; c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines, including siege engines and the screw pump that bears his name. Modern experiments have tested claims that Archimedes designed machines capable of lifting attacking ships out of the water and setting ships on fire using an array of mirrors.[1]
Archimedes is generally considered to be the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time.[2][3] He used the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series, and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of pi.[4] He also defined the spiral bearing his name, formulae for the volumes of surfaces of revolution and an ingenious system for expressing very large numbers.
Archimedes died during the Siege of Syracuse when he was killed by a Roman soldier despite orders that he should not be harmed. Cicero describes visiting the tomb of Archimedes, which was surmounted by a sphere inscribed within a cylinder. Archimedes had proven that the sphere has two thirds of the volume and surface area of the cylinder (including the bases of the latter), and regarded this as the greatest of his mathematical achievements.
Unlike his inventions, the mathematical writings of Archimedes were little known in antiquity. Mathematicians from Alexandria read and quoted him, but the first comprehensive compilation was not made until c. 530 AD by Isidore of Miletus, while commentaries on the works of Archimedes written by Eutocius in the sixth century AD opened them to wider readership for the first time. The relatively few copies of Archimedes' written work that survived through the Middle Ages were an influential source of ideas for scientists during the Renaissance,[5] while the discovery in 1906 of previously unknown works by Archimedes in the Archimedes Palimpsest has provided new insights into how he obtained mathematical results.[6]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Archimedes was born c. 287 BC in the seaport city of Syracuse, Sicily, at that time a self-governing colony in Magna Graecia. The date of birth is based on a statement by the Byzantine Greek historian John Tzetzes that Archimedes lived for 75 years.[7] In The Sand Reckoner, Archimedes gives his father's name as Phidias, an astronomer about whom nothing is known. Plutarch wrote in his Parallel Lives that Archimedes was related to King Hiero II, the ruler of Syracuse.[8] A biography of Archimedes was written by his friend Heracleides but this work has been lost, leaving the details of his life obscure.[9] It is unknown, for instance, whether he ever married or had children. During his youth, Archimedes may have studied in Alexandria, Egypt, where Conon of Samos and Eratosthenes of Cyrene were contemporaries. He referred to Conon of Samos as his friend, while two of his works (The Method of Mechanical Theorems and the Cattle Problem) have introductions addressed to Eratosthenes.[a]
Archimedes died c. 212 BC during the Second Punic War, when Roman forces under General Marcus Claudius Marcellus captured the city of Syracuse after a two-year-long siege. According to the popular account given by Plutarch, Archimedes was contemplating a mathematical diagram when the city was captured. A Roman soldier commanded him to come and meet General Marcellus but he declined, saying that he had to finish working on the problem. The soldier was enraged by this, and killed Archimedes with his sword. Plutarch also gives a lesser-known account of the death of Archimedes which suggests that he may have been killed while attempting to surrender to a Roman soldier. According to this story, Archimedes was carrying mathematical instruments, and was killed because the soldier thought that they were valuable items. General Marcellus was reportedly angered by the death of Archimedes, as he considered him a valuable scientific asset and had ordered that he not be harmed.[10]
The last words attributed to Archimedes are "Do not disturb my circles" (Greek: μὴ μου τοὺς κύκλους τάραττε), a reference to the circles in the mathematical drawing that he was supposedly studying when disturbed by the Roman soldier. This quote is often given in Latin as "Noli turbare circulos meos," but there is no reliable evidence that Archimedes uttered these words and they do not appear in the account given by Plutarch.[10]
The tomb of Archimedes carried a sculpture illustrating his favorite mathematical proof, consisting of a sphere and a cylinder of the same height and diameter. Archimedes had proven that the volume and surface area of the sphere are two thirds that of the cylinder including its bases. In 75 BC, 137 years after his death, the Roman orator Cicero was serving as quaestor in Sicily. He had heard stories about the tomb of Archimedes, but none of the locals was able to give him the location. Eventually he found the tomb near the Agrigentine gate in Syracuse, in a neglected condition and overgrown with bushes. Cicero had the tomb cleaned up, and was able to see the carving and read some of the verses that had been added as an inscription.[11] A tomb discovered in a hotel courtyard in Syracuse in the early 1960s was claimed to be that of Archimedes, but its location today is unknown.[12]
The standard versions of the life of Archimedes were written long after his death by the historians of Ancient Rome. The account of the siege of Syracuse given by Polybius in his Universal History was written around seventy years after Archimedes' death, and was used subsequently as a source by Plutarch and Livy. It sheds little light on Archimedes as a person, and focuses on the war machines that he is said to have built in order to defend the city.[13]
Discoveries and inventions[link]
Archimedes' principle[link]
Main article: Archimedes' principle
The most widely known anecdote about Archimedes tells of how he invented a method for determining the volume of an object with an irregular shape. According to Vitruvius, a votive crown for a temple had been made for King Hiero II, who had supplied the pure gold to be used, and Archimedes was asked to determine whether some silver had been substituted by the dishonest goldsmith.[14] Archimedes had to solve the problem without damaging the crown, so he could not melt it down into a regularly shaped body in order to calculate its density. While taking a bath, he noticed that the level of the water in the tub rose as he got in, and realized that this effect could be used to determine the volume of the crown. For practical purposes water is incompressible,[15] so the submerged crown would displace an amount of water equal to its own volume. By dividing the mass of the crown by the volume of water displaced, the density of the crown could be obtained. This density would be lower than that of gold if cheaper and less dense metals had been added. Archimedes then took to the streets naked, so excited by his discovery that he had forgotten to dress, crying "Eureka!" (Greek: "εὕρηκα!," meaning "I have found it!"). The test was conducted successfully, proving that silver had indeed been mixed in.[16]
The story of the golden crown does not appear in the known works of Archimedes. Moreover, the practicality of the method it describes has been called into question, due to the extreme accuracy with which one would have to measure the water displacement.[17] Archimedes may have instead sought a solution that applied the principle known in hydrostatics as Archimedes' principle, which he describes in his treatise On Floating Bodies. This principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.[18] Using this principle, it would have been possible to compare the density of the golden crown to that of solid gold by balancing the crown on a scale with a gold reference sample, then immersing the apparatus in water. The difference in density between the two samples would cause the scale to tip accordingly. Galileo considered it "probable that this method is the same that Archimedes followed, since, besides being very accurate, it is based on demonstrations found by Archimedes himself."[19]
Archimedes' screw[link]
Main article: Archimedes' screw
A large part of Archimedes' work in engineering arose from fulfilling the needs of his home city of Syracuse. The Greek writer Athenaeus of Naucratis described how King Hiero II commissioned Archimedes to design a huge ship, the Syracusia, which could be used for luxury travel, carrying supplies, and as a naval warship. The Syracusia is said to have been the largest ship built in classical antiquity.[20] According to Athenaeus, it was capable of carrying 600 people and included garden decorations, a gymnasium and a temple dedicated to the goddess Aphrodite among its facilities. Since a ship of this size would leak a considerable amount of water through the hull, the Archimedes screw was purportedly developed in order to remove the bilge water. Archimedes' machine was a device with a revolving screw-shaped blade inside a cylinder. It was turned by hand, and could also be used to transfer water from a low-lying body of water into irrigation canals. The Archimedes screw is still in use today for pumping liquids and granulated solids such as coal and grain. The Archimedes screw described in Roman times by Vitruvius may have been an improvement on a screw pump that was used to irrigate the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.[21][22][23] The world's first seagoing steamship with a screw propeller was the SS Archimedes, which was launched in 1839 and named in honor of Archimedes and his work on the screw.[24]
Claw of Archimedes[link]
The Claw of Archimedes is a weapon that he is said to have designed in order to defend the city of Syracuse. Also known as "the ship shaker," the claw consisted of a crane-like arm from which a large metal grappling hook was suspended. When the claw was dropped onto an attacking ship the arm would swing upwards, lifting the ship out of the water and possibly sinking it. There have been modern experiments to test the feasibility of the claw, and in 2005 a television documentary entitled Superweapons of the Ancient World built a version of the claw and concluded that it was a workable device.[25][26]
Heat ray[link]
The 2nd century AD author Lucian wrote that during the Siege of Syracuse (c. 214–212 BC), Archimedes destroyed enemy ships with fire. Centuries later, Anthemius of Tralles mentions burning-glasses as Archimedes' weapon.[27] The device, sometimes called the "Archimedes heat ray", was used to focus sunlight onto approaching ships, causing them to catch fire.
This purported weapon has been the subject of ongoing debate about its credibility since the Renaissance. René Descartes rejected it as false, while modern researchers have attempted to recreate the effect using only the means that would have been available to Archimedes.[28] It has been suggested that a large array of highly polished bronze or copper shields acting as mirrors could have been employed to focus sunlight onto a ship. This would have used the principle of the parabolic reflector in a manner similar to a solar furnace.
A test of the Archimedes heat ray was carried out in 1973 by the Greek scientist Ioannis Sakkas. The experiment took place at the Skaramagas naval base outside Athens. On this occasion 70 mirrors were used, each with a copper coating and a size of around five by three feet (1.5 by 1 m). The mirrors were pointed at a plywood mock-up of a Roman warship at a distance of around 160 feet (50 m). When the mirrors were focused accurately, the ship burst into flames within a few seconds. The plywood ship had a coating of tar paint, which may have aided combustion.[29] A coating of tar would have been commonplace on ships in the classical era.[d]
In October 2005 a group of students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology carried out an experiment with 127 one-foot (30 cm) square mirror tiles, focused on a mock-up wooden ship at a range of around 100 feet (30 m). Flames broke out on a patch of the ship, but only after the sky had been cloudless and the ship had remained stationary for around ten minutes. It was concluded that the device was a feasible weapon under these conditions. The MIT group repeated the experiment for the television show MythBusters, using a wooden fishing boat in San Francisco as the target. Again some charring occurred, along with a small amount of flame. In order to catch fire, wood needs to reach its autoignition temperature, which is around 300 °C (570 °F).[30][31]
When MythBusters broadcast the result of the San Francisco experiment in January 2006, the claim was placed in the category of "busted" (or failed) because of the length of time and the ideal weather conditions required for combustion to occur. It was also pointed out that since Syracuse faces the sea towards the east, the Roman fleet would have had to attack during the morning for optimal gathering of light by the mirrors. MythBusters also pointed out that conventional weaponry, such as flaming arrows or bolts from a catapult, would have been a far easier way of setting a ship on fire at short distances.[1]
In December 2010, MythBusters again looked at the heat ray story in a special edition featuring Barack Obama, entitled President's Challenge. Several experiments were carried out, including a large scale test with 500 schoolchildren aiming mirrors at a mock-up of a Roman sailing ship 400 feet (120 m) away. In all of the experiments, the sail failed to reach the 210 °C (410 °F) required to catch fire, and the verdict was again "busted". The show concluded that a more likely effect of the mirrors would have been blinding, dazzling, or distracting the crew of the ship.[32]
Other discoveries and inventions[link]
While Archimedes did not invent the lever, he gave an explanation of the principle involved in his work On the Equilibrium of Planes. Earlier descriptions of the lever are found in the Peripatetic school of the followers of Aristotle, and are sometimes attributed to Archytas.[33][34] According to Pappus of Alexandria, Archimedes' work on levers caused him to remark: "Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth." (Greek: δῶς μοι πᾶ στῶ καὶ τὰν γᾶν κινάσω)[35] Plutarch describes how Archimedes designed block-and-tackle pulley systems, allowing sailors to use the principle of leverage to lift objects that would otherwise have been too heavy to move.[36] Archimedes has also been credited with improving the power and accuracy of the catapult, and with inventing the odometer during the First Punic War. The odometer was described as a cart with a gear mechanism that dropped a ball into a container after each mile traveled.[37]
Cicero (106–43 BC) mentions Archimedes briefly in his dialogue De re publica, which portrays a fictional conversation taking place in 129 BC. After the capture of Syracuse c. 212 BC, General Marcus Claudius Marcellus is said to have taken back to Rome two mechanisms used as aids in astronomy, which showed the motion of the Sun, Moon and five planets. Cicero mentions similar mechanisms designed by Thales of Miletus and Eudoxus of Cnidus. The dialogue says that Marcellus kept one of the devices as his only personal loot from Syracuse, and donated the other to the Temple of Virtue in Rome. Marcellus' mechanism was demonstrated, according to Cicero, by Gaius Sulpicius Gallus to Lucius Furius Philus, who described it thus:
Hanc sphaeram Gallus cum moveret, fiebat ut soli luna totidem conversionibus in aere illo quot diebus in ipso caelo succederet, ex quo et in caelo sphaera solis fieret eadem illa defectio, et incideret luna tum in eam metam quae esset umbra terrae, cum sol e regione. — When Gallus moved the globe, it happened that the Moon followed the Sun by as many turns on that bronze contrivance as in the sky itself, from which also in the sky the Sun's globe became to have that same eclipse, and the Moon came then to that position which was its shadow on the Earth, when the Sun was in line.[38][39]
This is a description of a planetarium or orrery. Pappus of Alexandria stated that Archimedes had written a manuscript (now lost) on the construction of these mechanisms entitled On Sphere-Making. Modern research in this area has been focused on the Antikythera mechanism, another device from classical antiquity that was probably designed for the same purpose. Constructing mechanisms of this kind would have required a sophisticated knowledge of differential gearing. This was once thought to have been beyond the range of the technology available in ancient times, but the discovery of the Antikythera mechanism in 1902 has confirmed that devices of this kind were known to the ancient Greeks.[40][41]
Mathematics[link]
While he is often regarded as a designer of mechanical devices, Archimedes also made contributions to the field of mathematics. Plutarch wrote: "He placed his whole affection and ambition in those purer speculations where there can be no reference to the vulgar needs of life."[42]
Archimedes was able to use infinitesimals in a way that is similar to modern integral calculus. Through proof by contradiction (reductio ad absurdum), he could give answers to problems to an arbitrary degree of accuracy, while specifying the limits within which the answer lay. This technique is known as the method of exhaustion, and he employed it to approximate the value of π. He did this by drawing a larger polygon outside a circle and a smaller polygon inside the circle. As the number of sides of the polygon increases, it becomes a more accurate approximation of a circle. When the polygons had 96 sides each, he calculated the lengths of their sides and showed that the value of π lay between 31⁄7 (approximately 3.1429) and 310⁄71 (approximately 3.1408), consistent with its actual value of approximately 3.1416. He also proved that the area of a circle was equal to π multiplied by the square of the radius of the circle (πr2). In On the Sphere and Cylinder, Archimedes postulates that any magnitude when added to itself enough times will exceed any given magnitude. This is the Archimedean property of real numbers.[43]
In Measurement of a Circle, Archimedes gives the value of the square root of 3 as lying between 265⁄153 (approximately 1.7320261) and 1351⁄780 (approximately 1.7320512). The actual value is approximately 1.7320508, making this a very accurate estimate. He introduced this result without offering any explanation of the method used to obtain it. This aspect of the work of Archimedes caused John Wallis to remark that he was: "as it were of set purpose to have covered up the traces of his investigation as if he had grudged posterity the secret of his method of inquiry while he wished to extort from them assent to his results."[44]
In The Quadrature of the Parabola, Archimedes proved that the area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is 4⁄3 times the area of a corresponding inscribed triangle as shown in the figure at right. He expressed the solution to the problem as an infinite geometric series with the common ratio 1⁄4:
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \sum_{n=0}^\infty 4^{-n} = 1 + 4^{-1} + 4^{-2} + 4^{-3} + \cdots = {4\over 3}. \;
If the first term in this series is the area of the triangle, then the second is the sum of the areas of two triangles whose bases are the two smaller secant lines, and so on. This proof uses a variation of the series 1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + · · · which sums to 1⁄3.
In The Sand Reckoner, Archimedes set out to calculate the number of grains of sand that the universe could contain. In doing so, he challenged the notion that the number of grains of sand was too large to be counted. He wrote: "There are some, King Gelo (Gelo II, son of Hiero II), who think that the number of the sand is infinite in multitude; and I mean by the sand not only that which exists about Syracuse and the rest of Sicily but also that which is found in every region whether inhabited or uninhabited." To solve the problem, Archimedes devised a system of counting based on the myriad. The word is from the Greek μυριάς murias, for the number 10,000. He proposed a number system using powers of a myriad of myriads (100 million) and concluded that the number of grains of sand required to fill the universe would be 8 vigintillion, or 8×1063.[45]
Writings[link]
The works of Archimedes were written in Doric Greek, the dialect of ancient Syracuse.[46] The written work of Archimedes has not survived as well as that of Euclid, and seven of his treatises are known to have existed only through references made to them by other authors. Pappus of Alexandria mentions On Sphere-Making and another work on polyhedra, while Theon of Alexandria quotes a remark about refraction from the now-lost Catoptrica.[b] During his lifetime, Archimedes made his work known through correspondence with the mathematicians in Alexandria. The writings of Archimedes were collected by the Byzantine architect Isidore of Miletus (c. 530 AD), while commentaries on the works of Archimedes written by Eutocius in the sixth century AD helped to bring his work a wider audience. Archimedes' work was translated into Arabic by Thābit ibn Qurra (836–901 AD), and Latin by Gerard of Cremona (c. 1114–1187 AD). During the Renaissance, the Editio Princeps (First Edition) was published in Basel in 1544 by Johann Herwagen with the works of Archimedes in Greek and Latin.[47] Around the year 1586 Galileo Galilei invented a hydrostatic balance for weighing metals in air and water after apparently being inspired by the work of Archimedes.[48]
Surviving works[link]
.jpg)
- On the Equilibrium of Planes (two volumes)
- The first book is in fifteen propositions with seven postulates, while the second book is in ten propositions. In this work Archimedes explains the Law of the Lever, stating, "Magnitudes are in equilibrium at distances reciprocally proportional to their weights."
- Archimedes uses the principles derived to calculate the areas and centers of gravity of various geometric figures including triangles, parallelograms and parabolas.[49]
- This is a short work consisting of three propositions. It is written in the form of a correspondence with Dositheus of Pelusium, who was a student of Conon of Samos. In Proposition II, Archimedes shows that the value of pi (π) is greater than 223⁄71 and less than 22⁄7. The latter figure was used as an approximation of pi throughout the Middle Ages and is still used today when only a rough figure is required.
- This work of 28 propositions is also addressed to Dositheus. The treatise defines what is now called the Archimedean spiral. It is the locus of points corresponding to the locations over time of a point moving away from a fixed point with a constant speed along a line which rotates with constant angular velocity. Equivalently, in polar coordinates (r, θ) it can be described by the equation
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \, r=a+b\theta
- with real numbers a and b. This is an early example of a mechanical curve (a curve traced by a moving point) considered by a Greek mathematician.
- On the Sphere and the Cylinder (two volumes)
- In this treatise addressed to Dositheus, Archimedes obtains the result of which he was most proud, namely the relationship between a sphere and a circumscribed cylinder of the same height and diameter. The volume is 4⁄3πr3 for the sphere, and 2πr3 for the cylinder. The surface area is 4πr2 for the sphere, and 6πr2 for the cylinder (including its two bases), where r is the radius of the sphere and cylinder. The sphere has a volume two-thirds that of the circumscribed cylinder. Similarly, the sphere has an area two-thirds that of the cylinder (including the bases). A sculpted sphere and cylinder were placed on the tomb of Archimedes at his request.
- This is a work in 32 propositions addressed to Dositheus. In this treatise Archimedes calculates the areas and volumes of sections of cones, spheres, and paraboloids.
- On Floating Bodies (two volumes)
- In the first part of this treatise, Archimedes spells out the law of equilibrium of fluids, and proves that water will adopt a spherical form around a center of gravity. This may have been an attempt at explaining the theory of contemporary Greek astronomers such as Eratosthenes that the Earth is round. The fluids described by Archimedes are not self-gravitating, since he assumes the existence of a point towards which all things fall in order to derive the spherical shape.
- In the second part, he calculates the equilibrium positions of sections of paraboloids. This was probably an idealization of the shapes of ships' hulls. Some of his sections float with the base under water and the summit above water, similar to the way that icebergs float. Archimedes' principle of buoyancy is given in the work, stated as follows:
Any body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid experiences an upthrust equal to, but opposite in sense to, the weight of the fluid displaced.
- In this work of 24 propositions addressed to Dositheus, Archimedes proves by two methods that the area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is 4/3 multiplied by the area of a triangle with equal base and height. He achieves this by calculating the value of a geometric series that sums to infinity with the ratio 1⁄4.
- This is a dissection puzzle similar to a Tangram, and the treatise describing it was found in more complete form in the Archimedes Palimpsest. Archimedes calculates the areas of the 14 pieces which can be assembled to form a square. Research published by Dr. Reviel Netz of Stanford University in 2003 argued that Archimedes was attempting to determine how many ways the pieces could be assembled into the shape of a square. Dr. Netz calculates that the pieces can be made into a square 17,152 ways.[50] The number of arrangements is 536 when solutions that are equivalent by rotation and reflection have been excluded.[51] The puzzle represents an example of an early problem in combinatorics.
- The origin of the puzzle's name is unclear, and it has been suggested that it is taken from the Ancient Greek word for throat or gullet, stomachos (στόμαχος).[52] Ausonius refers to the puzzle as Ostomachion, a Greek compound word formed from the roots of ὀστέον (osteon, bone) and μάχη (machē – fight). The puzzle is also known as the Loculus of Archimedes or Archimedes' Box.[53]
- This work was discovered by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing in a Greek manuscript consisting of a poem of 44 lines, in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel, Germany in 1773. It is addressed to Eratosthenes and the mathematicians in Alexandria. Archimedes challenges them to count the numbers of cattle in the Herd of the Sun by solving a number of simultaneous Diophantine equations. There is a more difficult version of the problem in which some of the answers are required to be square numbers. This version of the problem was first solved by A. Amthor[54] in 1880, and the answer is a very large number, approximately 7.760271×10206,544.[55]
- In this treatise, Archimedes counts the number of grains of sand that will fit inside the universe. This book mentions the heliocentric theory of the solar system proposed by Aristarchus of Samos, as well as contemporary ideas about the size of the Earth and the distance between various celestial bodies. By using a system of numbers based on powers of the myriad, Archimedes concludes that the number of grains of sand required to fill the universe is 8×1063 in modern notation. The introductory letter states that Archimedes' father was an astronomer named Phidias. The Sand Reckoner or Psammites is the only surviving work in which Archimedes discusses his views on astronomy.[56]
- This treatise was thought lost until the discovery of the Archimedes Palimpsest in 1906. In this work Archimedes uses infinitesimals, and shows how breaking up a figure into an infinite number of infinitely small parts can be used to determine its area or volume. Archimedes may have considered this method lacking in formal rigor, so he also used the method of exhaustion to derive the results. As with The Cattle Problem, The Method of Mechanical Theorems was written in the form of a letter to Eratosthenes in Alexandria.
Apocryphal works[link]
Archimedes' Book of Lemmas or Liber Assumptorum is a treatise with fifteen propositions on the nature of circles. The earliest known copy of the text is in Arabic. The scholars T. L. Heath and Marshall Clagett argued that it cannot have been written by Archimedes in its current form, since it quotes Archimedes, suggesting modification by another author. The Lemmas may be based on an earlier work by Archimedes that is now lost.[57]
It has also been claimed that Heron's formula for calculating the area of a triangle from the length of its sides was known to Archimedes.[c] However, the first reliable reference to the formula is given by Heron of Alexandria in the 1st century AD.[58]
Archimedes Palimpsest[link]
Main article: Archimedes Palimpsest
The foremost document containing the work of Archimedes is the Archimedes Palimpsest. In 1906, the Danish professor Johan Ludvig Heiberg visited Constantinople and examined a 174-page goatskin parchment of prayers written in the 13th century AD. He discovered that it was a palimpsest, a document with text that had been written over an erased older work. Palimpsests were created by scraping the ink from existing works and reusing them, which was a common practice in the Middle Ages as vellum was expensive. The older works in the palimpsest were identified by scholars as 10th century AD copies of previously unknown treatises by Archimedes.[59] The parchment spent hundreds of years in a monastery library in Constantinople before being sold to a private collector in the 1920s. On October 29, 1998 it was sold at auction to an anonymous buyer for $2 million at Christie's in New York.[60] The palimpsest holds seven treatises, including the only surviving copy of On Floating Bodies in the original Greek. It is the only known source of The Method of Mechanical Theorems, referred to by Suidas and thought to have been lost forever. Stomachion was also discovered in the palimpsest, with a more complete analysis of the puzzle than had been found in previous texts. The palimpsest is now stored at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland, where it has been subjected to a range of modern tests including the use of ultraviolet and x-ray light to read the overwritten text.[61]
The treatises in the Archimedes Palimpsest are: On the Equilibrium of Planes, On Spirals, Measurement of a Circle, On the Sphere and the Cylinder, On Floating Bodies, The Method of Mechanical Theorems and Stomachion.
Legacy[link]
There is a crater on the Moon named Archimedes (29.7° N, 4.0° W) in his honor, as well as a lunar mountain range, the Montes Archimedes (25.3° N, 4.6° W).[62]
The asteroid 3600 Archimedes is named after him.[63]
The Fields Medal for outstanding achievement in mathematics carries a portrait of Archimedes, along with his proof concerning the sphere and the cylinder. The inscription around the head of Archimedes is a quote attributed to him which reads in Latin: "Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri" (Rise above oneself and grasp the world).[64]
Archimedes has appeared on postage stamps issued by East Germany (1973), Greece (1983), Italy (1983), Nicaragua (1971), San Marino (1982), and Spain (1963).[65]
The exclamation of Eureka! attributed to Archimedes is the state motto of California. In this instance the word refers to the discovery of gold near Sutter's Mill in 1848 which sparked the California Gold Rush.[66]
A movement for civic engagement targeting universal access to health care in the US state of Oregon has been named the "Archimedes Movement," headed by former Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber.[67]
See also[link]
- Arbelos
- Archimedes' axiom
- Archimedes number
- Archimedes paradox
- Archimedes principle of buoyancy
- Archimedes' screw
- Archimedean solid
- Archimedes' twin circles
- Archimedes' use of infinitesimals
- Archytas
- Diocles
- Methods of computing square roots
- Pseudo-Archimedes
- Salinon
- Steam cannon
- Syracusia
- Vitruvius
- Zhang Heng
Notes and references[link]
Notes[link]
a. ^ In the preface to On Spirals addressed to Dositheus of Pelusium, Archimedes says that "many years have elapsed since Conon's death." Conon of Samos lived c. 280–220 BC, suggesting that Archimedes may have been an older man when writing some of his works.
b. ^ The treatises by Archimedes known to exist only through references in the works of other authors are: On Sphere-Making and a work on polyhedra mentioned by Pappus of Alexandria; Catoptrica, a work on optics mentioned by Theon of Alexandria; Principles, addressed to Zeuxippus and explaining the number system used in The Sand Reckoner; On Balances and Levers; On Centers of Gravity; On the Calendar. Of the surviving works by Archimedes, T. L. Heath offers the following suggestion as to the order in which they were written: On the Equilibrium of Planes I, The Quadrature of the Parabola, On the Equilibrium of Planes II, On the Sphere and the Cylinder I, II, On Spirals, On Conoids and Spheroids, On Floating Bodies I, II, On the Measurement of a Circle, The Sand Reckoner.
c. ^ Boyer, Carl Benjamin A History of Mathematics (1991) ISBN 0-471-54397-7 "Arabic scholars inform us that the familiar area formula for a triangle in terms of its three sides, usually known as Heron's formula — k = √(s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)), where s is the semiperimeter — was known to Archimedes several centuries before Heron lived. Arabic scholars also attribute to Archimedes the 'theorem on the broken chord' … Archimedes is reported by the Arabs to have given several proofs of the theorem."
d. ^ "It was usual to smear the seams or even the whole hull with pitch or with pitch and wax". In Νεκρικοὶ Διάλογοι (Dialogues of the Dead), Lucian refers to coating the seams of a skiff with wax, a reference to pitch (tar) or wax.[68]
References[link]
- ^ a b "Archimedes Death Ray: Testing with MythBusters". MIT. http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www//experiments/deathray/10_Mythbusters.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Calinger, Ronald (1999). A Contextual History of Mathematics. Prentice-Hall. p. 150. ISBN 0-02-318285-7. "Shortly after Euclid, compiler of the definitive textbook, came Archimedes of Syracuse (ca. 287 212 BC), the most original and profound mathematician of antiquity."
- ^ "Archimedes of Syracuse". The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. January 1999. http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Archimedes.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ O'Connor, J.J. and Robertson, E.F. (February 1996). "A history of calculus". University of St Andrews. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_rise_of_calculus.html. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
- ^ Bursill-Hall, Piers. "Galileo, Archimedes, and Renaissance engineers". sciencelive with the University of Cambridge. http://www.sciencelive.org/component/option,com_mediadb/task,view/idstr,CU-MMP-PiersBursillHall/Itemid,30. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
- ^ "Archimedes – The Palimpsest". Walters Art Museum. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928102802/http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/palimpsest_making1.html. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ Heath, T. L., Works of Archimedes, 1897
- ^ Plutarch. "Parallel Lives Complete e-text from Gutenberg.org". Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/674. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ O'Connor, J.J. and Robertson, E.F.. "Archimedes of Syracuse". University of St Andrews. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Archimedes.html. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ a b Rorres, Chris. "Death of Archimedes: Sources". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Death/Histories.html. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ Rorres, Chris. "Tomb of Archimedes: Sources". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Tomb/Cicero.html. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ Rorres, Chris. "Tomb of Archimedes - Illustrations". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Tomb/TombIllus.html. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
- ^ Rorres, Chris. "Siege of Syracuse". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Siege/Polybius.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Vitruvius. "De Architectura, Book IX, paragraphs 9–12, text in English and Latin". University of Chicago. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/9*.html. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
- ^ "Incompressibility of Water". Harvard University. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~scdiroff/lds/NewtonianMechanics/IncompressibilityofWater/IncompressibilityofWater.html. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ HyperPhysics. "Buoyancy". Georgia State University. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/pbuoy.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Rorres, Chris. "The Golden Crown". Drexel University. http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Crown/CrownIntro.html. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
- ^ Carroll, Bradley W. "Archimedes' Principle". Weber State University. http://www.physics.weber.edu/carroll/Archimedes/principle.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Rorres, Chris. "The Golden Crown: Galileo's Balance". Drexel University. http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Crown/bilancetta.html. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
- ^ Casson, Lionel (1971). Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03536-9.
- ^ Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World". Technology and Culture Volume 44, Number 1, January 2003 (PDF). http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/toc/tech44.1.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Rorres, Chris. "Archimedes screw – Optimal Design". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. http://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Screw/optimal/optimal.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ An animation of an Archimedes screw
- ^ "SS Archimedes". wrecksite.eu. http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?636. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ^ Rorres, Chris. "Archimedes' Claw – Illustrations and Animations – a range of possible designs for the claw". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Claw/illustrations.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Carroll, Bradley W. "Archimedes' Claw – watch an animation". Weber State University. http://physics.weber.edu/carroll/Archimedes/claw.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
- ^ Hippias, 2 (cf. Galen, On temperaments 3.2, who mentions pyreia, "torches"); Anthemius of Tralles, On miraculous engines 153 [Westerman].
- ^ John Wesley. "A Compendium of Natural Philosophy (1810) Chapter XII, Burning Glasses". Online text at Wesley Center for Applied Theology. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012154432/http://wesley.nnu.edu/john_wesley/wesley_natural_philosophy/duten12.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- ^ "Archimedes' Weapon". Time Magazine. November 26, 1973. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908175,00.html?promoid=googlep. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
- ^ Bonsor, Kevin. "How Wildfires Work". HowStuffWorks. http://science.howstuffworks.com/wildfire.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Fuels and Chemicals – Auto Ignition Temperatures
- ^ "TV Review: MythBusters 8.27 – President's Challenge". http://fandomania.com/tv-review-mythbusters-8-27-presidents-challenge/. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
- ^ Rorres, Chris. "The Law of the Lever According to Archimedes". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Lever/LeverLaw.html. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ Clagett, Marshall (2001). Greek Science in Antiquity. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41973-2. http://books.google.com/?id=mweWMAlf-tEC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=archytas+lever&q=archytas%20lever. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ Quoted by Pappus of Alexandria in Synagoge, Book VIII
- ^ Dougherty, F. C.; Macari, J.; Okamoto, C.. "Pulleys". Society of Women Engineers. http://www.swe.org/iac/lp/pulley_03.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ "Ancient Greek Scientists: Hero of Alexandria". Technology Museum of Thessaloniki. http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/5/55.html. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- ^ Cicero. "De re publica 1.xiv §21". thelatinlibrary.com. http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/repub1.shtml#21. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Cicero. "De re publica Complete e-text in English from Gutenberg.org". Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14988. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
- ^ Rorres, Chris. "Spheres and Planetaria". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Sphere/SphereIntro.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ "Ancient Moon 'computer' revisited". BBC News. November 29, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6191462.stm. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Plutarch. "Extract from Parallel Lives". fulltextarchive.com. http://fulltextarchive.com/pages/Plutarch-s-Lives10.php#p35. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
- ^ Kaye, R.W.. "Archimedean ordered fields". web.mat.bham.ac.uk. http://web.mat.bham.ac.uk/R.W.Kaye/seqser/archfields. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
- ^ Quoted in Heath, T. L. Works of Archimedes, Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-42084-1.
- ^ Carroll, Bradley W. "The Sand Reckoner". Weber State University. http://physics.weber.edu/carroll/Archimedes/sand.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Encyclopedia of ancient Greece By Wilson, Nigel Guy p. 77 ISBN 0-7945-0225-3 (2006)
- ^ "Editions of Archimedes' Work". Brown University Library. http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/University_Library/exhibits/math/wholefr.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Van Helden, Al. "The Galileo Project: Hydrostatic Balance". Rice University. http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/balance.html. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- ^ Heath, T.L.. "The Works of Archimedes (1897). The unabridged work in PDF form (19 MB)". Archive.org. http://www.archive.org/details/worksofarchimede029517mbp. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ Kolata, Gina (December 14, 2003). "In Archimedes' Puzzle, a New Eureka Moment". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E6DD133CF937A25751C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Ed Pegg Jr. (November 17, 2003). "The Loculus of Archimedes, Solved". Mathematical Association of America. http://www.maa.org/editorial/mathgames/mathgames_11_17_03.html. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
- ^ Rorres, Chris. "Archimedes' Stomachion". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. http://math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Stomachion/intro.html. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- ^ "Graeco Roman Puzzles". Gianni A. Sarcone and Marie J. Waeber. http://www.archimedes-lab.org/latin.html#archimede. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
- ^ Krumbiegel, B. and Amthor, A. Das Problema Bovinum des Archimedes, Historisch-literarische Abteilung der Zeitschrift Für Mathematik und Physik 25 (1880) pp. 121–136, 153–171.
- ^ Calkins, Keith G. "Archimedes' Problema Bovinum". Andrews University. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012171254/http://andrews.edu/~calkins/profess/cattle.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- ^ "English translation of The Sand Reckoner". University of Waterloo. http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/navigation/ideas/reckoner.shtml. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ "Archimedes' Book of Lemmas". cut-the-knot. http://www.cut-the-knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/BookOfLemmas/index.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
- ^ O'Connor, J.J. and Robertson, E.F. (April 1999). "Heron of Alexandria". University of St Andrews. http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Heron.html. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ Miller, Mary K. (March 2007). "Reading Between the Lines". Smithsonian Magazine. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/archimedes.html. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
- ^ "Rare work by Archimedes sells for $2 million". CNN. October 29, 1998. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080516000109/http://edition.cnn.com/books/news/9810/29/archimedes/. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
- ^ "X-rays reveal Archimedes' secrets". BBC News. August 2, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5235894.stm. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Friedlander, Jay and Williams, Dave. "Oblique view of Archimedes crater on the Moon". NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/a15_m_1541.html. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
- ^ "Planetary Data System". NASA. http://starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov/pds-explorer/index.jsp?selection=othertarget&targname=3600%20ARCHIMEDES. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
- ^ "Fields Medal". International Mathematical Union. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070701033751/http://www.mathunion.org/medals/Fields/AboutPhotos.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Rorres, Chris. "Stamps of Archimedes". Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. http://math.nyu.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Stamps/stamps.html. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
- ^ "California Symbols". California State Capitol Museum. http://www.capitolmuseum.ca.gov/VirtualTour.aspx?content1=1278&Content2=1374&Content3=1294. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- ^ "The Archimedes Movement". http://www.archimedesmovement.org/.
- ^ Casson, Lionel (1995). Ships and seamanship in the ancient world. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-0-8018-5130-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=sDpMh0gK2OUC&pg=PA18&dq=why+were+homer%27s+ships+black#v=onepage&q=why%20were%20homer's%20ships%20black&f=false.
Further reading[link]
 |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Archimedes. |
- Boyer, Carl Benjamin (1991). A History of Mathematics. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-54397-7.
- Clagett, Marshall (1964-1984). Archimedes in the Middle Ages. 5 vols. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
- Dijksterhuis, E.J. (1987). Archimedes. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-08421-1. Republished translation of the 1938 study of Archimedes and his works by an historian of science.
- Gow, Mary (2005). Archimedes: Mathematical Genius of the Ancient World. Enslow Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-7660-2502-0.
- Hasan, Heather (2005). Archimedes: The Father of Mathematics. Rosen Central. ISBN 978-1-4042-0774-5.
- Heath, T.L. (1897). Works of Archimedes. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-42084-1. Complete works of Archimedes in English.
- Netz, Reviel and Noel, William (2007). The Archimedes Codex. Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 0-297-64547-1.
- Pickover, Clifford A. (2008). Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533611-5.
- Simms, Dennis L. (1995). Archimedes the Engineer. Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. ISBN 0-7201-2284-8.
- Stein, Sherman (1999). Archimedes: What Did He Do Besides Cry Eureka?. Mathematical Association of America. ISBN 0-88385-718-9.
[edit] The Works of Archimedes online
- Text in Classical Greek: PDF scans of Heiberg's edition of the Works of Archimedes, now in the public domain
- In English translation: The Works of Archimedes, trans. T.L. Heath; supplemented by The Method of Mechanical Theorems, trans. L.G. Robinson
External links[link]
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This audio file was created from a revision of the "Archimedes" article dated 2009-03-31, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
- Archimedes on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- The Archimedes Palimpsest project at The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland
- The Mathematical Achievements and Methodologies of Archimedes
- "Archimedes and the Square Root of 3" at MathPages.com.
- "Archimedes on Spheres and Cylinders" at MathPages.com.
- Photograph of the Sakkas experiment in 1973
- Testing the Archimedes steam cannon
- Stamps of Archimedes
- Eureka! 1,000-year-old text by Greek maths genius Archimedes goes on display Daily Mail, October 18, 2011.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Archimedes |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | ancient Greek mathematician, physicist and engineer |
| Date of birth | circa 287 BC |
| Place of birth | Syracuse, Sicily, Magna Graecia |
| Date of death | circa 212 BC |
| Place of death | Syracuse, Sicily, Magna Graecia |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Julius Sumner Miller | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1906-05-17)May 17, 1906 Billerica, Massachusetts |
| Died | April 14, 1987(1987-04-14) (aged 80) San Jose, California |
| Fields | Physics |
| Alma mater | Boston University |
| Known for | Children's television |
| Influences | Albert Einstein |
Julius Sumner Miller (May 17, 1909 – April 14, 1987) was an American physicist and television personality. He is best known for his work on children's television programs in North America and Australia.
Contents |
Off-screen[link]
Julius Sumner Miller was born in Billerica, Massachusetts the youngest of nine children. His father was Latvian, his Lithuanian mother spoke 12 languages.[1][2]
Miller graduated with a Philosophy degree and a Master's in Physics from Boston University in 1933 but due to the Depression worked as a butler for a wealthy Boston doctor for the next two years during which time he married the doctor's maid, Alice Brown; they were to have no children, but he was to go on to reach millions of children through his popular science programs.[2]
After making over 700 applications for employment, in 1937 he was offered a place in the Physics Department of Dillard University, a private, black liberal arts college in New Orleans. During World War II he worked as a civilian physicist for the U.S. Army Signal Corps while holding fellowships in physics at the universities of Idaho and Oklahoma and was a Ford Foundation Fellow at UCLA. In 1950 he enrolled in the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, N.J. where he was a student of Albert Einstein. He became a lifelong friend of Einstein and went on to amass a collection of Einstein memorabilia that included Einstein's birth certificate. Miller also taught at Princeton but disliked large institutions, leaving in 1952 to join the Physics Department at the then small El Camino College in Torrance, California (1952–1974), to maximum student enrollments due to his great popularity[2] and where he was instantly recognizable by his casual hair and horn-rimmed spectacles.
Miller was intolerant of misspelled words and misplaced punctuation and often angered his colleagues because he charged that the students of most faculty were not learning enough. During an interview in the 1940s, he stated that intellectual life in America was in trouble, a belief he held for the rest of his life.
"We are approaching a darkness in the land. Boys and girls are emerging from every level of school with certificates and degrees, but they can't read, write or calculate. We don't have academic honesty or intellectual rigor. Schools have abandoned integrity and rigor."[2]
From 1963 to 1986 he was the visiting lecturer for the Physics Department of the University of Sydney [3] and from 1965 to 1985, the US Air Force Academy.
Television[link]
Miller began hosting his educational program, "Why Is It So?" in 1959 on KNXT Channel 2 in Los Angeles. From 1962 to 1964, Miller was Disney's "Professor Wonderful" on new introductions, filmed at Disneyland, to the syndicated reruns of The Mickey Mouse Club. During the same period, he appeared on a semi-regular basis, performing physics experiments, on Steve Allen's late night TV show in Hollywood, syndicated by Group W.
Miller's first television appearance in Australia was on Bob Sanders People in 1963. In an improvised physics demonstration he attempted to drive a straw through a raw potato. A paper straw does not have the strength but if you pinch the end, the trapped air acts as a piston, easily piercing the potato. For the first time in his career he could not get it to work and loudly exclaimed "Australian straws ain't worth a damn". The next morning, Miller arrived at his Sydney University laboratory to find one million drinking straws on the floor with a telegram reading "You might find one of these fitting your requirements". He later stated "I sat amongst the straws with straws stuck in my hair and ears. But clearly I had made a mistake. I should have said: "Australian potatoes ain’t worth a damn," and I’d have cornered the potato market!"
Shortly after, he was offered a job presenting science for ABC Television. When asked how much money he wanted he replied he never asked, he listened to an offer then "multiplied it by a factor between two and ten". Due to budget constraints the offer was withdrawn but an agreement was reached for Miller to host his own science based TV series which was filmed at the University of Sydney where he taught. Why Is It So? (his eventual stock phrase), was broadcast from 1963 to 1986 and became an instant hit known for its "cool experiments, interesting science, and fantastic hair." The 1960s program became Demonstrations in Physics (also called Science Demonstrations when it was aired on American Public television). He introduced each episode with the line: "How do you do, ladies and gentlemen, and boys and girls [sometimes adding "and teachers"]. I am Julius Sumner Miller, and physics is my business."
"My first TV series on demonstrations in physics - titled Why Is It So were now seen and heard over the land. The mail was massive. The academics were a special triumph for me. They charged me with being superficial and trivial. If I had done what they wanted my programs would be as dull as their classes! I knew my purpose well and clear: to show how Nature behaves without cluttering its beauty with abtruse mathematics. Why cloud the charm of a Chladni plate with a Bessel function?"[4]
Miller's on-air popularity was due to an enthusiasm not normally associated with serious science. Shows would be liberally sprinkled with phrases such as "He who is not stirred by the beauty of it is already dead!" and he also liked to trick the audience. A common ploy would be to hold up an empty glass and ask guests to confirm it was empty....then chide them for not noticing it was full of air. Before each demonstration he would usually ask for a show of hands to indicate which of several results they expected. Often he would then add "hands up those who don’t care".
In 1964 Miller suffered a near fatal heart attack. Scheduled to give a lecture in Australia, he sent Sydney University a telegram saying; "I've dropped dead here." He would suffer a second heart attack in 1986.[2]
In 1966 questions from his show with an answer to the previous day’s question were published as "Millergrams" for The Australian newspaper. 112 of these questions were published as a book "Millergrams; Some Enchanting Questions for Enquiring Minds". Further books were published in 1967: "The Second Book of Millergrams: Some More Enchanting Questions for Enquiring Minds" and 1988: "Why is it So?: The Very Best Millergrams of Professor Julius Sumner Miller".
Sample Millergram:
Q32: A juggler comes to a foot-bridge of rather flimsy design. He has in hand four balls. The maximum load is no more than the juggler himself and one ball. Can he get across the bridge by juggling the balls, always having at most one ball in the hand (and three in the air)?
A: No. A falling ball exerts a force on the hand greater than its own weight.
Rather, a 'thrown' ball exerts greater force than a 'held' one. That is, the additional force equal and opposite to that imparted to a flung ball, in addition to the juggler's mass, would exceed the bridge's tolerance (the bridge can tolerate a juggler and held ball, but not the additional downward force associated with forcing a ball 'up').
Miller appeared as "The Professor" in the Canadian series The Hilarious House of Frightenstein (1971), in a 2- to 3-minute segment each episode where he demonstrated physics experiments and explained the principles involved.
Miller was also an occasional guest in the 1970s on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in the United States.
Commercials[link]
During the 1980s Miller appeared in a famous series of Australian television commercials for Cadbury chocolate, using his stock phrase "Why is it so?", demonstrating a simple scientific principle, and describing how each block of chocolate "embraces substantial nourishment and enjoyment," and contained "a glass and a half of full-cream dairy milk."
While in Australia, Miller also appeared in ads for non-stick saucepans and Ampol Petroleum which included demonstrations of real principles of physics, albeit briefly. The ads were sufficiently popular to be played for some years after his death.
Foundations[link]
In February 1987 Miller became ill while visiting Australia and returned to the United States where he was diagnosed with leukemia. Miller died six weeks later on April 14, 1987, in San Jose, California. Miller willed his body to the University of Southern California's School of Dentistry, no services were held at his request.[2] Professor Miller's wife, Alice Brown Miller, wanted to perpetuate the memory and achievements of her husband, and so conceived the idea of the Julius Sumner Miller Foundation, which was established in 1998.[1]
Through an offer by Cadbury-Schweppes Pty Ltd, the Cadbury-Julius Sumner Miller Scholarship for Academic Excellence was set up to provide undergraduate scholarships in the School of Physics at the University of Sydney.
In 1993 the Australian Science Foundation for Physics established the Julius Sumner Miller Fellowship in his memory. The fellowship is currently held by Karl Kruszelnicki, best known as "Doctor Karl" for his appearances on Australian radio and television as a science commentator and author.
Popular culture[link]
In 1966 Miller devised a word game "Milleranagrams" which was published in Australia by John Sands Limited. The game, whose only materials were 200 Scrabble-like letter tiles, required players in their turn to draw an unseen tile from the "pool" then either make a word from their stock of tiles or add a tile to a word already on the table (rearrangement of the letters being permitted, hence the name) to form another word.
Miller remains popular in Australia, where he is still quoted. As Professor Julius Sumner Miller often asked, "Why is it so?" and its variations are still often used in newspaper articles that pose questions unrelated to science.[5]
Bibliography[link]
- Millergrams; Some Enchanting Questions for Enquiring Minds, Ure Smith, 1966
- The Second Book of Millergrams: Some More Enchanting Questions for Enquiring Minds, Ure Smith, 1967
- Quiz Questions in Physics, Horwitz-Martin, Australia 1967
- Why It Is So, ABC books, 1971 ISBN 0-642-97296-6
- The Kitchen Professor, ABC books, 1972 ISBN 0-642-97352-0
- Why It Is So: Heat and Temperature, ABC books, 1973 ISBN 0-642-97496-9
- Why It Is So: Sound and Electricity & Magnetism, ABC books, 1973 ISBN 0-642-97584-1
- Why It Is So: Mechanics, Heat & Temperature, Sound and Electricity, ABC books, 1978 ISBN 0-642-97523-X
- Enchanting Questions for Enquiring Minds, Currey/O'Neil, 1982 ISBN 0-85902-280-3
- Why is it so?: the very best Millergrams of Professor Julius Sumner Miller, Australian Red Cross Society, Ringwood, Vic; Penguin Books, 1988
- The Days of My Life: an autobiography, Macmillan, 1989. ISBN 0-333-50337-6
References[link]
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) |
- ^ a b Julius Sumner Miller Bio IMDb
- ^ a b c d e f TV and Classroom Physicist : 'Professor Wonderful,' Julius Sumner Miller, Dies Los Angeles Times April 16, 1987
- ^ JSM Fellow at University of Sydney
- ^ The Days of My Life: An Autobiography Julius Sumner Miller, Macmillan Publishers, 1989 pg 212 ISBN 0-333-50337-6)
- ^ Miller in the news Recent newspaper articles quoting Julius Sumner Miller
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Julius Sumner Miller |
- Julius Sumner Miller Foundation
- Australian Julius Sumner Miller tribute page
- Julius Sumner Miller page at a Hilarious House of Frightenstein tribute site
- Julius Sumner Miller at TV.com
- Julius Sumner Miller at the Internet Movie Database
- Why is it so? site at Australia's ABC.net.au featuring original episodes
- http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/foundation/Outreach/DRK/jsm.pdf Julius Sumner Miller 1909 - 1987, Physics Department, University of Sydney.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Miller, Julius Sumner |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1909 |
| Place of birth | Billerica, Massachusetts |
| Date of death | 1987 |
| Place of death | San Jose, California |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
