Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

• Algebra
• Calculus
• Geometry
• Topology
• Trignometry
• Combinatorics
• Logic
• Number theory

Applied mathematics

• Dynamical systems and differential equations
• Mathematical physics
• Computing
• Information theory and signal processing
• Probability and statistics
• Game theory
• Operations research

Related Topics

• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Linear Equations
• Applied Physics
• Nano Technology
• Engineering Sciences
• Mathematical Medicine
• Fluid dynamics
• Computational Mathematics
• Gamma Ray Optics
• Onfrared Optics
• Relative Velocity
• Iciam
• Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
• Biomedical Engineering
• Neuroscience Research
• Quantum Cosmology
• Brain Research

• Alan Ross Anderson
• Alan Turing
• Albert Einstein
• Alchemy
• Alexander Bain
• Alfred Tarski
• Alonzo Church
• Ambiguity
• Anti-realism
• Antinomy
• Appellate court
• Argument
• Argumentation theory
• Aristotle
• Auguste Comte
• Augustus De Morgan
• Averroes
• Avicenna
• Axiology
• Axiom
• Axiomatic system
• Belief
• Berlin Circle
• Bernoulli process
• Bertrand Russell
• Bias
• Boolean function
• Boolean logic
• Brute fact
• C. D. Broad
• Cantor's theorem
• Carl Gustav Hempel
• Category Logic
• Causality
• Chrysippus
• Church–Turing thesis
• Claim (legal)
• Class (set theory)
• Classical logic
• Cogency
• Coherentism
• Common law
• Completeness
• Computability theory
• Computable function
• Confirmation holism
• Consensus reality
• Consistency
• Contextualism
• Conventionalism
• Countable set
• Credibility
• Crime
• Critical thinking
• Criticism of science
• Daniel Dennett
• David Hilbert
• David Hume
• De facto
• Decidability (logic)
• Decision problem
• Deductive reasoning
• Deductive system
• Definition
• Degree of truth
• Demarcation problem
• Deontic logic
• Description
• Description logic
• Determinism
• Dialetheism
• Domain of a function
• Doxastic logic
• Duns Scotus
• E. H. Carr
• Effective method
• Empiricism
• Empty set
• Entailment
• Entscheidungsproblem
• Enumeration
• Epicureanism
• Epistemology
• Ernst Schröder
• Ernst Zermelo
• Evidence
• Evidence (law)
• Experience
• Explanation
• Explanatory power
• Extensionality
• Fact
• Fact-finding
• Factoid
• Fallacy
• Fallibilism
• Falsifiability
• Fictionalism
• Finder of fact
• Finitary relation
• Finite model theory
• Finite set
• Finitism
• First-order logic
• Formal language
• Formal proof
• Formal system
• Formation rule
• Fossils
• Foundationalism
• France
• Francis Bacon
• Fuzzy finite element
• Fuzzy logic
• Fuzzy rule
• Fuzzy set
• Fuzzy set operations
• G. E. Moore
• Galileo Galilei
• Georg Cantor
• George Boole
• George Boolos
• Gerhard Gentzen
• Giuseppe Peano
• Gottlob Frege
• Haskell Curry
• Henri Poincaré
• Herbert Spencer
• Heyting arithmetic
• Hilary Putnam
• Historiography
• History of logic
• History of science
• Hugh of Saint Victor
• Idealistic
• Immanuel Kant
• Imre Lakatos
• Inductive reasoning
• Inference
• Infinitism
• Informal logic
• Ingenuity
• Inquiry
• Instrumentalism
• Intuitionism
• Intuitionistic logic
• Isaac Newton
• John Dewey
• John Stuart Mill
• Jon Barwise
• Jurisprudence
• Jürgen Habermas
• Karl Pearson
• Karl Popper
• Karl Theodor Jaspers
• Kurt Gödel
• Larry Laudan
• Latin
• Leopold Löwenheim
• Lie
• Linear logic
• List of fallacies
• List of logicians
• List of paradoxes
• Logic
• Logic of relatives
• Logical atomism
• Logical connective
• Logical form
• Logical truth
• Logicism
• Ludwig Wittgenstein
• Mathematical logic
• Mathematics
• Metalogic
• Metamathematics
• Metaphysics
• Metatheorem
• Modal logic
• Modal operator
• Model theory
• Name
• Natural deduction
• Naturalistic fallacy
• Nature (philosophy)
• Nominalism
• Non-classical logic
• Non-standard model
• Object (philosophy)
• Observation
• Ontology
• Ontology language
• Opinion
• Ordered pair
• Otto Neurath
• Outline of logic
• Paraconsistent logic
• Paradigm
• Paradox
• Paris
• Parsimony
• Paul Bernays
• Paul Feyerabend
• Paul Häberlin
• Peter Geach
• Philosophical logic
• Philosophy
• Philosophy of logic
• Philosophy of mind
• Pierre Duhem
• Pierre Gassendi
• Plato
• Platonic realism
• Pleading
• Poisson process
• Portal Logic
• Positivism
• Possible world
• Power set
• Pragmatism
• Predicate logic
• Premise
• Presupposition
• Probability
• Problem of induction
• Proof (truth)
• Proof theory
• Propaganda
• Proposition
• Prudence
• Pseudoscience
• Quantification
• R.B. Braithwaite
• Radiocarbon dating
• Range (mathematics)
• Rationalism
• Raymond Smullyan
• Reality
• Reason
• Recursion
• Recursive set
• Reductionism
• Reference
• Relevance
• Relevance logic
• René Descartes
• Res judicata
• Rhetoric
• Rhetoric of science
• Rigour
• Robert Kilwardby
• Roger Bacon
• Rudolf Carnap
• Rule of inference
• Satisfiability
• Saul Kripke
• Scientific law
• Scientific method
• Scientific realism
• Scientific theory
• Scientism
• Second-order logic
• Semantics
• Set (mathematics)
• Set theory
• Skepticism
• Slingshot argument
• Soundness
• Square of opposition
• State of affairs
• Statement (logic)
• Stephen Cole Kleene
• Stephen Toulmin
• Stoicism
• Strict implication
• Structural rule
• Subset
• Substitution (logic)
• Substructural logic
• Syllogism
• Symbol (formal)
• Syntax (logic)
• Talk Fact
• Template Logic
• Template talk Logic
• Temporal logic
• Term logic
• Testability
• Theorem
• Theory choice
• Thomas Hobbes
• Thomas Kuhn
• Thomas Samuel Kuhn
• Thoralf Skolem
• Trier of fact
• Truth
• Truth table
• Truth value
• Type theory
• Uncountable set
• Vagueness
• Validity
• Venn diagram
• Vienna Circle
• Vitalism
• W.V.O. Quine
• Well-formed formula
• Wilhelm Windelband
• Wilhelm Wundt
• William of Ockham
• William Whewell
• 
  

• 
  France
  {{Infobox Country
  http://wn.com/France

• Alan Ross Anderson
  Alan Ross Anderson (1925 – 1973) was an American logician and professor of philosophy at Yale University and the University of Pittsburgh.
  http://wn.com/Alan_Ross_Anderson
• Alan Turing
  http://wn.com/Alan_Turing
• Albert Einstein
  http://wn.com/Albert_Einstein
• Alexander Bain
  http://wn.com/Alexander_Bain
• Alfred Tarski
  http://wn.com/Alfred_Tarski
• Alonzo Church
  http://wn.com/Alonzo_Church
• Aristotle
  http://wn.com/Aristotle
• Auguste Comte
  http://wn.com/Auguste_Comte
• 
  Augustus De Morgan
  Augustus De Morgan (27 June 1806 – 18 March 1871) was a British mathematician and logician. He formulated De Morgan's laws and introduced the term mathematical induction, making its idea rigorous. The crater De Morgan on the Moon is named after him.
  http://wn.com/Augustus_De_Morgan
• Averroes
  http://wn.com/Averroes
• Avicenna
  http://wn.com/Avicenna
• Bertrand Russell
  http://wn.com/Bertrand_Russell
• C. D. Broad
  C. D. Broad (full name Charlie Dunbar Broad; 30 December 1887 - 11 March 1971) was an English epistemologist, historian of philosophy, philosopher of science, moral philosopher, and writer on the philosophical aspects of psychical research. He was known for his thorough and dispassionate examinations of arguments in such works as The Mind and Its Place in Nature, published in 1925, Scientific Thought, published in 1930, and ''Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy'', published in 1933.
  http://wn.com/C_D_Broad
• Carl Gustav Hempel
  Carl Gustav "Peter" Hempel (born January 8, 1905 in Oranienburg, Germany died November 9, 1997 in Princeton, New Jersey) was a philosopher of science and a major figure in 20th-century logical empiricism. He is especially well-known for his articulation of the Deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation, which was considered the "standard model" of scientific explanation during the 1950s and 1960's. He is also known for the Raven paradox, which highlights the problem of induction.
  http://wn.com/Carl_Gustav_Hempel
• 
  Chrysippus
  Chrysippus of Soli (Ancient Greek: , ; c. 279–c. 206 BC) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of Cleanthes in the Stoic school. When Cleanthes died, around 230 BC, Chrysippus became the third head of the school. A prolific writer, Chrysippus expanded the fundamental doctrines of Zeno of Citium, the founder of the school, which earned him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism.
  http://wn.com/Chrysippus
• 
  Daniel Dennett
  Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942 in Boston) is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. He graduated from Harvard with a B.A in philosophy, then after completing his D.Phil at the University of Oxford. He is currently the co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a noted atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board, as well as a prominent advocate of the Brights movement.
  http://wn.com/Daniel_Dennett
• 
  David Hilbert
  David Hilbert (; January 23, 1862 –
  http://wn.com/David_Hilbert
• David Hume
  http://wn.com/David_Hume
• 
  Duns Scotus
  Blessed John (Johannes) Duns Scotus, O.F.M. (c. 1265 – 8 November 1308) was one of the more important theologians and philosophers of the High Middle Ages. He was nicknamed Doctor Subtilis for his penetrating and subtle manner of thought.
  http://wn.com/Duns_Scotus
• E. H. Carr
  http://wn.com/E_H_Carr
• Ernst Schröder
  http://wn.com/Ernst_Schröder
• Francis Bacon
  http://wn.com/Francis_Bacon
• 
  G. E. Moore
  :"G.E. Moore" redirects here. For the cofounder of Intel, see Gordon Moore.
  http://wn.com/G_E_Moore
• Galileo Galilei
  http://wn.com/Galileo_Galilei
• Georg Cantor
  http://wn.com/Georg_Cantor
• George Boole
  http://wn.com/George_Boole
• George Boolos
  http://wn.com/George_Boolos
• 
  Gerhard Gentzen
  Gerhard Karl Erich Gentzen (November 24, 1909, Greifswald, Germany – August 4, 1945, Prague, Czechoslovakia) was a German mathematician and logician. He had his major contributions in the foundation of mathematics, proof theory, especially on natural deduction and sequent calculus. He died in 1945 after the Second World War, because he was deprived of food after being arrested in Prague.
  http://wn.com/Gerhard_Gentzen
• 
  Giuseppe Peano
  Giuseppe Peano (; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician, whose work was of exceptional philosophical value. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The standard axiomatization of the natural numbers is named in his honor. As part of this axiomatization effort, he made key contributions to the modern rigorous and systematic treatment of the method of mathematical induction. He spent most of his career teaching mathematics at the University of Turin.
  http://wn.com/Giuseppe_Peano
• Gottlob Frege
  http://wn.com/Gottlob_Frege
• Haskell Curry
  http://wn.com/Haskell_Curry
• Henri Poincaré
  http://wn.com/Henri_Poincaré
• Herbert Spencer
  http://wn.com/Herbert_Spencer
• 
  Hilary Putnam
  Hilary Whitehall Putnam (born July 31, 1926) is an American philosopher who has been a central figure in analytic philosophy since the 1960s, especially in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science. He is known for his willingness to apply an equal degree of scrutiny to his own philosophical positions as to those of others, subjecting each position to rigorous analysis until he exposes its flaws. As a result, he has acquired a reputation for frequently changing his own position. Putnam is currently Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.
  http://wn.com/Hilary_Putnam
• Hugh of Saint Victor
  http://wn.com/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor
• Immanuel Kant
  http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant
• Imre Lakatos
  http://wn.com/Imre_Lakatos
• Isaac Newton
  http://wn.com/Isaac_Newton
• John Dewey
  http://wn.com/John_Dewey
• 
  John Stuart Mill
  John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher and civil servant. An influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham, although his conception of it was very different from Bentham's. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of falsification as the key component in the scientific method. Mill was also a Member of Parliament and an important figure in liberal political philosophy.
  http://wn.com/John_Stuart_Mill
• Jon Barwise
  __NOTOC__
  http://wn.com/Jon_Barwise
• Jürgen Habermas
  http://wn.com/Jürgen_Habermas
• Karl Popper
  http://wn.com/Karl_Popper
• Kurt Gödel
  http://wn.com/Kurt_Gödel
• Larry Laudan
  Larry Laudan (b. Austin, Texas 1941) is a contemporary philosopher of science and epistemologist. He has strongly criticized the traditions of positivism, realism, and relativism, and he has defended a view of science as a privileged and progressive institution against popular challenges. Laudan's philosophical view of "research traditions" is seen as an important alternative to Imre Lakatos's "research programs."
  http://wn.com/Larry_Laudan
• Leopold Löwenheim
  http://wn.com/Leopold_Löwenheim
• Logic of relatives
  http://wn.com/Logic_of_relatives
• Ludwig Wittgenstein
  http://wn.com/Ludwig_Wittgenstein
• Otto Neurath
  Otto Neurath (Vienna, December 10, 1882 - Oxford, December 22, 1945) was an Austrian philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. Before he was forced to flee his native country for Great Britain in the wake of the Nazi occupation, Neurath was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle.
  http://wn.com/Otto_Neurath
• Paul Bernays
  http://wn.com/Paul_Bernays
• Paul Feyerabend
  http://wn.com/Paul_Feyerabend
• Peter Geach
  Peter Thomas Geach (; born March 29, 1916) is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.
  http://wn.com/Peter_Geach
• Pierre Duhem
  http://wn.com/Pierre_Duhem
• 
  Pierre Gassendi
  Pierre Gassendi (January 22, 1592 – October 24, 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. With a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals. He was also an active observational scientist, publishing the first data on the transit of Mercury in 1631. The lunar crater Gassendi is named after him.
  http://wn.com/Pierre_Gassendi
• Plato
  :For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
  http://wn.com/Plato
• R.B. Braithwaite
  http://wn.com/RB_Braithwaite
• Raymond Smullyan
  Raymond Merrill Smullyan (born May 25, 1919) is an American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician.
  http://wn.com/Raymond_Smullyan
• René Descartes
  http://wn.com/René_Descartes
• Robert Kilwardby
  http://wn.com/Robert_Kilwardby
• Roger Bacon
  http://wn.com/Roger_Bacon
• Rudolf Carnap
  Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a leading member of the Vienna Circle and a prominent advocate of logical positivism.
  http://wn.com/Rudolf_Carnap
• 
  Saul Kripke
  Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician. He is a professor emeritus at Princeton and teaches as a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at CUNY Graduate Center. Since the 1960s Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and set theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape-recordings and privately circulated manuscripts (see "Unpublished Manuscripts and Online Lectures" below). Kripke was the recipient of the 2001 Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy. A recent poll conducted among philosophers ranked Kripke among the top ten most important philosophers of the past 200 years.
  http://wn.com/Saul_Kripke
• Stephen Cole Kleene
  http://wn.com/Stephen_Cole_Kleene
• Stephen Toulmin
  Stephen Edelston Toulmin (25 March 1922 - 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science.
  http://wn.com/Stephen_Toulmin
• Thomas Hobbes
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Hobbes
• Thomas Kuhn
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Kuhn
• Thomas Samuel Kuhn
  http://wn.com/Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn
• Thoralf Skolem
  http://wn.com/Thoralf_Skolem
• W.V.O. Quine
  http://wn.com/WVO_Quine
• Wilhelm Windelband
  http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Windelband
• 
  Wilhelm Wundt
  Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 - 31 August 1920) was a German medical doctor, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology". In 1879, Wundt founded one of the first formal laboratories for psychological research at the University of Leipzig.
  http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Wundt
• William of Ockham
  http://wn.com/William_of_Ockham
• 
  William Whewell
  William Whewell (24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. His surname is .
  http://wn.com/William_Whewell

• FOSS
• 1000 Miles
• Pink Rolex
• Melt
• Tonight
• Polyrhythm Winter
• Kyou
• Eighty Six
• Crying
• Mimic
• 1-4
• GSMD
• Temptation
• Give Up
• Empty Mind

• In the Blink of an Eye
• This Is the End
• Slip of the Lip
• Silent Night
• Dec 2
• Part of It All
• 1-3
• Behind a Smile
• Fade
• Risk of Disorder
• Goodbye to Good Morning
• Sunset
• Letter To… (Ayashige / Wrench remix)
• Hate Induces Hate (Dexpistols remix)

• Paradox (AutoKratz a Mother Fucker mix)
• Lights of Vein (Junkie XL Break Out remix)
• Fog (Bloody Beetroots remix)
• Start From Here (Feadz remix)
• Snow (29 remix)
• Why... (80kidz remix)
• 45days (Marc Mac's 808 mix)
• Rise (Steve Aoki remix)

• Paradox
• Los Angels
• A Fact of Life
• Chain
• Reborn
• Purple Eyes
• Lights of Vein
• Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence
• CO-3
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• Stretch My Arms
• 45days
• Why...
• 1-2
• Rise
• A Fact of Life [Boom Boom Satellites remix]