The Honourable Dr. Louis Cha 查良鏞博士 GBM, OBE
Born	(1924-02-06) February 6, 1924 (age 88) Haining, Zhejiang, China
Pen name	Jin Yong 金庸
Occupation	Novelist, essayist
Nationality	People's Republic of China (Hong Kong)
Alma mater	Soochow University (B.Law) Cambridge University (M.A. in History) Cambridge University(Ph.D)
Period	1955–1972
Genres	Wuxia
Children	4 (3 living)
www.jinyong.com

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Louis Cha Leung Yung, GBM, OBE (born 6 February 1924), better known by his pen name Jin Yong, is a modern Chinese-language novelist. Having co-founded the Hong Kong daily Ming Pao in 1959, he was the paper's first editor-in-chief.

Cha's fiction, which is of the wuxia ("martial arts and chivalry") genre, has a widespread following in Chinese-speaking areas, including mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the United States. His 15 works written between 1955 and 1972 earned him a reputation as one of the finest wuxia writers ever. He is currently the best-selling Chinese author alive; over 100 million copies of his works have been sold worldwide^[1] (not including unknown number of bootleg copies).^[2]

Cha's works have been translated into English, French, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, Burmese, Malay and Indonesian. He has many fans abroad as well, owing to the numerous adaptations of his works into films, television series, manhua (comics) and video games.

Asteroid 10930 Jinyong (1998 CR₂) is named after him.^[3]

Biography[link]

A native of Haining City, Zhejiang, China, with ancestry from Wuyuan, a county of Shangrao, Jiangxi, Cha is the second of seven children from an illustrious family of scholars; his grandfather obtained a jinshi degree in the imperial examination. Cha was an avid reader of literature from an early age, especially wuxia and classical fiction. He was once expelled from his high school for openly criticizing the Nationalist regime as autocratic. He studied at Hangzhou High School in 1937 but was dismissed in 1941. He studied in Zhejiang Province Jiaxing High School and was admitted to the Faculty of Foreign Languages of the Central University in Chongqing.^[4] Cha later transferred to the Faculty of Law at Dongwu University to major in international law, with the intention of working as a foreign relations official.

In 1947, Cha joined Shanghai's newspaper agency Ta Kung Pao as a journalist.^{[citation needed]} One year later, he was posted to the Hong Kong division as a copyeditor.^{[citation needed]} He has resided in Hong Kong ever since. When Cha was transferred to Hsin Wan Pao as Deputy Editor, he met Chen Wentong, who in 1953 wrote his first wuxia novel under the pseudonym "Liang Yusheng". Chen and Cha became good friends and it was under the former's influence that Cha began work on his first serialized martial arts novel, The Book and the Sword, in 1955. In 1957, while still working on wuxia serializations, he quit his previous job and worked as a scenarist-director and scriptwriter at the Great Wall Movie Enterprises Ltd and Phoenix Film Company.

In 1959, together with fellow high-school mate Shen Baoxin (沈寶新), Cha founded the Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pao. Cha served as its editor-in-chief for years, writing both serialized novels and editorials, amounting to some 10,000 characters per day. His novels also earned him a large readership. Cha completed his last wuxia novel in 1972, after which he officially retired from writing, and spent the remaining years of that decade editing and revising his literary works instead. The first complete definitive edition of his works appeared in 1979. In 1980, Cha wrote a postscript to Wu Gongzao's tai chi classic Wu Jia Taijiquan, in which he described influences from as far back as Laozi and Zhuangzi on contemporary Chinese martial arts.^[5]

By then, Cha's wuxia novels have earned great popularity in Chinese-speaking areas. All of his novels have since been adapted into films, television series and radio series in Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China. The important characters in his novels are so well-known to the public that they can be alluded to with ease between all three regions.

In later years in the 1970s, Cha was involved in Hong Kong politics. He was a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law drafting committee, although, after the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989, he resigned in protest. He was also part of the Preparatory Committee set up in 1996 to supervise Hong Kong's transition by the Chinese government.^[6]

In 1993, Cha prepared for retirement from editorial work, selling all his shares in Ming Pao. Together with the royalties from his works, Cha's personal wealth is estimated at some HK$600 million.^{[citation needed]}

Family life[link]

Cha married three times in his life. He divorced twice, and had two sons and two daughters, all from his second marriage. In 1976, Cha's eldest son committed suicide while a student at Columbia University.^[7]

Decorations and conferments[link]

Statue of Louis Cha on Taohua Island, Zhejiang

In addition to his novels, Cha has also written many non-fiction works on the history of China. For his achievements, he has received many honors.

Cha was awarded the OBE in 1981. He is a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (1992) and a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2004), both awarded by the French government.^[8]

Cha is also an honorary professor at Peking University, Zhejiang University, Nankai University, Soochow University, Huaqiao University, National Tsing Hua University, Hong Kong University (Department of Chinese Studies), the University of British Columbia, and Sichuan University, as well as an honorary doctor by Hong Kong University (Department of Social Science), Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the Open University of Hong Kong, the University of British Columbia, Soka University and the University of Cambridge. He is also an Honorary Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford and Robinson College, Cambridge, and Wynflete Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.

When receiving his honorary doctorate at the University of Cambridge in 2004, Cha expressed his wish to be a full-time student at Cambridge for four years to attain a non-honorary doctorate.^[9] In July 2010, Cha earned his PhD in Oriental Studies (Chinese History) at St John's College, Cambridge with a thesis on imperial succession during the early Tang Dynasty.^[10]

Novels[link]

Cha wrote a total of 15 pieces, of which one ("Sword of the Yue Maiden") is a short story and the other 14 are novels and novellas of various length. Most of his novels were initially published in daily instalments in newspapers. The book editions were printed later. In order of publication these are^[11]:

1. The Book and the Sword (書劍恩仇錄) (first published on The New Evening Post from 1955-6)
2. Sword Stained with Royal Blood (碧血劍) (first published on Hong Kong Commercial Daily in 1956)
3. The Legend of the Condor Heroes (射鵰英雄傳) (first published on Hong Kong Commercial Daily in 1957-9)
4. Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain (雪山飛狐) (first installment appeared on the first issue of Ming Pao in 1959)
5. The Return of the Condor Heroes (神鵰俠侶) (Ming Pao, 1959–61)
6. Other Tales of the Flying Fox (飛狐外傳) (Wuxia and History, 1960-1)
7. Swordswoman Riding West on White Horse (白馬嘯西風) (first published on Ming Pao in 1961)
8. Blade-dance of the Two Lovers (鴛鴦刀) (first published on Ming Pao in 1961)
9. Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre (倚天屠龍記) (first published on Ming Pao in 1961)
10. A Deadly Secret (連城訣) (first published on Southeast Asia Weekly 《東南亞周刊》in 1963)
11. Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils (天龍八部) (Ming Pao and Singapore's Nanyang Siang Pau, 1963-6)
12. Ode to Gallantry (俠客行) (Ming Pao, 1966-7)
13. The Smiling Proud Wanderer (笑傲江湖) (first published on Ming Pao in 1967-9)
14. The Deer and the Cauldron (鹿鼎記) (Ming Pao, 1969–1972)
15. Sword of the Yue Maiden (越女劍) (Ming Pao evening supplement, 1970)

Of these, the novels (The Legend of the Condor Heroes, The Return of the Condor Heroes, and The Heavenly Sword and the Dragon Saber) make up the Condor Trilogy that should be read in that sequence; a number of his other works are also linked to this trilogy (Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils is a precursor to the Condor Trilogy). Flying Fox of Snowy Mountain and The Young Flying Fox are companion pieces with the same protagonist with appearances of characters from The Book and the Sword. A few major characters from Sword Stained with Royal Blood also appear in his final novel The Deer and the Cauldron as minor characters.

Couplet[link]

After Cha completed all his titles, it was discovered that the first characters of the first 14 titles can be joined together to form a couplet with 7 characters* on each line:

Traditional Chinese

飛雪連天射白鹿
笑書神俠倚碧鴛

Simplified Chinese

飞雪连天射白鹿
笑书神侠倚碧鸳

Loose translation

Shooting a white deer, snow flutters around the skies;
Smiling, [one] writes about the divine chivalrous one, leaning against bluish lovebirds (or lover)

Cha has stated that he has never intended to have the couplet. The couplet serves primarily as a handy mnemonic to remember all of Cha's works for his fans.

• "Sword of the Yue Maiden" was left out because it would be an odd number, thus the couplet wouldn't be complete, also because the "Sword of the Yue Maiden" was so short it wasn't even considered a book.

Editions[link]

Most of Cha's works were initially published in installments in Hong Kong newspapers, most often in Ming Pao. The Return of the Condor Heroes was his first novel serialized in Ming Pao, launched on 20 May 1959. Between 1970 and 1980, Cha revised all of his work. The result is called the "New Edition" (新版), also known as 修訂版, in contrast with the "Old Edition" (舊版), which refers to the original, serialized versions. Some characters and events were written out completely, most notably mystical elements and 'unnecessary' characters, such as the "red bird" and "Qin Nanqin", the mother of Yang Guo in the first edition.

In Taiwan, the situation is more complicated, as Cha's books were initially banned. As a result, there were multiple editions published underground, some of which were revised beyond recognition. Only in 1979 was Cha's complete collection published by Taiwan's Yuenching Publishing House (遠景出版社).

In mainland China, the Wulin (武林) magazine in Guangzhou became the first to officially publish Cha's works, starting from 1980. Cha's complete collection in Simplified Chinese was published by Beijing's Sanlian Shudian (三联书店) in 1994. Meanwhile Minheshe Singapore-Malaysia (明河社星马分公司) published Cha's collection, in Simplified Chinese for Southeast Asian readers in 1995.

From 1999 to 2006, Cha revised his novels for the second (and probably last) time. Each of his works is carefully revised, re-edited and re-issued in the order he wrote them. This revision was completed in spring 2006, with the publication of the last, The Deer and the Cauldron. The newly revised edition, known variably as the (世紀新修版), (新修版) or (新新版), is noted for annotations in which Cha answers previous criticisms directed at the historical accuracy of his works. In this revision, certain characters' personae were changed, such as Wang Yuyan,^[12] and many martial art skills and places have their names changed.^[13] This edition faced a number of criticisms from Cha's fans, of whom some are more willing to stick to the older storyline and names. The older 1970-80 修訂版 is no longer issued by Cha's Minheshe (明河社).

Patriotism, jianghu and development of heroism[link]

Chinese nationalism or patriotism is a strong theme in Cha's works. In most of his works, Cha places emphasis on the idea of self-determination and identity, and many of his novels are set in time periods when the country was occupied or under the threat of occupation by northern peoples such as Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, or Manchus. However, Cha gradually evolved Chinese nationalism into an inclusionist concept which encompasses all present-day non-Han minorities. Cha expresses a fierce admiration for positive traits of non-Han Chinese people personally, such as the Mongols and Manchus. In The Legend of the Condor Heroes, for example, he casts Genghis Khan and his sons as capable and intelligent military leaders against the corrupt and ineffective bureaucrats of the Han Chinese-ruled Song Dynasty.

Cha's references range from traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, Chinese martial arts, music, calligraphy, weiqi, tea culture, philosophical schools of thought such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and imperial Chinese history. Historical figures often intermingle with fictional ones, making it difficult for the layperson to distinguish which is which.

His works show a great amount of respect and approval for traditional Chinese values, especially Confucian ideals such as the proper relationship between empire and subject, father and son, elder brother and younger brother, and (particularly strongly, due to the wuxia nature of his novels), between master and disciple, and fellow disciples. However, he also questions the validity of these values in the face of a modern society, such as ostracism experienced by his two main characters— Yang Guo's romantic relationship with his teacher Xiaolongnü (which was considered highly unethical) in The Return of the Condor Heroes. Cha also places a great amount of emphasis on traditional values such as face and honour.

Cha broke his traditions of his usual writing style in The Deer and the Cauldron, where the main protagonist Wei Xiaobao is a bastard brothel rascal who is greedy, lazy, and utterly disdainful of traditional rules of propriety. In his 14 other serials, the protagonists or the heroes were explored meticulously in various aspects of their relationships with their teachers, their immediate kin and relatives, and with their suitors or spouses. With the exception of Wei Xiaobao, all the heroes have acquired and attained the zenith in martial arts, most would be epitome or embodiment of the traditional Chinese values in words or deeds, i.e. virtuous, honourable, respectable, gentlemanly, responsible, patriotic and so forth.

In The Deer and the Cauldron, Cha intentionally created an anticlimax and an anti-hero in Wei Xiaobao, who possesses none of the desirable traditional values and no knowledge in any form of martial arts, and depends on a protective vest made of alloy to absorb full-frontal attack when in trouble, and a dagger that can cut through anything. Wei was a street wise womanizing weasel, with no admirable qualities whatsoever.^{[citation needed]} One of Cha's contemporaneous fiction writer Ni Kuang wrote a connected^{[clarification needed]} critique of all of Cha's works and concluded that Cha concluded his work with The Deer and the Cauldron as a satire to his earlier work, and a reminder to the readers for a reality check.

Criticisms[link]

The study of Cha's works has spun off an individual area of study and discussion: Jinology. For years, readers and critics have written works discussing, debating and analyzing his fictional world of martial arts; amongst the most famous are by Cha's close friend and science fiction novelist, Ni Kuang. Ni is a fan of Cha, and has written a series of criticism analyzing the various personalities and aspects of his books (我看金庸小说 series).

Despite Cha's popularity, some of his novels were banned outside Hong Kong due to political reasons. A number of them were outlawed in the People's Republic of China in the 1970s as they were thought to be satires of Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution; others were banned in the Republic of China (Taiwan) as they were thought to be in support of the Communist Party of China. None of these bans exists today, and Cha's complete collection has been published multiple times in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Many politicians on both sides of the Straits are known to be readers of his works; Deng Xiaoping, for example, was a well-known reader himself.

In late 2004, the People's Education Publishing House (人民教育出版社) of the People's Republic of China sparked off controversy by including an excerpt from Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils in a new senior high school Chinese textbook. While some praised the inclusion of popular literature, others feared that the violence and unrealistic martial arts described in Cha's works were unsuitable for high school students. At about the same time, Singapore's Ministry of Education announced a similar move for Chinese-learning students at secondary and junior college levels.^[14]

Schools[link]

A recurring theme in contemporary martial arts books is to group characters into different schools and sects and to portrait heroics of the main characters in the context of historical rivalries between and schools of martial arts. Cha's novels are no exception to this. Many of the schools of martial arts portrayed by Cha's works, such as the Shaolin Sect and the Wudang Sect, did exist in real life, though their details are inevitably subject to the artistic license of Cha; other cults, such as the Beggars' Sect, are less well documented. It should be noted that Cha's portrait of the schools and sects are mostly in line with their contemporary image in martial arts literature, and new sects such as the Ming Cult is the exception, used specifically as a fictional lead into the next era after the Yuan Dynasty into the Ming Dynasty.

Timeline[link]

¹ The time frame of The Smiling, Proud Wanderer is unspecified; Cha states that it is intentionally left ambiguous because the novel is allegorical in nature. Nevertheless, people have speculated on the timeframe; the most possible candidate is the Ming Dynasty, because the Wudang and Emei sects (founded at the start of the Ming Dynasty) appear prominently, and because the Manchus (who destroyed the Ming Dynasty) are not mentioned. In The Deer and the Cauldron, the main character is also mentioned to be from a dynasty before Qing. In several film adaptations including Swordsman II starring Jet Li, the story is specified to take place during the reign of the Wanli Emperor, which would make it the late Ming Dynasty but just before the period of Manchu encroachment.

² The time frame of Ode to Gallantry is also unspecified. The sources that would put the story in Ming Dynasty are that the mention of Zhang Sanfeng being already dead and the illustrations depict men wearing Han hairstyle.

³ The time frame of A Deadly Secret was ambiguous in its first and second editions. Cha specifically states that the story is inspired by the tragic story of his grandfather's servant seems to suggest that the events of the novel occurs near the end of the Qing Dynasty; the novel illustrations that depict men wearing Manchu hairstyle supports this idea. In the third edition of the novel, Cha links the story with Wu Liuqi, a character from The Deer and the Cauldron, fully integrating it into Qing Dynasty.

Translation of Cha's works[link]

The books currently available are:

• The Book and the Sword - published by Oxford University Press, translated by Graham Earnshaw, edited by John Minford and Rachel May
• The Deer and the Cauldron (in three volumes) - published by Oxford University Press, translated by John Minford
• Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain - published by China University Press, translated by Olivia Mok

Other works available in English include:

• The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber - in comic book form by Ma Wing-shing, published by ComicsOne
• The Legendary Couple - in comic book form by Tony Wong, published by ComicsOne
• The Return of the Condor Heroes - in comic book form by Wee Tian Beng, published by Asiapac Books
• Laughing in the Wind - DVD collection of the 2001 CCTV series with English subtitles released in the United States.

Adaptations[link]

There are more than 90 television series and films adapted from Cha's novels, including The Swordsman from King Hu et al., and its sequel Swordsman II from directors Ching Siu-Tung and Stanley Tong; the Wong Jing films Royal Tramp and Royal Tramp II (both starring Stephen Chow); and Wong Kar-wai's Ashes of Time. Dozens of role-playing video games are based on Cha's novels, a notable example of which is Heroes of Jin Yong (金庸群俠傳), which was based on the major characters and events in Cha's novels.

See also[link]

• Gu Long
• Liang Yusheng
• List of organisations in Wuxia fiction

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• The Jin Yong Phenomenon: Chinese Martial Arts Fiction and Modern Chinese Literary History. Ann Huss and Jianmei Liu. (Cambria Press, 2007).

External links[link]

• (Chinese) Jin Yong Teahouse (金庸茶館) - fansite of Jin Yong's novels in Chinese
• (Chinese) Jin Yong Jianghu (金庸江湖) - fansite, forums and complete works of Jin Yong's novels
• Jin Yong at the Internet Movie Database

Look up jin, jīn, jǐn, or jìn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Jin may refer to:

Chinese contexts[link]

• Jin Chinese (晋语), Jin-yu spoken dialect
• Jin (surname) (金, 靳, 晉, 秦, 琴, 眞), Chinese surname
• Catty (斤), a unit of weight in China
• Shanxi, abbreviated as Jìn (晋), a province of China
• Ancient Chinese history:
  • Jin of Xia (廑, 1810–1789 BCE), 13th ruler of the Xia Dynasty
  • Jin (Chinese state) (晉, 11th century BCE–376 BCE), a state of the Zhou Dynasty in northern China
  • Jin Dynasty (265–420), Chinese dynasty
  • Jin (Five Dynasties) (907–923), predecessor to Later Tang Dynasty
  • Later Jin Dynasty (936–947), Chinese dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
  • Jin Dynasty (1115–1234), 金朝, a Jurchen ruling dynasty (see below for other Jin Dynasties)
    • Jurchen people, or Jin people

Korea[link]

• Jin (Korean state) (3rd–2nd centuries BCE, 辰國), in southern Korea
• Balhae (698–926), known as Jin kingdom (震國) before 713, a kingdom in northern Korea and Manchuria
• Jin (Korean name), (Chen-陳, Jin-晉, Zhen-眞, Qin- 秦) a Korean surname
• Jin, common of Zhen (眞), Baekje, Silla, Hubaekje's surname
• Jin, common of Qin (秦), Baekje, Silla's surname
• Jin, common of Shin, Sin (神). 神 is Baekje's surname
• Jin, common of Zhen(鎭, 眞)
• Jin, common of Kim(金) at before Goryeo
• Jin, common of Kum(今), surname of hwanghaedo at goryeo

Contemporary culture[link]

• Jin (rapper) (born 1982), Chinese-American entertainer
• Jin Akanishi (born 1984), Japanese musician
• Jin (ジン), a.k.a. Jinn (band)
• Jin Records, a Louisiana-based swamp pop record label
• Jin (仁), a 2000-2010 manga series by Motoka Murakami.
• Jin, the TBS live-action Japanese drama adaptation released in 2009 and 2011 starring Takao Osawa
• Kate and Jin - canine freestyle team in 2008 Britain's Got Talent.

Characters[link]

• Jin, a leading character in Samurai Champloo media
• Jin or Red Flash, one of Flashmen in Choushinsei Flashman
• Jin, a character in O-Parts Hunter series
• Jin (YuYu Hakusho), a demon with mastery over the wind in YuYu Hakusho
• Jin Kariya, a character in Bleach anime
• Jin Kazama, a character in Tekken video games
• Jin Saotome, a character in Cyberbots: Full Metal Madness
• Jin Uzuki, a character in Xenosaga
• Jin-Soo Kwon, a character in Lost
• Jin Kuga, a character in Kamichama Karin
• Jin Kisaragi, a character in BlazBlue video games
• Dr. Jin Minakata, the title character in Jin, a Japanese seinen manga written and illustrated by Motoka Murakami, and has been adapted to a 2009 Japanese drama series, played by Takao Osawa

Other[link]

• Jin, a deadwood bonsai technique
• Jin, the Wind Master (YuYu Hakusho episode)
• Jin Air, a low cost airline originating from South Korea
• Jin, a free chess software for JVM

See also[link]

• Jinn, a.k.a. djinn or genie
• Jinn (disambiguation)
• Jin Dynasty (disambiguation)
• Gin (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Liu Yifei
Chinese name	劉亦菲 (Traditional)
Chinese name	刘亦菲 (Simplified)
Pinyin	Líu Yìfēi (Mandarin)
Jyutping	Lau4 Jik6-fei1 (Cantonese)
Birth name	An Feng (安风)
Born	(1987-08-25) August 25, 1987 (age 24) Wuhan, Hubei, China
Other name(s)	Crystal Liu, Liu Ximeizi (刘茜美子)
Occupation	Actress, singer, dancer, model
Genre(s)	C-pop, J-pop
Instrument(s)	Vocals, piano
Label(s)	Sony BMG (2005–present) Sony Music (2005–present)
Years active	2002 – present

Liu Yifei (born August 25, 1987^[1]), also known as Crystal Liu, is a Chinese actress, model, dancer and singer. Her legal name is Liu Ximeizi. The "茜" (Xi) is from the German film Sissi (Chinese translation 茜茜公主—hence the pronunciation of xi not qian; her mother calls her Xixi).^[2]

Early life and education[link]

Liu was born in Tongji Hospital in Hubei, she was originally named An Feng.^[1] She is the only child of An Shaokang (安少康), a 1st Secretary in the Chinese Embassy in France and French language university professor, and Liu Xiaoli (刘晓莉), a dancer and a stage performer. Her parents divorced when she was 7 years old and she was raised solely by her mother. That same year, she changed her name to Liu Ximeizi and began modelling, along with training in singing, dancing and playing the piano. She is very close to Chen Jinfei (陈金飞), her godfather.^[3][4]

When she was 11 years old, Liu and her mother moved to New York City, where she attended Louis Pasteur Middle School 67.^[5] Returning to China in 2002 to pursue an acting career, she began to be known as Liu Yifei (刘亦菲). Several weeks later, Liu was accepted into the Performance Institute of Beijing Film Academy at the age of 15, where she graduated from in 2006.

Career[link]

Immediately following her admittance into Beijing Film Academy, Liu received offers to star in various television drama serials. Her first role on television was in The Story of a Noble Family. Shortly after, she was chosen to play the role of Wang Yuyan in Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils, an adaptation of Louis Cha's novel of the same title. Initially, Liu Tao was selected for the role of Wang Yuyan but it went to Liu Yifei eventually and Liu Tao was cast as A'zhu instead.

In 2005, Liu starred as Zhao Ling'er in Chinese Paladin, an adaptation of the action RPG The Legend of Sword and Fairy. The following year, she starred in The Return of the Condor Heroes, a television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel of the same title. After intense speculation on who would play Xiaolongnü, the role was finally offered to her. She was backed by Cha, who felt that she had all the necessary qualities to play the role of the young and innocent female protagonist.^[6] Although the drama serials she has acted in were well-received, the films she starred in did poorly in terms of box office earnings with the exception of The Forbidden Kingdom.

Liu appeared in Jimmy Lin's music video of the song "I Am Still Waiting For You" (我还在等你) from his 2006 album Can't Stop Me (挡不住我). She has also previously co-starred with him in Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils and The Love Winner. Liu also attended one of Lin's concerts as a guest, and in turn, he appeared at her birthday party in 2005. In conjunction with her acting career, Liu obtained a recording contract with Sony Music Entertainment Japan in August 2005. She has started studying singing and dancing in Japan since then.^[7] She released her first single "Mayonaka no Door" with Sony Music on July 19, 2006. Her song "Mayonaka no Doa" as recorded by Sony Music appeared on television as one of the ending themes to Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z.

In 2008, she co-starred with Jet Li and Jackie Chan in The Forbidden Kingdom, in which she played Golden Sparrow, an orphan seeking revenge against her parents' killer. In 2010, she starred in Love In Disguise with Leehom Wang.

Filmography[link]

Film[link]

Television[link]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Singles[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Liu Yifei at the Internet Movie Database

Hong Jin 홍진 洪震
4th President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
In office 1926–1926
Preceded by	Yi Dong-nyung
Succeeded by	Kim Gu
Personal details
Born	1877 Hanseong-bu, Joseon
Died	1946 Seoul, Korea
Nationality	Korean
Spouse(s)	Nahm, Sang Bok
Religion	Roman Catholicism

This article contains Korean text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul or Hanja.

Hong Jin (1877–1946), also known as Hong Myeon-hui, was a leader of the Korean independence movement. He is also sometimes known by his pen name Mano (만오, 晩悟), and his Christian name, Andre.

He was born under the Joseon Dynasty in Yeongdong, Chungcheong Province, to a yangban family of the Pungsan Hong lineage. He had practiced law in Korea in the private practice and in the government sector as a prosecutor and a judge before joining the independence movement.

Hong held a number of chief positions under the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea during the Japanese Occupation. Under his administration as the fourth President, the provisional Korean government was recognized by the Republic of China, France and Poland. His main theme was unity among factions of the Korean independence movement.

In 1928, he established the "Korean Independence Party" (한국독립당, 韓國獨立黨) with Kim Gu, Yi Dong-nyung, and he was elected an executive position to the Korean Independence camp (한국광복진선, 韓國光復陣線) in 1938. After Independence of Korea, he returned to South Korea having earned recognition as a Provisional Government leading figure who acted as Chairman of the Emergency national Council (비상국민회의, 非常國民會議). Hong was posthumously honored by the government of the Republic of Korea with the Order of Independence Merit for National Foundation in 1962.

His biography by Professor Han, Si Joon contains a detailed family tree of Hong Jin tracing back to Goryeo dynasty's Hong Ji-gyeong later known as a great master of Korean classical verse in the Joseon Dynasty. The current family jokbo contains surviving members of family who are naturalized American citizens.

Note[link]

• The spelling of his name in his correspondence with American dignitaries including condolence letter regarding President Franklin D. Roosevelt's death was Hong Chin instead of Hong Jin.

File:N626843630 134021 2453.jpg

See also[link]

• List of Koreans
• History of Korea
• Korea under Japanese rule
• Korean independence movements

External links[link]

• (Korean) Empas entry

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Super Junior-M, often referred to as SJ-M, is a Mandopop boy band. Formed in 2008 in Seoul, South Korea, the band is the first international music group in the Chinese music industry to have members of both Chinese and Korean descent,^[1] and is the first group produced by Korea's CT (Culture Technology) organization, created through a comprehensive localization strategy.^[2]

Super Junior-M is the third and most successful subgroup branched off from the Korean boy band Super Junior. The group originally consisted of leader Han Geng, Donghae, Siwon, Ryeowook, Kyuhyun, and two additional members appearing exclusive to the subgroup, Zhou Mi and Henry.^[1] In December 2009, Han Geng filed a lawsuit against their agency SM Entertainment and parted with the group, resulting in the group's temporary disbandment.^[3] Han Geng was later replaced by Super Junior members Eunhyuk and Sungmin, coinciding with the release of the group's second EP Perfection in February 2011.

Background[link]

Name origin[link]

Before the official name of the subgroup was released, they were known by "Super Junior China". On April 3, 2008, SM Entertainment announced their official name to be Super Junior-M, with "M" representing the word "Mandarin".^[4] The "M" can also represent a list of other aspects, such as the first letter of their debut album Me, and also "mi" (Chinese: 迷), the pinyin for "charismatic" and "fan", the latter meaning referring to their desire to connect closer with fans.^[4]

History[link]

2007: Formation and "Only 13" controversies[link]

In October 2007, SM Entertainment announced that a new Super Junior subgroup would debut in China in 2008. Super Junior's original member Han Geng, and a new member Henry Lau, who performed the violin solo of Super Junior's "Don't Don," were announced to be the first two of seven members representing the subgroup.^[5] Some of Super Junior's official fanclub, E.L.F, signed online petitions and held protests to express their dissatisfaction and opposition of adding a fourteenth member to the group, fearing that a new member would mean one of the original lineup would get 'replaced'.^[6] Many fans boycotted Super Junior's products and held silent protests in front of SM Entertainment's main building in Seoul, holding signs of the "Only 13" slogan. ^[7][8]

Over one thousand fans appeared in front of the SM Entertainment building on E.L.F's third protest on November 3, 2007.^[9] Instead of a silent protest, the fans sang various Super Junior songs and shouted "thirteen."^[10] Fans purchased 58,206 stocks of SM Entertainment, holding 0.3% of the company's entire stock.^[11] They released a statement through the media, stating that they would obtain all chances to prevent SM Entertainment from adding new members and to keep Super Junior as only thirteen.^[11] SM Entertainment later announced that they would not add the new subgroup members to the main group.

2008–2009: Debut and commercial success[link]

From April 4 to April 7, 2008 the seven members of Super Junior-M were individually announced to the Chinese media in a chain of short trailer clips. The first member, Han Geng, was announced to be the subgroup leader on April 4.^[12] On April 5, Siwon and Donghae were revealed to be the second and third members.^[13] On April 6, Kyuhyun was announced to be the fourth Super Junior-M member, following the new member, Henry, as the fifth.^[14] Ryeowook and another new member, Zhou Mi, were announced to be the final two members on April 7.^[15] A trailer of all seven members was released on the group's debut day, April 8. Super Junior-M's trailer clips exceeded 1.4 million views in less than four days.^[16]

Super Junior-M debuted in Beijing on April 8, 2008 at the 8th Annual Music Chart Awards, simultaneously with the release of their first music video, "U" on Sohu.com.^[16] They released their debut album Me in selected provinces of China starting April 23, 2008. A Korean version of the album with three bonus Korean-language tracks was released in South Korea on April 30, 2008. A modified version of the album was released in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan on May 2, 2008.^[17] Though a majority of the tracks in the album were Mandarin remakes of Super Junior's previous Korean hits, reviews were generally positive. Hong Kong Cantopop singer, Hins Cheung, critiqued the album favorably, saying that the album contains "international-level music" and that the group is "vocally-talented".^[18]

A month after their debut, Super Junior-M won their first award, Asia's Most Popular New Group, at the 5th annual Music King Awards in Macau on May 25.^[19] They took home another three awards that year. On December 27 and 28, Super Junior-M held their first concert, the Super Junior-M Show, in Hong Kong.^[20]

Following their debut performance in April 2008, the group made a few successful guest appearances in many chains of entertainment variety shows to promote their album. They appeared in an episode of the second season of TVB and HunanTV's collaboration show, Strictly Come Dancing, which made the show's ratings increase to 5.01%, ranking it the third most watched show ever in all of China.^[21] Super Junior-M's appearance in the talk show Behind Story (Chinese: 背後的故事) also increased ratings. The show had the highest ratings during their time slot, with a strong 4.05%.^[22] Separated into several weekly episodes, the group's appearance in their first episode on the challenging game show Bravely Going Forward (Chinese: 勇往直前) in early August gave the show the highest ratings during that time slot as well.^[23] In August 2008, Han was casted in the idol television drama Stage of Youth, a mini-drama dedicated to the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Han portrayed Xia Lei, a youth who aspires to be a famous dancer. Other members of Super Junior-M gave cameo appearances in the final episode.^[24]

In September 2009, Super Junior-M released their album album, the EP Super Girl. The album garnered them a nomination for Best Vocal Group at the 21st Golden Melody Awards.^[25] The EP's title single "Super Girl" is Super Junior-M's most critically successful song to date, winning numerous accolades for its composition and performances.

2010–present: Lawsuit and lineup changes[link]

In December 2009, Han filed for contract termination from SM Entertainment, claiming that the provisions of his contract were unlawful, harsh, and against his rights.^[26] Super Junior-M immediately canceled all of their future activities and performances in China and Taiwan. They returned to Korea to begin preparing for Super Junior's fourth studio album. Han, however, stayed in China and signed under a new management, releasing his debut solo album Geng Xin in July 2010.^[27] Although Super Junior-M remained largely inactive for most of 2010, they won several accolades for their song "Super Girl" at China's 2010 MusicRadio TOP Awards, including Most Popular Group, Golden Melody Award (Top 15), and Best Composition.

In December 2010, the Seoul Central District Court ruled in favor of Han. However, SM Entertainment announced that they will file an immediate appeal to reverse the decision. In September 2011, Han and SM Entertainment officially came to a mutual agreement regarding Han's contract, closing the case. Although Han will not continue his exclusive contract with SM Entertainment,^[28] the agency has yet to release an official statement regarding his status in Super Junior and Super Junior-M.

In February 2011, Super Junior-M resumed their activities with two new members from the main group, Eunhyuk and Sungmin, with the release of EP Perfection. A track in the album, "Love Is Sweet" is written by Jay Chou with lyrics penned by Chou's lyricist, Vincent Fang. Perfection was first released in Taiwan on February 25, followed by a Korean release two days later in South Korea. Hong Kong, Singapore, and selected provinces of China released the album on March 4. It debuted at number 2 on Taiwan's G-music chart,^[29] and stayed on the chart for four weeks.^[30] The repackaged version of the album was released on April 29, debuted at number 2, and stayed on the chart for 10 weeks.^[30] In March 2011, Siwon and Donghae were cast as the main leads in the Taiwanese idol television drama Skip Beat!, a live-action adaptation of the manga of the same name. The drama premiered on December 18, 2011 on Formosa TV. In this drama, Super Junior-M performed the drama's opening theme "S.O.L.O.", and Donghae wrote and performed the ending theme, "That's Love", featuring Henry.

Super Junior-M stayed in Taiwan for over two months to promote Perfection. The album won them several awards at the 2010 HK Asian-Pop Music Festival, including Best Song Performance and Best Stage Performance. They won Most Popular Group at the 1st Annual Global Chinese Golden Chart, and Best Group at the 2011 Singapore HIT Awards.

In 2012, Zhou Mi was casted in the drama When Love Walked In. Henry is currently filming an unnamed movie that is to be released in 2013.

Members[link]

Endorsements[link]

Super Junior-M and Taiwanese singer Show Luo replaced Hong Kong entertainers, Nicholas Tse and Twins, for the 2008 summer season endorsement spots of Semir, a Chinese clothing brand.^[31] They were acclaimed to be sunny, young, and passionate; thus their image was suitable to endorse the brand.^[32] They were also the 2009 endorsers of Pepsi and OPPO Mobile.

Discography[link]

Award and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Super Junior-M Official Korean website