Cybernetics

Sunday, 28 October 2012

Cybernetics

Interview with Dr. Maxwell Maltz (Psycho Cybernetics) 1/4

Lepht Anonym - Cybernetics for the Masses (1 of 3)

Maxwell Maltz and Dan Kennedy- The New Psycho-Cybernetics

What is Cybernetics? Part 1 of 2 Interview with Paul Pangaro

Cybernetics and Revolution - Eden Medina

Psycho-Cybernetics Lessons 1-5 (Part 1 of 2)

Open Collage in a new Window

Email the Collage

Loading suggestions ...

Bell Labs
Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T; Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the research and development organization of Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T;).
http://wn.com/Bell_Labs
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France
MIT
http://wn.com/MIT
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States

Anatol Rapoport
Anatol Rapoport (, born May 22, 1911- January 20, 2007) was a Russian-born American Jewish mathematical psychologist. He contributed to general systems theory, mathematical biology and to the mathematical modeling of social interaction and stochastic models of contagion.
http://wn.com/Anatol_Rapoport
Andrew Pickering
Andrew Pickering is a sociologist, philosopher and historian of science at the University of Exeter. He was a professor of sociology and a director of science and technology studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign until 2007. He holds a doctorate in physics from the University of London, and a doctorate in Science Studies from the University of Edinburgh. His book Constructing Quarks: A Sociological History of Particle Physics is a classic in the field of the sociology of science.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Pickering
André-Marie Ampère
http://wn.com/André-Marie_Ampère
Anthony Wilden
Anthony Wilden (December 14, 1935 London, England) is a writer, social theorist, college lecturer, and consultant. Wilden has published numerous books and articles which intersect a number of fields, including systems theory, film theory, structuralism, cybernetics, psychiatry, anthropological theory, water control projects, urban ecosystems, resource conservation, and communications and social relations.
http://wn.com/Anthony_Wilden
Arturo Rosenblueth
http://wn.com/Arturo_Rosenblueth
Benoît Mandelbrot
http://wn.com/Benoît_Mandelbrot
Buckminster Fuller
http://wn.com/Buckminster_Fuller
Béla H. Bánáthy
http://wn.com/Béla_H_Bánáthy
C. West Churchman
Charles West Churchman (29 August 1913 – 21 March 2004 Bolinas, California.) was an American philosopher and systems scientist, who was Professor at the School of Business Administration and Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. He was internationally known for his pioneering work in operations research, system analysis and ethics.
http://wn.com/C_West_Churchman
Charles A S Hall
Charles A.S. Hall is ESF Foundation Distinguished Professor at State University of New York in the College of Environmental Science & Forestry. Hall describes himself primarily as a systems ecologist in the field of Systems ecology with strong interests in biophysical economics, and the relation of energy to society.
http://wn.com/Charles_A_S_Hall
Claude Bernard
http://wn.com/Claude_Bernard
Claude Shannon
http://wn.com/Claude_Shannon
Cliff Joslyn
Cliff Joslyn (1963) is an American cognitive scientist, cyberneticist, and currently Chief Scientist for Knowledge Sciences at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Seattle, Washington, USA.
http://wn.com/Cliff_Joslyn
Donella Meadows
Donella H. "Dana" Meadows (March 13, 1941 Elgin, Illinois, USA - February 20, 2001, Hanover, New Hampshire) was a pioneering American environmental scientist, teacher and writer. She is best known as lead author of the influential book The Limits to Growth, which made headlines around the world.
http://wn.com/Donella_Meadows
E.P. Odum
http://wn.com/EP_Odum
Edward A. Shanken
Edward A. Shanken (born 1964) is an American art historian of 20th and 21st century experimental new media art. His scholarship has appeared in numerous journals and anthologies and has been translated into six languages.
http://wn.com/Edward_A_Shanken
Edward Norton Lorenz
Edward Norton Lorenz (May 23, 1917 - April 16, 2008) was an American mathematician and meteorologist, and a pioneer of chaos theory. He discovered the strange attractor notion and coined the term butterfly effect.
http://wn.com/Edward_Norton_Lorenz
Erich von Holst
Erich von Holst (November 28, 1908 – May 26, 1962), was a German behavioral physiologist who was a native of Riga, and was related to historian Hermann Eduard von Holst (1841–1904). In the 1950s he founded the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology at Seewiesen, Bavaria.
http://wn.com/Erich_von_Holst
Francis Heylighen
Francis Paul Heylighen (born September 27, 1960) is a Belgian cyberneticist, and research professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the Dutch-speaking Free University of Brussels, where he directs the transdisciplinary research group on "Evolution, Complexity and Cognition".
http://wn.com/Francis_Heylighen
Francisco Varela
http://wn.com/Francisco_Varela
Frederic Vester
Frederic Vester (November 23, 1925 - November 2, 2003) was a German biochemist, expert on ecology.
http://wn.com/Frederic_Vester
George Dantzig
George Bernard Dantzig (November 8, 1914 – May 13, 2005) was an American mathematician, and the Professor Emeritus of Transportation Sciences and Professor of Operations Research and of Computer Science at Stanford.
http://wn.com/George_Dantzig
George Klir
George Jiri Klir (born 1932 Prague, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech-American computer scientist and professor of systems sciences at the Center for Intelligent Systems at the State University of New York at Binghamton, New York.
http://wn.com/George_Klir
Gordon Pask
Andrew Gordon Speedie Pask (June 28, 1928 in Derby – March 28, 1996 London) was an English cybernetician and psychologist who made significant contributions to cybernetics, instructional psychology, experimental epistemology and educational technology.
http://wn.com/Gordon_Pask
Gordon S. Brown
http://wn.com/Gordon_S_Brown
Gregory Bateson
http://wn.com/Gregory_Bateson
Heinz von Foerster
http://wn.com/Heinz_von_Foerster
Henri Atlan
Henri Atlan (born 27 December 1931, Blida) is a French Algerian biophysicist and philosopher.
http://wn.com/Henri_Atlan
Hero of Alexandria
http://wn.com/Hero_of_Alexandria
Howard T. Odum
Howard Thomas Odum (1924, Chapel Hill, North Carolina–2002 Gainesville, Florida) (also known as Tom or just H.T.) was an American ecologist. He is known for his pioneering work on ecosystem ecology, and for his provocative proposals for additional laws of thermodynamics, informed by his work on general systems theory.
http://wn.com/Howard_T_Odum
Hunter B. Shirley
http://wn.com/Hunter_B_Shirley
Ilya Prigogine
http://wn.com/Ilya_Prigogine
Jacque Fresco
Jacque Fresco (born March 13, 1916), is a self-educated social engineer, industrial designer, author, lecturer, futurist, inventor, and the creator of The Venus Project. Fresco has worked as both designer and inventor in a wide range of fields spanning biomedical innovations and integrated social systems. He believes his ideas would maximally benefit the greatest number of people and he states some of his influence stems from his formative years during the Great Depression.
http://wn.com/Jacque_Fresco
Jakob von Uexküll
http://wn.com/Jakob_von_Uexküll
James Grier Miller
James Grier Miller (1916 - 7 Nov 2002) was an American biologist, a pioneer of systems science, who originated the modern use of the term "behavioral science", founded and directed the multi-disciplinary Mental Health Research Institute at the University of Michigan , and originated the living systems theory.
http://wn.com/James_Grier_Miller
Jay Wright Forrester
Jay Wright Forrester (born July 14, 1918, Anselmo, Nebraska) is a pioneer American computer engineer, systems scientist and was a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management. Forrester is known as the founder of System Dynamics, which deals with the simulation of interactions between objects in dynamic systems.
http://wn.com/Jay_Wright_Forrester
John N. Warfield
John Nelson Warfield (1925 - 2009) is an American systems scientist, who was professor and director of the Institute for Advanced Study in the Integrative Sciences (IASIS) at George Mason University.
http://wn.com/John_N_Warfield
John von Neumann
http://wn.com/John_von_Neumann
Julian Bigelow
Julian Bigelow (1913 - February 21, 2003 in Princeton, New Jersey) was a pioneering computer engineer.
http://wn.com/Julian_Bigelow
Kenneth E. Boulding
http://wn.com/Kenneth_E_Boulding
Kevin Warwick
Kevin Warwick (born 9 February 1954 Coventry, UK) is a British scientist and professor of cybernetics at the University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom. He is best known for his studies on direct interfaces between computer systems and the human nervous system, although he has also done much research in the field of robotics.
http://wn.com/Kevin_Warwick
Ktesibios
http://wn.com/Ktesibios
Louis Kauffman
Louis H. Kauffman (3 February, 1945) is an American mathematician, topologist, and professor of Mathematics in the Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer science at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He is known for the introduction and development of the bracket polynomial and Kauffman polynomial.
http://wn.com/Louis_Kauffman
Margaret Mead
Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901 – November 15, 1978) was an American cultural anthropologist, who was frequently a featured writer and speaker in the mass media throughout the 1960s and 1970s.
http://wn.com/Margaret_Mead
Michael A. Arbib
Michael A. Arbib (born 1940 in England) is the Fletcher Jones Professor of Computer Science, as well as a Professor of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Neuroscience and Psychology at the University of Southern California (USC). As both a theoretical neuroscientist and a computer scientist, Arbib argues that by deducing the brain's operating principles from a computational standpoint we can both learn more about how brains function and also gain tools for building learning machines. Arbib is a prolific author and has written or edited over 30 books and many scientific research articles.
http://wn.com/Michael_A_Arbib
Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
http://wn.com/Mihajlo_D_Mesarovic
Murray Bowen
Murray Bowen, M.D., (31 January 1913, Waverly, Tennessee - 9 October 1990) was an American psychiatrist and a professor in Psychiatry at the Georgetown University. Bowen was among the pioneers of family therapy and founders of systemic therapy. Beginning in the 1950s, he developed a systems theory of the family.
http://wn.com/Murray_Bowen
Nicolas Schöffer
http://wn.com/Nicolas_Schöffer
Niklas Luhmann
Niklas Luhmann (December 8, 1927 - November 6, 1998) was a German sociologist, and a prominent thinker in sociological systems theory.
http://wn.com/Niklas_Luhmann
Norbert Wiener
http://wn.com/Norbert_Wiener
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato
Pyotr Anokhin
http://wn.com/Pyotr_Anokhin
Qian Xuesen
http://wn.com/Qian_Xuesen
Richard E. Bellman
http://wn.com/Richard_E_Bellman
Robert Trappl
Robert Trappl (16 January 1939, Vienna Austria) is an Austrian scientist, and Professor at the Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, known for his work in the field of cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence.
http://wn.com/Robert_Trappl
Roy Ascott
Roy Ascott is a British artist and theorist, who works with cybernetics and telematics. He is President of the Planetary Collegium.
http://wn.com/Roy_Ascott
Russell L. Ackoff
Russell Lincoln Ackoff (12 February 1919 – 29 October 2009) was an American organizational theorist, consultant, and Anheuser-Busch Professor Emeritus of Management Science at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Ackoff was a pioneer in the field of operations research, systems thinking and management science.
http://wn.com/Russell_L_Ackoff
Sergei P. Kurdyumov
http://wn.com/Sergei_P_Kurdyumov
Stafford Beer
http://wn.com/Stafford_Beer
Stuart Kauffman
Stuart Alan Kauffman (28 September 1939) is an American theoretical biologist and complex systems researcher concerning the origin of life on Earth. He is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from self-organization and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian natural selection, as well as for applying models of Boolean networks to simplified genetic circuits.
http://wn.com/Stuart_Kauffman
Stuart Umpleby
Stuart Anspach Umpleby (born 1944) is an American cybernetician and is a professor in the Department of Management and Director of the Research Program in Social and Organizational Learning in the School of Business at The George Washington University.
http://wn.com/Stuart_Umpleby
Szolem Mandelbrojt
http://wn.com/Szolem_Mandelbrojt
Talcott Parsons
http://wn.com/Talcott_Parsons
Valentin Braitenberg
http://wn.com/Valentin_Braitenberg
Valentin Turchin
Valentin Fyodorovich Turchin (, 1931 – 7 April 2010) was a Soviet and American cybernetician and computer scientist. He developed the Refal programming language, the theory of metasystem transitions and the notion of supercompilation. As such he can be seen as a pioneer in Artificial Intelligence and one of the visionaries at the basis of the Global brain idea.
http://wn.com/Valentin_Turchin
W. Edwards Deming
http://wn.com/W_Edwards_Deming
Walter Pitts
http://wn.com/Walter_Pitts
Warren McCulloch
http://wn.com/Warren_McCulloch
William Grey Walter
W. Grey Walter (February 19, 1910 – May 6, 1977) was a neurophysiologist and robotician.
http://wn.com/William_Grey_Walter
William Ross Ashby
W. Ross Ashby (London, 6 September 1903 – 15 November 1972) was an English psychiatrist and a pioneer in cybernetics, the study of complex systems. His first name was not used: he was known as Ross Ashby.
http://wn.com/William_Ross_Ashby

What is Cybernetics?

...

published: 07 Jun 2009

The Human Brain & Cybernetics

...

published: 24 Aug 2009

Interview with Dr. Maxwell Maltz (Psycho Cybernetics) 1/4

...

published: 19 Sep 2008

Lepht Anonym - Cybernetics for the Masses (1 of 3)

...

published: 02 Jan 2011

Maxwell Maltz and Dan Kennedy- The New Psycho-Cybernetics

...

published: 17 Sep 2011

What is Cybernetics? Part 1 of 2 Interview with Paul Pangaro

...

published: 21 Sep 2010

Stuff, Life & Cybernetics

...

published: 06 Oct 2009

Cybernetics and Revolution - Eden Medina

...

published: 27 Oct 2011

27c3: Cybernetics for the Masses (en)

...

published: 04 Jan 2011

The Financial Crisis & Cybernetics

...

published: 23 Apr 2009

Psycho-Cybernetics Lessons 1-5 (Part 1 of 2)

...

published: 25 Apr 2010

Robots - Cybernetics Society

...

published: 14 Oct 2007

Management Cybernetics & Chaos Theory

...

published: 15 Jun 2009

Current Value - Cybernetics

...

published: 13 Oct 2008

BOOMBOX

100 days, 100 songs, 100 locations, 100 dances. 100 Songs: 001. Heart of Glass / Blondie...

published: 16 Feb 2009

Author: Ely Kim

Inverted Pendulum

This was my seminar paper for my studies of engineering cybernetics at the University of S...

published: 25 Jan 2009

Author: Tensor

Fire Painting, 2010

The cybernetic construction in "Fire Painting" sets off explosive levels of kerosene. Its ...

published: 18 Mar 2011

Author: Sanela Jahic

Cockroach Controlled Mobile Robot (2006) - Garnet Hertz - High Resolution Video Overview

Project: http://conceptlab.com/roachbot/ Video Transcription: [00:04] Cockroach Control...

published: 01 Dec 2008

Author: Garnet Hertz

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color">
        <div class="video_facebook">
            <a href="http://web.archive.org./web/20121028075007/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://wn.com/cybernetics&t=<%= title %>" title="Share this video" data-title="Share this video" target="_blank" style="target-name: new; target-new: tab;"></a>
        </div>

Public Domain / AKA MBG
Creative Commons / Der gestiefelte kater

Photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba

Virgin for sale: Website auctions off virginity of college student for $780,000 (Video)

The Examiner

26 Oct 2012

Related topics virgin auctionvirginity auction Advertisement A 20 year-old Brazilian student has sold her virginity for the sum of $780,000 through an online auction on a website simply called Virgins...

Chat

Photo: Creative Commons / Neogeolegend

Kim Jong-il Funeral ceremony .Kim Jong-il died of a suspected heart attack on 17 December 2011 at 08:30 while traveling by train to an area outside Pyongyang.

N. Korean Army General Executed with Mortar for Drinking

Novosti

25 Oct 2012

MOSCOW, October 25 (RIA Novosti) - A high-ranking North Korean Army official was reportedly executed with a mortar round for drinking liquor during the 100-day...

Chat

Photo: US Navy / MCS2 Justin Ailes

Hurricane Sandy makes landfall at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, October 24, 2012.

Slow-moving Hurricane Sandy marches toward East Coast

CNBC

27 Oct 2012

MIAMI (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy pulled away from the Bahamas on Saturday after killing at least 41 people in the Caribbean, beginning a slow march toward the U.S. East Coast where it threatens to...

Chat

Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win

Myanmar Buddhist monks march, protesting against plans to open office of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), in Yangon, Myanmar, Monday, Oct. 15, 2012.

Muslims flee Myanmar as unrest continues

New Straits/Business Times

25 Oct 2012

YANGON: A new wave of sectarian violence in western Myanmar has left five people dead and dozens injured in recent days, triggering another exodus of Muslims to emergency camps, officials said...

Chat

Photo: AP / Collin Reid

Waves, brought by Hurricane Sandy, crash on a house in the Caribbean Terrace neighborhood in eastern Kingston, Jamaica, Wednesday, Oct. 24, 2012.

Hurricane Sandy growing stronger as it nears Cuba

Yahoo Daily News

25 Oct 2012

HAVANA (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy, growing stronger over warm Caribbean waters, lashed eastern Cuba with heavy rains and rising winds on Wednesday as it bore down on the communist island after...

Chat

Timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

Law of Attraction: How NOT to Manifest What You Want! 27 Oct 2012

The Examiner Related topics law of attractionManifestlife coachlife coachingSanta Claus Advertisement There are oodles of articles and How-To videos out there that talk about the Law of Attraction and how to manifest anything you want. so did you see them? use them? If so, how well is this working for you? I...(size: 9.8Kb)

Image-Pro Premier Analysis Software Supports Objective Imaging Surveyor Turboscan .sws Mosaic Files 25 Oct 2012

StreetInsider Tweet ROCKVILLE, Md.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Media Cybernetics is pleased to announce that Image-Pro Premier image processing and analysis software now supports Surveyor Workspace mosaic format (.sws) image files acquired with Objective Imaging Ltd.’s Surveyor Turboscan acquisition systems. This new...(size: 4.4Kb)

North American Modelica Group Established with Support from Maplesoft 24 Oct 2012

Yahoo Daily News Maplesoft has announced the founding of the North America Modelica Users' Group, a forum for exchanging ideas, addressing modeling problems and promoting the North American perspective within the global Modelica Association Waterloo, Canada (PRWEB) October 24, 2012 Maplesoft is a Founding...(size: 10.2Kb)

Do Success Courses Really Work? 23 Oct 2012

The Examiner Related topics success motivation Advertisement Let’s face it . . . In addition to books like Think and Grow Rich there have been hundreds – actually, thousands – of books, tapes, programs and seminars on how to succeed in finding wealth and happiness from the same number of very successful...(size: 8.5Kb)

Star Trek technology: how 21st century scientists are making it so 19 Oct 2012

The Guardian Many have been inspired by Star Trek to become scientists, and some are starting to make its gadgetry a reality Captain Jean-Luc Picard after assimilation by the Borg in 2366. In 2012, scientists are toying with the possibilities of cybernetics. Photograph: Sportsphoto/Allstar/Cinetext...(size: 8.4Kb)

See A Wee Master Chief In The David Fincher-Produced 'Halo 4' Trailer, 'Scanned' 19 Oct 2012

IMDb Directed by Tim Miller and making its worldwide debut last night during Jimmy Fallon, "Scanned" depicts major bits of the Chief's history that we've...(size: 1.0Kb)

'Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn' episode three review 19 Oct 2012

Digital Spy Last week's Forward Unto Dawn episode ended on something of a cliffhanger after troubled UNSC cadet Lasky passed out during a 'capture the flag' exam gone awry. A confiscated quiche, meanwhile, lit the fuse for a fight between Lasky and his arch-nemesis cadet Vickers, while love interest Chyler...(size: 10.9Kb)

Halo 4 'Scanned' launch trailer is here 19 Oct 2012

Joystiq Halo 4's extravagant 'Scanned' launch...(size: 0.3Kb)

CD Projekt's next game is titled 'Cyberpunk 2077' 19 Oct 2012

Digital Spy CD Projekt has announced that its next game, previously codenamed Cyberpunk, will be titled Cyberpunk 2077. Cyberpunk 2077 will be a sandbox open-world game taking place in the futuristic...(size: 1.2Kb)

21 Greenlisation - encouraging youths to adopt regular green habits 19 Oct 2012

The Star New movement aims to raise eco-consciousness among youths. GOING green is now fashionable. And so is volunteerism. For Dr Theng Lee Chong, the combination of the two is a potent force to make the earth a better place to live in. Fresh from launching the Green Living Society Kuala Lumpur and Selangor...(size: 6.7Kb)

What Is At The Root of Your Motivation? 18 Oct 2012

The Examiner Related topics Cyberneticslife purpose Advertisement Do you know what really motivates you? This question seems simple enough. Straightforward enough. Yet the answer is rooted in deeply-held concerns, fears and conditioning that began when you did... ancient memories of wins, losses and resentments...(size: 9.1Kb)

‘Cyber Force’, the comic book that launched an empire returns 16 Oct 2012

The Examiner Related topics Top Cow ProductionsMarc SilvestriMatt HawkinsKickstarter Rating for 'Cyber Force #1' 5 Advertisement In 1992 when Image Comics revolutionized creator owned comic books, co-founder Marc Silvestri introduced Cyber Force. The success of Cyber Force led to the creation of Top...(size: 9.8Kb)

The Military Put Out A Research Request For What Amounts To Cybernetic Organisms 16 Oct 2012

Business Insider MIT: The US Really Should Be Freaking Out About Possible Cyber Attacks Video Shows Crowd Going Nuts As Veteran Tackles Westboro Baptist Protester Taliban Who Took Hit Out On 14 Year-Old Girl Now Targeting Media Over Coverage In a request released Sept. 14 of this year, the Office Of Naval Research...(size: 6.2Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

For other uses, see Cybernetics (disambiguation).

Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of regulatory systems. As an oversimplification, Cybernetics is information theory, control theory and systems theory, at least in its first-order form. (Second-order cybernetics has crucial methodological and epistemological implications that are fundamental to the field as a whole.) Both in its origins and in its evolution in the second half of the 20th century, cybernetics is equally applicable to physical and social (that is, language-based) systems.

Example of cybernetic thinking. On the one hand a company is approached as a system in an environment. On the other hand cybernetic factory can be modeled as a control system.

Science
Part of a series on

Formal sciences Mathematics Mathematical logic Mathematical statistics Computer science
Physical sciences Physics Applied physics · Atomic physics Computational physics Condensed matter physics Experimental physics · Mechanics Nuclear physics Particle physics · Plasma physics Quantum mechanics (introduction) Solid mechanics · Theoretical physics Thermodynamics · Entropy General relativity · M-theory Special relativity Chemistry Acid-base reaction theories · Alchemy Analytical chemistry · Astrochemistry Biochemistry · Crystallography Environmental chemistry · Food science Geochemistry · Green chemistry Inorganic chemistry · Materials science Molecular physics · Nuclear chemistry Organic chemistry · Photochemistry Physical chemistry · Radiochemistry Solid-state chemistry · Stereochemistry Supramolecular chemistry Surface science · Theoretical chemistry Astronomy Astrophysics · Cosmology Galactic astronomy · Planetary geology Planetary science · Stellar astronomy Earth sciences Atmospheric sciences · Ecology Environmental science · Geodesy Geology · Geomorphology Geophysics · Glaciology · Hydrology Limnology · Mineralogy · Oceanography Paleoclimatology · Palynology Physical geography · Soil science Space science
Life sciences Biology Anatomy · Astrobiology · Biochemistry Biogeography · Biological engineering · Biophysics Behavioral neuroscience · Biotechnology Botany · Cell biology · Conservation biology · Cryobiology Developmental biology Ecology · Ethnobiology Evolutionary biology (introduction) Genetics (introduction) Gerontology · Immunology · Limnology Marine biology · Microbiology Molecular biology · Neuroscience Paleontology · Parasitology · Physiology Radiobiology · Soil biology Systematics · Theoretical biology Toxicology · Zoology
Social and Behavioural sciences Anthropology · Archaeology Criminology · Demography Economics · Education Human geography · History International relations · Law Linguistics · Political science Psychology · Sociology
Applied sciences Engineering Agricultural · Aerospace · Biomedical Chemical · Civil · Computer Electrical · Fire protection · Genetic Industrial · Mechanical · Military Mining · Nuclear · Operations research Robotics · Software Healthcare sciences Biological engineering · Dentistry Epidemiology · Health care · Medicine Nursing · Pharmacy · Social work Veterinary medicine
Interdisciplinarity Applied physics · Artificial intelligence Bioethics · Bioinformatics · Biomedical engineering · Biostatistics Cognitive science · Computational linguistics Cultural studies · Cybernetics Environmental science · Environmental social science Environmental studies · Ethnic studies Evolutionary psychology · Forestry · Health Library science · Logic Mathematical biology · Mathematical physics Scientific modelling · Neural engineering Neuroscience · Science and technology studies Science studies · Semiotics · Sociobiology Systems theory · Transdisciplinarity Urban planning
Philosophy and history of science Scientific method History of science Philosophy of science Science policy Fringe science Pseudoscience

Science Portal Category
v t e

Overview [link]

Cybernetics is only applicable when the system being analysed is involved in a closed signal loop; that is, where action by the system causes some change in its environment and that change is fed to the system via information (feedback) that enables the system to change its behavior. This "circular causal" relationship is necessary and sufficient for a cybernetic perspective.^{[citation needed]} System Dynamics, a related field, originated with applications of electrical engineering control theory to other kinds of simulation models (especially business systems) by Jay Forrester at MIT in the 1950s.

Other fields of study which have influenced or been influenced by cybernetics include game theory, system theory (a mathematical counterpart to cybernetics), perceptual control theory, sociology, psychology (especially neuropsychology, behavioral psychology, cognitive psychology), philosophy, and architecture and organizational theory.^[1]

Definition [link]

Figure 1: Ideal feedback model. The system is negative and stable if B < 0

The term cybernetics stems from the Greek κυβερνήτης (kybernētēs, steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder — the same root as government). Cybernetics is a broad field of study, but the essential goal of cybernetics is to understand and define the functions and processes of systems that have goals and that participate in circular, causal chains that move from action to sensing to comparison with desired goal, and again to action. Studies in cybernetics provide a means for examining the design and function of any system, including social systems such as business management and organizational learning, including for the purpose of making them more efficient and effective.

Cybernetics was defined by Norbert Wiener, in his book of the same title, as the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. Stafford Beer called it the science of effective organization and Gordon Pask called it "the art of defensible metaphors" (emphasizing its constructivist epistemology) though he later extended it to include information flows "in all media" from stars to brains. It includes the study of feedback, black boxes and derived concepts such as communication and control in living organisms, machines and organizations including self-organization. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first two tasks.^[2] A more philosophical definition, suggested in 1956 by Louis Couffignal, one of the pioneers of cybernetics, characterizes cybernetics as "the art of ensuring the efficacy of action."^[3] The most recent definition has been proposed by Louis Kauffman, President of the American Society for Cybernetics, "Cybernetics is the study of systems and processes that interact with themselves and produce themselves from themselves."^[4]

Concepts studied by cyberneticists (or, as some prefer, cyberneticians) include, but are not limited to: learning, cognition, adaption, social control, emergence, communication, efficiency, efficacy and connectivity. These concepts are studied by other subjects such as engineering and biology, but in cybernetics these are removed from the context of the individual organism or device.

History [link]

The roots of cybernetic theory [link]

The word cybernetics was first used in the context of "the study of self-governance" by Plato in The Alcibiades to signify the governance of people.^[5] The word 'cybernétique' was also used in 1834 by the physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836) to denote the sciences of government in his classification system of human knowledge.

James Watt

The first artificial automatic regulatory system, a water clock, was invented by the mechanician Ktesibios. In his water clocks, water flowed from a source such as a holding tank into a reservoir, then from the reservoir to the mechanisms of the clock. Ktesibios's device used a cone-shaped float to monitor the level of the water in its reservoir and adjust the rate of flow of the water accordingly to maintain a constant level of water in the reservoir, so that it neither overflowed nor was allowed to run dry. This was the first artificial truly automatic self-regulatory device that required no outside intervention between the feedback and the controls of the mechanism. Although they did not refer to this concept by the name of Cybernetics (they considered it a field of engineering), Ktesibios and others such as Heron and Su Song are considered to be some of the first to study cybernetic principles.

The study of teleological mechanisms (from the Greek τέλος or telos for end, goal, or purpose) in machines with corrective feedback dates from as far back as the late 18th century when James Watt's steam engine was equipped with a governor, a centrifugal feedback valve for controlling the speed of the engine. Alfred Russel Wallace identified this as the principle of evolution in his famous 1858 paper. In 1868 James Clerk Maxwell published a theoretical article on governors, one of the first to discuss and refine the principles of self-regulating devices. Jakob von Uexküll applied the feedback mechanism via his model of functional cycle (Funktionskreis) in order to explain animal behaviour and the origins of meaning in general.

The early 20th century [link]

Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of control systems, electrical network theory, mechanical engineering, logic modeling, evolutionary biology and neuroscience in the 1940s. Electronic control systems originated with the 1927 work of Bell Telephone Laboratories engineer Harold S. Black on using negative feedback to control amplifiers. The ideas are also related to the biological work of Ludwig von Bertalanffy in General Systems Theory.

Early applications of negative feedback in electronic circuits included the control of gun mounts and radar antenna during World War II. Jay Forrester, a graduate student at the Servomechanisms Laboratory at MIT during WWII working with Gordon S. Brown to develop electronic control systems for the U.S. Navy, later applied these ideas to social organizations such as corporations and cities as an original organizer of the MIT School of Industrial Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management. Forrester is known as the founder of System Dynamics.

W. Edwards Deming, the Total Quality Management guru for whom Japan named its top post-WWII industrial prize, was an intern at Bell Telephone Labs in 1927 and may have been influenced by network theory. Deming made "Understanding Systems" one of the four pillars of what he described as "Profound Knowledge" in his book "The New Economics."

Numerous papers spearheaded the coalescing of the field. In 1935 Russian physiologist P.K. Anokhin published a book in which the concept of feedback ("back afferentation") was studied. The study and mathematical modelling of regulatory processes became a continuing research effort and two key articles were published in 1943. These papers were "Behavior, Purpose and Teleology" by Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener, and Julian Bigelow; and the paper "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts.

Cybernetics as a discipline was firmly established by Wiener, McCulloch and others, such as W. Ross Ashby and W. Grey Walter. Walter was one of the first to build autonomous robots as an aid to the study of animal behaviour. Together with the US and UK, an important geographical locus of early cybernetics was France.

In the spring of 1947, Wiener was invited to a congress on harmonic analysis, held in Nancy, France. The event was organized by the Bourbaki, a French scientific society, and mathematician Szolem Mandelbrojt (1899–1983), uncle of the world-famous mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot.

John von Neumann

During this stay in France, Wiener received the offer to write a manuscript on the unifying character of this part of applied mathematics, which is found in the study of Brownian motion and in telecommunication engineering. The following summer, back in the United States, Wiener decided to introduce the neologism cybernetics into his scientific theory. The name cybernetics was coined to denote the study of "teleological mechanisms" and was popularized through his book Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and Machine (Hermann & Cie, Paris, 1948). In the UK this became the focus for the Ratio Club.

In the early 1940s John von Neumann, although better known for his work in mathematics and computer science, did contribute a unique and unusual addition to the world of cybernetics: Von Neumann cellular automata, and their logical follow up the Von Neumann Universal Constructor. The result of these deceptively simple thought-experiments was the concept of self replication which cybernetics adopted as a core concept. The concept that the same properties of genetic reproduction applied to social memes, living cells, and even computer viruses is further proof of the somewhat surprising universality of cybernetic study.

Wiener popularized the social implications of cybernetics, drawing analogies between automatic systems (such as a regulated steam engine) and human institutions in his best-selling The Human Use of Human Beings : Cybernetics and Society (Houghton-Mifflin, 1950).

While not the only instance of a research organization focused on cybernetics, the Biological Computer Lab at the University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign, under the direction of Heinz von Foerster, was a major center of cybernetic research for almost 20 years, beginning in 1958.

The rebirth of cybernetics [link]

In the 1970s, new cyberneticians emerged in multiple fields, but especially in biology. The ideas of Maturana, Varela and Atlan, according to Dupuy (1986) "realized that the cybernetic metaphors of the program upon which molecular biology had been based rendered a conception of the autonomy of the living being impossible. Consequently, these thinkers were led to invent a new cybernetics, one more suited to the organizations which mankind discovers in nature - organizations he has not himself invented".^[6] However, during the 1980s the question of whether the features of this new cybernetics could be applied to social forms of organization remained open to debate.^[6]

In political science, Project Cybersyn attempted to introduce a cybernetically controlled economy during the early 1970s. In the 1980s, according to Harries-Jones (1988) "unlike its predecessor, the new cybernetics concerns itself with the interaction of autonomous political actors and subgroups, and the practical and reflexive consciousness of the subjects who produce and reproduce the structure of a political community. A dominant consideration is that of recursiveness, or self-reference of political action both with regards to the expression of political consciousness and with the ways in which systems build upon themselves".^[7]

One characteristic of the emerging new cybernetics considered in that time by Geyer and van der Zouwen, according to Bailey (1994), was "that it views information as constructed and reconstructed by an individual interacting with the environment. This provides an epistemological foundation of science, by viewing it as observer-dependent. Another characteristic of the new cybernetics is its contribution towards bridging the "micro-macro gap". That is, it links the individual with the society".^[8] Another characteristic noted was the "transition from classical cybernetics to the new cybernetics [that] involves a transition from classical problems to new problems. These shifts in thinking involve, among others, (a) a change from emphasis on the system being steered to the system doing the steering, and the factor which guides the steering decisions.; and (b) new emphasis on communication between several systems which are trying to steer each other".^[8] The work of Gregory Bateson was also strongly influenced by cybernetics.

Recent endeavors into the true focus of cybernetics, systems of control and emergent behavior, by such related fields as game theory (the analysis of group interaction), systems of feedback in evolution, and metamaterials (the study of materials with properties beyond the Newtonian properties of their constituent atoms), have led to a revived interest in this increasingly relevant field.^[2]

Subdivisions of the field [link]

Cybernetics is an earlier but still-used generic term for many types of subject matter. These subjects also extend into many others areas of science, but are united in their study of control of systems.

Basic cybernetics [link]

Cybernetics studies systems of control as a concept, attempting to discover the basic principles underlying such things as

ASIMO uses sensors and sophisticated algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs.

In biology [link]

Cybernetics in biology is the study of cybernetic systems present in biological organisms, primarily focusing on how animals adapt to their environment, and how information in the form of genes is passed from generation to generation.^[9] There is also a secondary focus on combining artificial systems with biological systems.^{[citation needed]}

In computer science [link]

Computer science directly applies the concepts of cybernetics to the control of devices and the analysis of information.

In engineering [link]

Cybernetics in engineering is used to analyze cascading failures and System Accidents, in which the small errors and imperfections in a system can generate disasters. Other topics studied include:

An artificial heart, a product of biomedical engineering.

In management [link]

In mathematics [link]

Mathematical Cybernetics focuses on the factors of information, interaction of parts in systems, and the structure of systems.

In psychology [link]

In sociology [link]

By examining group behavior through the lens of cybernetics, sociologists can seek the reasons for such spontaneous events as smart mobs and riots, as well as how communities develop rules such as etiquette by consensus without formal discussion^{[citation needed]}. Affect Control Theory explains role behavior, emotions, and labeling theory in terms of homeostatic maintenance of sentiments associated with cultural categories. The most comprehensive attempt ever made in the social sciences to increase cybernetics in a generalized theory of society was made by Talcott Parsons. In this way, cybernetics establishes the basic hierarchy in Parsons' AGIL paradigm, which is the ordering system-dimension of his action theory. These and other cybernetic models in sociology are reviewed in a book edited by McClelland and Fararo.^[10]

In art [link]

Nicolas Schöffer's CYSP I (1956) was perhaps the first artwork to explicitly employ cybernetic principles (CYSP is an acronym that joins the first two letters of the words "CYbernetic" and "SPatiodynamic").^[11] The artist Roy Ascott elaborated an extensive theory of cybernetic art in "Behaviourist Art and the Cybernetic Vision" (Cybernetica, Journal of the International Association for Cybernetics (Namur), Volume IX, No.4, 1966; Volume X No.1, 1967) and in "The Cybernetic Stance: My Process and Purpose" (Leonardo Vol 1, No 2, 1968). Art historian Edward A. Shanken has written about the history of art and cybernetics in essays including "Cybernetics and Art: Cultural Convergence in the 1960s"^[12] and "From Cybernetics to Telematics: The Art, Pedagogy, and Theory of Roy Ascott"(2003),^[13] which traces the trajectory of Ascott's work from cybernetic art to telematic art (art using computer networking as its medium, a precursor to net.art.)

[edit] In Earth system science

Geocybernetics aims to study and control the complex co-evolution of ecosphere and anthroposphere.^[14]

Related fields [link]

Complexity science [link]

Complexity science attempts to understand the nature of complex systems.

References [link]

^ Tange, Kenzo (1966) "Function, Structure and Symbol".
^ ^a ^b Kelly, Kevin (1994). Out of control: The new biology of machines, social systems and the economic world. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-48340-8. OCLC 32208523 40868076 56082721 57396750 221860672 32208523 40868076 56082721 57396750.
^ Couffignal, Louis, "Essai d’une définition générale de la cybernétique", The First International Congress on Cybernetics, Namur, Belgium, June 26–29, 1956, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1958, pp. 46-54
^ CYBCON discusstion group 20 September 2007 18:15
^ Johnson, Barnabas. "The Cybernetics of Society". http://www.jurlandia.org/cybsoc.htm. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
^ ^a ^b Jean-Pierre Dupuy, "The autonomy of social reality: on the contribution of systems theory to the theory of society" in: Elias L. Khalil & Kenneth E. Boulding eds., Evolution, Order and Complexity, 1986.
^ Peter Harries-Jones (1988), "The Self-Organizing Polity: An Epistemological Analysis of Political Life by Laurent Dobuzinskis" in: Canadian Journal of Political Science (Revue canadienne de science politique), Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 431-433.
^ ^a ^b Kenneth D. Bailey (1994), Sociology and the New Systems Theory: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis, p.163.
^ Note: this does not refer to the concept of Racial Memory but to the concept of cumulative adaptation to a particular niche, such as the case of the pepper moth having genes for both light and dark environments.
^ McClelland, Kent A., and Thomas J. Fararo (Eds.). 2006. Purpose, Meaning, and Action: Control Systems Theories in Sociology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
^ "CYSP I, the first cybernetic sculpture of art's history". Leonardo/OLATS - Observatoire Leonardo des arts et des technosciences. http://www.olats.org/schoffer/cyspe.htm.
^ Bruce Clarke and Linda Dalrymple Henderson, ed. (2002). From Energy to Information: Representation in Science, Technology, Art, and Literature. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 255–277.
^ Ascott, Roy (2003). Edward A. Shanken. ed. Telematic Embrace: Visionary Theories of Art, Technology, and Consciousness. Berkeley: University of California Press.
^ Schellnhuber, H.-J., Discourse: Earth system analysis - The scope of the challenge, pp. 3-195. In: Schellnhuber, H.-J. and Wenzel, V. (Eds.). 1998. Earth system analysis: Integrating science for sustainability. Berlin: Springer.

External links [link]

Find more about Cybernetics on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

General

Societies

v t e Subfields of and scientists involved in cybernetics

Subfields	Polycontexturality Second-order cybernetics Catastrophe theory Connectionism Control theory Decision theory Information theory Semiotics Synergetics Biological cybernetics Biosemiotics Biomedical cybernetics Biorobotics Computational neuroscience Homeostasis Management cybernetics Medical cybernetics New Cybernetics Neurocybernetics Sociocybernetics Emergence Artificial intelligence

Cyberneticists	Igor Aleksander William Ross Ashby Anthony Stafford Beer Claude Bernard Ludwig von Bertalanffy Valentin Braitenberg Gordon S. Brown Walter Bradford Cannon Heinz von Foerster Charles François Jay Wright Forrester Buckminster Fuller Ernst von Glasersfeld Francis Heylighen Erich von Holst Cliff Joslyn Stuart Kauffman Sergei P. Kurdyumov Niklas Luhmann Warren McCulloch Humberto Maturana Talcott Parsons Gordon Pask Walter Pitts Alfred Radcliffe-Brown Robert Trappl Valentin Turchin Jakob von Uexküll Francisco Varela Frederic Vester Charles Geoffrey Vickers Stuart Umpleby John N. Warfield Kevin Warwick Norbert Wiener Anthony Wilden Jacque Fresco

v t e Systems and systems science

Systems categories	Systems theory Systems science Systems scientists Conceptual Physical Social

Systems	Biological Complex Complex adaptive Conceptual Database management Dynamical Economical Ecosystem Formal Global Positioning System Human anatomy Information systems Legal systems of the world Systems of measurement Metric system Multi-agent system Nervous system Nonlinearity Operating system Physical system Political system Sensory system Social system Solar System Systems art

Theoretical fields	Chaos theory Complex systems Control theory Cybernetics Living systems Sociotechnical systems theory Systems biology System dynamics Systems ecology Systems engineering Systems neuroscience Systems psychology Systems science Systems theory World-systems theory

Systems scientists	Russell L. Ackoff William Ross Ashby Béla H. Bánáthy Gregory Bateson Richard E. Bellman Stafford Beer Ludwig von Bertalanffy Murray Bowen Kenneth E. Boulding C. West Churchman George Dantzig Heinz von Foerster Jay Wright Forrester Charles A S Hall George Klir Edward Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James Grier Miller Howard T. Odum Talcott Parsons Ilya Prigogine Anatol Rapoport Claude Shannon Qian Xuesen Francisco Varela Kevin Warwick Norbert Wiener Anthony Wilden

http://wn.com/Cybernetics

http://it.wn.com/Cibernetica

http://cs.wn.com/Kybernetika

http://id.wn.com/Sibernetika

http://es.wn.com/Cibernética

http://ru.wn.com/Кибернетика

http://nl.wn.com/Cybernetica

http://pl.wn.com/Cybernetyka

http://fr.wn.com/Cybernétique

http://de.wn.com/Kybernetik

http://hi.wn.com/साइबर्नेटिक्स

http://pt.wn.com/Cibernética

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Maxwell Maltz (March 10, 1899^[1] – April 7, 1975^[2]) was an American cosmetic surgeon and author of Psycho-Cybernetics (1960), which was a system of ideas that he claimed could improve one's self-image. In turn, the person would lead a more successful and fulfilling life.^[3] He wrote several books, among which Psycho-Cybernetics was a long-time bestseller — influencing many subsequent self-help teachers.^[4]^[5]^[6] His orientation towards a system of ideas that would provide self help is considered the forerunner of the now popular self help books.^[7]

In 1923, Maltz graduated with a doctorate in medicine from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.^[2]

In 1960, Psycho-Cybernetics: A New Way to Get More Living out of Life was first published by Prentice-Hall and appeared in a pocket book edition by 1969. The book introduced Maltz's views where a person must have an accurate and positive view of his or her self before setting goals; otherwise he or she will get stuck in a continuing pattern of limiting beliefs. His ideas focus on visualizing one's goals and he believes that self-image is the cornerstone of all the changes that take place in a person. According to Maltz, if one's self-image is unhealthy or faulty — all of his or her efforts will end in failure.^[3]

Maltz also wrote fiction, including a play called Unseen Scar (1946)^[8] and a novel, The Time is Now (1975)^[9]. His autobiography, Doctor Pygmalion: The Autobiography of a Plastic Surgeon (1953)^[10], was popular and influential,^[11] being discussed in many subsequent books on body and identity.^[12] It was re-titled Doctor Psycho-Cybernetics after his self-help work was published.

Although the book Psycho-Cybernetics was first published in 1960, as of 2008 the book is one of 50 recommended in the book 50 Self-Help Classics.^[13]

References [link]

^ SpringerLink - Journal Article
^ ^a ^b "College of Physicians and Surgeons Obituary Database". Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20070609134343/http://library.cpmc.columbia.edu/hsl/arch/psdbrecord.cfm?RecordNum=1372. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
^ ^a ^b "Welcome to 50Classics.com". www.butler-bowdon.com. http://www.butler-bowdon.com/psychocybernets.html. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
^ Gray, Michael C.. "Psycho-Cybernetics Book Review". www.profitadvisors.com. http://www.profitadvisors.com/psychoc.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
^ Manz, Charles. "Emotional Discipline". Berrett-Koehler Publishers. http://books.google.com/books?id=txWxbf4xKssC&pg=PA115&dq=Maxwell+Maltz&lr=&ei=npYhSej9MYX6kgTdnunxCA. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
^ Joseph L. DeVitis, John Martin Rich. "The Success Ethic, Education, and the American Dream". SUNY Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=0dAAdXuYLm0C&pg=PA44&dq=Maxwell+Maltz&lr=&ei=npYhSej9MYX6kgTdnunxCA#PPA44,M1. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
^ Lynn Bridgers, James W. Fowler. "Contemporary Varieties of Religious Experience". Rowman & Littlefield. http://books.google.com/books?id=sL0i8rVXMNoC&pg=PA97&dq=Maxwell+Maltz&lr=&ei=v5whSc27BpO2kwSZ_MDiCA. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
^ Maltz, Maxwell (1946). Unseen Scar: A New Play. New York: Hart Stenographic Bureau. OCLC 44450040.
^ Maltz, Maxwell (1975). The Time is Now. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-21859-X. OCLC 1009493.
^ Maltz, Maxwell (1953). Doctor Pygmalion: The Autobiography of a Plastic Surgeon. New York: Crowell. OCLC 14656784.
^ D. H. J. Morgan, et al.. "Gender, Bodies and Work". Ashgate Publishing. http://books.google.com/books?id=4_aLPBRjv8wC&pg=PA152&dq=Maxwell+Maltz&lr=&ei=rJkhSfTYCZu8M7afzMUI. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
^ Davis, Kathy. "Dubious Equalities and Embodied Differences". Rowman & Littlefield. http://books.google.com/books?id=8Q8rE-PwcIIC&pg=PA46&dq=Maxwell+Maltz&lr=&ei=rJkhSfTYCZu8M7afzMUI. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
^ "Welcome to 50Classics.com". www.butler-bowdon.com. http://www.butler-bowdon.com/classicslist.html. Retrieved 2008-03-14.

Persondata
Name	Maxwell Maltz
Alternative names
Short description	Plastic surgeon, self-help author
Date of birth	1899-03-10
Place of birth
Date of death	1975-04-07
Place of death

This article about a United States writer of non-fiction is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

http://wn.com/Maxwell_Maltz

http://fr.wn.com/Maxwell Maltz

http://pt.wn.com/Maxwell Maltz

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Maltz

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Anthony Stafford Beer (25 September 1926 – 23 August 2002) was a British theorist, consultant and professor at the Manchester Business School. He is best known for his work in the fields of operational research and management cybernetics.

1 Biography
2 Work
3 Literature
4 References
5 External links

Biography [link]

Beer was born in London in 1926. He started a degree in philosophy at University College London, but left in 1944 to join the army. He saw service in India and stayed there until 1947. In 1949, he was demobilized, having reached the rank of captain.

He joined United Steel and persuaded the management to found an operational research group, the Department of Operations Research and Cybernetics, which he headed. In 1961 he left United Steel to start an operational research consultancy in partnership with Roger Eddison called SIGMA (Science in General Management). Beer left SIGMA in 1966 to work for a SIGMA client, the International Publishing Corporation (IPC). He was appointed development director at IPC and pushed for the adoption of new computer technologies. Beer left IPC in 1970 to work as an independent consultant, focusing on his growing interest in social systems.

In mid-1971, Beer was approached by Fernando Flores, then a high-ranking member of the Chilean Production Development Corporation (CORFO) in the newly elected socialist government of Salvador Allende, for advice on applying his cybernetic theories to the management of the state-run sector of the Chilean economy. This led to Beer's involvement in the never-completed Cybersyn project, which aimed to use computers and a telex-based communication network to allow the government to maximize production while preserving the autonomy of workers and lower management. Although Cybersyn was abandoned after Allende was removed from power by the Pinochet coup in 1973, Beer continued to work in the Americas, consulting for the governments of Mexico, Uruguay and Venezuela.

In the mid 1970s, Beer renounced material possessions and moved to mid-Wales where he lived in an almost austere style, developing strong interests in poetry and art. In the 1980s he established a second home on the west side of downtown Toronto and lived part of the year in both residences. Beer kept active with work in his field.

Beer was a visiting professor at almost 30 universities and received honorary doctorates from the University of Leeds, the University of St. Gallen, the University of Sunderland and the University of Valladolid. He was president of the World Organization of Systems and Cybernetics. And he received awards from the Royal Swedish Academy for Engineering Sciences in 1958, from the United Kingdom Systems Society, the Cybernetics Society, the American Society for Cybernetics, and the Operations Research Society of America.

He was married twice, in 1947 to Cynthia Hannaway and in 1968 to Sallie Steadman. His partner for the last twenty years of his life was Dr Allenna Leonard, a fellow cybernetician. Beer had five sons and three daughters, one of whom is Vanilla Beer, an artist and essayist.^[1] Stafford Beer died in Toronto in 2002 at the age of 75 years after a considerable period of ill-health.^[2]

Work [link]

Stafford Beer worked in the fields of operational research, cybernetics and management science. He had become aware of operational research while being in the army, and he was quick to identify the advantages it could bring to business.

In the late 1950s, he published his first book about cybernetics and management, building on the ideas of Norbert Wiener, Warren McCulloch, and especially William Ross Ashby for a systems approach to the management of organisations.

In the 1970s, he also wrote a series of books (the last three focussing upon his own Viable System Model for organisation modelling):

In the 1990s, he published one of his last books about Team Syntegrity: a formal model, built on the polyhedra idea of systems for non-hierarchical problem solving.

Management cybernetics [link]

Sketch for a cybernetic factory, 1959 ^[3]

According to Jackson (2000) "Beer was the first to apply cybernetics to management, defining cybernetics as the science of effective organization". In the 1960s and early 1970s "Beer was a prolific writer and an influential practitioner" in management cybernetics. It was during that period that he developed the viable system model, to diagnose the faults in any existing organizational system. In that time Forrester invented systems dynamics, which "held out the promise that the behavior of whole systems could be represented and understood through modeling the dynamical feedback process going on within them".^[4]

Management cybernetics is the application of cybernetic laws to all types of organizations and institutions created by human beings, and to the interactions within them and between them. It is a theory based on natural laws. It addresses the issues that every individual who wants to influence an organization in any way must learn to resolve. This theory is not restricted to the actions of top managers. Every member of an organization and every person who, to a greater or lesser extent, communicates or interacts with it is involved in the considerations.

Cybersyn [link]

File:Cybersyn control room.jpg

Cybersyn operations room, 1972

Main article: Project Cybersyn

During the administration of Salvador Allende in Chile, in the early 1970s, Beer was closely involved with a visionary project, Cybersyn, to apply his cybernetic theories in government. The project's ultimate goal was to create a network of computers and communications equipment that would support the management of the state-run sector of Chile's economy; at its core would be an operations room where government managers could view important information about economic processes in real time, formulate plans of action, and transmit advice and directives to managers at plants and enterprises in the field.^[5] However, consistent with cybernetic principles and the ideals of the Allende government, its designers aimed to preserve worker and lower-management autonomy instead of implementing a top-down system of centralized control.

The system used a network of about 500 telex machines located at enterprises throughout the country and in government offices in Santiago, some of which were connected to a government-operated mainframe computer that would receive information on production operations, feed that information into economic modeling software, and report on variables (such as raw material supplies) that were outside normal parameters and might require attention. The project, implemented by a multidisciplinary group of both Chileans and foreigners, reached an advanced prototype stage, but was interrupted by the 1973 coup d'état.^[5]

Viable System Model [link]

Principal functions of the Viable System Model, 1975.

The Viable System Model (VSM) is a model of the organisational structure of any viable or autonomous system. A viable system is any system organised in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable. The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an abstracted cybernetic description that is applicable to any organisation that is a viable system and capable of autonomy.

Syntegrity [link]

Syntegrity is a formal model presented by Beer in the 1990s and now is a registered trademark. It is a form of non-hierarchical problem solving that can be used in a small team of 10 to 42 people. It is a business consultation product that is licensed out to consulting firms as a basis model for solving problems in a team environment.

"Syntegrity", "Syntegration", "Team Syntegrity", and "Team Syntegration" are all registered trademarks. The term "Syntegrity" is a portmanteau of “synergistic tensegrity".^[6]

POSIWID [link]

Main article: The purpose of a system is what it does

Stafford Beer coined and frequently used the term POSIWID (the purpose of a system is what it does) to refer to the commonly observed phenomenon that the de facto purpose of a system is often at odds with its official purpose. Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. Perhaps most forcefully in his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain in October 2001, he said "According to the cybernetician the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment or sheer ignorance of circumstances."^[7]

Literature [link]

Stafford Beer wrote several books and articles:^[8]

1959, Cybernetics and Management, English Universities Press
1966, Decision and Control, Wiley, London
1972, Brain Of The Firm, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, London, Herder and Herder, USA.Translated into German, Italian, Swedish and French.
1974, Designing Freedom, CBC Learning Systems, Toronto, 1974; and John Wiley, London and New York, 1975. Translated into Spanish and Japanese.
1975, Platform for Change, John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted with corrections 1978.
1977, Transit; Poems, CWRW Press, Wales. Limited Edition, Private Circulation.
1979, The Heart of Enterprise, John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted with corrections 1988.
1981, Brain of the Firm; Second Edition (much extended), John Wiley, London and New York. Reprinted 1986, 1988. Translated into Russian.
1983, Transit; Poems, Second edition (much extended). With audio cassettes: Transit – Selected Readings, and one Person Metagame; Mitchell Communications, Publisher, PO Box 2878, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada.
1985, Diagnosing the System for Organizations; John Wiley, London and New York. Translated into Italian and Japanese. Reprinted 1988, 1990, 1991.
1986, Pebbles to Computer: The Thread; (with Hans Blohm), Oxford University Press, Toronto.
1994, Beyond Dispute: The Invention of Team Syntegrity; John Wiley, Chichester.

Audio

1990, Stafford Beer, "Forty Years of Cybernetics", Gordon Hyde Memorial Lecture at the Cybernetics Society in London January 1990, audio file: 1hr 27mins.

Video

1990, Stafford Beer, The Intelligent Organization Stafford Beer at Monterrey Tec, March 1990 illustrated by Javier Livas

About Stafford Beer

1994, Harnden, R and Leonard, A. (Eds.), How Many Grapes Went into the Wine: Stafford Beer on the Art and Science of Holisitic Management; John Wiley, Chichester.
2003, Whittaker, David, Stafford Beer: A Personal Memoir; (Includes an interview with Brian Eno) Wavestone Press, Charlbury
2006, Jonathan Rosenhead, "IFORS' Operational Research Hall of Fame Stafford Beer", in International Transactions in Operational Research Vol 13, nr.6, pp. 577–581.
2009, Whittaker, David, (Ed.) Think Before you Think: Social Complexity and Knowledge of Knowing; (Selected writings of Stafford Beer with life chronology), Foreword by Brian Eno, Wavestone Press, Charlbury

References [link]

^ Vanilla Beer exhibited with Roger Kohn Prenez, Mangez et Vivez Peacock University Press, 2006. See also Simon Beer and Mark Beer
^ J Rosenhead (2003). "Obituary Stafford Beer". In: Journal of the Operational Research Society, 2003
^ Stafford Beer, Cybernetic and Management, English Universities Press, p.150.
^ Michael C. Jackson (2000), Systems Approaches to Management, 465 p.
^ ^a ^b Raul Espejo, Cybersyn, retrieved Oct 2007.
^ "Syntegration: The Science" web page
^ Beer, Stafford (2002). "What is cybernetics?". Kybernetes (MCB UP Ltd) 31 (2): 209–219. DOI:10.1108/03684920210417283.
^ Bibliography Stafford Beer, Cwarel Isaf Institute, Juli 2000.

External links [link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Anthony Stafford Beer

Systems science portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anthony Stafford Beer

Organizations

v t e Subfields of and scientists involved in cybernetics

Subfields	Polycontexturality Second-order cybernetics Catastrophe theory Connectionism Control theory Decision theory Information theory Semiotics Synergetics Biological cybernetics Biosemiotics Biomedical cybernetics Biorobotics Computational neuroscience Homeostasis Management cybernetics Medical cybernetics New Cybernetics Neurocybernetics Sociocybernetics Emergence Artificial intelligence

Cyberneticists	Igor Aleksander William Ross Ashby Anthony Stafford Beer Claude Bernard Ludwig von Bertalanffy Valentin Braitenberg Gordon S. Brown Walter Bradford Cannon Heinz von Foerster Charles François Jay Wright Forrester Buckminster Fuller Ernst von Glasersfeld Francis Heylighen Erich von Holst Cliff Joslyn Stuart Kauffman Sergei P. Kurdyumov Niklas Luhmann Warren McCulloch Humberto Maturana Talcott Parsons Gordon Pask Walter Pitts Alfred Radcliffe-Brown Robert Trappl Valentin Turchin Jakob von Uexküll Francisco Varela Frederic Vester Charles Geoffrey Vickers Stuart Umpleby John N. Warfield Kevin Warwick Norbert Wiener Anthony Wilden Jacque Fresco

v t e Systems and systems science

Systems categories	Systems theory Systems science Systems scientists Conceptual Physical Social

Systems	Biological Complex Complex adaptive Conceptual Database management Dynamical Economical Ecosystem Formal Global Positioning System Human anatomy Information systems Legal systems of the world Systems of measurement Metric system Multi-agent system Nervous system Nonlinearity Operating system Physical system Political system Sensory system Social system Solar System Systems art

Theoretical fields	Chaos theory Complex systems Control theory Cybernetics Living systems Sociotechnical systems theory Systems biology System dynamics Systems ecology Systems engineering Systems neuroscience Systems psychology Systems science Systems theory World-systems theory

Systems scientists	Russell L. Ackoff William Ross Ashby Béla H. Bánáthy Gregory Bateson Richard E. Bellman Stafford Beer Ludwig von Bertalanffy Murray Bowen Kenneth E. Boulding C. West Churchman George Dantzig Heinz von Foerster Jay Wright Forrester Charles A S Hall George Klir Edward Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James Grier Miller Howard T. Odum Talcott Parsons Ilya Prigogine Anatol Rapoport Claude Shannon Qian Xuesen Francisco Varela Kevin Warwick Norbert Wiener Anthony Wilden

v t e Society for General Systems Research Presidents

Kenneth Boulding (1957-58) · Charles McClelland (1959-61) · Willam Ashby (1962-64) · Anatol Rapaport (1965) · Peter Caws (1966) · John Milsum (1967) · Milton Rubin (1968) · Lawrence Slobodkin (1969) · Bertram Gross (1970) · Stafford Beer (1971) · Margaret Mead (1972) · James Grier Miller (1973) · Gordon Pask (1974) · Kjell Samuelson (1975) · Heinz von Foerster (1976) · Charles Vickers (1977) · Richard Ericson (1978) · Brian Gaines (1979) · Robert Rosen (1980) · George Klir (1981) · John N. Warfield (1982) · John A. Dillon (1985) · Peter Checkland (1986) · Russell L. Ackoff (1987)

International Society for the Systems Sciences Presidents

Persondata
Name	Beer, Stafford
Alternative names	Beer, Anthony Stafford
Short description	British theorist, consultant, and professor
Date of birth	25 September 1926
Place of birth	London, UK
Date of death	23 August 2002
Place of death

http://wn.com/Anthony_Stafford_Beer

http://ru.wn.com/Бир, Энтони Стаффорд

http://fr.wn.com/Stafford Beer

http://nl.wn.com/Anthony Stafford Beer

http://pt.wn.com/Anthony Stafford Beer

http://de.wn.com/Stafford Beer

http://it.wn.com/Anthony Stafford Beer

http://es.wn.com/Stafford Beer

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Kevin Warwick
Kevin Warwick, February 2008
Born	(1954-02-09) 9 February 1954 (age 58) Coventry, UK
Nationality	United Kingdom
Fields	Cybernetics, robotics
Institutions	University of Oxford Newcastle University University of Warwick University of Reading
Alma mater	Aston University Imperial College London
Doctoral advisor	John Hugh Westcott
Doctoral students	Mark Gasson
Known for	Project Cyborg

Kevin Warwick (born 9 February 1954 Coventry, UK) is a British scientist and professor of cybernetics at the University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom. He is known for his studies on direct interfaces between computer systems and the human nervous system, and has also done research in the field of robotics.

1 Biography
2 Work
3 Awards and recognition
4 Quotations
5 Trivia
6 See also
7 Publications
8 References
9 External links

Biography [link]

Kevin Warwick was born in 1954 in Coventry in the United Kingdom. He attended Lawrence Sheriff School in Rugby, Warwickshire. He left school in 1970 to join British Telecom, at the age of 16. In 1976 he took his first degree at Aston University, followed by a Ph.D and a research post at Imperial College London.

He subsequently held positions at Oxford, Newcastle and Warwick universities before being offered the Chair in Cybernetics at the University of Reading in 1987.

Warwick is a Chartered Engineer, a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology and a Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute. He is Visiting Professor at the Czech Technical University in Prague and the University of Strathclyde and in 2004 was Senior Beckman Fellow at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA. He is also Director of the University of Reading Knowledge Transfer Partnerships Centre, which links the University with Companies and is on the Advisory Boards of the Instinctive Computing Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University^[1] and the Centre for Intermedia, University of Exeter.^[2]

By the age of 40 he had been awarded higher doctorates (D.Sc.) by both Imperial College and by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague for his research output in completely separate areas.

Work [link]

Kevin Warwick speaking at the Tomorrow's People conference in 2006 hosted by Oxford University.

Warwick carries out research in artificial intelligence, biomedical engineering, control systems and robotics. Much of Warwick's early research was in the area of discrete time adaptive control. He introduced the first state space based self-tuning controller^[3] and unified discrete time state space representations of ARMA models.^[4] However he has also contributed in mathematics,^[5] power engineering^[6] and manufacturing production machinery.^[7]

Artificial intelligence [link]

Warwick presently heads an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council supported research project which investigates the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques in order to suitably stimulate and translate patterns of electrical activity from living cultured neural networks in order to utilise the networks for the control of mobile robots.^[8] Hence a biological brain actually provides the behaviour process for each robot. It is expected that the method will be extended to the control of a robot head.

Previously Warwick was behind a genetic algorithm called Gershwyn, which was able to exhibit creativity in producing pop songs, learning what makes a hit record by listening to examples of previous hit songs.^[9] Gershwyn appeared on BBC's Tomorrow's World having been successfully used to mix music for Manus, a group consisting of the four younger brothers of Elvis Costello.

Another Warwick project involving artificial intelligence is the robot head, Morgui. The head contains 5 senses (vision, sound, infrared, ultrasound and radar) and is being used to investigate sensor data fusion. The head was X-rated by the University of Reading Research and Ethics Committee due to its image storage capabilities – anyone under the age of 18 who wishes to interact with the robot must apriori obtain parental approval.^[10]

Warwick has very outspoken views on the future, particularly with respect to artificial intelligence and its impact on the human species, and argues that we will need to use technology to enhance ourselves in order to avoid being overtaken.^[11] He also points out that there are many limits, such as our sensorimotor abilities, that we can overcome with machines, and is on record as saying that he wants to gain these abilities: "There is no way I want to stay a mere human."^[12]

Bioethics [link]

Warwick heads the University of Reading team in a number of European Community projects such as FIDIS looking at issues concerned with the future of identity and ETHICBOTS which is considering the ethical aspects of robots and cyborgs. Warwick is also working with Daniela Cerqui, a social and cultural anthropologist from the University of Lausanne, to address the main social, ethical, philosophical and anthropological issues related to his research.^[13]

Warwick’s areas of interest have many ethical implications, some due to his Human enhancement experiments. The ethical dilemmas in his research are highlighted as a case study for schoolchildren and science teachers by the Institute of Physics^[14] as a part of their formal Advanced level and GCSE studies. His work has also been directly discussed by The President's Council on Bioethics and the President’s Panel on Forward Engagements.^[15] He is presently a member of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics Working Party on Novel Neurotechnologies.^[16]

His paper entitled Future issues with Robots and Cyborgs is ranked as the top paper, in terms of downloads per day, in the journal Studies in Ethics, Law and Technology.^[17]

Deep brain stimulation [link]

Along with Tipu Aziz and his team at John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, and John Stein of the University of Oxford, Warwick is helping to design the next generation of Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease.^[18] Instead of stimulating the brain all the time, the aim is for the device to predict when stimulation is needed and to apply the signals prior to any tremors occurring to stop them before they even start.^[19]

Public awareness [link]

Warwick has headed a number of projects aimed at exciting schoolchildren about the technology with which he is involved. In 2000 he received the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Millennium Award for his Schools Robot League. Meanwhile in 2007, 16 school teams were involved in designing a humanoid robot to dance and then complete an assault course—a final competition being held at the Science Museum (London). The project, entitled 'Androids Advance' was supported by EPSRC and was presented as an evening news item on Chinese television.^[20]

Warwick contributes significantly to the public understanding of science by giving regular public lectures, taking part in radio programmes and through popular writing. He has appeared in numerous television documentary programmes on artificial intelligence, robotics and the role of science fiction in science, such as How William Shatner Changed the World, Future Fantastic and Explorations.^[21] He has also guested on a number of TV chat shows, including Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Først & sist, and Richard & Judy.^[21] Warwick has appeared on the cover of a number of magazines, for example the February 2000 edition of Wired.^[22]

In 2000 Warwick presented the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures entitled The Rise of the Robots. The lectures were well received by some and were even felt to be inspirational.^[23] Meanwhile in a letter Simon Colton complained about the choice of Warwick, prior to his appearance. He claimed that Warwick is not a spokesman for our subject (Artificial Intelligence) and allowing him influence through the Christmas lectures is a danger to the public perception of science.^[24] In light of Warwick's claims that computers could be creative, Colton, who is a Reader in Computational Creativity, also said the AI community has done real science to reclaim words such as creativity and emotion which they claim computers will never have.^[25] Subsequent letters were generally positive, Ralph Rayner wrote With my youngest son, I attended all of the lectures and found them balanced and thought-provoking. They were not sensationalist. I applaud Warwick for his lectures.^[26]

In 2005 Warwick was congratulated for his work in attracting students to the field by Members of Parliament in the United Kingdom in an Early day motion for making the subject interesting and relevant so that more students will want to develop a career in science.^[27]

Robotics [link]

Warwick's claims that robots that can program themselves to avoid each other while operating in a group raise the issue of self-organisation, and as such might be the major impetus in following developments in this area. In particular, the works of Francisco Varela and Humberto Maturana, once in the province of pure speculation now have become immediately relevant with respect to synthetic intelligence.

Cyborg-type systems not only are homeostatic (meaning that they are able to preserve stable internal conditions in various environments) but adaptive, if they are to survive. Testing the claims of Varela and Maturana via synthetic devices is the larger and more serious concern in the discussion about Warwick and those involved in similar research. "Pulling the plug" on independent devices cannot be as simple as it appears, for if the device displays sufficient intelligence and assumes a diagnostic and prognostic stature, we may ultimately one day be forced to decide between what it could be telling us as counterintuitive (but correct) and our impulse to disconnect because of our limited and "intuitive" perceptions.

Warwick's robots seemed to have exhibited behaviour not anticipated by the research, one such robot "committing suicide" because it could not cope with its environment.^[28] In a more complex setting, it may be asked whether a "natural selection" may be possible, neural networks being the major operative.

The 1999 edition of the Guinness Book of Records recorded that Warwick carried out the first robot learning experiment across the internet. One robot, with an Artificial Neural Network brain in Reading, UK, learnt how to move around. It then taught, via the internet, another robot in SUNY Buffalo New York State, USA, to behave in the same way. The robot in the USA was therefore not taught or programmed by a human, but rather by another robot based on what it itself had learnt.^[29]

Hissing Sid was a robot cat which Warwick took on a British Council lecture tour of Russia, it being presented in lectures at such places as Moscow State University. Sid, which was put together as a student project, got its name from the noise made by the Pneumatic actuators used to drive its legs when walking. The robot also appeared on BBC TV's Blue Peter but became better known when it was refused a ticket by British Airways on the grounds that they did not allow animals in the cabin.^[30]

Warwick was also responsible for a robotic "magic chair" which Sir Jimmy Savile used on BBC TV's Jim'll Fix It. The chair provided Jim with tea and stored Jim'll Fix it badges for him to hand out to guests.^[31] Warwick even appeared on the programme himself for a Fix it involving robots.^[21]

Project Cyborg [link]

Probably the most famous piece of research undertaken by Warwick (and the origin of the nickname, "Captain Cyborg", given to him by The Register) is the set of experiments known as Project Cyborg, in which he had a chip implanted into his arm, with the aim of "becoming a cyborg".

The first stage of this research, which began on 24 May 1998, involved a simple RFID transmitter being implanted beneath Warwick's skin, and used to control doors, lights, heaters, and other computer-controlled devices based on his proximity. The main purpose of this experiment was said to be to test the limits of what the body would accept, and how easy it would be to receive a meaningful signal from the chip.^[32]

The second stage involved a more complex neural interface which was designed and built especially for the experiment by Dr. Mark Gasson and his team at the University of Reading. This device consisted of an internal electrode array, connected to an external "gauntlet" that housed supporting electronics. It was implanted on 14 March 2002, and interfaced directly into Warwick's nervous system. The electrode array inserted contained 100 electrodes, of which 25 could be accessed at any one time, whereas the median nerve which it monitored carries many times that number of signals. The experiment proved successful, and the signal produced was detailed enough that a robot arm developed by Warwick's colleague, Dr Peter Kyberd, was able to mimic the actions of Warwick's own arm.^[33]

By means of the implant, Warwick's nervous system was connected onto the internet in Columbia University, New York. From there he was able to control the robot arm in the University of Reading and to obtain feedback from sensors in the finger tips. He also successfully connected ultrasonic sensors on a baseball cap and experienced a form of extra sensory input.^[34]

A highly publicised extension to the experiment, in which a simpler array was implanted into the arm of Warwick's wife—with the aim of creating a form of telepathy or empathy using the Internet to communicate the signal from afar—was also successful, resulting in the first purely electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans.^[35] Finally, the effect of the implant on Warwick's hand function was measured using the University of Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP).^[36] It was feared that directly interfacing with the nervous system might cause some form of damage or interference, but no measurable effect nor rejection was found. Indeed, nerve tissue was seen to grow around the electrode array, enclosing the sensor^[37]

As well as the Project Cyborg work, Warwick has been involved in several of the major robotics developments within the Cybernetics Department at Reading. These include the "seven dwarves", a version of which was given away in kit form as "Cybot" on the cover of Real Robots magazine.

Implications of Project Cyborg [link]

Warwick and his colleagues claim that the Project Cyborg research could lead to new medical tools for treating patients with damage to the nervous system, as well as opening the way for the more ambitious enhancements Warwick advocates. Some transhumanists even speculate that similar technologies could be used for technology-facilitated telepathy."^[38] Warwick himself asserts that his controversial work is important because it directly tests the boundaries of what is known about the human ability to integrate with computerised systems.^{[citation needed]}

A controversy arose in August 2002, shortly after the Soham murders, when Warwick reportedly offered to implant a tracking device into an 11-year-old girl as an anti-abduction measure. The plan produced a mixed reaction, with support from many worried parents but ethical concerns from a number of children's societies.^{[citation needed]} As a result, the idea did not go ahead.

Anti-theft RFID chips are common in jewelry or clothing in some Latin American countries due to a high abduction rate,^[39] and the company VeriChip announced plans in 2001 to expand its line of currently available medical information implants,^[40] to be GPS trackable when combined with a separate GPS device.^[41]^[42]

Turing Interrogator [link]

Warwick has participated as a Turing Interrogator, on two occasions, judging machines in the 2001 and 2006 Loebner Prize competitions, platforms for an 'imitation game' as devised by Alan Turing. The 2001 Prize, held at the Science Museum in London, featured Turing's 'jury service' or one-to-one Turing tests and was won by A.L.I.C.E.^[43] The 2006 contest staged parallel-paired Turing tests at University College London and was won by Rollo Carpenter. Kevin's findings can be found in a number of articles with co-author Huma Shah including Turing Test: Mindless Game? – A Reflection on the Loebner Prize – a paper presented at the 2007 European conference on computing and philosophy (ECAP),^[44] and Emotion in the Turing Test – a chapter in a new Handbook on Synthetic Emotions and Sociable Robotics: New Applications in Affective Computing and Artificial Intelligence.^[45] He organised the 2008 Loebner Prize at the University of Reading; a report on the contest's 'theatre of two Turing tests' can be found here.^[46]

Other [link]

Warwick was a member of the 2001 Higher Education Funding Council for England (unit 29) Research Assessment Exercise panel on Electrical and Electronic Engineering and was Deputy Chairman for the same panel (unit 24) in 2008.^[47] He also sits on the research committee of The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. In March 2009, he was cited as being the inspiration of National Young Scientist of the Year, Peter Hatfield

Awards and recognition [link]

Warwick was presented with The Future of Health Technology Award from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was made an Honorary Member of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, was awarded the University of Malta medal from the Edward de Bono Institute and in 2004 received The Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) Senior Achievement Medal.^[48]

In 2008 Warwick was awarded the Mountbatten Medal.^[49] In 2009 he received the Marcellin Champagnat award from Universidad Marista Guadalajara and the Golden Eurydice Award.^[50] In 2011 he received the Ellison-Cliffe Medal from the Royal Society of Medicine.^[51]

He has received Honorary Doctor of Science degrees from Aston University,^[52] Coventry University^[53] and Bradford University.^[54]^[55] He also received an Honorary Doctor of Technology degree from Robert Gordon University.^[56]^[57]

Quotations [link]

“Shouldn’t I join the ranks of philosophers and merely make unsubstantiated claims about the wonders of human consciousness? Shouldn’t I stop trying to do some science and keep my head down? Indeed not”.^[58]
“I feel that we are all philosophers, and that those who describe themselves as a ‘philosopher’ simply do not have a day job to go to”.^[58]
On Human Consciousness: “John Searle put forward the view that a shoe is not conscious therefore a computer cannot be conscious. By the same sort of analogy though, a cabbage is not conscious therefore a human cannot be conscious”.^[59]
On Machine Intelligence: “Our robots have roughly the equivalent of 50 to 100 brain cells. That means they are about as intelligent as a slug or snail or a Manchester United supporter”.^[59]
“An actual robot walking machine which takes one step and then falls over is worth far more than a computer simulation of 29,000 robots running the London Marathon in record time”.^[59]
“When comparing human memory and computer memory it is clear that the human version has two distinct disadvantages. Firstly, as indeed I have experienced myself, due to ageing, human memory can exhibit very poor short term recall”.^[59]
"There can be no absolute reality, there can be no absolute truth".^[60]
"Ask not what the surgeon can do for you – ask what you can do for the surgeon", Panel Discussion on Challenges & Opportunities in Biomedical Engineering at BIOSTEC 2008 Conference, Madeira, Portugal, 28 January 2008.

Trivia [link]

Warwick's Erdős–Bacon number is 6: he co-authored a number of scholarly articles with Yakov Tsypkin,^[61] who has an Erdős number of 3 and has appeared in several documentaries alongside people who have a Bacon number of 1, examples being Laurence Fishburne, William Shatner and Steven Spielberg.^[62]

Publications [link]

Warwick has written several books, articles and papers. A selection of his books:

Warwick, Kevin (2001). QI: The Quest for Intelligence. Piatkus Books. ISBN 0-7499-2230-3.
Warwick, Kevin (2004). I, Cyborg. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07215-4.
Warwick, Kevin (2004). March of the Machines: The Breakthrough in Artificial Intelligence. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07223-5.
Kevin Warwick (30 August 2011). Artificial Intelligence: The Basics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-56483-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=yLW7bwAACAAJ. Retrieved 23 April 2011.

Lectures (inaugural and keynote lectures):

1998, Robert Boyle Lecture at Oxford University,
2000, Royal Institution Christmas Lectures. These lectures were repeated in 2001 in a tour of Japan, China and Korea.
2001, Gordon Higginson Lecture at Durham University, Hamilton institute inaugural lecture.
2003, Royal Academy of Engineering/Royal Society of Edinburgh Joint lecture in Edinburgh,
2003, IEEE (UK) Annual Lecture in London; Pittsburgh International Science and Technology Festival.^[63]
2004, Woolmer Lecture at University of York; Robert Hooke Lecture (Westminster)
2005, Einstein Lecture in Potsdam, Germany
2006, Bernard Price Lecture tour in South Africa; Institution of Mechanical Engineers Prestige Lecture in London.
2007, Techfest plenary lecture in Mumbai; Kshitij keynote in Kharagpur (India); Engineer Techfest plenary lecture in NITK Surathkal (India); Annual Science Faculty lecture at University of Leicester; Graduate School in Physical Sciences and Engineering Annual Lecture, Cardiff University.
2008, Leslie Oliver Oration^[64] at Queen's Hospital; Techkriti keynote in Kanpur.
2008, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, guest lecture "Four weddings and a Funeral" for the Microsoft Research Chair.
2009, Cardiff University, 125th Anniversary Lecture; Orwell Society, Eton College.^[65]
2010, Robert Gordon University launch of Research Institute for Innovation Design and Sustainability (IDEAS)^[66]
2011, Ellison-Cliffe Lecture, Royal Society of Medicine; Inaugural research conference keynote, Anglia Ruskin University.^[67]

He is a regular presenter at the annual Careers Scotland Space School, University of Strathclyde.

He appeared at the 2009 World Science Festival^[68] with Mary McDonnell, Nick Bostrom, Faith Salie and Hod Lipson.

References [link]

^ "Ambient Intelligence Lab (AIL) – Ambient Intelligence". Cmu.edu. http://www.cmu.edu/vis/. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
^ Advisory Board – English – University of Exeter. Humanities.exeter.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2011-04-23.
^ Kevin, Warwick (1981). "Self-tuning regulators: A state-space approach". International Journal of Control 33 (5): 839–858. DOI:10.1080/00207178108922958.
^ Warwick, K: "Relationship between Åström control and the Kalman linear regulator – Caines revisited", Journal of Optimal Control:Applications and Methods, 11(3), pp.223–232, 1990
^ Warwick,K:"Using the Cayley–Hamilton theorem with N partitioned matrices",IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, AC.28(12),pp.1127–1128, 1983
^ Warwick, K, Ekwue, A and Aggarwal, R (eds). "Artificial intelligence techniques in power systems", Institution of Electrical Engineers Press, 1997
^ Sutanto, E and Warwick, K: "Multivariable cluster analysis for high speed industrial machinery", IEE Proceedings – Science, Measurement and Technology, 142, pp. 417–423, 1995
^ "Rise of the rat-brained robots – tech – 13 August 2008 – New Scientist". Technology.newscientist.com. http://technology.newscientist.com/channel/tech/mg19926696.100-rise-of-the-ratbrained-robots.html. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
^ BBC News|Entertainment|To the beat of the byte, July 1, 1998
^ Radford, Tim (2003-07-13). "University robot ruled too scary". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2003/jul/17/highereducation.science.
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/12/99/back_to_the_future/kevin_warwick.stm
^ Kevin Warwick, FAQ, http://www.kevinwarwick.com/faq.htm (last question)
^ www.kevinwarwick.com
^ PEEP Physics Ethics Education Project: People
^ Introduction
^ http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/neurotechnology/neurotechnology-about-working-party
^ http://www.bepress.com/selt/topdownloads.html
^ HuntGrubbe, Charlotte (2007-07-22). "The blade runner generation". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article2079637.ece. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
^ Wu, D., Warwick, K., Ma, Z., Burgess, J., Pan, S. and Aziz, T: “Prediction of Parkinson’s disease tremor onset using radial basis function neural networks”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol.37, Issue.4, pp. 2923–2928, 2010
^ 英国类人机器人大赛寓教于乐两相宜(机器人,教育,科技,发展,英国 ) – 新视界－全球资讯视频总汇
^ ^a ^b ^c Kevin Warwick
^ "Cover Browser - Wired Magazine". Wired. http://www.wired.com/wired/coverbrowser/2000.
^ "Today: Friday 6 March 2009". BBC News. 6 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7927000/7927557.stm.
^ http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=156022&sectioncode=26 Cyber don shrugs off attack on credibility
^ http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~sgc/html_papers/colton_thes00.html
^ http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=156487
^ Housing Revenue Account Subsidy Scheme And Wales. Edms.org.uk (2010-11-04). Retrieved on 2011-04-23.
^ Warwick, K: “I, Cyborg”, University of Illinois Press, 2004, p 66
^ Warwick, K: “I, Cyborg”, University of Illinois Press, 2004
^ "-BA criticised over denying boarding to robotic cat". Airline Industry Information. 1999-10-22. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CWU/is_/ai_56752397.
^ Delaney, Sam (2007-03-31). "Now then, now then". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguide/tvradio/story/0,,2045929,00.html. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
^ Wired Magazine 8.02 (February 2000), 'Cyborg 1.0: Interview with Kevin Warwick'. Retrieved 25-12-2006.
^ Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Andrews, B, Teddy, P and Shad, A (2003). "The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems". Archives of Neurology 60 (10): 1369–1373. DOI:10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369. PMID 14568806. http://archneur.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/60/10/1369.pdf.
^ Warwick, K, Hutt, B, Gasson, M and Goodhew, I:“An attempt to extend human sensory capabilities by means of implant technology”, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Hawaii, pp.1663–1668, October 2005
^ Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Schulzrinne, H and Wu, X: “Thought Communication and Control: A First Step using Radiotelegraphy”, IEE Proceedings on Communications, 151(3), pp.185–189, 2004
^ Kyberd, P, Murgia, A, Gasson, M, Tjerks, T, Metcalf, C, Chappell, P, Warwick, K, Lawson, S and Barnhill, T: "Case studies to demonstrate the range of applications of the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure", British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(5), pp.212–218, 2009
^ Gasson, M.N., Hutt, B.D., Goodhew, I., Kyberd, P., and Warwick, K: "Invasive Neural Prosthesis for Neural Signal Detection and Nerve Stimulation", International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing, Vol.19:5, pp.365–75, 2005.
^ George Dvorsky (2004-04-26). "Evolving Towards Telepathy". Betterhumans. Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20070706064752/http://archives.betterhumans.com/Columns/Column/tabid/79/Column/267/Default.aspx.
^ missingbyline (missingdateline). "missingtitle". Arizona Daily Star. http://www.dailystar.com/dailystar/news/30069.php.
^ VeriChip. "Implantable Verification Solution for SE Asia". Inforlexus. http://www.verichip.com.my/index-2.html.
^ Julia Scheeres (2002-01-25). "Kidnapped? GPS to the Rescue". Wired News. http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,50004,00.html.
^ Julia Scheeres (2002-02-15). "Politician Wants to 'Get Chipped'". Wired News. http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,50435,00.html.
^ The A. L. I. C. E. Artificial Intelligence Foundation – chatbot – chat bot – chatterbots – verbots – natural language – chatterbot – bot – chat robot – chat bots – AIML – take a Turing Test – Loebner ...
^ European Computing and Philosophy Conference
^ Handbook of Research on Synthetic Emotions and Sociable Robotics: New Applications in Affective Computing and Artificial Intelligence, IGI Global
^ "Can a machine think? – results from the 18th Loebner Prize contest – University of Reading". Rdg.ac.uk. http://www.rdg.ac.uk/research/Highlights-News/featuresnews/res-featureloebner.asp. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
^ http://www.rae.ac.uk/ Current official RAE website for 2008 exercise
^ What are the IET Achievement Medals?. The IET. Retrieved on 2011-04-23.
^ Media-Newswire.com – Press Release Distribution (2008-11-20). "Press Release Distribution – PR Agency". Media-Newswire.com. http://media-newswire.com/release_1079897.html. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
^ ICTthatmakesthedifference.eu. ICTthatmakesthedifference.eu. Retrieved on 2011-04-23.
^ http://www.rsm.ac.uk/academ/ec2011.php
^ High profile graduates celebrated by Aston University
^ "Honorary degree delight for outstanding individuals at Coventry University". Coventry.ac.uk. http://www.coventry.ac.uk/latestnewsandevents/a/4879. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
^ Press Releases – Media Centre – University of Bradford. Brad.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2011-04-23.
^ Professor Kevin Warwick discusses his honorary degree A.I. and singularity. YouTube (2010-07-22). Retrieved on 2011-04-23.
^ http://www.rgu.ac.uk/news/world-s-first-cyborg-honoured-by-university
^ http://www.reading.ac.uk/internal/staffportal/news/articles/spsn-382440.aspx
^ ^a ^b Hendricks, V: “Feisty Fragments for Philosophy”, King’s College Publications, London,2004.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hendricks, V: “500 CC Computer Citations”, King’s College Publications, London, 2005
^ Warwick, K:"The Matrix – Our Future?", Chapter in "Philosophers Explore the Matrix", edited by C.Grau, Oxford University Press, 2005
^ Tsypkin, Ya. Z, Parks, P, Vishnyakov, A and Warwick, K:"Stability of Solutions of Linear Difference Equations with Periodic Coefficients", International Journal of Control, 64(5), pp 959–966, 1996
^ "The Oracle of Bacon". The Oracle of Bacon. http://oracleofbacon.org/cgi-bin/movielinks. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
^ Pittsburgh International Science and Technology Festival. ANNUAL REPORT 2003
^ BHR University Hospitals. "Inaugural Leslie Oliver Oration". Bhrhospitals.nhs.uk. http://www.bhrhospitals.nhs.uk/neuro/neuro4ha.php?id=964. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
^ "Events". Kevinwarwick.com. http://www.kevinwarwick.com/events.asp?Date=15%2F9%2F2009. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
^ Launch of IDEAS|May 10|Robert Gordon University Events. Rgu.ac.uk (2010-05-13). Retrieved on 2011-04-23.
^ http://issuu.com/angliaruskinbulletin/docs/bulletin_vol_8_no_10_medres
^ "Battlestar Galactica Cyborgs on the Horizon". World Science Festival. 2009-06-12. http://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2009/battlestar-galactica. Retrieved 2009-09-26.

External links [link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Kevin Warwick

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kevin Warwick

Kevin Warwick's official site
RTE Radio 1 debate with Kevin Warwick on Human Enhancement podcast link
Ananova story, with pictures of the chip and operation (dead link, see archive)
IET Robotics Network
List of articles mentioning "Captain Cyborg" at the Register
Kevin Warwick at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Kevin Warwick at the Internet Movie Database
Interview with Kevin Warwick in The Future Fire 1 (2005)
Video of Kevin Warwick speaking at WhatTheHack
Interview with Kevin Warwick in mbr:points 1 (04.02.2008)
Interview with Kevin Warwick on cyborgs, viruses, Cyborg Rights and cyborg-identity (1 December 2008)
Interview with Kevin Warwick in IT-BHU Chronicle
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=self-experimenters on-line Scientific American article
Kevin Warwick at LIFT 08

v t e Subfields of and scientists involved in cybernetics

Subfields	Polycontexturality Second-order cybernetics Catastrophe theory Connectionism Control theory Decision theory Information theory Semiotics Synergetics Biological cybernetics Biosemiotics Biomedical cybernetics Biorobotics Computational neuroscience Homeostasis Management cybernetics Medical cybernetics New Cybernetics Neurocybernetics Sociocybernetics Emergence Artificial intelligence

Cyberneticists	Igor Aleksander William Ross Ashby Anthony Stafford Beer Claude Bernard Ludwig von Bertalanffy Valentin Braitenberg Gordon S. Brown Walter Bradford Cannon Heinz von Foerster Charles François Jay Wright Forrester Buckminster Fuller Ernst von Glasersfeld Francis Heylighen Erich von Holst Cliff Joslyn Stuart Kauffman Sergei P. Kurdyumov Niklas Luhmann Warren McCulloch Humberto Maturana Talcott Parsons Gordon Pask Walter Pitts Alfred Radcliffe-Brown Robert Trappl Valentin Turchin Jakob von Uexküll Francisco Varela Frederic Vester Charles Geoffrey Vickers Stuart Umpleby John N. Warfield Kevin Warwick Norbert Wiener Anthony Wilden Jacque Fresco

v t e Systems and systems science

Systems categories	Systems theory Systems science Systems scientists Conceptual Physical Social

Systems	Biological Complex Complex adaptive Conceptual Database management Dynamical Economical Ecosystem Formal Global Positioning System Human anatomy Information systems Legal systems of the world Systems of measurement Metric system Multi-agent system Nervous system Nonlinearity Operating system Physical system Political system Sensory system Social system Solar System Systems art

Theoretical fields	Chaos theory Complex systems Control theory Cybernetics Living systems Sociotechnical systems theory Systems biology System dynamics Systems ecology Systems engineering Systems neuroscience Systems psychology Systems science Systems theory World-systems theory

Systems scientists	Russell L. Ackoff William Ross Ashby Béla H. Bánáthy Gregory Bateson Richard E. Bellman Stafford Beer Ludwig von Bertalanffy Murray Bowen Kenneth E. Boulding C. West Churchman George Dantzig Heinz von Foerster Jay Wright Forrester Charles A S Hall George Klir Edward Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James Grier Miller Howard T. Odum Talcott Parsons Ilya Prigogine Anatol Rapoport Claude Shannon Qian Xuesen Francisco Varela Kevin Warwick Norbert Wiener Anthony Wilden

v t e Brain–computer interface

Technologies	Biomechatronics · Brain implant · BrainGate · Brainport · Cyberware · Exocortex · Intelligence amplification · Isolated brain · Neuroprosthetics · Neurotechnology · Optogenetics · Sensory substitution · Synthetic telepathy

Scientific phenomena	Electrocorticography (ECoG) · Neural ensemble · Neuroplasticity

Disciplines	Cognitive science · Cognitive neuroscience · Computational neuroscience · NBIC · Neural engineering · Neuroscience

Speculative	Cyborg · Mind uploading · Whole-body transplant

People	Charles Stross · Douglas Engelbart · Hugh Herr · J. C. R. Licklider · Kevin Warwick · Matt Nagle · Merlin Donald · Miguel Nicolelis · Peter Kyberd · Steve Mann · Vernor Vinge · Yoky Matsuoka · Edward Boyden

Other	Human enhancement · Mind control · Neurohacking · Simulated reality · Transhumanism

Category · Commons

Persondata
Name	Warwick, Kevin
Alternative names
Short description	British robotics and cybernetics researcher
Date of birth	1954-2-9
Place of birth	Coventry, UK
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Warwick

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

Applied mathematics

Related Topics

Make changes yourself !

Contents

[edit] In Earth system science

Related pages:

Related pages:

Contents

Related pages:

Contents

Related pages: