Coordinates	20°34′00″N103°40′35″N
name	Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin
birth date	June 06, 1799
birth place	Moscow, Russian Empire
death date	February 10, 1837
death place	Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
occupation	Poet, novelist, playwright
influences	Nikolai Karamzin, Denis Fonvizin, Lord Byron, Konstantin Batyushkov, Vasily Zhukovsky, André Chénier, Évariste de Parny
influenced	Nikolai Gogol, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Turgenev, Mikhail Lermontov, Maxim Gorky, Henry James, Alexander Blok, Boris Pasternak, Anna Akhmatova, Osip Mandelstam, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Marina Tsvetaeva, Vladimir Nabokov, Stanislavski, Ğabdulla Tuqay
signature	Pushkin Signature.svg }}

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (, ) ( – ) was a Russian author of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Pushkin pioneered the use of vernacular speech in his poems and plays, creating a style of storytelling—mixing drama, romance, and satire—associated with Russian literature ever since and greatly influencing later Russian writers. He also wrote historical fiction. His ''The Captain's Daughter'' provides insight into Russia during the reign of Catherine the Great.

Born in Moscow, Russia, Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen, and was widely recognized by the literary establishment by the time of his graduation from the Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo. Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals; in the early 1820s he clashed with the government, which sent him into exile in southern Russia. While under the strict surveillance of government censors and unable to travel or publish at will, he wrote his most famous play, the drama ''Boris Godunov'', but could not publish it until years later. His novel in verse, ''Eugene Onegin'', was published serially from 1825 to 1832. Due to his political views and influence on generations of Russian rebels, Pushkin was portrayed by Bolsheviks as an opponent to bourgeois literature and culture and a predecessor of Soviet literature and poetry. In 1937, the town of Tsarskoe Selo was renamed Pushkin in his honour.

Life and career

Pushkin's father Sergei Lvovich Pushkin (1767–1848) descended from a distinguished family of the Russian nobility which traced its ancestry back to the 12th century. Pushkin's mother Nadezhda (Nadja) Ossipovna Gannibal (1775–1836) descended through her paternal grandmother from German, Scandinavian nobility. She was the daughter of Ossip Abramovich Gannibal (1744–1807) and his wife Maria Aleksejevna Pushkina (1745–1818). Ossip Abramovich Gannibal's father, Pushkin's great-grandfather, was Abram Petrovich Gannibal (1696–1781), a black page raised by Peter the Great. The only known fact was that he himself wrote in a letter to Empress Elizabeth, Peter the Great's daughter, that he was from the town of "Lagon." Russian biographers concluded from the beginning that Lagon was in Ethiopia, a country with Christian associations. Vladimir Nabokov, researching ''Eugene Onegin'', cast serious doubt on the Ethiopian angle. Dieudonné Gnammankou outlined the strong case in 1995 that "Lagon" was a town located on the southern side of Lake Chad, now located in northern Cameroon. There is no conclusive evidence. After education in France as a military engineer, Abram Gannibal became governor of Reval and eventually General-en-Chef for the building of sea forts and canals in Russia.

Born in Moscow, Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen. By the time he finished as part of the first graduating class of the prestigious Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo near Saint Petersburg, the Russian literary scene recognized his talent widely. After finishing school, Pushkin installed himself in the vibrant and raucous intellectual youth culture of the capital, Saint Petersburg. In 1820 he published his first long poem, ''Ruslan and Lyudmila'', amidst much controversy about its subject and style.

Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals. This angered the government, and led to his transfer from the capital (1820). He went to the Caucasus and to the Crimea, then to Kamenka and Chişinău, where he became a Freemason. Here he joined the Filiki Eteria, a secret organization whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule over Greece and establish an independent Greek state. He was inspired by the Greek Revolution and when the war against the Ottoman Turks broke out he kept a diary with the events of the great national uprising. He stayed in Chişinău until 1823 and wrote there two Romantic poems which brought him wide acclaim, ''The Captive of the Caucasus'' and ''The Fountain of Bakhchisaray''. In 1823 Pushkin moved to Odessa, where he again clashed with the government, which sent him into exile at his mother's rural estate in Mikhailovskoe (near Pskov) from 1824 to 1826. However, some of the authorities allowed him to visit Tsar Nicholas I to petition for his release, which he obtained. But some of the insurgents in the Decembrist Uprising (1825) in Saint Petersburg had kept some of his early political poems amongst their papers, and soon Pushkin found himself under the strict control of government censors and unable to travel or publish at will. He had written what became his most famous play, the drama ''Boris Godunov'', while at his mother's estate but could not gain permission to publish it until five years later. The drama's original, uncensored version would not receive a premiere until 2007.

In the year 1831, during the days of Pushkin's growing literary influence, he met one of Russia's other greatest early writers, Nikolai Gogol. After reading Gogol's 1831–2 volume of short stories ''Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka'', Pushkin would support him critically and later in 1836 after starting his magazine, ''The Contemporary'', would feature some of Gogol's most famous short stories. Later, Pushkin and his wife Natalya Goncharova, whom he married in 1831, became regulars of court society. When the Tsar gave Pushkin the lowest court title, the poet became enraged: he felt this occurred not only so that his wife, who had many admirers—including the Tsar himself—could properly attend court balls, but also to humiliate him. In 1837, falling into greater and greater debt amidst rumors that his wife had started conducting a scandalous affair, Pushkin challenged her alleged lover, his brother in-law Georges d'Anthès, to a duel which left both men injured, Pushkin mortally. He died two days later. His last home is a museum now.

The government feared a political demonstration at his funeral, which it moved to a smaller location and made open only to close relatives and friends. His body was spirited away secretly at midnight and buried on his mother's estate.

Pushkin descendants

Pushkin had four children from his marriage to Natalya: Maria (b. 1832, touted as a prototype of Anna Karenina), Alexander (b. 1833), Grigory (b. 1835), and Natalya (b. 1836) the last of whom married, morganatically, into the royal house of Nassau to Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau and became the Countess of Merenberg. Of Pushkin's children only the lines of Alexander and Natalia continue. Natalia married Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau, and their grand-daughter, Nadejda, married into the British royal family. The descendants of the poet now live around the globe: in England, Germany and Belgium. About fifty of them live in Russia, including Tatiana Lucas, whose great-grandmother (grand-daughter of Pushkin) was married to the nephew of Nikolai Gogol. Ms. Lucas currently lives in Klin.

Literary legacy

Critics consider many of his works masterpieces, such as the poem ''The Bronze Horseman'' and the drama ''The Stone Guest'', a tale of the fall of Don Juan. His poetic short drama "Mozart and Salieri" was the inspiration for Peter Shaffer's ''Amadeus''. Pushkin himself preferred his verse novel ''Eugene Onegin'', which he wrote over the course of his life and which, starting a tradition of great Russian novels, follows a few central characters but varies widely in tone and focus. "Onegin" is a work of such complexity that, while only about a hundred pages long, translator Vladimir Nabokov needed two full volumes of material to fully render its meaning in English. Because of this difficulty in translation, Pushkin's verse remains largely unknown to English readers. Even so, Pushkin has profoundly influenced western writers like Henry James.

Pushkin's works also provided fertile ground for Russian composers. Glinka's ''Ruslan and Lyudmila'' is the earliest important Pushkin-inspired opera, and a landmark in the tradition of Russian music. Tchaikovsky's operas ''Eugene Onegin'' (1879) and ''The Queen of Spades'' (1890) became perhaps better known outside of Russia than Pushkin's own works of the same name, while Mussorgsky's monumental ''Boris Godunov'' (two versions, 1868-9 and 1871-2) ranks as one of the very finest and most original of Russian operas. Other Russian operas based on Pushkin include Dargomyzhsky's ''Rusalka'' and ''The Stone Guest''; Rimsky-Korsakov's ''Mozart and Salieri'', ''Tale of Tsar Saltan'', and ''The Golden Cockerel''; Cui's ''Prisoner of the Caucasus'', ''Feast in Time of Plague'', and ''The Captain's Daughter''; Tchaikovsky's Mazeppa; Rachmaninov's one-act operas ''Aleko'' (based on The Gypsies) and ''The Miserly Knight''; Stravinsky's Mavra, and Nápravník's ''Dubrovsky''. This is not to mention ballets and cantatas, as well as innumerable songs set to Pushkin's verse. Suppé, Leoncavallo and Malipiero, among non-Russian composers, have based operas on his works.

Romanticism

Although Pushkin is considered the central representative of The Age of Romanticism in Russian literature, he can't be labelled unequivocally as a Romantic: Russian critics have traditionally argued that his works represent a path from neo-Classicism through Romanticism to Realism, while an alternative assessment suggests that "he had an ability to entertain contrarities which may seem Romantic in origin, but is ultimately subversive of all fixed points of view, all single outlooks, including the Romantic" and that "he is simultaneously Romantic and not Romantic".

Influence on the Russian language

Alexander Pushkin is usually credited with developing Russian literature. Not only is he seen as having originated the highly nuanced level of language which characterizes Russian literature after him, but he is also credited with substantially augmenting the Russian lexicon. Where he found gaps in the Russian vocabulary, he devised calques. His rich vocabulary and highly sensitive style are the foundation for modern Russian literature. His talent set up new records for development of the Russian language and culture. He became the father of Russian literature in the 19th century, marking the highest achievements of 18th century and the beginning of literary process of the 19th century. Alexander Pushkin introduced Russia to all the European literary genres as well as a great number of West European writers. He brought natural speech and foreign influences to create modern poetic Russian. Though his life was brief, he left examples of nearly every literary genre of his day: lyric poetry, narrative poetry, the novel, the short story, the drama, the critical essay, and even the personal letter. Pushkin's work as a journalist marked the birth of the Russian magazine culture, including him devising and contributing heavily to one of the most influential literary magazines of the 19th century, the Sovremennik (The Contemporary, or Современник). From him derive the folk tales and genre pieces of other authors: Esenin, Leskov and Gorky. His use of Russian language formed the basis of the style of novelists Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov, and Leo Tolstoy. Pushkin was recognized by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, his successor and pupil, the great Russian critic Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky, who produced the fullest and deepest critical study of Pushkin's work, which still retains much of its relevance. Alexander Pushkin became an inseparable part of the literary world of the Russian people. He also exerted a profound influence on other aspects of Russian culture, most notably in opera. Translated into all the major languages, his works are regarded both as expressing most completely Russian national consciousness and as transcending national barriers. Pushkin's intelligence, sharpness of his opinion, his devotion to poetry, realistic thinking and incredible historical and political intuition make him one of the greatest Russian national geniuses.

''The secret journal''

In 1986, a book entitled ''Secret Journal 1836–1837'' was published by a Minneapolis publishing house (M.I.P. Company), claiming to be the decoded content of an encrypted private journal kept by Pushkin. Promoted with few details about its contents, and touted for many years as being 'banned in Russia', it was an erotic novel narrated from Pushkin's perspective. Some mail-order publishers still carry the work under its fictional description. In 2001 it was first published in Moscow by Ladomir Publishing House which created a scandal. In 2006 a bilingual Russian-English edition was published in Russia by Retro Publishing House. Now published in 24 countries. Staged in Paris in 2006. In 2011 new editions were published in France by Belfond and in the USA by M.I.P. Company.

Honours

The Pushkin Trust was established in 1987 by the Duchess of Abercorn to commemorate the creative legacy and spirit of her ancestor Alexander Pushkin and to release the creativity and imagination of the children of Ireland by providing them with opportunities to communicate their thoughts, feelings and experiences.

A minor planet, 2208 Pushkin, discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh is named after him. A crater on Mercury is also named in his honour.

MS ''Alexandr Pushkin'' second ship of the Russian Ivan Franko class (also referred to as "poet" or "writer" class).

Gallery

List of works

Narrative Poems

1820 – ''Ruslan i Lyudmila (Руслан и Людмила)''; English translation: ''Ruslan and Ludmila''

1820–21 – ''Kavkazskiy plennik (Кавказский пленник)''; English translation: ''The Prisoner of the Caucasus''

1821 – ''Gavriiliada (Гавриилиада)'' ; English translation: ''The Gabrieliad''

1821–22 – ''Bratya razboyniki (Братья разбойники)''; English translation: ''The Robber Brothers''

1823 – ''Bakhchisaraysky fontan (Бахчисарайский фонтан)''; English translation: ''The Fountain of Bakhchisaray''

1824 – ''Tsygany (Цыганы)''; English translation: ''The Gypsies''

1825 – ''Graf Nulin (Граф Нулин)''; English translation: ''Count Nulin''

1829 – ''Poltava (Полтава)''; English translation: ''Poltava''

1830 – ''Domik v Kolomne (Домик в Коломне)''; English translation: ''The Little House in Kolomna''

1833 – ''Andjelo (Анджело)''; English translation: ''Angelo''

1833 – ''Medny vsadnik (Медный всадник)''; English translation: ''The Bronze Horseman''

Verse novel

1825–32 – ''Yevgeny Onegin (Евгений Онегин)''; English translation: ''Eugene Onegin''

Drama

1825 – ''Boris Godunov (Борис Годунов)''; English translation: ''Boris Godunov''

1830 – ''Malenkie tragedii (Маленькие трагедии)''; English translation: ''The Little Tragedies''

* ''Kamenny gost (Каменный гость)''; English translation: ''The Stone Guest''

* ''Motsart i Salyeri (Моцарт и Сальери)''; English translation: ''Mozart and Salieri''

* ''Skupoy rytsar (Скупой рыцарь)''; English translations: ''The Miserly Knight, The Covetous Knight''

* ''Pir vo vremya chumy (Пир во время чумы)''; English translation: ''A Feast in Time of Plague''

Prose

1831 – ''Povesti pokoynogo Ivana Petrovicha Belkina (Повести покойного Ивана Петровича Белкина)''; English translation: ''The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin''

* ''Vystrel (Выстрел)''; English translation: ''The Shot'', short story

* ''Metel (Метель)''; English translation: ''The Blizzard'', short story

* ''Grobovschik (Гробовщик)''; English translation: ''The Undertaker'', short story

* ''Stanzionny smotritel (Станционный смотритель)''; English translation: ''The Stationmaster'', short story

* ''Baryshnya-krestyanka (Барышня-крестьянка)''; English translation: ''The Squire's Daughter'', short story

1834 – ''Pikovaya dama (Пиковая дама)''; English translation: ''The Queen of Spades'', short story

1834 – ''Kirdzhali (Кирджали)''; English translation: ''Kirdzhali'', short story

1834 – ''Istoriya Pugacheva (История Пугачева)''; English translation: ''A History of Pugachev'', study of the Pugachev's Rebellion

1836 – ''Kapitanskaya dochka (Капитанская дочка)''; English translation: ''The Captain's Daughter'', novel

1836 – ''Puteshestvie v Arzrum (Путешествие в Арзрум)''; English translation: ''A Journey to Arzrum'', travel sketches

1836 – ''Roslavlev (Рославлев)''; English translation: ''Roslavlev'', unfinished novel

1837 – ''Arap Petra Velikogo (Арап Петра Великого)''; English translation: ''Peter the Great's Negro'', unfinished novel

1837 – ''Istoriya sela Goryuhina (История села Горюхина)''; English translation: ''The Story of the Village of Goryukhino'', unfinished short story

1837 – ''Yegipetskie nochi (Египетские ночи)''; English translation: ''Egyptian Nights'', unfinished short story

1841 – ''Dubrovsky (Дубровский)''; English translation: ''Dubrovsky'', unfinished novel

Fairy Tales in verse

1830 – ''Сказка о попе и о работнике его Балде''; English translation: ''The Tale of the Priest and of His Workman Balda''

1830 – ''Сказка о медведихе''; English translation: ''The Tale of the Female Bear'' (was not finished)

1831 – ''Сказка о царе Салтане''; English translation: ''The Tale of Tsar Saltan''

1833 – ''Сказка о рыбаке и рыбке''; English translation: ''The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish''

1833 – ''Сказка о мертвой царевне''; English translation: ''The Tale of the Dead Princess''

1834 – ''Сказка о золотом петушке''; English translation: ''The Tale of the Golden Cockerel''

See also

Anton Delvig

Anna Petrovna Kern

Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy

''Literaturnaya Gazeta''

Pushkin Prize

Skazka

Vasily Pushkin

Vladimir Dal

References

Further reading

Binyon, T. J. (2002) ''Pushkin: A Biography''. London: HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-215084-0; US edition: New York: Knopf, 2003 ISBN 1-4000-4110-4

Yuri Druzhnikov (2008) ''Prisoner of Russia: Alexander Pushkin and the Political Uses of Nationalism'', Transaction Publishers ISBN 1-56000-390-1

Dunning, Chester, Emerson, Caryl, Fomichev, Sergei, Lotman, Lidiia, Wood, Antony (Translator) ( 2006) ''The Uncensored Boris Godunov: The Case for Pushkin's Original Comedy'' University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0-299-20760-9

Feinstein, Elaine (ed.) (1999) ''After Pushkin: versions of the poems of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin by contemporary poets''. Manchester: Carcanet Press; London: Folio Society ISBN 1-85754-444-7

Pogadaev, Victor (2003) ''Penyair Agung Rusia Pushkin dan Dunia Timur (The Great Russian Poet Pushkin and the Oriental World)''. Monograph Series. Centre For Civilisational Dialogue. University Malaya. 2003, ISBN 983-3070-06-X

Vitale, Serena (1998) ''Pushkin's button''; transl. from the Italian by Ann Goldstein. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux ISBN 1-85702-937-2

Телетова, Н. К. (Teletova, N. K.) (2007) ''Забытые родственные связи А.С. Пушкина'' (''The forgotten family connections of A. S. Pushkin''). Saint Petersburg: Dorn

Wolfe, Markus (1998) ''Freemasonry in life and literature''. Munich: Otto Sagner ltd. ISBN 3-87690-692-X

Wachtel, Michael. "Pushkin and the Wikipedia" ''Pushkin Review'' 12-13: 163-66, 2009–2010

External links

Biographical essay on Pushkin. By Mike Phillips, British Library (Pdf).

The ''Pushkin Review'', annual journal of North American Pushkin Society. Retrieved 2010-10-19

Pushkin's African Background, British Library. Gallery and genealogy. Retrieved 2010-10-19

Pushkin's poems from Stihi.ru, Russian and English "I Loved You", "I Outlived My Own Yearnings" Retrieved 2010-10-19

Category:1799 births Category:1837 deaths Category:People from Moscow Category:Romantic poets Category:Russian people of Black African descent Category:Russian people of German descent Category:Russian people of Swedish descent Category:19th-century Russian people Category:Deaths by firearm in Russia Category:Duelling fatalities Category:Duellists Category:French-language poets Category:Russian dramatists and playwrights Category:Russian-language poets Category:Russian nobility Category:Russian novelists Category:Russian historical novelists Category:Russian poets Category:Russian short story writers Category:19th-century theatre Category:Translators of Dante Alighieri Category:Translators from Italian

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Coordinates	20°34′00″N103°40′35″N
birthname	Liv Rundgren
birth date	July 01, 1977
birth place
occupation	Actress
yearsactive	1994–present
spouse	Royston Langdon (2003–2008; 1 child) }}

Liv Rundgren Tyler (born July 1, 1977) is an American actress and model. She is the daughter of Aerosmith's lead singer, Steven Tyler, and Bebe Buell, model and singer. Tyler began a career in modeling at the age of 14, but after less than a year she decided to focus on acting. She made her film debut in the 1994 film ''Silent Fall''. She then appeared in supporting roles in ''Empire Records'' (1995), ''Heavy'' (1996) and ''That Thing You Do!'' (1996). Tyler later achieved critical recognition in the leading role ''Stealing Beauty'' (1996). She followed this by starring in supporting roles including ''Inventing the Abbotts'' (1997) and ''Cookie's Fortune'' (1999).

Tyler achieved international recognition as a result of her portrayal of Elf maiden Arwen Undómiel in the ''Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy. She has appeared in an eclectic range of films, including the 2004 comedy ''Jersey Girl'', the indie film ''Lonesome Jim'' (2005), the drama ''Reign Over Me'' (2007) and big-budget studio films such as ''Armageddon'' (1998), ''The Strangers'' (2008) and ''The Incredible Hulk'' (2008).

Since 2003, Tyler has served as a United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Goodwill Ambassador for the United States, and as a spokesperson for Givenchy's line of perfume and cosmetics.

Early life

Tyler was born Liv Rundgren at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. She is the first-born daughter of Bebe Buell, a model, singer, and former Playboy Playmate (Miss November 1974), and Steven Tyler, the lead singer of Aerosmith. Her mother named her after Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann, after seeing Ullmann on the cover of the March 5, 1977 issue of ''TV Guide''. She is of Italian, German, Polish, Russian and English ancestry on her father's side and also has three half-siblings: Mia Tyler (born 1978), Chelsea Anna Tallarico (born 1989), and Taj Monroe Tallarico (born 1992). Her maternal grandmother, Dorothea Johnson, founded the Protocol School of Washington.

At birth, Buell claimed that rock star Todd Rundgren was Tyler's biological father. At age nine, Tyler discovered that she was Steven Tyler's daughter after meeting him and noticing a resemblance she shared with his other daughter, Mia. When she asked her mother about the similarity, the secret was revealed. The truth about Tyler's paternity did not become public until five years later, in 1991, when she changed her name from Rundgren to Tyler, but kept the former as a middle name. Buell's alleged reason for the initial decision was that Steven was too heavily addicted to drugs at the time of her birth. Since learning the truth about her paternity, Liv and Steven have developed a close relationship. They have also worked together professionally, once when she appeared in Aerosmith's music video for "Crazy" in 1993 and again when Aerosmith performed many of the songs in the film ''Armageddon'' (1998), in which Liv Tyler starred.

Tyler attended the Congressional Schools of Virginia, Breakwater School and Waynflete School in Portland, Maine, before returning to New York City with her mother at the age of 12. She went to York Preparatory in New York City for junior high and high school, after her mother researched the school to accommodate Tyler's ADHD. She graduated in 1995, and left to continue her acting career. When asked about the way she spent her early life, Tyler said: "For me, I didn’t get much of a childhood in my teen years because I’ve been working since I was 14. But that also kept me out of trouble. When everybody was doing acid and partying like crazy, I was at work on a movie in Tuscany ... having my own fun, of course, but it was a different kind of thing. I have no regrets. I love the way my life has gone."

Career

Early work

At the age of 14, Tyler received her first modeling job with assistance of Paulina Porizkova who took photos of her that ended up in ''Interview'' magazine. She later starred in television commercials. However, she became bored with her modeling career less than a year after it started, and decided to go into acting. She never took acting lessons. Tyler first became known to television audiences when she starred alongside Alicia Silverstone in the music video for Aerosmith's 1993 song "Crazy".

Tyler made her feature film debut in ''Silent Fall'' in 1994, where she played the older sister of an autistic boy. In 1995, she starred in the comedy drama ''Empire Records''. Tyler has described ''Empire Records'' as "one of the best experiences" she has ever had. Soon after, she landed a supporting role in James Mangold's 1996 drama ''Heavy'' as Callie, a naive young waitress. The film received favorable reviews; critic Janet Maslin noted: "Ms. Tyler ... gives a charmingly ingenuous performance, betraying no self-consciousness about her lush good looks."

Popular success

Tyler had her breakthrough role in ''Stealing Beauty'' (1996), in which she played Lucy Harmon, an innocent, romantic teenager who travels to Italy intent on losing her virginity. The film received generally mixed reviews, but Tyler's performance was favored by the critics; ''Variety'' wrote: "Tyler is the perfect accomplice. At times sweetly awkward, at others composed and serene, the actress appears to respond effortlessly and intuitively to the camera, creating a rich sense of what Lucy is about that often is not explicit in the dialogue." ''Empire'' noted, "Liv Tyler (here radiantly resembling a ganglier young Ava Gardner) with a rare opportunity to enamour, a break she capitalises on with composure." The film was directed by Bernardo Bertolucci, who chose Tyler for the role after meeting with a number of young girls in Los Angeles, including Tyler's music video co-star Alicia Silverstone. Bertolucci claimed "there was something missing in all of them". He later admitted that what he saw in Tyler was a ''gravitas'' he described as "a New York aura". During promotion of the film, Tyler admitted she wanted to separate herself from the character during production; "I tried my damnedest not to think of my own situation. But at one point, after a take, I just started to cry and cry. I remembered when I found out about my dad and how we just stared at each other from head to toe taking in every nook and cranny."

She later appeared in ''That Thing You Do!'' (1996), a movie about a fictional one-hit wonder rock band called The Oneders, following their whirlwind rise to the top of the pop charts, and just as quickly, their plunge back to obscurity. The film was written and directed by Tom Hanks. It grossed over $25 million worldwide, and was met with favorable reviews. The following year, she appeared in ''Inventing the Abbotts'' in 1997, in which she played the daughter of Will Patton and Barbara Williams' characters. The movie is based on a short story by Sue Miller. ''Entertainment Weekly'' declared Tyler's performance as "lovely and pliant". That same year, Tyler was chosen by ''People'' magazine as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People.

Tyler next appeared in ''Armageddon'' (1998), where she played the daughter of Bruce Willis' character and love interest of Ben Affleck's character. The film generated mixed reviews, but was a box office success earning $553 million worldwide. The movie included the songs "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" and "What Kind of Love Are You On" by Aerosmith. In a 2001 interview with ''The Guardian'', she admitted that she turned down the role in ''Armageddon''; "I really didn't want to do it at first and I turned it down a couple of times, but the biggest reason I changed my mind was because I was scared of it. I wanted to try it for that very reason. I mean, I'm not really in this to do amazing things in my career - I just want it to be special when I make a movie."

She was then cast in the drama ''Onegin'' (1999), a film based on the 19th century Russian novel of the same name by Alexander Pushkin, in which she portrayed Tatyana Larina and co-starred with Ralph Fiennes. Tyler was required to master an English accent, though Stephen Holden of the ''New York Times'' felt that her approximation of an English accent was "inert". The film was critically and financially unsuccessful. That same year, she appeared in the historical comedy film ''Plunkett & Macleane''.

She later appeared in two films directed by Robert Altman, ''Cookie's Fortune'' (1999) and ''Dr. T & the Women'' (2000). In ''Cookie's Fortune'', she was part of an ensemble cast that included Glenn Close, Julianne Moore, Chris O'Donnell, and Patricia Neal. Her performance well received among critics; Salon.com wrote: "This is the first time in which Tyler's acting is a match for her beauty (she's always been a bit forlorn). Altman helps her find some snap, but a relaxed, silly snap, as in the cartoon sound she makes when she takes a midday swig of bourbon. The lazy geniality of the movie is summed up by the way Emma [Tyler's character] saunters off to take a swim with her cowboy hat and pint of Wild Turkey." ''Entertainment Weekly'' also noted that Tyler is "sweetly gruff as the tomboy troublemaker". In the romantic comedy, ''Dr. T & the Women'', she played Marilyn, a gynecological patient of Richard Gere's character, who is the lesbian lover of his daughter, played by Kate Hudson.

In 2001, Tyler played the object of infatuation for three men (Matt Dillon, John Goodman and Paul Reiser) in the black comedy ''One Night at McCool's''. In discussion of the role, she said: "This was definitely the first part where I had to be so physically aware and have people so aware of me physically. Maybe it's not hard for anybody else, but it is a bit for me. I mean I love my body and I feel very comfortable in my skin, but this was tough." Peter Travers of ''Rolling Stone'' wrote: "Tyler, a true beauty, gives the role a valiant try, but her range is too limited to play this amalgam of female perfection."

Recent work

In 2001, she starred in the feature film ''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'', directed by Peter Jackson. She played the Elf maiden Arwen Undómiel. The film is based on the first volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's ''The Lord of the Rings''. The filmmakers approached Tyler after seeing her performance in ''Plunkett & Macleane''. She learned to speak the fictitious Elvish language that was created by Tolkien. Mick LaSalle of the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' noted that Tyler's performance was "lovely and earnest".

A year later, Tyler again starred as Arwen in ''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'', the second installment of the series. The film received favorable reviews. Tyler spent months before filming learning swordfighting, to be used during the concluding battle scenes in ''The Two Towers'', though her scenes from the battle were removed after the script was changed. The film was an enormous box office success, earning over $926 million worldwide, out grossing its predecessor, which earned over $871 million. In 2003, Tyler featured in the third and last installment of the series, ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''.

Following the success of ''The Lord of the Rings'', she appeared opposite her ''Armageddon'' co-star Ben Affleck in writer-director Kevin Smith's romantic comedy ''Jersey Girl'' (2004), playing a woman who re-opens a widowed father's heart to love, played by Affleck. In an interview with MTV News, Tyler confessed that she felt "scared and vulnerable" while filming ''Jersey Girl'', adding "I was so used to those other elements of the character [Arwen]. On ''The Lord of the Rings'', a lot of things were done in post-production, whereas this was really just about me and Ben sitting there, just shooting off dialogue." However, she reiterated that doing ''Jersey Girl'' was what she wanted to do.

In 2005, she appeared in Steve Buscemi's independent drama ''Lonesome Jim'', where she was cast alongside Casey Affleck, as a single mother and nurse who reconnects with an old fling who has returned to their small town of Indiana after a failed run as a novelist in New York. The film was screened at a special presentation at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival where it was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize. Tyler's next appearance in film was in a supporting role as an insightful therapist who tries to help a once-successful dentist (Adam Sandler) cope with the loss of his family during the events of the September 11th attacks in ''Reign Over Me'' (2007).

In 2008, she starred in the horror-thriller ''The Strangers'' with Scott Speedman, a film about a young couple who are terrorized one night by three masked assailants in their remote country house. Although the film garnered a mixed reception among critics, it was a box office success. In an interview with ''Entertainment Weekly'', she noted that ''The Strangers'' was the most challenging role of her career. "It was as far as I could push myself in every way: physically, emotionally, mentally."

She appeared in ''The Incredible Hulk'' (2008), in which she played Dr. Betty Ross, the love interest of the title character, played by Edward Norton. Tyler was attracted to the love story in the script, and was a fan of the television show. She said filming the part was "very physical, which was fun", and compared her performance to "a deer caught in the headlights". ''The Incredible Hulk'' was a box office success, earning over $262 million worldwide. ''The Washington Post'', in review of the film, wrote: "Tyler gives Betty an appropriately angelic nimbus of ethereal gentleness as the one Beauty who can tame the Beast ... during their most pivotal encounters."

Tyler is appearing in two films released in 2011: ''Super'' and ''The Ledge''. In April 2011, publishing house Rodale announced that Tyler and her grandmother Dorothea Johnson, a noted etiquette expert, have written a book called "Modern Manners." Rodale plans to release the book in May 2012.

Personal life

In 1998, Tyler began dating British musician Royston Langdon of the band Spacehog. She and Langdon became engaged in February 2001, and married in Barbados on March 25, 2003. On December 14, 2004, she gave birth to a son, Milo William Langdon. On May 8, 2008, the couple confirmed through representatives that they would be separating but remain friends. In an interview with the Australian ''Daily Telegraph'', Tyler revealed that her separation from Langdon led her to move to Los Angeles, explaining that it was hard to be in the New York home they shared. In June 2010, Tyler stated she was "far too sensitive" for casual dates, adding "I fall in love once in a blue moon."

Tyler is an active supporter of the charitable United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). She was appointed as a Goodwill Ambassador for the United States in 2003. In November 2004, she hosted the lighting of the UNICEF Snowflake in New York City. Tyler also served as spokesperson for the 2004 Givenchy Mother's Day promotion, in support of UNICEF's Maternal & Neonatal Tetanus (MNT) campaign.

Since 2004, she has donated to the Women's Cancer Research Fund to support innovative research, education, and outreach directed at the development of more effective approaches to the early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of all women's cancers. In October 2007, Tyler, along with her mother, Bebe Buell and her grandmother, Dorothea Johnson, helped launch the Emergen-C Pink energy drink, in which the event was in honor of Breast Cancer Awareness month.

She is good friends with designer Stella McCartney, model Helena Christensen and actresses Kate Hudson and Gwyneth Paltrow. Tyler was formerly a vegan, but has since begun to eat meat. In 2003, she became the spokesperson for Givenchy perfume and cosmetics; in 2005 the brand named a rose after her, which was used in one of its fragrances. In 2009, Tyler signed on for two more years as Givenchy spokesperson.

Filmography

!Year	!Film	!Role	!Notes
1994 in film	1994	''Silent Fall''	Sylvie Warden
rowspan="2"		Callie
''Empire Records''	Corey Mason
rowspan="2"	''Stealing Beauty''	Lucy Harmon	Nominated – Young Star Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Drama Film
''That Thing You Do!''	Faye Dolan
rowspan="2"	''Inventing the Abbotts''	Pamela Abbott
	Girl in Bus Station	Cameo appearance
		Grace Stamper	Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best Female PerformanceNominated – MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo Shared with Ben AffleckNominated – Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actress -Science Fiction
rowspan="3"	''Plunkett & Macleane''	Lady Rebecca Gibson
''Cookie's Fortune''	Emma Duvall
	Tatyana Larina	Russian Guild of Film Critics Award for Best Foreign Actress
	''Dr. T & the Women''	Marilyn
rowspan="2"	''One Night at McCool's''	Jewel
''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring''
	''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''	Arwen Undómiel	Online Film Critics Society Award for Best EnsemblePhoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast
	''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''	Arwen Undómiel	Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a CastBroadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best CastNational Board of Review Award for Best Cast Nominated – Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble
		Maya
	''Lonesome Jim''	Anika
	''Reign Over Me''	Dr. Angela Oakhurst
rowspan="3"	''The Strangers''	Kristen McKay	Scream Awards for Best Horror Actress Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress: Horror/Thriller
	Betty Ross
	Clare Cooper
rowspan="2"		Sarah
	Shana

References

Further reading

Corliss, Richard. "One life to Liv -- But can she act?." ''Time''. June 17, 1996. Accessed January 8, 2009.

Fischer, Paul. "The Liv Factor." Girl.com. 2001. Accessed January 8, 2009.

Mottram, James. "BBC Movies - Liv Tyler interview." BBC Films. December 5, 2001. Accessed January 6, 2009.

Mzimba, Lizo. "Liv Tyler on Two Towers: full interview." BBC News. December 10, 2002. Accessed January 7, 2009.

Head, Steve. "IGN: An Interview with Liv Tyler". IGN Movies. December 16, 2002. Accessed January 12, 2009.

Otto, Jeff. "IGN: An Interview with Orlando Bloom and Liv Tyler." IGN Movies. December 17, 2003. Accessed January 8, 2009.

Fischer, Paul. "Exclusive Liv Tyler Interview." Girl.com. 2003. Accessed January 8, 2009.

Cole, Bethan. "Cover story: Liv a little." ''The Times''. February 29, 2004. Accessed January 13, 2009.

Head, Steve. "IGN: An Interview with Liv Tyler - Bringing it on home for Jersey Girl." IGN Movies. April 2, 2004. Accessed January 19, 2009.

Collura, Scott. "IGN: Liv Tyler Talks The Hobbit." IGN Movies. May 20, 2008. Accessed January 13, 2009.

Barnard, Linda. "It's a scream." ''Toronto Star''. May 31, 2008. Accessed January 9, 2009.

Palmer, Alun. "Interview: Liv Tyler on her son, work and marriage break up." ''Daily Mirror''. June 12, 2008. Accessed January 7, 2009.

Thompson, B. "Interview: Liv Tyler." ''Montreal Gazette''. June 12, 2008. Accessed January 7, 2009.

External links

Category:Actors from New York City Category:American female models Category:American film actors Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:People from Portland, Maine Category:UNICEF people Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:American people of Italian descent Category:American people of Polish descent Category:American people of Russian descent Category:People of Calabrian descent

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Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov (Russian Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Горчако́в), (15 June 1798 – 11 March 1883) was a Russian statesman from the Gorchakov princely family. He has an enduring reputation as one of the most influential and respected diplomats of the nineteenth century. From 1863 to 1883 he was state chancellor of the Russian Empire.

Early life and career

Gorchakov was born at Haapsalu, Governorate of Estonia, and was educated at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he had the poet Alexander Pushkin as a school-fellow. He became a good classical scholar, and learnt to speak and write in French with facility and elegance. Pushkin in one of his poems described young Gorchakov as ''Fortune's favored son'', and predicted his success.

On leaving the lyceum Gorchakov entered the foreign office under Count Nesselrode. His first diplomatic work of importance was the negotiation of a marriage between the grand duchess Olga and the crown prince Charles of Wurttemberg. He remained at Stuttgart for some years as Russian minister and confidential adviser of the crown princess. He foretold the outbreak of the revolutionary spirit in Germany and Austria, and was credited with counselling the abdication of Ferdinand in favor of Francis Joseph. When the German Confederation was re-established in 1850 in place of the parliament of Frankfurt, Gorchakov was appointed Russian minister to the diet. It was here that he first met Prince Bismarck, with whom he formed a friendship which was afterwards renewed at St Petersburg.

The emperor Nicholas found that his ambassador at Vienna, Baron Meyendorff, was not a sympathetic instrument for carrying out his schemes in the East. He therefore transferred Gorchakov to Vienna, where the latter remained through the critical period of the Crimean War. Gorchakov perceived that Russian designs against Turkey, which was supported by Britain and France, were impracticable, and he counselled Russia to make no more useless sacrifices, but to accept the basis of a pacification. At the same time, although he attended the Paris conference of 1856, he purposely abstained from affixing his signature to the treaty of peace after that of Count Orlov, Russia's chief representative. For the time, however, he made a virtue of necessity, and Alexander II, recognizing the wisdom and courage which Gorchakov had exhibited, appointed him minister of foreign affairs in place of Count Nesselrode.

Gorchakov's promotion of ''Dreikaiserbund''

Not long after his accession to office Gorchakov issued a circular to the foreign powers, in which he announced that Russia proposed, for internal reasons, to keep herself as free as possible from complications abroad, and he added the now historic phrase, ''La Russie ne bouge pas; elle se recueille'' (Russia does not move, she collects). During the Polish insurrection Gorchakov rebuffed the suggestions of Britain, Austria and France for assuaging the severities employed in quelling it, and he was especially acrid in his replies to Earl Russell's despatches. The Prussian support was assured by the Alvensleben Convention. In July 1863 Gorchakov was appointed chancellor of the Russian empire expressly in reward for his bold diplomatic attitude towards an indignant Europe. The appointment was hailed with enthusiasm in Russia, and at that juncture Prince Chancellor Gorchakov was unquestionably the most powerful minister in Europe.

An approchement now began between the courts of Russia and Prussia; and in 1863 Gorchakov smoothed the way for the occupation of Holstein by the Federal troops. This seemed equally favorable to Austria and Prussia, but it was the latter power which gained all the substantial advantages; and when the conflict arose between Austria and Prussia in 1866, Russia remained neutral and permitted Prussia to reap the fruits and establish her supremacy in Germany. In 1867 Russia and the US concluded the sale of Alaska, a process which began as early as 1854 during the Crimean War. Gorchakov was not against the sale but always advocated for careful and secret negotiations, seeing the eventuality of the sale but not the immediate necessity. When the Franco-German War of 1870-71 broke out Russia answered for the neutrality of Austria. An attempt was made to form an anti-Prussian coalition, but it failed in consequence of the cordial understanding between the German and Russian chancellors.

In return for Russia's service in preventing the aid of Austria from being given to France, Gorchakov looked to Bismarck for diplomatic support in the Eastern Question, and he received an instalment of the expected support when he successfully denounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty of Paris. This was justly regarded by him as an important service to his country and one of the triumphs of his career, and he hoped to obtain further successes with the assistance of Germany, but the cordial relations between the cabinets of St Petersburg and Berlin did not subsist much longer.

Gorchakov and Bismarck: Battle of Chancellors

In 1875 Bismarck was suspected of a design of again attacking France, and Gorchakov gave him to understand, in a way which was not meant to be offensive, but which roused the German chancellor's indignation, that Russia would oppose any such scheme. The tension thus produced between the two statesmen was increased by the political complications of 1875–1878 in south-eastern Europe, which began with the Herzegovian insurrection and culminated at the Berlin congress. Gorchakov hoped to utilize the complications in such a way as to recover, without war, the portion of Bessarabia ceded by the treaty of Paris, but he soon lost control of events, and the Slavophile agitation produced the Russo-Turkish campaign of 1877-78.

By the preliminary peace of San Stefano, the Slavic aspirations seemed to be realized, but the stipulations of that peace were considerably modified by the congress of Berlin (13 June to 13 July 1878), at which the aged chancellor held nominally the post of first plenipotentiary, but left to the second plenipotentiary, Count Shuvalov, not only the task of defending Russian interests, but also the responsibility and odium for the concessions which Russia had to make to Britain and Austria. He had the satisfaction of seeing the lost portion of Bessarabia restored to his country by the Berlin treaty, but at the cost of greater sacrifices than he anticipated.

Gorchakov considered the Berlin treaty the greatest failure of his official career. After the congress he continued to hold the post of foreign minister, but lived chiefly abroad, with Dmitry Milyutin taking responsibility for foreign affairs. Gorchakov resigned formally in 1882, when he was succeeded by Nicholas de Giers. He died at Baden-Baden and was buried at the family vault in Strelna Monastery.

Assessment

Prince Gorchakov devoted himself entirely to foreign affairs, and took some part in the great internal reforms of Alexander II's reign: for example he submitted 4 projects of Emancipation reform and also presented to Alexander II analysis of foreign experience of various reforms. As a diplomatist he displayed many brilliant qualities: adroitness in negotiation, incisiveness in argument and elegance in style. His statesmanship, though marred occasionally by personal vanity and love of popular applause, was far-seeing and prudent. In the latter part of his career his main object was to raise the prestige of Russia by undoing the results of the Crimean War, and it may fairly be said that he in great measure succeeded.

Bibliography

''Проект письмо г. министра к генерал-адмиралу'', 1857

* Digitized page images

* English translation

References

See also

Internationalization of the Danube River

Category:1798 births Category:1883 deaths

Category:People from Haapsalu Category:Russian people of the Crimean War Category:Russian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) Category:Gorchakov (Rurikids) Category:Foreign Ministers of Russia Category:Russian diplomats Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece Category:Ambassadors of Russia to Austria Category:Members of the State Council of the Russian Empire Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Andrew the First-Called Category:Knights of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation

az:Aleksandr Qorçakov bg:Александър Горчаков de:Alexander Michailowitsch Gortschakow fr:Alexandre Gortchakov it:Aleksandr Michajlovič Gorčakov he:אלכסנדר גורצ'קוב ka:ალექსანდრე გორჩაკოვი la:Alexander Gorčakov ja:アレクサンドル・ゴルチャコフ pl:Aleksander Gorczakow (polityk) ru:Горчаков, Александр Михайлович sv:Aleksander Michailovitj Gortjakov tr:Aleksandr Mihayloviç Gorçakov uk:Горчаков Олександр Михайлович

Coordinates	20°34′00″N103°40′35″N
|caption	Christian Dior
Nationality	French
Birth date	January 21, 1905
Birth place	Granville, Manche,Basse-Normandie, France
Death date	October 23, 1957
Death place	Montecatini Terme, Tuscany, Italy
Label name	Christian Dior
Significant design	The New Look
Awards	}}

Christian Dior () (21 January 1905, Granville, Manche – 23 October 1957, Montecatini), was an influential French fashion designer, best known as the founder of one of the world's top fashion houses, also called Christian Dior.

Life

Christian Dior was born in Granville, a seaside town on the coast of France, widly known for its famous homosexuals, the second of the five children of Maurice Dior, a wealthy fertilizer manufacturer (the family firm was Dior Frères), and his wife, the former Madeleine Martin. He had four siblings: Raymond (father of Françoise Dior), Jacqueline, Bernard, and Ginette (aka Catherine).

Christian's family had hopes he would become a diplomat, but Dior was artistic and wished to be involved in fashion. To make money, he sold his fashion sketches outside his house for about 10 cents each. In 1928 after leaving school he received money from his father to finance a small art gallery, where he and a friend sold art by the likes of Pablo Picasso.

After a financial disaster that resulted in his father losing control of Dior Frères, Christian Dior was forced to close the gallery. From the 1930s to the 1940s he worked with fashion designer Robert Piguet until being called up for military service. In 1942, having left the Army, Dior joined the fashion house of Lucien Lelong, where he and Pierre Balmain were the primary designers. For the duration of World War II, Christian Dior, as an employee of Lelong—who labored to preserve the French fashion industry during wartime for economic and artistic reasons—dressed the wives of the Nazi officers and French collaborators, as did other fashion houses that remained in business during the war, including Jean Patou, Jeanne Lanvin, and Nina Ricci. While her brother dressed Nazi wives, Dior's sister Catherine (1917—2008) served as a member of the French Resistance, was captured by the Gestapo, and sent to the Ravensbrück concentration camp; she was liberated in May 1945.

On 16 December 1946 Dior founded his fashion house, backed by Marcel Boussac, a cotton-fabric magnate. The actual name of the line of his first collection, presented in early 1947, was ''Corolle'' (literally the botanical term ''corolla'' or ''circlet of flower petals'' in English), but the phrase ''New Look'' was coined for it by Carmel Snow, the editor-in-chief of ''Harper's Bazaar''. Dior's designs were more voluptuous than the boxy, fabric-conserving shapes of the recent World War II styles, influenced by the rations on fabric. He was a master at creating shapes and silhouettes; Dior is quoted as saying "I have designed flower women." His look employed fabrics lined predominantly with percale, boned, bustier-style bodices, hip padding, wasp-waisted corsets and petticoats that made his dresses flare out from the waist, giving his models a very curvaceous form.

Initially, women protested because his designs covered up their legs, which they had been unused to because of the previous limitations on fabric. There was also some backlash to Dior's designs due to the amount of fabrics used in a single dress or suit. During one photo shoot in a Paris market, the models were attacked by female vendors over this profligacy, but opposition ceased as the wartime shortages ended. The "New Look" (a name given it by American fashion-magazine editor Carmel Snow) revolutionized women's dress and reestablished Paris as the center of the fashion world after World War II.

Death

Dior died while on holiday in Montecatini, Italy on 23 October 1957. Some reports say that he died of a heart attack after choking on a fish bone. ''Time'''s obituary stated that he died of a heart attack after playing a game of cards. However, the Paris socialite and Dior acquaintance Alexis von Rosenberg, Baron de Rédé, stated in his memoirs that contemporary rumor had it that the fashion designer succumbed to a heart attack after a strenuous sexual encounter. Some even think that he died because of a seizure. To this day, no one knows for sure.

Tributes

The Paul Gallico novella ''Mrs 'Arris Goes to Paris'' (1958, UK title ''Flowers for Mrs Harris'') tells the story of a London charlady who falls in love with her employer's couture wardrobe and decides to go to Paris to purchase herself a Dior ballgown.

A perfume named Christian Dior is used in Haruki Murakami's novel ''The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle'' as an influential symbol placed at critical plot points throughout.

The English singer-songwriter Morrissey released a song titled "Christian Dior" as a b-side to his 2006 single "In the Future When All's Well".

References

External links

Christian Dior Official Website

A biography of Christian Dior

Sewing patterns by Christian Dior

Photos of Dior and Samples of New Look Fashion

Documentary film ''Christian Dior, The Man Behind The Myth''

Category:1905 births Category:1957 deaths Category:People from Manche Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Disease-related deaths in Italy Category:French fashion designers Category:LGBT fashion designers Category:LGBT people from France Category:French military personnel of World War II

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