Look up Mace, mace, or maces in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Mace may refer to:

• Mace (club), a weapon with a heavy head on a solid shaft used to bludgeon opponents
  • Flail (weapon), a spiked weapon on a chain
  • Ceremonial mace, an ornamented mace used in civic ceremonies
    • In a debate, competitions can be named "the mace" after the ceremonial mace
• Mace (spray), a brand of tear gas, often used by police
  • Mace Security International (company), a pepper spray manufacturer in the US
• Mace, the forerunner of the cue in early cue sports that was generally used to shove rather than strike the cue ball
• Mace (company), a construction firm in the UK
• Mace (store), a convenience store chain in the United Kingdom and Ireland
• Mace (unit), an English term for a traditional Chinese measurement of weight
• Mace, a cooking spice obtained from dried covering of the nutmeg fruit seed
• MGM-13 Mace, a U.S. tactical surface-to-surface missile
• Mace: The Dark Age, a 1997 fighting game for arcades and the Nintendo 64
• Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope, a telescope being built by ECIL to be placed at Hanle

Personal names[link]

• Mace (surname)

Fiction[link]

• Mace Windu, a character in the Star Wars movies
• Mace Tyrell, a character in A Song of Ice and Fire books
• Mace (G.I. Joe), a character in the G.I. Joe universe
• Mace is the name of a character in the 1995 film Strange Days
• Mace is the name of a character in the 2007 film Sunshine

Places[link]

• Macé, a commune of Normandy, France
  • Hill 262 in Normandy, physical feature known as The Mace during World War II
• Mace, Indiana, a small town in the United States
• Mače, Croatia, a village and municipality in Croatia
• Mače, Slovenia, a village in Slovenia

MACE (acronym)[link]

• Media Archive for Central England, a public sector regional film archive that collects, preserves and provides access to moving image materials
• MACE (codec), (Macintosh Audio Compression and Expansion) an audio encoding system
• Mar Athanasius College of Engineering (MACE), an Indian engineering college
• Malone antegrade continence enema; see Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy
• MACE (gaming convention), Mid-Atlantic Convention Expo gaming convention
• MACE, Member American College of Epidemiology
• Metropolitan Architectural Consortium for Education. See Consortium of Local Authorities Special Programme (CLASP)
• Major Adverse Cardiac Event. Criteria for evaluating cardiac treatments such as angioplasty.
• M.A.C.E. Music, American record label
• Models And Counter-Examples a computer software for model generation
• MACE, the Mesosphere and Climate Experiment, an atmospheric remote-sensing project proposed for the International Space Station ISS

See also[link]

• All pages beginning with "Mace"
• All pages with titles containing "Mace"
• Mase (pronounced "mace", born 1975), American rapper
• Maze (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, also known simply as The Citadel, is a state-supported, comprehensive college located in Charleston, South Carolina, United States, founded in 1842. It is one of the six senior military colleges in the United States. It has 14 academic departments divided into five schools offering 17 majors and 16 minors. The core day program consists of military cadets pursuing bachelor's degrees who are required to live on campus for all four years. The evening program, known as The Citadel Graduate College, includes a large postgraduate program and a small number of students pursuing undergraduate degrees. The Citadel is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.^[2]

College overview[link]

The Citadel is best known for its undergraduate Corps of Cadets military program which combines academics, physical challenges and military discipline.^[3] In addition to the cadet program, civilian programs are offered through the Citadel Graduate College with its evening undergraduate and graduate programs. The academic program is divided into 5 schools - Engineering, Science and Mathematics, Humanities and Social Sciences, Business Administration, and Education. Bachelor's degrees are offered in 17 major programs of study and 16 minors. The graduate school offers 2 educational specialist courses, 16 master's degrees and 7 graduate certificates; a 2+2 evening program allows those with associate degrees from Trident Technical College to pursue bachelor's degrees in 4 subjects. 95% of the faculty hold doctoral degrees and the majority are full time professors; the ratio of cadets to faculty is 15-1 and the average class size is 20.^[4]

The Citadel enrolls 2,150 in its undergraduate Corps of Cadets and 1,000 civilian students in the evening programs; the cadet corps is the largest in the nation outside the federal service academies and annually ranks first or second in the number of military officers commissioned among colleges with ROTC programs.^{[citation needed]} All students, both cadets and civilian students, are eligible to compete on The Citadel's athletic teams. While all programs make use of the Citadel campus and professors, cadets and civilian students do not share classes and only cadets live on campus.^[3][5] The exception to this is the veterans program, reinstated in the fall of 2007, which allows cadets who left The Citadel for active military duty to return as civilians, attend classes with cadets, and complete their degrees if certain criteria are met.^[6] Enlisted members from the Marine Corps and Navy also attend cadet classes as part of a program to commission highly-qualified NCOs.^[7]

The mission of The Citadel is to offer an exceptional educational experience in a military setting and produce principled leaders who are successful in all walks of life by developing the 4 pillars of academics, military, physical training and moral/ethical training. Cadets learn teamwork, discipline, physical and mental strength and honor through the experience of the first year fourth class system. Small classes and a highly qualified faculty provide an exceptional academic experience.^[8]

Approximately 40% of graduates are commissioned as military officers with another 10% going directly to graduate programs. Alumni currently serve in all 5 military services, 269 have attained flag/general rank in the military and 10 have served as state adjutant general. The Citadel has produced a wealth of distinguished alumni in many different career fields; well known alumni include longtime U.S. Senator Ernest "Fritz" Hollings, best selling novelist Pat Conroy, football commentator Paul Maguire, Space Shuttle astronaut Colonel Randy Bresnik and the current commander of the U.S. Navy Blue Angels Captain Greg McWherter.^[9] Notable alumni include 6 governors, 3 U.S. senators, 12 congressmen, the presidents of 46 colleges and universities, the Director of the U.S. Olympic Committee and many professional athletes.^[10]

History[link]

In 1829 a structure was built on what is now Marion Square in downtown Charleston to house arms and ammunition, federal troops from nearby Fort Moultrie began guarding the new state arsenal in 1830 and in 1832 they were replaced by state militia. Over the next 10 years arsenals throughout the state were consolidated in Charleston and Columbia; Governor John Richardson eventually proposed converting both into military academies and on December 20, 1842, the South Carolina Legislature passed an Act "to convert the Arsenal at Columbia, and the citadel and magazine in and near Charleston, into Military Schools" thereby transforming the two State Arsenals into the South Carolina Military Academy. The act specified:

That the students when admitted, shall be formed into a military corps, and shall constitute the public guard of the Arsenal at Columbia, and of the Citadel and Magazine in and near Charleston...to guard effectually, the public arms and other property at the places aforsaid...^[11]

The old Citadel, Charleston in 1940.

The first 20 cadets reported to the Citadel Academy at Marion Square in downtown Charleston on March 20, 1843, a date now celebrated as "Corps Day". Initially both schools operated as separate institutions governed by a common Board of Visitors, in 1845 the Arsenal Academy in Columbia became an auxiliary to the Citadel Academy in Charleston; first year students attended the Arsenal then transferred to the Citadel Academy to complete their education. Both schools continued to operate during the Civil War but the Arsenal in Columbia was burned by Union forces and never reopened.^[12]

The name of the college was officially changed in 1910 to "The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina"; the word "Academy" had become synonymous with secondary schools, and the public had the misconception that the South Carolina Military Academy was a preparatory school.^[13] Citadel cadets and faculty members trained South Carolina's "Palmetto Regiment" for service in the Mexican War; 17 graduates and cadets fought with the unit which teamed with U.S. Marines to enter the famous "Halls of Montezuma" in Mexico City in 1847.^{[citation needed]} Lt. William J. Magill, a member of the first graduating class of 1846 was the first alumnus to serve in the U.S. Army and was a member of the 3d Dragoons under future President Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War.^[14]

When South Carolina seceded from the Union in December 1860, Major Robert Anderson moved his garrison of U.S. troops to Fort Sumter and requested reinforcements from the federal government. On January 9, 1861, a battery on Morris Island manned by Citadel Academy cadets fired on the Federal steamer Star of the West, preventing it from reaching Fort Sumter with troops and supplies and thus firing what some consider the first shots of the Civil War.^[15] Citadel cadets also manned several guns at "the battery" on Charleston harbor during the firing on Fort Sumter of April 12-13, 1861;^[16] The first shot of the bombardment is believed by many historians to have been fired by Second Lieutenant Henry S. Farley, Class of 1860.^[17]

On January 28, 1861, the Corps of Cadets of The SC Military Academy was made part of the military organization of the state and named the Battalion of State Cadets. The Academy continued to operate as a military academy, but classes were often disrupted when the governor called the cadets into military service. Mounting and manning heavy guns, performing guard duty, providing security and escorting prisoners were among the services performed by the cadets. The Battalion of State Cadets fought in nine engagements during the Civil War and fired the last shots of the conflict east of the Mississippi River at the Battle of Williamston on May 1, 1865.^{[citation needed]} As a result of these actions, the flag of the South Carolina Corps of Cadets carries the following Confederate battle streamers^[18]:

1. Confederate States Army (larger gray)
2. Star of the West, January 9, 1861
3. Wappoo Cut, November 1861
4. James Island, June 1862
5. Charleston and Vicinity, July–October 1863
6. James Island, June 1864
7. Tulifinny, December 1864
8. James Island, December 1864-February 1865
9. Williamston, May 1865

In early December 1864, Governor Bonham ordered the Battalion of State Cadets to Tulifinny Creek to join a small Confederate force defending the Charleston and Savannah Railroad. On December 7 and December 9 the cadets fought a much larger Union force (including a contingent of U.S. Marines), successfully defending the rail line and forcing the Union troops to withdraw; the cadets suffered eight casualties including one killed. The battalion was commended for its display of discipline and gallantry under fire and won the admiration of the troops who fought with them. The Citadel is one of a select few colleges in the nation to have received a battle streamer for wartime service^{[note 1]} and the only one to have received multiple awards.^{[citation needed]}

On February 18, 1865, the school ceased operation as a college when Union troops entered Charleston and occupied the site. Following the war, the Board of Visitors eventually regained possession of The Citadel campus and with the urging of Governor Johnson Hagood, Class of 1847 the South Carolina Legislature passed an act to reopen the college. The 1882 session began with an enrollment of 185 cadets.

In the war with Spain in 1898, more Citadel alumni volunteered for service than were needed. In World War I, Citadel graduates were among the first contingents of American troops to fight with the English and French divisions; several served prominently with the Marine Corps at the Battle of Belleau Wood. By that time, The Citadel had outgrown its campus on Marion Square, despite numerous building additions. In 1918, the city of Charleston offered the state of South Carolina 176 acres (71 ha) on the banks of the Ashley River for a new campus on the condition that the state fund the construction of a new Citadel campus there.^[23] The state accepted the offer on February 26, 1919, and alloted $300,000 towards the construction of a new campus.^[24] The college moved to its current location in 1922.

The title of the head of The Citadel was changed from superintendent to president in 1921, when The Citadel moved to its present location. Col Oliver J. Bond was the last superintendent and the first president of The Citadel.

The Corps of Cadets was all male until 1995 when Shannon Faulkner won a legal battle to enroll but she dropped out after less than a week. A Supreme Court ruling in a discrimination lawsuit against VMI eventually compelled the school to admit women and the first group of 4 female cadets matriculated in August, 1996. Using credits from another college Nancy Mace completed her degree in 3 years and became the first female graduate in Corps history on May 9, 1999;^[25] Czech born Petra Lovetinska was the first female graduate to have attended for four years and the first foreign female cadet. Women currently comprise 8% of cadets. In 2006 a survey by the college "based on the U.S. Department of Defense Sexual Assault and Leadership Survey used by all three federal service academies" revealed that roughly 70% of female cadets claimed to have experienced sexual harassment on campus and 19% claimed to have been a victim of sexual assault.^[26]

Citadel alumni have served in the military during every conflict since the Mexican War; during World War II of the 2,976 living graduates all but 49 answered the call of duty, the entire class of 1944 was inducted into the U.S. armed forces and only two members graduated. Alumni served with some of the most famous units of the war including the Flying Tigers and Doolittle Raiders. Seven alumni have served as pilots with the two U.S. military flight demonstration units, the Thunderbirds and Blue Angels; graduates have served as commanders of both squadrons.^[9][27]

Rankings[link]

In 2011 U.S. News & World Report ranked The Citadel highest among public institutions in the "Regional Universities - South" category and fifth out of all universities (public and private) in the same category,^[28] defined as those institutions offering "a full range of undergrad programs and some master's programs but few doctoral programs".^[29] The school has also routinely been ranked as one of the best values among all institutions in the South.^[30] In 2005 Newsweek magazine named The Citadel as one of America's "hottest colleges".^[31]

Engineering students are among the most highly-recruited students from The Citadel,^{[citation needed]} and its School of Engineering was ranked 21st among all undergraduate engineering programs in the United States in 2011^[32] ; the civil engineering program was ranked eighth in undergraduate engineering specialty programs in 2009.^[33]

Kiplinger's magazine, in its ranking of the "Best Values in Public Colleges" for 2006, made mention of The Citadel as a "great value" and noted its "high academic standards" although the military nature of its program excluded it from consideration as a "traditional" four-year college in its rankings.^[34]

As of 2010, The Citadel ranks first nationally in graduation rate for public colleges with students having an average SAT score of 1000-1200; the 4 year graduation rate is 63%, and the 6 year rate is 72%.^[35]

Student life[link]

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Undergraduate cadets at The Citadel are members of the South Carolina Corps of Cadets. Cadets must meet physical fitness and SAT/ACT testing standards for acceptance into the Corps of Cadets.^[36] On occasion, waivers to height/weight standards can be granted upon successful completion of the physical training test. On most days, cadets have both morning and afternoon physical (fitness) training, called "PT", military instruction on leadership, weapons, drill, and discipline, in addition to their regular college classes.

Most weekdays start with a formal muster and inspection of all personnel and their rooms. Cadets then march to structured military meals. After a day spent in classes, sports, intramurals and other activities, the day usually ends with an evening muster formation and mandatory evening study period during which there is enforced quiet time and all cadets are required to be in the barracks, library or academic buildings. Cadets are restricted to campus during the week but are allowed general leave on weekends and have limited but gradually escalating privileges for weekend and overnight passes.

Because The Citadel emphasizes corps unity and discipline, cadets may not be married and must live on campus in the barracks with their assigned company. The Citadel emphasizes an extremely strict disciplinary and physical fitness indoctrination for fourth-class cadets, who are called knobs because of the shaved heads they must maintain until the end of their first year when they are then recognized as upperclassmen.

Cadets who accumulate too many demerits or breach regulations can be punished by serving confinements or tours. A tour is one hour spent marching in the barracks with a rifle at shoulder arms and is normally performed when a cadet would otherwise be permitted to leave campus. A confinement is one hour spent in a cadet's room when they would normally be permitted to leave campus.

First class cadets, those in their senior year, receive their class rings at a special ring presentation ceremony, which was previously held in the college's chapel, but which now takes place in the school's field house. The Citadel ring is 10 karat gold with no gem stone and is one of the heaviest all-precious/semi-precious metal college rings in the United States. The design is common to all cadets and the design does not change with each class with the exception of the class year. Active-duty and evening undergraduate students receive a ring which is the same size, but with a different design.^[37]

One of the core values of The Citadel is a strictly enforced Honor Code that mandates that all cadets and students not lie, cheat, steal or tolerate those who do. A cadet run Honor Court investigates all alleged violations and conducts trials, expulsion is the usual penalty when found guilty.

Included in The Citadel Graduate College student body are numerous active duty Marine and Navy enlisted personnel attending The Citadel under the Seaman To Admiral program (STA-21) and the Marine Enlisted Commissioning Education Program (MECEP), which originated at The Citadel in 1973.^[38]

Started by General Mark Clark in 1955 The Citadel Regimental Pipe Band is one of fewer than a dozen all-student college bagpipe bands in the country and it performs at the weekly parade at The Citadel as well as at numerous other public events. The Regimental Band and Pipes were the only unit from the U.S. to perform at the Silver Jubilee 2010 Edinburgh Military Tattoo in Scotland and also appeared there in 1991.^[39]

One of the most unique and elite cadet units is the Summerall Guards, a silent drill team chosen each spring from 61 members of the junior class. Founded in 1932 the team performs a routine called The Citadel Series that has changed very little from its inception and has never been written down, the Guards have performed at numerous high profile events around the U.S. including 3 presidential inaugurations, the National Cherry Blossom Festival, Mardi Gras in New Orleans and at several NFL games.^[40]

An Honors Program is available for cadets with exceptional academic standing and includes a core curriculum of honors courses conducted by the most highly rated faculty members, small seminars and classes are conducted in a discussion type forum that encourages intellectual advancement. The program also assists the most highly qualified cadets in applying for scholarships, grants and merit based internships; since 1992 The Citadel has produced 13 Fulbright Scholars and 3 Truman Scholars.^[41]

Each year cadets participate in study abroad programs in numerous foreign countries, an internship program in Washington, DC allows cadets an opportunity to work at various government agencies and in the offices of congressmen and senators. Summer internship programs are available in many cities with major U.S. corporations.^[42]

Athletics[link]

The Citadel competes in NCAA Division I and has been a member of the Southern Conference since 1936. The college's mascot is the Bulldog. Men's intercollegiate sports are football, basketball, baseball, wrestling, cross country, indoor and outdoor track, rifle, tennis and golf; women sports are volleyball, soccer, cross country, indoor and outdoor track, rifle and golf. Numerous club sports include lacrosse, rugby, pistol, sailing, crew, ice hockey and triathlon.

The Bulldogs baseball team has won 20 Southern Conference regular season and tournament championships, most recently in 2010. The 1990 team won the Atlantic Regional, earning the school its first trip to the College World Series (CWS) and finishing the season ranked sixth in the final Collegiate Baseball poll with a record of 46–14; they also became the first military school to play in the CWS. Numerous alumni have played in the major leagues in recent years; Head Coach Fred Jordan '79 is the school's winningest with more than 700 victories as of the 2012 season.^[43]

The football team has won two Southern Conference Championships and appeared in the FCS (Division I-AA) playoffs 3 times; the 1992 squad went 11-2 and finished the regular season ranked #1 in the I-AA poll.^[44] Several alumni have played in the NFL including current WR/KR Andre Roberts of the Arizona Cardinals and CB Cortez Allen of the Pittsburgh Steelers. FB Nehemiah Broughton '05 also recently played with the Washington Redskins, Arizona Cardinals and New York Giants; K Greg Davis '87 had a 12 year career with several teams including Arizona and the Atlanta Falcons, ESPN color commentator Paul Maguire '60 played for 3 AFL champions on the Buffalo Bills and former Arizona Cardinals running back Lyvonia "Stump" Mitchell '81 is the current head coach at Southern University and served as an assistant for the Seattle Seahawks and Washington Redskins.

Completed in 2005, the Inouye Rifle Center is one of the newest and most modern in the U.S., it is utilized by cadets, law enforcement and the South Carolina National Guard. The rifle team has won 4 national championships. ^[45]

The Citadel has the highest graduation rate for athletes (90%) among all public colleges in South Carolina.^[46] The football team's rate of 89% is more than 35 points higher than the NCAA Division I average.^{[citation needed]}

Campus[link]

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Checkerboard Quadrangle of Padgett Thomas Barracks

The Citadel sits on a 300-acre (120 ha) tract of land on the Ashley River. There are 27 buildings grouped around a 10-acre (4.0 ha) grass parade ground. The buildings around the parade ground include ten classroom buildings, an administration building, five barracks, mess hall, a student activities building, chapel, library, a yacht club, a marksmanship center, a field house, faculty housing area and various support facilities including a laundry, cadet store, tailor shop and power plant. The campus is bounded on the west by the Ashley River, to the north by the Wagener Terrace neighborhood, and to the east by Hampton Park and the Hampton Park Terrace neighborhood. Just off the main campus are the football stadium, baseball stadium, and alumni center. Additionally, there is a large beach house facility located near the north end of the Isle of Palms.^[47]

The Daniel Library
The Daniel Library was opened in 1960 with major renovations completed in the fall of 2010. It houses over 200,000 volumes of material as well as electronic access to thousands of journals. The third floor of the building houses the campus archives and museum. The Prioleau Room on the first floor houses special collections and is considered by many as one of the best places on campus to study with its dark wood paneling and fire place.

The Citadel Graduate College[link]

The Citadel’s evening graduate program serves the Lowcountry by offering regionally and professionally accredited bachelor's, master's and specialist degrees scheduled around the student’s profession, family and lifestyle. CGC offers 19 graduate programs with concentrations in education, psychology, computer science and business.^{[note 2]} The Masters of Business Administration program is the only nationally accredited MBA program in the Low Country region of South Carolina. CGC also offers undergraduate evening programs in business and engineering. The Citadel is also the only college in South Carolina that offers an undergraduate civil and electrical engineering degree in an evening program.^{[citation needed]}

Core values[link]

In its Vision Statement, the Citadel Board of Visitors identifies the following as the school's "core values:"

• Honor: First and foremost honor includes adherence to the Honor Code of The Citadel. A cadet “will not lie, cheat or steal, nor tolerate those who do”. The commitment to honor extends beyond the gates of The Citadel and is a life-long obligation to moral and ethical behavior. In addition, honor includes integrity; “doing the right thing when no one is watching”. Finally, honorable behavior includes exercising the moral courage to “do the right thing when everyone is watching”. The Honor Code is the foundation of our academic enterprise.

• Duty: First and foremost duty means to accept and accomplish the responsibilities assigned to me. At The Citadel, my primary duty is to perform academically and then to perform as a member of the Corps of Cadets and the campus community. I accept the consequences associated with my performance and actions. Once I have held myself accountable for my actions, then I will hold others accountable for their actions. Finally, duty means that others can depend on me to complete my assignments and to assist them with their assignments. Duty is also a call to serve others before self.

• Respect: First and foremost respect means to treat other people with dignity and worth – the way you want others to treat you. Respect for others eliminates any form of prejudice, discrimination, or harassment (including but not limited to rank, position, age, race, color, gender, sexual orientation, national origin, religion, physical attributes, etc.). In addition, respect for others means to respect the positions of those in authority which include faculty, staff, administrators, active duty personnel and the leadership of the Corps of Cadets. Finally, respect includes a healthy respect for one’s self.

No lock tradition[link]

Since its founding, male cadets at The Citadel had not had locks on their barracks doors. Every cadet had a lockbox, however, that could be used to house valuables. The tradition evolved in keeping with the spareness of military life and with the school's honor code, which mandates that cadets do not steal.^{[citation needed]} Since 1997, female cadets have been able to lock their doors from the inside. In 2007, all barracks doors were fitted with working locks.^[48] As of 2009 all knobs are required to lock their rooms after Taps.^{[citation needed]}

Enrollment and tuition[link]

Approximately half of Citadel's enrollment is from the state of South Carolina; cadets come from 45 states and 10 foreign countries. Women comprise 7% of the Corps and minorities 13%.^[49] South Carolina residents receive a discount in tuition, as is common at state-sponsored schools, although The Citadel receives 8% of its operating budget from the state.^[50]

Leadership training[link]

ROTC[link]

All cadets are required to undergo four years of ROTC training in one of the four branches of the armed services, but they are not required to enter military service after graduation. Currently more than forty percent of graduates go into the military serving in all 5 services, both on active duty as well as in the National Guard and Reserves. Over the years, 269 Citadel alumni have reached the top ranks in the military by becoming flag officers (generals, rear admirals or commodores).^[51] Alumni of the Citadel have served their country in all wars involving the United States since the school's establishment. Citadel alumni have been killed in action during the Mexican–American War (6), Civil War (67), World War I (15), World War II (280), Korean War (32), Vietnam War (68), Lebanon (1), Grenada (1), the Gulf War (1), and the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan (16).^[52] Alumni also serve in the military services of foreign countries including 5 four star generals from Thailand and the head of Jordan's Security Forces.^[10]

Krause Center[link]

Established with a gift from L. William Krause '64, the Krause Center for Leadership and Ethics offers symposiums, classes and training seminars to help instill the principles of leadership, ethics, morals and service. A minor in leadership studies is also sponsored through this program. Training is conducted each year for freshmen and sophomores on honor and ethics. Leadership classes are also given to cadets in the senior chain of command. The institute also sponsors programs that offer cadets an opportunity to perform community service and instill a sense of commitment to one's fellow man.^[53]

Summer camp[link]

Knobs on the quad

"The Citadel Summer Camp", a summer camp for boys and girls ages 10 to 15, was held at The Citadel every summer from 1957 until 2006. Founded by General Mark Wayne Clark, its purpose was to develop and strengthen the physical, mental, ethical, spiritual, patriotic and social characteristics of campers.^[54] The Citadel Summer Camp ceased operation in 2006 because of financial issues, space limitations and pressure from several pending lawsuits concerning sexual misconduct.^[55][56]

Cadet Officer Leadership School[link]

Selected members of Air Force JROTC units from the Southeastern United States cadets are eligible to spend a week at The Citadel for officer training for their home JROTC units. A routine day attending Cadet Officer Leadership School (COLS) begins with waking up to Reveille for morning PT, the remainder of the day is uniform wear and inspection, two classes and constant regulation drill. On the day of graduation from the school, cadets participate in a "pass in review" ceremony where awards and decorations are given to certain cadets who have gone above the normal standards. A PT ribbon and a Leadership School ribbon are given to all cadets who graduate from COLS back at their home unit.

Notable graduates[link]

Fictional depictions[link]

• Pat Conroy's 1980 novel The Lords of Discipline was based on Conroy's experience as a cadet at The Citadel during the 1960s and on his research of other military schools. This book is a fictitious account of the first African American cadet at The Citadel and the class struggle that ensued to both keep and reject the cadet. The novel outraged many of his fellow graduates of The Citadel, who felt that the book was a thinly veiled portrayal of campus life that was highly unflattering. The rift was not healed until 2000, when Conroy was awarded an honorary degree and asked to deliver the commencement address the following year. That year Conroy spearheaded fundraising to renovate the banquet hall in The Citadel Alumni Association building The Lords of Discipline was made into a movie of the same name starring David Keith and Robert Prosky in 1983.
• Sword Drill, a novel by David Epps (Citadel Class of 1980), presents a fictional version of the Citadel’s now disbanded Junior Sword Drill program.^[57]
• A thinly veiled depiction of The Citadel provides the background for Calder Willingham's novel End as a Man and the film adaptation, The Strange One.
• The Citadel was used as the location for shooting a 1974 episode of the TV show Columbo called "By Dawn's Early Light" guest starring Patrick McGoohan.
• Major Ben Marco, Denzel Washington's character in the movie The Manchurian Candidate, was a graduate of The Citadel.
• In the film For the Boys, Bette Midler's son graduates as Regimental Commander of the Corps of Cadets. His commencement speech is filmed in front of 2nd Battalion Barracks.
• Several scenes of the movie Dear John were filmed at The Citadel.^[58]
• Portions of the music video for Dave Matthews Band, "American Baby" were filmed at The Citadel.
• The Citadel, a novel written by Tom Schroder in 2000.

Notes[link]

References[link]

Military of the United States portal

External links[link]

• Official website

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina

Colonel Lindsey Graham
United States Senator from South Carolina
Incumbent
Assumed office January 3, 2003 Serving with Jim DeMint
Preceded by	Strom Thurmond
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 3rd district
In office January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2003
Preceded by	Butler Derrick
Succeeded by	J. Gresham Barrett
Personal details
Born	Lindsey Olin Graham (1955-07-09) July 9, 1955 (age 56) Central, South Carolina
Political party	Republican
Residence	Seneca, South Carolina
Alma mater	University of South Carolina (B.A./J.D.)
Occupation	Attorney
Religion	Southern Baptist
Website	www.lgraham.senate.gov
Military service
Service/branch	United States Air Force
Years of service	1982–1988 (active) 1988 – present (reserve)
Rank	Colonel
Unit	Judge Advocate General's Corps
Battles/wars	Gulf War Iraq War War in Afghanistan

Lindsey Olin Graham (born July 9, 1955) is the senior United States Senator from South Carolina and a member of the Republican Party. Previously he served as the United States Representative for South Carolina's 3rd congressional district.

Early life, education and career[link]

Graham was born in Central, South Carolina, where his parents, Millie and Florence James Graham, ran a liquor store, the Sanitary Cafe.^[1] After graduating from D. W. Daniel High School, Graham became the first member of his family to attend college and joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps. When he was 21 his mother died, and his father died 15 months later. Because his sister was left orphaned, the service allowed Graham to attend University of South Carolina in Columbia so he could be near home and care for his sister, whom he adopted. During his studies, he became a member of the fraternity Pi Kappa Phi.

Graham graduated from the University of South Carolina with a B.A. in Psychology in 1977 and from the University of South Carolina School of Law with a J.D. in 1981. Upon graduating, Graham was commissioned as an officer and judge advocate in the United States Air Force, placed on active duty and sent to Europe as a military prosecutor. He eventually entered private practice as a lawyer.

Military service[link]

Graham decided to join the United States Air Force in 1982, and served on active duty until 1988. Following his departure he stayed in the military, joining the South Carolina Air National Guard^[2] and the U.S. Air Force Reserve. During the Gulf War, he was recalled to active duty, serving as a Judge Advocate at McEntire Air National Guard Station in Eastover, South Carolina, where he helped brief departing pilots on the laws of war.^[3] He later transferred from the Air National Guard to the Air Force Reserve.

In 2004, Graham received a promotion to Colonel in the U.S. Air Force Reserve at a White House ceremony officiated by President George W. Bush.

Graham served in Iraq as a reservist on active duty for short periods during April and two weeks in August 2007, where he worked on detainee and rule-of-law issues.^[4] He also served in Afghanistan during the August 2009 Senate recess.^[5]

Through 2010, Graham served as a senior instructor for the Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Air Force.^[6]

South Carolina House of Representatives[link]

In 1992, Graham was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives from a district in Oconee County, and served one term.

U.S. House of Representatives[link]

Committee assignments[link]

During his service in the House, Graham served on the following committees:

• Committee on International Relations, 1995–1998
• Committee on Education and the Workforce, 1995–2002
• Committee on the Judiciary, 1997–2002
• Committee on Armed Services, 1999–2002

In Congress, Graham became a member of the Judiciary Committee during the impeachment of President Bill Clinton in 1998. Graham opposed some articles, but vigorously supported others. In January and February 1999, after two impeachment articles had been passed by the full House, he was one of the managers who brought the House's case to Clinton's trial in the Senate which did not convict Clinton.^[7]

U.S. Senate[link]

Committee assignments[link]

• Committee on Armed Services
  • Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities
  • Subcommittee on Personnel (Ranking Member)
  • Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
• Committee on the Budget
• Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
  • Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce and the District of Columbia
  • Ad Hoc Subcommittee on State, Local, and Private Sector Preparedness and Integration
  • Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery (Ranking Member)
  • Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Contracting Oversight
• Committee on the Judiciary
  • Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts
  • Subcommittee on Crime and Drugs (Ranking Member)
  • Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law
  • Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Property Rights
• Committee on Veterans' Affairs
• Special Committee on Aging

Previous assignments[link]

• Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, 2003–2005
• Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, 2007–2009
• Select Committee on Intelligence, 2007–2009

Caucus memberships[link]

• International Conservation Caucus
• Senate National Guard Caucus (Co-Chair)
• Sportsmen's Caucus
• Senate Oceans Caucus

Graham is a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute.^[8]

Alito confirmation hearings[link]

During the Judiciary Committee's confirmation hearings for the nomination of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court, a question arose concerning Alito's membership in a Princeton University organization which some said was sexist and racist.^[9][9][10] Alito "deplored" racist comments made by the organization's founder.^[11] While Graham said that Alito may be saying this because he wanted the nomination, he concluded that he had no reason to believe that because "you seem to be a decent, honorable man."^[11] Alito's wife and sister characterized Graham's statements as supportive.^[12][13]

Political positions[link]

Though Graham's stances are often politically conservative,^[14] he has gained a reputation for sometimes speaking out against or criticizing the party line, as well as being open to making economic decisions, such as was demonstrated with his support for bank bailouts.^[15] Graham notably supported John McCain's presidential bid in 2000, and served as national co-chairman of McCain's 2008 presidential bid.

Free speech[link]

During an appearance on Face the Nation on April 3, 2011,^[16] Graham "suggested that Congress take unspecified though formal action against the Koran-burning by Florida preacher Terry Jones," in light of an attack on United Nations personnel triggered by Jones' actions.^[17] In asserting that "Congress might need to explore the need to limit some forms of freedom of speech,"^[18] Graham argued that "Free speech is a great idea, but we’re in a war," and claimed that "during World War II, we had limits on what you could say if it would inspire the enemy."^[17][19]

Gang of 14[link]

On May 23, 2005, Graham was one of the Gang of 14 senators to forge a compromise that brought a halt to the continued blockage of an up or down vote on judicial nominees. This compromise negated both the Democrats' use of a filibuster and the Republican "nuclear option" as described in the media. Under the agreement, the Democrats would retain the power to filibuster a Bush judicial nominee only in an "extraordinary circumstance", and three conservative Bush appellate court nominees (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor) would receive a vote by the full Senate.

Detainee interrogations[link]

In July 2005, Graham secured the declassification and release of memoranda outlining concerns made by senior military lawyers as early as 2003 about the legality of the interrogations of prisoners held at Guantanamo Bay.^[20]

In response to this and a June 2004 U.S. Supreme Court decision allowing detainees to file habeas corpus petitions to challenge their detentions, Graham authored an amendment^[21] to a Department of Defense Authorization Act attempting to clarify the authority of American courts which passed in November 2005 by a vote of 49–42 in the Senate despite opposition from human rights groups and legal scholars because of the lack of rights it provides detainees.^[22][23]

Graham has said he amended the Department of Defense Authorization Act in order to give military lawyers, as opposed to politically appointed lawyers, a more independent role in the oversight of military commanders. He has argued that two of the largest problems leading to the detainee abuse scandals at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib were this lack of oversight and troops' confusion over legal boundaries.^[24]

Graham further explains that military lawyers had long observed the provisions of the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Geneva Convention, but that those provisions had not been considered by the Bush administration in decisions regarding the treatment of detainees in Guantanamo Bay. He has claimed that better legal oversight within the military’s chain of command will prevent future detainee abuse.^[25]

The Graham amendment was itself amended by Democratic Senator Carl Levin so that it would not strip the courts of their jurisdiction in cases like Hamdan v. Rumsfeld that had already been granted cert; this compromise version passed by a vote of 84–14, though it did little to satisfy many critics of the original language. The Graham-Levin amendment, combined with Republican Senator John McCain's amendment banning torture, became known as the Detainee Treatment Act and attempted to limit interrogation techniques to those in the U.S. Army Field Manual of Interrogation. Verbal statements by Senators at the time of the amendment's passage indicated that Congress believed that Levin's changes would protect the courts' jurisdiction over cases like Hamdan, though Levin and his cosponsor Kyl placed in the Congressional Record a statement indicating that there would be no change.

In February 2006, Graham joined Senator Jon Kyl in filing an amicus brief in the Hamdan v. Rumsfeld case that argued "Congress was aware" that the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 would strip the Supreme Court of jurisdiction to hear "pending cases, including this case" brought by the Guantanamo detainees.^[27]

In a May 2009 CNN interview, Graham referred to the domestic internment of German and Japanese prisoners of war and US Citizens as a model for domestic detention of Guantanamo detainees by saying, "We had 450,000 Japanese and German prisoners housed in the United States during World War II. As a nation, we can deal with this."^[28]

Immigration reform[link]

Graham was a supporter of "comprehensive immigration reform" and of S. 2611, the McCain-Kennedy Immigration Reform Bill of 2006 as well as S. 1348 of 2007, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007. His positions on immigration, and in particular collaborating with Senator Ted Kennedy, earned Graham the ire of conservative activists.^[29] In a synergy that would boost the US economy, Graham once said that illegal aliens were needed to provide cheap labor for golf courses.^[30] The controversy prompted conservative activists to support a primary challenge in 2008 by longtime Republican national committeeman Buddy Witherspoon,^[31][32] but Graham won the nomination by a large margin.^[33]　

In July 2010, however, Graham suggested that U.S. citizenship as an automatic birthright guaranteed by the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution should be amended, and that any child born of illegal immigrants inside the borders of the United States should themselves be considered illegal immigrants.^[34] "Half the children born in hospitals on our borders are the children of illegal immigrants," pointed out Graham.^[35]

Second Amendment[link]

Graham has been given an A rating by the NRA and a B rating by the Gun Owners of America.^[36]

Health care[link]

Graham opposed President Barack Obama's health reform legislation; he voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in December 2009,^[37] and he voted against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.^[38]

Graham is a cosponsor of the Healthy Americans Act.

Same-sex marriage[link]

As a member of the House of Representatives, in 1996 Graham voted for the Defense of Marriage Act.^[39] As a Senator, in 2004 he voted for the Federal Marriage Amendment.^[40] He received a rating of 0% from the Human Rights Campaign, a lobby group which promotes LGBT rights in the United States, in each reporting period from 1995–2008, with the exception of 1999, when he received a rating of 9%.^[41]

Climate change[link]

On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework.^[42] Graham has been identified as a leading supporter of passing a climate change bill and was thought to be a likely sponsor for the final bill. The Senators have identified a green economy, clean air, energy independence, consumer protection, increasing nuclear power and regulating the world's carbon market as the key features to a successful climate change bill.^[43] In response to Senate Democrats shifting their priorities to immigration issues, a reaction to Arizona's passage of an anti-undocumented immigrant law, Senator Graham withdrew his support for the climate bill, leaving its passage in doubt.^[44]

In June 2010, however, Graham told reporters that "The science about global warming has changed. I think they've oversold this stuff, quite frankly. I think they've been alarmist and the science is in question. The whole movement has taken a giant step backward."^[45][46] He also stated that he planned to vote against the climate bill that he had originally co-sponsored, citing further restriction of offshore drilling added to the bill and the bill's impact on transportation.^[46][47]

Foreign policy[link]

Graham has supported an interventionist foreign policy. On November 6, 2010, at the Halifax International Security Forum, he called for a pre-emptive military strike to "neuter" the Iranian regime.^[48] He has also argued that "the U.S. needs to keep at least 10,000 troops in Iraq into 2012," saying that "If we're not smart enough to work with the Iraqis to have 10,000 to 15,000 American troops in Iraq in 2012, Iraq could go to hell."^[49]

In August 2011, Graham co-sponsored with Sen. Jeanne Shaheen Senate Resolution 175, wherewith he contended that "Russia's invasion of Georgian land in 2008 was an act of aggression, not only to Georgia but to all new democracies." The claim that Russia instigated the aggression in South Ossetia, however, has been contradicted by many observers, including a European Union investigation. The resolution passed unanimously.

He is an advisor to the Atlantic Bridge.

Taxation[link]

Graham believes that "There are ways to raise revenue without raising taxes".^[50]

Political campaigns[link]

In 1994, Graham was elected to the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina's 3rd congressional district in the northwestern part of the state after 20-year incumbent Butler Derrick retired. With U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond campaigning on his behalf, Graham won by a large margin, becoming the first Republican to represent this district since 1877. The margin came as something of a surprise; none of the 3rd's living residents had ever been represented by a Republican before. In his first reelection bid, in 1996, Debbie Dorn, daughter of longtime 3rd District congressman W.J. Bryan Dorn and Derrick's niece, challenged Graham. However, Graham turned back this challenge fairly easily, winning by almost 20 points. He was unopposed for reelection in 1998 and handily defeated an underfunded Democrat in 2000.

In 2002, upon Thurmond's retirement, Graham defeated his Democratic opponent, Alex Sanders, the former president of the College of Charleston. Graham became South Carolina's first new Senator since 1965, and the state's first freshman Republican Senator since Reconstruction when sanctions were imposed on South Carolina by Radical Republicans. Graham served as Junior Senator for only two years, serving with U.S. Senator Ernest "Fritz" Hollings. Graham became Senior Senator in 2005 when Jim DeMint won election to Hollings's seat. In 2008, Graham was easily reelected against North Myrtle Beach native Bob Conley.^[51]

Electoral history[link]

Personal life[link]

Graham has never been married and, when questioned by Robert Draper of the New York Times, said, "I know it's really going to upset a lot of gay men—I'm sure hundreds of them are going to be jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge—but I ain't available; I ain't gay. Sorry."^[53]

References[link]