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Amsterdam
Amsterdam (; Dutch ) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, with an urban population of 1,364,422 and a metropolitan population of 2,158,372. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
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Andritz (Graz)
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http://wn.com/Andritz_(Graz) -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Banja Luka
http://wn.com/Banja_Luka -
Battle of Wagram
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Wagram -
Bergen
Bergen () is the second largest city in Norway with a population of as of , . Bergen is the administrative centre of Hordaland county. Greater Bergen or Bergen Metropolitan Area as defined by Statistics Norway, has a population of as of , .
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Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
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Brussels
Brussels (, pronounced ; , pronounced ), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (, Dutch: ), is the de facto capital city of the European Union (EU) and the largest urban area in Belgium. It comprises 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels proper, which is the constitutional capital of Belgium, the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
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Budapest
http://wn.com/Budapest -
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Copenhagen
Copenhagen (, , , or ; or ) is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,181,239 (2010) and a metropolitan population of 1,894,521 (2010). Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager. With around 2.7 million inhabitants within a 50 km radius, Copenhagen is one of the most densely populated areas in Northern Europe.
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Cork (city)
Cork (, , from corcach, meaning "swamp") is the second largest city in the Republic of Ireland and the island of Ireland's third most populous city. It is the principal city and administrative centre of County Cork and the largest city in the province of Munster. Cork has a population of 119,418, while the addition of the suburban areas contained in the county brings the total to 190,384. Metropolitan Cork has a population of approximately 274,000, while the Greater Cork area is about 380,000.
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Coventry
Coventry ( or ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom. It is also the second largest city in the English Midlands, after Birmingham, with a population of 300,848, although Leicester and Nottingham have larger urban areas. The population of Coventry has risen to 309,800 as of 2008.
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Croatia
Croatia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska ), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast.
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Czech Republic
http://wn.com/Czech_Republic -
Dublin
http://wn.com/Dublin -
Dubrovnik
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Florence
Florence ( , ; alternative obsolete spelling: Fiorenza, Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Gardiki, Trikala
Gardiki is a village in the Trikala Prefecture of Greece's Thessaly region.
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Geidorf
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Genoa
Genoa ( , ; in Genoese and Ligurian: Zena, ; in Latin and, archaically, in English: Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria. The city has a population of about 610,000 and the urban area has a population of about 900,000. Genoa's Metropolitan Area has a population of about 1,400,000. It is also called la Superba ("the Superb one") due to its glorious past. Part of the old city of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below). The city's rich art, music, gastronomy, architecture and history, made it 2004's EU Capital of culture.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Glasgow
Glasgow ( (); (pronounced )) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands. A person from Glasgow is known as a Glaswegian, which is also the name of the local dialect.
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Gorizia and Gradisca
Gorizia and Gradisca (; ; ; ) was a Habsburg county in Central Europe, in what is now a multilingual border area of Italy and Slovenia. It was named for its two major urban centers, Gorizia and Gradisca d'Isonzo.
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Grazer Schloßberg
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Gries (Graz)
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Groningen (city)
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Guimarães
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Helsinki
Helsinki (; , ) is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the southern part of Finland, in the region of Uusimaa/Nyland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, by the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is (), making it the most populous municipality in Finland by a wide margin. Helsinki is located some east of Stockholm, Sweden, west of St. Petersburg, Russia and north of Tallinn, Estonia. Helsinki has close connections with these three cities.
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Innere Stadt (Graz)
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Innsbruck
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Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
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Italy
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Jakomini
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Kraków
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Kunsthaus Graz
The Kunsthaus Graz, Grazer Kunsthaus, or Graz Art Museum was built as part of the European Capital of Culture celebrations in 2003 and has since become an architectural landmark in Graz, Austria. Its exhibition program specializes in contemporary art of the last four decades.
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Landeszeughaus
The Landeszeughaus, in Graz, Austria, is the largest existing original armoury in the whole world and attracts visitors from all over the world. It holds approximately 32,000 pieces of weaponry, tools, suits of armour for battle and ones for parades.
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Lend (Graz)
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Liebenau (Graz)
Liebenau is the 7th District of Graz in the southeast of the city. It is bordered to the north by the 6th District Jakomini and on the east by the 8th district St. Peter. In Liebenau farms still exist alongside large scale industrial holdings like the Magna car plant and shopping centres like Murpark (shopping centre east).
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Liverpool
Liverpool () is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. Liverpool is the fourth largest city in the United Kingdom (third largest in England) and has a population of 435,500, and lies at the centre of the wider Liverpool Urban Area, which has a population of 816,216.
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Ljubljana
Ljubljana (; , , ) is the capital of Slovenia and its largest city. It is the centre of the City Municipality of Ljubljana. It is located in the centre of the country in the Ljubljana Basin, and is a mid-sized city of some 280,000 inhabitants. Throughout its history, it has been influenced by its geographic position at the crossroads of Germanic, Latin and Slavic cultures.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Luxembourg (city)
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Madrid
http://wn.com/Madrid -
Mariatrost Basilica
The baroque Mariatrost Basilica on top of the Purberg hill in Graz-Mariatrost is one of the most famous pilgrimage sites of Styria / Austria.
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Maribor
Maribor () (German: ) is the second largest city in Slovenia with 106,308 inhabitants as of 2008. Maribor lies on the river Drava at the meeting point of the Pohorje mountain, the Drava Valley, the Drava Plain, and the Kozjak and Slovenske gorice hill ranges. Maribor's coat of arms features a white dove flying downwards above a white castle with two towers and a portcullis on a red shield.
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Mongolia
Mongolia (; ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
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Murinsel
The Murinsel (German, literally Mur island) in Graz, Austria, is actually not an island at all, but an artificial floating platform in the middle of the Mur river. This landmark of Graz was designed by New York artist Vito Acconci on the occasion of Graz becoming the 2003 European Capital of Culture.
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Nazi Germany
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Niš
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Prague
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Pula
Pula (; ; , ) is the largest city in Istria County, Croatia, situated at the southern tip of the Istria peninsula, with a population of 62,080 (2006).
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Pécs
http://wn.com/Pécs -
Red Cross
http://wn.com/Red_Cross -
Reykjavík
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Riga
Riga (, ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia, a major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centre of the Baltics, and an important seaport, situated on the mouth of the Daugava. With 706,413 inhabitants (2010) it is the largest city of the Baltic states and third-largest in the Baltic region, behind Saint Petersburg and Stockholm (counting residents within the city limits). Riga's territory covers and lies between above sea level, on a flat and sandy plain.
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Rotterdam
Rotterdam (; Dutch ) is a city and municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland, situated in the west of the Netherlands. The municipality is the second largest in the country, with a population of 603,425 as of March 2010.
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Saint Petersburg
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Salamanca
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San Sebastián
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Sarajevo
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Semmering railway
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Sibiu
Sibiu (; ; ) is an important city in Transylvania, Romania with a population of 154,548. It straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the river Olt. It is the capital of Sibiu County and is located some 282 km north-west of Bucharest. Between 1692 and 1791 it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania.
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Slovenia
Slovenia ( ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (, ), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy on the west, the Adriatic Sea on the southwest, Croatia on the south and east, Hungary on the northeast, and Austria on the north. The capital and largest city of Slovenia is Ljubljana.
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Soviet Union
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St. Leonhard (Graz)
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Steiermark
http://wn.com/Steiermark -
Stockholm
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Styria
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Styria (state)
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Tallinn
Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of with a population of 411,196. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the banks of the Gulf of Finland, south of Helsinki, west of Saint Petersburg.
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Thessaloniki
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Trieste
Trieste (, ; ; ; ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south, east and north of the city. Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste and throughout history it has been influenced by its location at the crossroads of Germanic, Latin and Slavic cultures. In 2009, it had a population of about 205,000 and it is the capital of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trieste province.
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Trondheim
http://wn.com/Trondheim -
Turku
Turku (; ; ) is a city situated on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River. It is located in the region of Finland Proper. It is believed that Turku came into existence during the end of the 13th century which makes it the oldest city in Finland. Turku quickly became the most important city in Finland and retained that status for hundreds of years until Finland became part of the Russian Empire in 1809 and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland was transferred to Helsinki in 1812. After that Turku continued to be the most populous city in Finland until the end of the 1840s. Today Turku remains a regional capital and is an important location for business and culture.
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Umeå
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University of Graz
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Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
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Vilnius
Vilnius (, see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 560,190 (850,324 together with Vilnius County) as of 2010. is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County.
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Wrocław
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Zababdeh
Zababdeh () is a Palestinian town in the northern West Bank located 15 km southeast of Jenin and 2 km from the Arab American University - Jenin. Its jurisdiction consists of 5,719 dunams, three-fifths being covered with olive and fig groves. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 2007 census, there were 3,665 residents, of which roughly two-thirds are Christians, and by law the mayor has to be a Christian.
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Zagreb
Zagreb () is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is situated in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately above sea level. In 2008, Zagreb's population was 804,200.
http://wn.com/Zagreb
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Adolf Hitler
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Anton Rintelen
Anton Rintelen (born 15 November 1876 in Graz, Austria – died 28 January 1946) was an Austrian academic, jurist and politician. Initially associated with the right wing Christian Social Party, he later became involved in a Nazi coup d'etat plot.
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August Musger
Professor August Musger (February 10, 1868 - October 30, 1929) was an Austrian priest and physicist who is best remembered for his invention of slow motion.
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Bernd Brückler
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Eduard Roschmann
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Emanuel Pogatetz
Emanuel Pogatetz (born 16 January 1983 in Graz) is an Austrian football player who currently plays for Hannover 96 as a defender.
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Emperor Ferdinand II
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Erwin Schrödinger
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Franz I of Austria
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Gert Schnider
Gert Schnider is an Austrian professional multi-talented board-game player, e.g. of Chess (FIDE master), Go (5th Dan) and Shogi (5th Dan in Japan = 3rd Dan in Europe) and an Abalone grandmaster.
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Helmut Marko
Dr. Helmut Marko (born April 27, 1943 in Graz) is a former racing driver from Austria.
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Jochen Rindt
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Johannes Kepler
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Karl Böhm
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Lili Novy
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Ludwig Boltzmann
http://wn.com/Ludwig_Boltzmann -
Markus Schopp
Markus Schopp (born 22 February 1974 in Graz, Austria) is a retired Austrian football midfielder.
http://wn.com/Markus_Schopp -
Matthias Corvinus
http://wn.com/Matthias_Corvinus -
Mick Blue
Mick Blue( born Michael Omelko on September 9, 1976) is an Austrian pornographic actor and director, who has so far appeared in more than 600 pornographic films.
http://wn.com/Mick_Blue -
Napoleon I of France
http://wn.com/Napoleon_I_of_France -
Nicolaus Harnoncourt
http://wn.com/Nicolaus_Harnoncourt -
Nikola Tesla
http://wn.com/Nikola_Tesla -
Olga Neuwirth
Olga Neuwirth (born 4 August 1968 in Graz) is an Austrian composer.
http://wn.com/Olga_Neuwirth -
Otto Loewi
Otto Loewi (June 3, 1873 – December 25, 1961) was a German pharmacologist whose discovery of acetylcholine helped enhance medical therapy. The discovery earned for him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1936 which he shared with Sir Henry Dale. He has been referred to as the "Father of Neuroscience."
http://wn.com/Otto_Loewi -
Otto Wanz
Otto Wanz (born June 13, 1943) is a former professional wrestler. He made his professional wrestling debut in 1976. He is a one time American Wrestling Association champion and former operator of the Catch Wrestling Association. Among his most famous international opponents were Antonio Inoki, Bull Power and Andre the Giant. He was one of only a few to bodyslam both Andre the Giant and Yokozuna. Today Wanz organizes strong men competitions in Austria called "Austrian Giants". He also held several records for tearing telephone books.
http://wn.com/Otto_Wanz -
Red Cross
http://wn.com/Red_Cross -
Robert Stolz
:For the Swedish football defender, see Robert Stoltz.
http://wn.com/Robert_Stolz -
Rudolf I of Germany
http://wn.com/Rudolf_I_of_Germany -
Siegfried Nagl
http://wn.com/Siegfried_Nagl -
Slovenes
Slovenes (Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki, singular Slovenka) are a South Slavic people primarily associated with Slovenia and the Slovene language.
http://wn.com/Slovenes -
Thomas Tebbich
http://wn.com/Thomas_Tebbich -
Vito Acconci
Vito Hannibal Acconci (born January 24, 1940) is a Bronx, New York-born, Brooklyn-based designer, landscape architect, performance and installation artist.
http://wn.com/Vito_Acconci -
Werner Schwab
Werner Schwab (February 4, 1958 - January 1, 1994) was an Austrian playwright and visual artist.
http://wn.com/Werner_Schwab
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Graz - Austria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Published: 29 Aug 2006
- Updated: 12 Jul 2012
A brief sight of Graz Part of "Finding Budapest 2004"
http://wn.com/Graz_Austria
Krampuslauf Graz 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:22
- Published: 16 Dec 2010
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
City of Graz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Published: 23 Jan 2007
- Updated: 02 Jun 2012
sightseeing around Graz
http://wn.com/City_of_Graz
Travel Austria: Graz -- the Capital of Styria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Published: 10 Sep 2010
- Updated: 18 Aug 2012
After a nice Austrian meal on the sunny morning of June 7, 2010 I caught a ride with my sister-in-law to Graz, the capital of the province of Styria. With about 290000 residents (including about 30000 university students), Graz is the second largest city in Austria. Due to its well preserved historic city core it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999 and was also chosen the Cultural Capital of Europe in 2003. I caught the streetcar and travelled through the leafy suburbs to get off on the busy Jakominiplatz (Jakomini Square) where I walked up Graz' main pedestrian shopping boulevard -- the upscale Herrengasse. Then I reached the heart of Graz: the Hauptplatz (main square) with its historic fountain, the Erzherzog-Johann-Brunnen, and the stunning Rathaus (or City Hall) which was completed in the late 19th century. My stroll continued through the narrow, cobble-stoned alleyways of the city, past boutiques, specialty shops, outdoor cafes and restaurants. Walking past the Opera House, Austria's second largest opera building, I reached the Stadtpark, Graz' scenic green oasis in the middle of the city. From here I made the climb up the Schlossberg (Castle Hill), which used to feature a medieval castle that was destroyed after 1809 following an occupation by Napoleon's army. But the local population managed to save the two most popular edifices city on the Schlossberg: the Glockenturm (bell tower) and the iconic Uhrturm (clock tower) which has been the city's <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Travel_Austria_Graz_-_the_Capital_of_Styria
Free Hugs in Graz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:53
- Published: 08 Nov 2006
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
Gratis Umarmung in Graz
http://wn.com/Free_Hugs_in_Graz
University of Graz (old film)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:50
- Published: 04 Oct 2006
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Here is the new Image-Clip: youtu.be
http://wn.com/University_of_Graz_old_film
Amon Tobin 'Isam' live in Graz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:26
- Published: 19 Jul 2012
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
30 minutes of Amon Tobin's 'Isam' live in Graz. "When you do things in a different way, it makes you have to think differently about the way you present it. So 'ISAM Live' ended up as a mixture of cinema, live performance and projection art." (Amon Tobin)
http://wn.com/Amon_Tobin_'Isam'_live_in_Graz
Matt Carroll's Hidden Austria - Episode 2: Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Published: 05 Jul 2011
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
For food, history and culture, you can't beat the Austrian cities of Graz, Innsbruck and Salzburg -- as travel writer Matt Carroll finds out. In Graz he meets 'slow food' pioneer Andi, who takes him shopping; in Salzburg he soaks up some culture at a classical concert; and in Innsbruck a local guide walks him through the ancient streets. Three different cities -- each with their own fascinating stories to tell... More: www.austria.info www.visitgraz.com http www.salzburg.info
http://wn.com/Matt_Carroll's_Hidden_Austria_Episode_2_Graz,_Innsbruck,_Salzburg
Randez Vous - Shopping in Graz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Published: 23 Apr 2008
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
song recorded by slovenian band RANDEZ VOUS in 1987. It was meant as a parody for a crazy shopping that was happening in 80's when slovenians especially from "slovenian Styria, Steiermark" because in YUG there was lack of everything Other HITS: -Zelena Je Moja Dolina (1986) -Debela Dekl'ca (1984/85) -Oh, ne Cherie (1984) -Goodbye Michelle (1984)
http://wn.com/Randez_Vous_Shopping_in_Graz
Masters Of Dirt in Graz 2011 Official Review (by Filmer Force)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Published: 09 Mar 2011
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Official Masters of Dirt Graz 2011 review !!! check it and share !!
http://wn.com/Masters_Of_Dirt_in_Graz_2011_Official_Review_by_Filmer_Force
Graz to Frankfurt Winter Morning Cockpit CRJ-200
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:56
- Published: 24 Feb 2012
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
For more on the STYRIAN DVD go to www.worldairroutes.com Please like our Facebook page http
http://wn.com/Graz_to_Frankfurt_Winter_Morning_Cockpit_CRJ-200
DTM Touring Cars Showcase in Graz - Red Bull Ring teaser
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:41
- Published: 29 May 2012
- Updated: 04 Aug 2012
More than a touch of racing was felt in the middle of Graz on May 26th when Martin Tomczyk, Ralf Schumacher, and colleagues gave a sneak peek at the upcoming race weekend at the Red Bull Ring in Spielberg. High-performance cars demonstrated their abilities with drifts and burnouts in front of 22000 spectators. redbull.com Subscribe to Red Bull www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/DTM_Touring_Cars_Showcase_in_Graz_Red_Bull_Ring_teaser
University of Graz Image-Clip
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Published: 19 Jun 2012
- Updated: 24 Jul 2012
www.uni-graz.at The University of Graz, which was founded in 1585, is Austria's second oldest university. Many excellent scientists, amongst them six Nobel laureates, have taught and researched here.
http://wn.com/University_of_Graz_Image-Clip
Sturm Graz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Published: 22 Jul 2006
- Updated: 08 Aug 2012
Austrian Football at its best ( German )
http://wn.com/Sturm_Graz
Graz: The Culinary Capital of Austria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Published: 10 Jan 2012
- Updated: 27 Jul 2012
Take a culinary as well as cultural journey through the city of Graz and discover renaissance courtyard and unique, contemporary architecture.
http://wn.com/Graz_The_Culinary_Capital_of_Austria
BIX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Published: 12 Mar 2008
- Updated: 15 Aug 2012
BIX is a matrix of 930 fluorescent lamps integrated into the eastern Plexiglas facade of the Kunsthaus. Through the possibility to individually adjust the lamps' brightness at an infinite variability with 20 frames/second images, films and animations can be displayed. The BIX concept was initiated and developed by realities:united. Coming from an outside office this additional architectural concept had to be merged short term into the ongoing planning work. This integration process was challenging for a diversity of reasons: after all BIX was a new element designed to entirely dominate the main facade of the Kunsthaus thereby radically redefining the architectural concept of the building's skin. The BIX media installation and the Kunsthaus' architecture share a strong symbiotic relationship. The facade as a display extends the communication range of the Kunsthaus, complementing its programmatically formulated communicative purpose.In an abstract and mediated form the media facade transmits the internal processes of the Kunsthaus out into the public. For the development of BIX central design features of conventional large screen displays had been abandoned in order to obtain a number of substantial advantages in exchange. On the one hand, the low image resolution imposes strong limitations. On the other hand, this "deal" enables both the modular structure and the huge size of the installation to be highly integrated into the architecture, covering practically the entire <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/BIX
Zu Ende - Dracula 2007 Graz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Published: 31 Jul 2009
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Zu Ende - Dracula 2007 Graz Dracula - Thomas Borchert Van Helsing - Uwe Kröger -Proshot 2007- *alle rechte Musical Festival KulturbetriebsGmbh 2007* *No copyright infringement intended* ENGLISH: DRACULA She belongs to me, old fool Its far too late for your heroism Youd better run away or die Its much torture for a little bit of glory Your live was wasted without a piece of repayment or gratitude VAN HELSING She will never be like you! Forsake her! Ill protect her Youre out of time, you will pass away No soul will follow you into your grave I saw many monsters, but no one was that mad Its over! DRACULA Its over! Youre game is over Why dont you give up voluntarily? comes out at the same VAN HELSING Its over You absolutely know this cause the one, who wins Will be the other ones death DRACULA Are you really that smart you think you are? What use will your books have, When darkness is destroying the light VAN HELSING Each moment you could pull to pieces of dust And your crimes will be past DRACULA Im far from death And I will pass on the blood of your children You will watch me from your graves when I do this cause your lives are miserably short You have to live with humbleness and virtue But I am free! BOTH Its over (Refrain) VAN HELSING Whatever you want to say Be prepared to die! DRACULA I destroyed your lifetime achievement, Because the victory is mine! Tell me how you want to die! VAN HELSING Soon I will watch you pull to pieces! BOTH Its over(Refrain) And soon the whole <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Zu_Ende_Dracula_2007_Graz
Rangers 5 - Sturm Graz 0 - Sept 2000
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:59
- Published: 21 Oct 2009
- Updated: 08 Aug 2012
Rangers made a prefect start to their Champions League campaign with a 5-0 demolition of Sturm Graz. Michael Mols opened the scoring in the ninth minute tapping in after good play from Ronald de Boer. Allan Johnston then crossed for de Boer to slide the ball in while Jorg Albertz added a third when he thundered a shot into the net. In the second half, Albertz missed an early penalty but there were further goals from Giovanni van Bronckhorst and Billy Dodds.
http://wn.com/Rangers_5_Sturm_Graz_0_Sept_2000
Graz Kurzfilm Deutsch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Published: 14 Oct 2010
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Masters Of Dirt in Graz 2010 Official Review (by Filmer Force)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:34
- Published: 13 Mar 2010
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
Here the Masters of Dirt in Graz 2010 by Filmer Force. We named it: THE NEXT LEVEL. Why? Watch it!!!
http://wn.com/Masters_Of_Dirt_in_Graz_2010_Official_Review_by_Filmer_Force
Dark Tranquillity - Edenspring (Live in Graz, November 2008)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:25
- Published: 28 May 2009
- Updated: 08 Jul 2012
DT performing "Edenspring" at the Orpheum in Graz, Austria. Video shot my Mario Guggenberger.
http://wn.com/Dark_Tranquillity_Edenspring_Live_in_Graz,_November_2008
Austria Travel: Graz - From the Main Square to Franziskanerkirche
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Published: 22 Aug 2007
- Updated: 08 Apr 2012
This video clip was taken on August 1, 2007 during my trip to Austria, my home country. I started my day off with a quick hike with two of my friends through the Raabklamm (Raab Gorge), a deep river valley that is cut into the surrounding limestone cliffs and features numerous wooden bridges and trails that snake through the narrow valley. Then I had a lovely Austrian lunch at a rural restaurant and made friends with some freely grazing cows. Finally I went on an excursion to the Styrian provincial capital of Graz. A city of about 250000 it is the second largest city in Austria, and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999. Graz has one of the best preserved medieval and Renaissance city centres in Europe. Its location surrounding the Schlossberg (Castle Hill), framed by mountains on three sides is beautiful. I explored the main shopping street Herrengasse, the Main Square (Hauptplatz) with its stunning City Hall, and walked across the newly built Murinsel (Island in the Mur River). I also took the Schlossbergbahn (the Schlossberg funicular) and explored the main sites on this famous hill including the Uhrturm (the clock tower) which originally dates back to the 1200s and was preserved due to a ransom payment by the citizens when Napoleon ordered the castle on the hill destroyed in 1809. Beautiful 360 degree views open up from this elevated location. My fascination was captured by the many beautiful hidden courtyards that grace Graz's old quarters. I also <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Austria_Travel_Graz_From_the_Main_Square_to_Franziskanerkirche
NAO @ Robocup 2009 Graz dances Michael Jackson "Bllie Jean"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Published: 05 Jul 2009
- Updated: 21 Jul 2012
NAO @ Robocup 2009 Graz dances Michael Jackson "Bllie Jean". Superb choreographic and well balanced moves, done by Aldebaran Robotics!
http://wn.com/NAO_@_Robocup_2009_Graz_dances_Michael_Jackson_Bllie_Jean
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AP / Darko Bandic![The Pinzgauer is a family of high mobility all-terrain four-wheel drive (4x4) and six-wheel drive (6x6) military utility vehicles. They are manufactured in Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom, by BAE Systems Land Systems. The vehicle was originally developed in the late 1960s by Steyr-Daimler-Puch[1][2] of Graz, Austria, and was named after the Pinzgauer, an Austrian breed of horse. It was popular amongst military buyers,[2] and continued in production throughout the rest of the century. In 2000 t](http://web.archive.org./web/20120905191915im_/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/e9/5a/6a9b8510bebf24e4d0a30bda2443_small.jpg "The Pinzgauer is a family of high mobility all-terrain four-wheel drive (4x4) and six-wheel drive (6x6) military utility vehicles. They are manufactured in Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom, by BAE Systems Land Systems. The vehicle was originally developed in the late 1960s by Steyr-Daimler-Puch[1][2] of Graz, Austria, and was named after the Pinzgauer, an Austrian breed of horse. It was popular amongst military buyers,[2] and continued in production throughout the rest of the century. In 2000 t")
Creative Commons / Nick
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Creative Commons / Senarclens![Graz (German pronunciation: [ɡraːts]; Slovene: Gradec, Hungarian: Grác,) is the second-largest city in Austria after Vienna and the capital of the federal state of Styria. It has a population of 291,574 as of 2009 (of which 255,354 have principal residence status). Graz has a long tradition as a student city: its six universities have more than 44,000 students. Graz's](http://web.archive.org./web/20120905191915im_/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/45/84/8b6089c97cb328edd5e3029f461e_small.jpg "Graz (German pronunciation: [ɡraːts]; Slovene: Gradec, Hungarian: Grác,) is the second-largest city in Austria after Vienna and the capital of the federal state of Styria. It has a population of 291,574 as of 2009 (of which 255,354 have principal residence status). Graz has a long tradition as a student city: its six universities have more than 44,000 students. Graz's")
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Creative Commons / Dr. Marcus Gossler
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AP Photo /
![The Pinzgauer is a family of high mobility all-terrain four-wheel drive (4x4) and six-wheel drive (6x6) military utility vehicles. They are manufactured in Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom, by BAE Systems Land Systems. The vehicle was originally developed in the late 1960s by Steyr-Daimler-Puch[1][2] of Graz, Austria, and was named after the Pinzgauer, an Austrian breed of horse. It was popular amongst military buyers,[2] and continued in production throughout the rest of the century. In 2000 t](http://web.archive.org./web/20120905191915/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/e9/5a/6a9b8510bebf24e4d0a30bda2443_medium.jpg "The Pinzgauer is a family of high mobility all-terrain four-wheel drive (4x4) and six-wheel drive (6x6) military utility vehicles. They are manufactured in Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom, by BAE Systems Land Systems. The vehicle was originally developed in the late 1960s by Steyr-Daimler-Puch[1][2] of Graz, Austria, and was named after the Pinzgauer, an Austrian breed of horse. It was popular amongst military buyers,[2] and continued in production throughout the rest of the century. In 2000 t")
![Graz (German pronunciation: [ɡraːts]; Slovene: Gradec, Hungarian: Grác,) is the second-largest city in Austria after Vienna and the capital of the federal state of Styria. It has a population of 291,574 as of 2009 (of which 255,354 have principal residence status). Graz has a long tradition as a student city: its six universities have more than 44,000 students. Graz's](http://web.archive.org./web/20120905191915/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/45/84/8b6089c97cb328edd5e3029f461e_medium.jpg "Graz (German pronunciation: [ɡraːts]; Slovene: Gradec, Hungarian: Grác,) is the second-largest city in Austria after Vienna and the capital of the federal state of Styria. It has a population of 291,574 as of 2009 (of which 255,354 have principal residence status). Graz has a long tradition as a student city: its six universities have more than 44,000 students. Graz's")
Photo: AP / Andres Kudacki
03 Sep 2012
First Kaka wanted to leave, now Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo says he's "sad" at the Spanish club. Saying goodbye? Cristiano Ronaldo has revealed he is 'not happy' with some people in the...
Photo: US DoD / Chad J. McNeeley
04 Sep 2012
WASHINGTON (AP) — Democrats have dropped from their platform recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital, a move that has opened President Barack Obama to criticism from Republican rival Mitt Romney....
Photo: AP / Amir Kholousi, ISNA
05 Sep 2012
When during his speech at the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) summit in Tehran the Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi declared it an "ethical duty" to support the Syrian people against the "oppressive...
Photo: US Navy / CMCS Keith Deviney
03 Sep 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling It has become common to argue that appeasing Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Third Reich was a major cause for the massive slaughter that occurred during World...
Photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
04 Sep 2012
September 4, 2012 -- Updated 1141 GMT (1941 HKT) Za'atari Refugee camp in northern Jordan, about six miles from the Syrian border, currently hosts over 20,000 Syrian refugees. UNICEF predicts 70,000...
The Guardian
(ACT) 3 Buy it from...(size: 2.7Kb)
Graz, Austria: a cultural city guide
08 Mar 2012
The Daily Telegraph
Stephanie Plentl offers an essential cultural guide to Graz, a perfect long-weekend city that revels in the avant garde. Image 1 of 3 "The first thing I do is walk up the rock-embedded staircase of the Schlossberg to the city's clock tower – a site that Napoleon failed to...(size: 21.1Kb)
The Washington Post
GRAZ, Austria — The former president of Austrian club Sturm Graz was sentenced Friday to five years in prison and fined 6.6 million euros ($8.68 million) for embezzlement and tax evasion while...(size: 1.3Kb)
Moscow attackers hospitalise Graz fans
02 Dec 2011
m&c;
Moscow - A group of men beat and hospitalised three Sturm Graz supporters after a Europa League match of...(size: 0.7Kb)
Bloomberg
Lokomotiv Moscow advanced to the last 32 in the Europa League with a 3-1 victory over Sturm Graz while FC Twente defeated Fulham 1-0 at home to win their group in the region’s second-tier soccer competition. Maicon broke a scoreless Group L match in the 62nd minute...(size: 1.7Kb)
Maroni and Peacocks: Welcome to Graz!
22 Nov 2011
Star Tribune
If you’re in the market for a cute, non-touristy and easy to navigate town in the heart of Austria, find the next train and take it immediately to Graz (the capital of the region of Styria). And if you’re looking for the definition of the phrase ‘autumnal bliss’- take that...(size: 5.2Kb)
Anderlecht cruise past Sturm Graz
21 Oct 2011
Taipei Times
Anderlecht kept up their 100 percent record in the Europa League with a 2-0 win at Sturm Graz, while Udinese struck late to sink Atletico Madrid by the same score in Thursdayâs top match. Anderlecht sprung to life midway through the second half when Guillaume...(size: 1.7Kb)
For other uses, see Graz (disambiguation).
| Graz | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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 Graz
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| Coordinates: 47°4′N 15°26′E / 47.067°N 15.433°E / 47.067; 15.433Coordinates: 47°4′N 15°26′E / 47.067°N 15.433°E / 47.067; 15.433 | |||
| Country | Austria | ||
| State | Styria | ||
| District | Statutory city | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Siegfried Nagl (ÖVP) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 127.56 km2 (49.25 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 353 m (1,158 ft) | ||
| Population (1 January 2012)[1] | |||
| • Total | 265,318 | ||
| • Density | 2,100/km2 (5,400/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal codes | A-801x, A-802x, A-803x, A-804x, A-805x | ||
| Area codes | +43 316 | ||
| Website | www.graz.at | ||
| City of Graz - Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg * | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Country | Austria |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | ii, iv |
| Reference | 931bis |
| Region ** | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1999 (23rd Session) |
| Extensions | 2010 |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO |
|
Graz (
/ˈɡræts/ or /ˈɡrɑːts/; German pronunciation: [ˈɡʁaːt͡s]; Slovene: Gradec, Hungarian: Grác) is the second-largest city in Austria after Vienna and the capital of the federal state of Styria (Steiermark). On 1 April 2010 it had a population of 291,890 (of which 258,605 had principal residence status).[2]
Graz has a long tradition as a student city: its six universities have more than 44,000 students. Its "Old Town" is one of the best-preserved city centres in Central Europe.
Politically and culturally, Graz was for centuries more important for Slovenes than Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, and still remains influential.[3]
In 1999, Graz was added to the UNESCO list of World Cultural Heritage Sites, and the site was extended in 2010 by Schloss Eggenberg. Graz was sole Cultural Capital of Europe for 2003 and got the title of a City of Culinary Delights in 2008.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The name of the city, Graz (see the Slavic settlement Grad), and some archaeological finds point to the erection of a small castle by Alpine Slavic people[citation needed], which in time became a heavily defended fortification. In literary Slovene, gradec literally means "small castle", which is etymologically a hypocoristic derivative of Proto-West-South Slavic *gradьcъ, itself by means of liquid metathesis descending from Common Slavic *gardьcъ, by Slavic third palatalisation from Proto-Slavic *gardiku (cf. Ancient Greek toponym Γαρδίκι) originally denoting "small town, settlement". The name thus follows the common South Slavic pattern for naming settlements as grad. The German name 'Graz' was first used in 1128[4].
Geography[link]
Graz is situated on the Mur River in the southeast of Austria. It is about 200 km (120 mi) southwest of Vienna. The nearest larger urban center is Maribor in Slovenia which is about 50 km (31 mi) away. Graz is the capital and largest city in Styria, a green and heavily forested area.
Neighbouring municipalities[link]
The following towns and villages border Graz:
- to the North: Gratkorn, Stattegg, Weinitzen
- to the East: Kainbach bei Graz, Hart bei Graz, Raaba
- to the South: Gössendorf, Feldkirchen bei Graz, Seiersberg
- to the West: Attendorf, Thal, Judendorf-Straßengel
Districts[link]
Graz is divided into 17 districts:
|
I. Innere Stadt (3,302) |
X. Ries (5,789) |
Population development[link]
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1900 | 168,808 | — |
| 1951 | 226,476 | +34.2% |
| 1961 | 237,080 | +4.7% |
| 1971 | 249,089 | +5.1% |
| 1981 | 243,166 | −2.4% |
| 1991 | 237,810 | −2.2% |
| 2001 | 226,244 | −4.9% |
| 2006 | 250,099 | +10.5% |
| 2008 | 252,852 | +1.1% |
The more recent population figures do not give the whole picture as only people with principal residence status are counted and people with secondary residence status are not. Most of the people with secondary residence status in Graz are students. At the end of 2006 there were 37,624 people with secondary residence status in Graz.[5][6]
The population (with principal residence status) in the agglomeration was about 320,000 at the end of 2006.
Climate[link]
Due to its position southeast of the Alps, Graz is shielded from the prevailing westerly winds that bring weather fronts in from the North Atlantic to northwestern and central Europe. The weather in Graz is thus influenced by the Mediterranean, and it has more hours of sunshine per year than Vienna or Salzburg and also less wind or rain. Graz lies in a basin that is only open to the south, causing the climate to be warmer than would be expected at that latitude. Plants are found in Graz that normally grow much further south. However, this milder, less windy climate is detrimental to the air quality in Graz as it makes the city prone to smog in winter. The exhaust fumes of the around 120,000 cars driven into Graz every weekday by people living in the surrounding areas, together with the car journeys made by the inhabitants of Graz itself, are the most significant source of air pollution.
- average temperatures: Graz Airport 8.7 °C (48 °F) / Karl-Franzens University 9.4 °C (49 °F)
- average rainfall: 818 mm with on average 92 days of rain (Karl Franzens University)
- average hours of sunshine: 1,890 (Karl Franzens University)
| Climate data for Graz | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 1 (33) |
3 (38) |
9 (48) |
14 (58) |
19 (66) |
23 (73) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
20 (68) |
14 (57) |
7 (45) |
2 (36) |
13.4 (56.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −5 (23) |
−4 (25) |
0 (32) |
5 (41) |
9 (49) |
13 (55) |
14 (58) |
13 (56) |
11 (51) |
6 (42) |
2 (35) |
−3 (27) |
5.1 (41.2) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 30 (1.2) |
30 (1.2) |
36 (1.4) |
61 (2.4) |
86 (3.4) |
117 (4.6) |
132 (5.2) |
109 (4.3) |
94 (3.7) |
79 (3.1) |
53 (2.1) |
46 (1.8) |
874 (34.4) |
| Source: Weatherbase [7] | |||||||||||||
History[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) |
The oldest settlement on the ground of the modern city of Graz dates back to the Copper Age. However, there is no historical continuity of a settlement before the Middle Ages.
During the 12th century dukes under Babenberg rule made the town into an important commercial center. Later Graz came under the rule of the Habsburgs, and in 1281 gained special privileges from King Rudolph I.
In the 14th century Graz became the city of residence of the Inner Austrian line of the Habsburgs. The royalty lived in the Schloßberg castle and from there ruled Styria, Carinthia, and parts of today's Italy and Slovenia (Carniola, Gorizia and Gradisca). In the 16th century, the city's design and planning were primarily controlled by Italian Renaissance architects and artists. One of the most famous buildings built in this style is the Landhaus, designed by Domenico dell'Allio, and used by the local rulers as a governmental headquarters.
The astronomer Johannes Kepler lived in Graz for a short period. There, he worked as a math teacher, but found time to study astronomy. He left Graz to go to Prague when Lutherans were banned from the city.
Karl-Franzens Universität, also called the University of Graz, is the city's oldest university, founded in 1585 by Archduke Charles II. For most of its existence it was controlled by the Catholic church, and was closed in 1782 by Joseph II in an attempt to gain state control over educational institutions. Joseph II transformed it into a lyceum where civil servants and medical personnel were trained. In 1827 it was re-instituted as a university by Emperor Franz I, thus gaining the name 'Karl-Franzens Universität,' meaning 'Charles-Francis University.' Over 30,000 students currently study at this university.
Nikola Tesla studied electrical engineering at the Polytechnic in Graz in 1875. Nobel Laureate Otto Loewi taught at the University of Graz from 1909 until 1938. Johannes Kepler was a professor of mathematics at the University of Graz. Erwin Schrödinger was briefly chancellor of the University of Graz in 1936.
Adolf Hitler was given a warm welcome when he visited in 1938, the year Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany. The thriving Jewish community was destroyed by the Nazis, and their grand synagogue was burnt. A small group of Graz Jews returned despite everything after the war. In 2000, on the anniversary of the Reichskristallnacht, Graz city council presented the Jewish community with a new synagogue as a gesture of reconciliation. Hitler promised the people of Graz 1,000 years of prosperity and an end to mass unemployment: only seven years later the Graz resistance surrendered the city to Soviet troops, sparing Graz any further destruction. By then about 16% of buildings had been destroyed by Allied bombing - luckily the Old Town was not seriously hit.
Graz lies in Styria, or Steiermark in German. Mark is an old German word indicating a large area of land used as a defensive border, in which the peasantry are taught how to organize and fight in the case of an invasion. With a strategic location at the head of the open and fertile Mur valley, Graz was often assaulted (unsuccessfully), e.g. by the Hungarians under Matthias Corvinus in 1481, and by the Ottoman Turks in 1529 and 1532. Apart from the Riegersburg, the Schloßberg was the only fortification in the region that never fell to the Ottoman Turks. Graz is home to the region's provincial armory, which is the world's largest historical collection of Baroque weaponry. It has been preserved since 1551, and displays over 30,000 items.
From the earlier part of the 15th century Graz was the residence of the younger branch of the Habsburgs, which succeeded to the imperial throne in 1619 in the person of Emperor Ferdinand II, who moved the capital to Vienna. New fortifications were built on the Schlossberg at the end of the 16th century. Napoleon's army occupied Graz in 1797. In 1809 the city withstood another assault by the French army. During this attack, the commanding officer in the fortress was ordered to defend it with about 900 men against Napoleon's army of about 3,000. He successfully defended the Schloßberg against eight attacks, but they were forced to give up after the Grande Armée occupied Vienna and the Emperor ordered to surrender. Following the defeat of Austria by Napoleonic forces at the Battle of Wagram in 1809, the fortifications were demolished using explosives, as stipulated in the Peace of Schönbrunn of the same year. The belltower and the civic clock tower, often used as the symbol of Graz, were spared after the people of Graz paid a ransom for their preservation.[4]
Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria had 20,000 Protestant books burned in the square of what is now a mental hospital, and succeeded in returning Styria to the authority of the Holy See. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was born in Graz, in what is now the Stadtmuseum (city museum).
Slovenes and Graz[link]
The name of Graz is undoubtedly of Slovene origin and the city was Slovene for a short period. Politically, culturally, scientifically and religiously, Graz was an important centre for all Slovenes, especially from the establishment of the University of Graz in 1586 until the establishment of University of Ljubljana in 1919. In 1574, the first Slovene Catholic book was published in Graz, and in 1592, Hieronymus Megiser published in Graz the book Dictionarium quatuor linguarum, the first multilingual dictionary of Slovene.[8]
Styrian Slovenes did not feel Graz a German city, but their own, a place to study while living at their relatives' homes and to fulfill one's career ambitions. Student associations in Graz were a forge of Slovenehood and Slovene students in Graz were more nationally aware than some others. This led to fierce anti-Slovene efforts of German nationalists in Graz before and during World War II.[3]
Nowadays, the city is cosmopolitan and quite fond of Slovenes. Many Slovenian Styrians study there. Slovenes are among professors at the Institute for Jazz in Graz. Numerous Slovenes had found employment there, while being formally unemployed in Slovenia.[3] For Slovene culture, Graz remains permanently important due to its university and the Universalmuseum Joanneum archives containing numerous documents from the Slovenian Styria.[3]
A symposium on the relation of Graz and Slovenes was held in Graz in 2010, at the occasion of the establishment of the first and oldest chair of Slovene language. It was established at the University of Graz in 1810 by Janez Nepomuk Primic. A collection of lectures on the topic was published. The Post of Slovenia commemorated the anniversary with a stamp.[9]
Main sights[link]
In the last few years some strikingly modern new public buildings have been erected in the city. The most famous include the Kunsthaus (house of modern art) designed by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier, a museum constructed right next to the river Mur, and the "Murinsel" (island in the Mur), an island made of steel, situated in the river. It was designed by the American architect Vito Acconci and contains a café, an open-air theatre and a playground.
Old town[link]
The old town was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999[4] due to the harmonious co-existence of typical buildings from different epochs and in different architectural styles. Situated in a cultural borderland between Central Europe, Italy and the Balkan States, Graz absorbed various influences from the neighbouring regions and thus received its exceptional townscape. Today the old town consists of over 1000 buildings, their age ranging from Gothic to Contemporary.
The most important sights in the old town are:
- Rathaus (Town Hall).
- Schloßberg, hill dominating the old town (475 m (1,558.40 ft) high), site of demolished fortress, with views over Graz.
- Uhrturm clocktower, symbol of Graz, on the top of Schloßberg.
- Neue Galerie . Museum of art.
- Schloßbergbahn, a funicular railway up the Schloßberg.
- The Landhaus, the building where the federal state parliament of Styria resides, a palace in Lombardic style. It is one of the most important examples of Renaissance architecture in Austria and was built by the Italian architect Domenico dell'Allio between 1557 and 1565.
- The Landeszeughaus, armoury, the largest of its kind in the world.
- The Opernhaus, the principal venue for opera, ballet, and operetta performances. It is the 2nd largest opera house in Austria.
- The Schauspielhaus, the principal theatre for productions of plays.
- Dom (cathedral), a rare monument of Gothic architecture. Once, there were many frescos on the outer walls; today, only a few remain, like the Landplagenbild ("picture of plagues") painted in 1485, presumably by Thomas von Villach. The three plagues it depicts are locusts, pestilence and the invasion of the Turks, all of them striking the town in 1480. It features the oldest painted view of Graz.
- Mausoleum of Emperor Ferdinand II next to the cathedral, the most important building of Mannerism in Graz. It includes both the grave where Ferdinand II and his wife are buried, and a church dedicated to St Catherine of Alexandria.
- Burg (castle complex), with Gothic double staircase, built between 1438 and 1453 by Emperor Frederick III because the old castle on the Schloßberg was too small and uncomfortable. The Burg remained the residence of the Inner Austrian Court until 1619. Today, it serves as residence of the government of Styria.
- Gemaltes Haus ("painted house"), in Herrengasse 3. It is completely covered with frescos (painted in 1742 by Johann Mayer).
- Kunsthaus (museum of modern art).
- Murinsel, an artificial island in the Mur.
- Buildings, courtyards (e. g. Early Renaissance courtyard of the Former House of Teutonic Knights in Sporgasse 22) and roofscape of the old town.
Outside the Old Town[link]
- Schloss Eggenberg a Baroque palace on the western edge of Graz with State rooms and museum. In 2010 it was added to the existing World Heritage site of the historic centre of Graz.
- Basilika Mariatrost a late Baroque church, on the eastern edge of Graz.
- The Herz Jesu Kirche is the largest church in Graz with the third highest spire in Austria, built in Gothic Revival style.
- Calvary Hill in the Gösting area of Graz with a 17th century calvary and church.
- The LKH-Universitätsklinikum, is the biggest hospital of Graz and one of the biggest hospitals in Austria. It is the largest Jugendstil building complex in Austria and was built between 1904 and 1912. It is run by the state and one of the most renowned hospitals in Austria and Central Europe.
- Best viewpoints for vistas of the city are Ruine Gösting, hilltop castle ruins on northwestern edge of city, and Plabutsch/Fürstenstand, behind Schloss Eggenberg with a hilltop restaurant and viewing tower.
Greater Graz area[link]
- Österreichisches Freilichtmuseum Stübing, an open-air museum containing old farmhouses/farm buildings from all over Austria reassembled in historic setting.
- Lurgrotte, the most extensive cave system in Austria.
- Lipizzanergestüt Piber, Lipizzaner stud at Piber where the famous horses are bred.
- The Steirische Weinstraße is a wine-growing region south of Graz, also known as the "Styrian Tuscany".
- Thermenregion, spa region east of Graz.
- Riegersburg, a mighty fortress that was never taken. It was a bastion against Turkish invasions
Culture[link]
During 2003 Graz held the title of "European Capital of Culture" and is (as of 2011) one of the UNESCO "Cities of Design."
Museums[link]
The most important museums in Graz are:
- Schloss Eggenberg (Graz) with Alte Galerie (paintings and sculptures from the Romanesque to the end of the Baroque period), Coin Collection, Lapidarium (Roman stonework collection),Archeological Museum (featuring the Cult Wagon of Strettweg) a special exhibitions area and the 90,000 m2 romantic landscape gardens.
- Museum im Palais museum of Styrian cultural history from the Middle Ages to the present
- Neue Galerie visual arts from the 19th and 20th centuries.
- Natural History Museum exhibition of botany, mineralogy and zoology.
- Stadtmuseum Graz city museum.
- Grazer Kunsthaus exhibition hall of contemporary art.
- Forum Stadtpark museum of contemporary art.
- Camera Austria museum of contemporary photography.
- Landeszeughaus medieval armory comprising 32,000 pieces of armour and weaponry, largest of its kind in the world.
- Volkskundemuseum museum of folk culture and lore.
- Diözesanmuseum museum of the Roman Catholic Church.
- Künstlerhaus exhibition hall of contemporary visual arts.
- Literaturhaus museum of contemporary German literature.
- Museum der Wahrnehmung museum of the senses, samadhi bath.
- Kindermuseum Frida&Fred museum for children.
- Tramwaymuseum 40 historic trams, the oldest dating from 1873.
- Kriminalmuseum museum of criminology.
- Luftfahrtmuseum (Graz airport) aviation museum.
- Hanns Schell Collection key and lock museum, largest of its kind in the world.
- Austrian Sculpture Park seven hectares of contemporary sculpture
- Botanical Garden of Graz three architecturally interesting glass houses plus gardens
Architecture[link]
- Tallest buildings
There are currently 228 buildings in Graz that are classified as high-rise: the floor of at least one room is 22 metres above ground level. Such buildings have to adhere to much more stringent fire safety regulations because the ladders of the majority of fire appliances used by Graz Fire Brigade cannot reach higher than 22 metres.
| Name or Address | Completion | Usage | Height (m) | floors | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Herz-Jesu-Kirche | 1887 | church | 109 | |
| 2. | Elisabeth Hochhaus | 1964 | residential | 75 | 25 |
| 3. | Kärntner Straße 212, Liebenauer Hauptstraße 309 | 1968 and 1955 | residential | 69 | 21 |
| 4. | Franziskanerkirche | 1240 | church | 69 | |
| 5. | Telekom Austria Tower | 1960s | office | 65 | 15 |
| 6. | Basilica Mariatrost | 1724 | church | 61 | |
| 7. | Hafnerriegel | 1960 | residential | 61 | 19 |
| 8. | St. Peter Pfarrweg, Kindermanngasse, Hanuschgasse | 1970s | residential | 55 | 17 |
| 9. | Vinzenz Muchitschstraße, Ungergasse, Kärntner Straße 216, Eggenberger Gürtel | 1970s | residential | 52 | 16 |
There are some new high-rise buildings in the pipeline; the only ones that currently (June 2009) seem certain to be built are a 15-storey office block opposite the "Stadthalle" on the southern edge of the city centre and a 21-storey officeblock next to the motorway leading from the Graz Ost Interchange (road) into town.
Transportation[link]
An extensive public transportation network makes Graz an easy city to navigate without a car. The city has a comprehensive bus network, complementing the Graz tram network consisting of six lines, two of which run from the main train station (Hauptbahnhof) to the old town before branching out. Furthermore, there are seven night-time bus routes, although these run only at weekends and on evenings preceding public holidays. The tram is also called "Bim".
From the main train station (Graz Hauptbahnhof), regional trains link to most of Styria. Direct trains also run to most major cities nearby including Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Maribor and Ljubljana in Slovenia, Zagreb in Croatia, Prague in the Czech Republic, Budapest in Hungary and Zürich in Switzerland. Trains for Vienna leave every hour.
Graz Airport is about 10 kilometres south of the city centre and has a railway station within walking distance (east of the airport). The main hubs Graz Airport is connected with Frankfurt and Munich in Germany and Vienna. Main cities connected to Graz Airport are London (Ryanair) and Berlin (Airberlin).
Health[link]
In Graz there are seven hospitals, several private hospitals and sanatoriums, as well as 44 pharmacies.
The LKH-Universitätsklinikum Graz is one of the hospitals that can provide maximum care, with 1556 beds and 7190 employees. It covers the east of the city. In the west of the city there is the LKH Graz-West in Eggenberg with 280 beds and about 500 employees, the Landesnervenklinik Sigmund Freud (LSF) in Straßgang with 880 beds and 1,100 employees, as well as the Unfallkrankenhaus der AUVA in Eggenberg with 180 beds and a total of 444 employees.
Furthermore there is the gereatric hospital Albert-Schweitzer-Klinik in the west of the city with 304 beds, the Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder I in Lend with 225 beds, the Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder II in Eggenberg with 260 beds and the Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen in Gries with 182 beds.
There are several private clinics as well: the Privatklinik Kastanienhof, the Privatklinik Leech, the Privatklinik der Kreuzschwestern, the Sanatorium St. Leonhard, the Sanatorium Hansa and the Privatklinik Graz-Ragnitz.
EMS in Graz is provided solely by the Austrian Red Cross. Perpetually two emergency doctor's cars (NEF - Notarzteinsatzfahrzeug), two NAWs (Notarztwagen - ambulances staffed with a doctor in addition to regular personnel) and about 30 RTWs (Rettungswagen - regular ambulances) are on standby. Furthermore, several non-emergency ambulances (KTW - Krankentransportwagen) and a Mobile Intensive Care Unit (MICU) are operated by the Red Cross in order to organise transportation of non-emergency patients to and between hospitals. In addition to the Red Cross the Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Österreichs (Labor-Samaritan-Alliance), the Malteser Hospitaldienst Austria (the Austrian organisation of the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps) and the Grünes Kreuz (Green Cross) operate various non-emergency ambulances (KTW) for non-emergency patient transportation. In addition to the land-ambulances there's also the C12 air ambulance helicopter stationed at Graz airport, which is also staffed with an emergency doctor in addition to regular personnel.
International relations[link]
Twin towns and sister cities[link]
Other forms of cooperation and city friendship similar to the twin city programmes:
- Niš, Serbia
- Banja Luka Bosnia and Herzegovina
Notable people[link]
- Arnold Schwarzenegger, former bodybuilding champion, actor and former governor of California. Born and raised in the farming village Thal, 2 km from Graz. In 2005, the Graz football stadium named after Schwarzenegger was renamed Stadion Graz-Liebenau after controversy over the use of the death penalty in California; now it is called the UPC-Arena.
- Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, architect of the Baroque period.
- Johann Puch, Slovenian inventor, mechanic and vehicle producer.
- Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physicist, Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Graz (1869), chair of Experimental Physics at the University of Graz (1876–1890).
- Robert Stolz, Austrian composer and conductor.
- Friedrich St. Florian, Austrian-American architect.
- Olga Neuwirth, one of the most important contemporary Austrian composers.
- Nicolaus Harnoncourt, born in Berlin and raised in Graz, a conductor known for his performances of classical works on period instruments.
- Jochen Rindt, the first Austrian Formula One champion raised in Graz by his grandmother.
- Otto Wanz, former professional wrestler who held the AWA World Heavyweight Championship.
- Wolfgang Bauer, Austrian writer.
- Werner Schwab, playwright and visual artist.
- Bernd Brückler, professional ice hockey player
- Thomas Tebbich, decathlete and pole vaulter
- Thomas Vanek, professional hockey player, born in Baden bei Wien, raised in Graz.
- Helmut Marko, former racing driver
- Emanuel Pogatetz, Middlesbrough F.C. defender and captain.
- Markus Schopp, former football midfielder
- August Musger, inventor of the slow motion technique in cinema.
- Karl Böhm, an Austrian conductor.
- Lili Novy, Slovenian poet.
- Otto Loewi Nobel prize-winning physiologist.
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Archduke of Austria-Este and heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
- Nikola Tesla studied electrical engineering in Graz.
- Gert Schnider, Abalone-champion
- Baron Roman Ungern von Sternberg, a prominent figure in the Russian White movement and dictator of Mongolia in 1921.
- Eduard Roschmann
- Anton Rintelen, Cabinet Minister and Nazi conspirator.
- Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg, Austrian statesman and early "prime minister" during the Thirty Years' War
- Mick Blue, an actor.
- Manfred Hoeberl, Powerlifter and Strongman.
- Gregor Hammerl, President of the Federal Council of Austria
References[link]
- ^ Statistik Austria - Bevölkerung zu Jahres- und Quartalsanfang, 2012-01-01.
- ^ "Anwesende Bevölkerung nach Wohnsitz und Gechlecht pro Bezirk - Stand 1. April 2010" (in German). Graz: Stadt Graz - Präsidialamt. http://www1.graz.at/Statistik/Bev%C3%B6lkerung/aktuelles_quartal.pdf. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ a b c d Granda, Stane (2006). "Gradec in Slovenci" (in Slovene, with a short abstract in English). Traditiones (University of Graz) 35 (2): pp. 99-103. http://isn.zrc-sazu.si/files/file/Traditiones/Traditiones_35_2_Krek_separati/TR352%20099-103%20Granda.pdf. Retrieved 17 December 2010 (via Google Documents; [1]).
- ^ a b c Strobl, Alexander (8 July 2008). "A Short History of the City". Graz: Stadt Graz - Magistratsdirektion, Abteilung für Öffentlichkeitsarbeit.. http://www.graz.at/cms/ziel/606777/EN/. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ Tautscher, Sonja (7 January 2010). "Graz in Numbers". Graz: Stadt Graz - Magistratsdirektion, Abteilung für Öffentlichkeitsarbeit. http://www.graz.at/cms/ziel/606066/EN/. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ "Ein Blick auf die Gemeinde Graz <60101>" (in German). Statistik Austria. http://www.statistik.at/blickgem/blick1/g60101.pdf. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Graz, Austria". Weatherbase. 2011. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=4211&refer=wikipedia. Retrieved on November 24, 2011.
- ^ {{cite journal |url=http://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-H9LFKLTH/? |title=Primeri nekaj sklanjatev in spregatev v Megiserjevem Dictionarium quatuor linguarum 1592 |trans_title=The Concise Grammar of Four Languages in Megiser’s 1592 Dictionary |language=Slovene, with an English abstract |journal=Jezikoslovni zapiski |volume=13 |issue=1/2 |year=2007 |publisher=Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU |id=COBISS 26967085
- ^ Bračič, Bojan (November/December 2011). Korber, Mateja. ed. "Predstavitev znamke v baročni dvorani graškega semenišča". Razgledi: glasilo Pošte Slovenije [Views: The Bulletin of the Post of Slovenia] (Pošta Slovenije [Post of Slovenia]). ISSN 1318-5075. http://www.posta.si/downloadfile.aspx?fileid=18801.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Twin Towns - Graz Online - English Version". www.graz.at. http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
- ^ Town Twinnings and international relations (from the official city website. Accessed 2008-08-11.)
- ^ "Groningen - Partner Cities". © 2008 Gemeente Groningen, Kreupelstraat 1,9712 HW Groningen. http://www.groningen.nl/functies/pagfunctie.cfm?parameter=1285. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
- ^ "Stadt Graz: Sister Cities". http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10099866/606819. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
- ^ (Norwegian)Trondheims offisielle nettsted - Vennskapsbyer
- "Graz: Stadtplanung und Stadtentwicklung (Rechnungshofbericht, 2006) in German" (PDF). 2006. http://www.rechnungshof.gv.at/fileadmin/downloads/Teilberichte/Steiermark/Steiermark_2006_02/Steiermark_2006_02_1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (August 2010) |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Graz |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Graz. |
Official websites
- Municipal data for Graz. In: Statistik Austria.
- Graz travel guide from Wikitravel
- City website (German) (English)
- Searchable map of Graz
- Graz Tourism Office
- KulturServerGraz Town's cultural portal
- tramway in Graz
History
- Jews in Graz. Expelled 1439 - returned 1447 - expelled 1496 - returned 1783 - holocaust (from Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971)
Further information
- Various Graz Information Sorted by Categories. Choose from 5 languages.
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| Amon Tobin | |
|---|---|
 Tobin performing live in Luxembourg City |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Amon Adonai Santos de Araújo Tobin |
| Also known as | Cujo |
| Born | (1972-02-07) February 7, 1972 (age 40) |
| Origin | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Genres | Electronic, IDM, drum and bass, breakbeat |
| Occupations | DJ Producer Musician |
| Instruments | Synthesizers, keyboards, guitar, bass guitar, drums, saxophone, theremin, chapman stick, drum machine, sampler |
| Years active | 1995–present |
| Labels | Ninja Tune Ninebar |
| Associated acts | Two Fingers, Eskamon |
| Website | amontobin.com |
Amon Adonai Santos de Araújo Tobin (born February 7, 1972), known as Amon Tobin, is a Brazilian musician, composer and producer of electronic music.[1] He is described as a virtuoso sound designer [2] and is considered to be one of the most influential electronic music artists in the world.[3] He has released seven major studio albums since 1996 under the London-based Ninja Tune record label.
He is noted for his unusual methodology in sound design and music production. In 2007 he released Foley Room an album based entirely on the manipulation of field recordings. His latest album, 2011's ISAM, included "female" vocals made from his own voice synthesised.[4] His music has been used in numerous major motion pictures including The Italian Job and 21. Tobin has created songs for several independent films, including the 2006 Hungarian film Taxidermia, and had his music used in other independent films such as the 2002 Cannes Palme d'Or winner Divine Intervention (Easy Muffin remixed by Bonobo). A selection of his tracks were also featured in the 2005 anime, IGPX. He has also dabbled in video game scores. In 2005, he created the musical score to Ubisoft's critically acclaimed and successful video game Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory as well as Sucker Punch's game Infamous.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early career (1995–1997)[link]
Tobin was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. At the age of 2, he and his family left Brazil to live in Morocco, the Netherlands, London, Portugal and Madeira.[1] Tobin settled in Brighton, England as a teenager which remained his permanent residence until 2002.[5] There he began producing electronic music in his bedroom with samplers and other audio equipment such as an Amstrad Studio 100 4-track,[6] although he was "not really involved in the [music] scene" at that time.[7] While taking an editorial photography class at a university in Brighton, he responded to a magazine promotion for the London-based Ninebar record label asking artists to send in demos of their songs. Ninebar signed Tobin to the label in 1996 after hearing his early work, and he traveled between his home in Brighton and the studios in London to produce his first official works. He also spent some time living in Montreal before moving to the San Francisco Bay Area in 2008.
File:Cujo-Adventures in Foam.jpg
Cover of Tobin's first full-length album Adventures in Foam
Under his original moniker Cujo (in Portuguese, the word for whose), he released a series of original compositions on 12-inch vinyl.[8] Allmusic called them "head-turning" in a review.[9] Many of those tracks were later included on his first full-length album Adventures in Foam, originally released in 1996 by Ninebar to a limited release of 5,000 copies.[10]
The larger Ninja Tune record label had been growing in the United Kingdom at the time with help from their successful artists such as DJ Food, Funki Porcini, The Herbaliser, and Coldcut.[11] DJ Food and Funki Porcini noticed Tobin's work on Adventures in Foam and prompted the label to approach him. Ninja Tune signed Tobin in late 1996, this time under his abbreviated name "Amon Tobin".[12] The official Ninja Tune website has said that Adventures in Foam had been re-released without permission by the US-based Shadow Records that same year and that this unauthorized version, labeled the "US release", included only 7 of the original songs, different cover art, and that some tracks were titled incorrectly.[13] In 1997 Ninja Tune acquired the proper licenses from Ninebar and re-released the album themselves. This version included the original album in its entirety, and a second disc containing previously unreleased material. As of 2008, copies of Shadow Record's "US version" are still sold by online retailer Amazon.com.[14] Over the course of its production, Adventures in Foam has been reviewed favorably. Ryan Schreiber of Pitchfork Media said that its break-beat style "got totally out of hand", but that it "never fails to let the listener know who's in charge."[15] The album was released for a fourth time in 2002, again by Ninja Tune.[16]
Defining albums (1997–2002)[link]
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Over the next several years, Tobin released three albums. Bricolage, released in 1997, was the culmination of two projects Tobin had started after his debut album earlier that year. His third album Permutation was released in 1998. In the late 1990s, sample-based music was becoming more popular with a wide range of emerging and developing genres, but Tobin himself was still largely unknown. Tobin's style of music was not seen as definitively belonging to one genre or another.[17] The critics that commented on Bricolage and Permutation gave them positive reviews and they are often mentioned, by later reviewers and interviewers, as classic albums of the time. Pitchfork Media acclaimed the use of jazz instrument samples, comparing him to famous composers Quincy Jones and Miles Davis.[18] In a 1999 review, they awarded Bricolage a very rare 10/10 and said that it was "one of the most inventive records of the decade."[15]
Tobin released his fourth album, Supermodified in 2000.[19] The album is regarded as his most commercial album to date.[20] Critic reviews were generally positive, with Pitchfork rating the album 9.1/10,[21] and Stylus Magazine saying, "Not many studio-bound electronic musicians could put forward such a vivid and dynamic statement or make it as entertaining and downright funky as Supermodified has managed to do."[22]
Montreal (2002–present)[link]
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"Back From Space" by Amon Tobin, from the album Out From Out Where
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In 2002, Tobin relocated to Montreal, Canada where he had spent time previously at Ninja Tune's North American Headquarters.[5] Tobin lived in the industrial area of Old Montreal to avoid noise complaints from neighbors after dark.[23] There he produced his fifth album Out From Out Where released that same year. This was his first album created primarily in a professional studio.[24] He later released a single, Verbal, taken from Out From Out Where.[25] Otis Hart of Dusted Magazine said that Tobin's style of producing had come into its own. He acclaimed Tobin's "refined sense of tempo".[26]
File:AmonTobinSplinterCell.jpg
The cover art of Chaos Theory - Splinter Cell 3 Soundtrack
In January 2004, Tobin was contracted by video game company Ubisoft Montreal to compose the soundtrack for the third installment of their critically successful Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell series, Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory. To facilitate using the music in a video game, where the level of action or plot can change in real-time, each track was broken down by Tobin into four distinct but similar parts based on their level of intensity. The game's developers could then use each section to provide music based on the actions of the player.[27] Despite not being an official album in Tobin's discography, it was considered a ground breaking work in the world of video game sound tracks described as "an entirely new era of media" by Tiny Mix Tapes[28]
The album continued the trend Tobin started with Out From Out Where, as he used more field recordings during production.[29] In addition to being included with the game, Ninja Tune released the score as an individual album in 2005, titled Chaos Theory – Splinter Cell 3 Soundtrack, several months before the game's release. It was received well, benefiting from a wider audience of reviewers in both the music and gaming industries. Ben Hogwood of MusicOMH.com applauded Tobin's use of melody and texture, adding that he controlled the sounds with the "clarity of a classical orchestrator."[30] He later recorded a Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound version of the album with audio engineer Bobby Azinsky in a dedicated Solid State Logic studio in Los Angeles.[31]
Tobin's sixth studio album, Foley Room, was released in 2007. The title alludes to the "foley rooms" used by recording engineers and foley artists to record sound effects in the movie industry. On this album, Tobin concluded his transition away from prerecorded source material that started with Out From Out Where. All of the samples used for production were recorded by himself using an omnidirectional microphone.[32] Recorded primarily in Montreal, San Francisco, and Seattle, the samples came from a wide range of sources including motorbikes, tigers, insects, and water falling from a tap.[33] Also contributing to the album were the string quartet Kronos Quartet, drummer Stefan Schneider, and harpist Sarah Pagé.[34] Foley Room's use of field-recordings was used to help promote the album, including two official pre-release trailers posted to YouTube. Nate Dorr of PopMatters.com called it a "smooth, natural progression" from his work on Supermodified.[35] The first single, "Bloodstone", was released to the iTunes Music Store months before the rest of the album. Ninja Tune also published a DVD titled Foley Room: Found Footage which documented the recording process.[33]
In 2008, Tobin announced he was working on a new video game soundtrack for an "undisclosed PS3 title".[36] This was later revealed to be the PlayStation 3 exclusive game, inFamous, and in 2010, Tobin announced that he would be working on the music for Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction.[37] Recent works include "Hey Mr. Tree" as a 'Bonus Joint' to accompany his earlier 'Monthly Joint' collection, a remix of Noisia's "Machine Gun" released alongside remixes by 16 Bit and Spor, and a collaboration with ESKMO dubbed Eskamon. Eskamon has released a single "Fine Objects". A new AT record has also been officially announced via www.amontobin.com, for which he is "researching and developing new production tools and techniques" and using "a whole new array of gadgetry from the past and the future".
Amon Tobin's sounds and samples are frequently used in the British car-based TV show Top Gear, and his song "Four Ton Mantis" has been used in a few of the more recent Nissan Qashqai and Juke advertisements.
Musical style and influences[link]
Tobin is best known for his use of audio manipulation techniques, where any given source material is transformed to produce a new sound.[38] His use of this technique has changed over the course of his career. On his original singles under Ninebar and his first three albums, Tobin acquired all of the sound sources to produce music from his personal collection of vinyl records. He manipulates the sounds with a combination of audio hardware and software such as Cubase,[39] often leaving the original source unrecognizable in its new context.[40] The majority of his early work focused on reordering the break beats from jazz and blues music into faster more complex patterns.[24][41] Guido Farnell of InTheMix.com, wrote about his use of this technique, saying that Tobin has "taken the art to new and dizzying heights."[29] His fifth album Out From Out Where, began the gradual shift away from prerecorded material by incorporating original guitar samples. His techniques began branching into technical sound design, taking break beats or single instruments, modifying specific frequencies, and producing new sounds.[42] This trend continued through his video game score Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory Soundtrack, and by his sixth album, Foley Room, all of the source material was recorded in the field by himself. Speaking about the creativity of sample-based music compared to traditional instruments, he says that "creative input is not determined by your source material but in how you edit and manipulate the sounds."[40]
Tobin experimented with various instruments. He does not come from a music family, nor has he had any formal training in music theory.[43] About his music in general, Tobin says that he sees it as a "genuine" expression of the time he lives in, as he says that by contrast, blues, jazz, and Brazilian genres were "genuine" expressions of the 1960s.[44] Despite his indirect connection with Brazilian genres, Tobin collaborated with a number of artists on Bebel Gilberto's 2000 bossa nova album Tanto Tempo.[45] Tobin's albums are often compared to soundtracks,[5] and he says that movies by David Lynch have influenced him. In addition, he has stated to like films by the Coen brothers, Dario Argento, and Roman Polanski.[46]
Live performances[link]
Tobin began performing live shows in clubs with other Ninja Tune artists after releasing his second album, Bricolage.[47] His shows generally contained music that he had produced during his career, mixed with modified songs from drum and bass, hip-hop, or other genres.[40] Because his music was entirely produced in a studio with electronics, Tobin was not interested in adapting his music to suit a Live PA incorporating musicians. He instead used turntables which he felt had more in common with his approach to music production. He is known for building Dolby Digital 7.1 surround sound speaker systems for his performances.
In 2011 Tobin has developed a live show in support of the album ISAM fitting his criteria for a performance that is both live and purely electronic. He told Wired Magazine “The idea was to integrate myself, quite literally, into an audio and visual presentation of the album,”.[48] It incorporates the use of new video mapping techniques that are projected onto a large cubic structure from which Tobin performs. The show has been met with international acclaim described by Vice Magazine's Creators Project as "revolutionizing the live music experience".[49]
Tobin has performed individual shows in many countries including tours in Europe, Australia, Japan, and the United States. His 2003 live performance in Melbourne, Australia was used for the fourth album in Ninja Tune's Solid Steel series because Tobin was not available to record a studio mix at the time.[31] Many songs from the original recording were omitted because of copyright issues with the original artists, including the R&B group Destiny's Child.[50]
A second Solid Steel album called Foley Room Recorded Live In Brussels was recorded in Brussels at the Ancienne Belgique in 2007 and was released for free in November 2008. According to Tobin's official website, "After months of back and forth and despite everyone’s best efforts the mix was in danger of being edited into the ground to accommodate big labels and publishers. Rather than release a compromised version commercially, the decision was made to give it away for free instead."[51]
Discography[link]
Main article: Amon Tobin discography
Tobin has released eight major studio albums:
- 1996: Adventures in Foam
- 1997: Bricolage
- 1998: Permutation
- 2000: Supermodified
- 2002: Out From Out Where
- 2005: Chaos Theory – Splinter Cell 3 Soundtrack
- 2007: Foley Room
- 2011: ISAM
In addition, his body of work includes 21 extended play (EP) albums which contain several B-sides each, a live album for Ninja Tune's Solid Steel series, new material for various compilation albums, and original tracks available as free downloads on his website.[52][53]
Tobin's music has been used in several major motion pictures including The Italian Job and 21.[54][55] He has also produced tracks for a number of independent films, such as The Last Minute,[56] and has created production music for the BMG Zomba commercial library which is used in various films.[57] In 2006 he scored the soundtrack for the Hungarian horror film Taxidermia which was made available on his website.[58] He also produced the score for the 2009 documentary Pax Americana and the Weaponization of Space.[59]
In 2006 he began collaborating on a hip-hop oriented project with drum & bass/jungle producer Doubleclick and a number of guest vocalists. Under the name Two Fingers, the pair have released several singles[29] followed by their self-titled debut album in 2009.
In April 2010, a small body of work Tobin composed and produced for the video game Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction was available for streaming on his website.[60]
In January 2011, his artist page was updated on Ninja Tune's official website, announcing a new album in 2011, called ISAM, as well as a Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory remix album. Later, the official Ping Pong Facebook page suggested that ISAM would be released on May 9, 2011. After being leaked by a journalist with a press copy of the album, ISAM was instead released on April 20, 2011.
Notes[link]
- ^ a b Vaz de Castro, Nana (2001-04-26). "Amon Tobin, Brazilian star in the electronica scene". AllBrazillianMusic.com. http://www.allbrazilianmusic.com/en/Servicos/ParaImprimir.asp?Nu_Materia=2155. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ Dorston, A.S.Van. "OFOW Article". Article. Fast n' Bulbus. http://www.fastnbulbous.com/amon_tobin_out.htm. Retrieved 2005-05-20.
- ^ Creators Project, The Creators Project. "Amon Tobin Brazil". Amon Tobin ISAM. Vice. http://thecreatorsproject.com/creators/amon-tobin. Retrieved 09/11.
- ^ John, Doran. "Amon Tobin And Tessa Farmer: Control Over Nature". ISAM. thequietus.com. http://thequietus.com/articles/06256-amon-tobin-and-tessa-farmer-control-over-nature. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ a b c "Ninjatune Artists - Amon Tobin Biography". Ninja Tune. 2008. http://www.ninjatune.net/ninja/artist.php?id=1#biography. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:14:05. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:07:20. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:05:40. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Cooper, Sean. "Adventures in Foam Review". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r248658. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:07:50. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
- ^ Dare, Christopher (2002-10-24). "Amon Tobin Out From Out Where". Pitchfork Media. http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/22603-amon-tobin-out-from-out-where. Retrieved 2008-10-02. [dead link]
- ^ Young, Simon (2003-04-01). "Amon Tobin". SoundOnSound.com. http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/Apr03/articles/amontobin.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "Adventures In Foam" (Press release). Ninja Tune. http://www.ninjatune.net/ninja/release.php?id=579. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ "Adventures In Foam". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000005E1E. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
- ^ a b Schreiber, Ryan (1999-12-31). "Cujo: Adventures in Foam". Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on 2000-06-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20000816165817/www.pitchforkmedia.com/record-reviews/c/cujo/adventures-in-foam.shtml. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ "2002 Adventures in Foam re-release entry in Discogs". http://www.discogs.com/release/110675. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:18:40. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Schreiber, Ryan (1999-12-31). "Amon Tobin:Bricolage". Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080212120836/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/22604-bricolage. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ "Supermodified at Discogs". Discogs.com. http://www.discogs.com/release/8408. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:31:00. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ "Supermodified review at Pitchfork". Pitchforkmeda.com. 31 December 1999. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090113213709/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/22600-amon-tobin-supermodified. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ^ "Stylus Magazine Supermodified review". Stylus Magazine. 1 September 2003. http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/amon-tobin/supermodified.htm. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ^ Nasrallah, Dimitri. "Where I Play: Amon Tobin". Exclaim!. http://www.exclaim.ca/musicschool/whereiplay.aspx?csid1=112. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
- ^ a b Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:31:19. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ "Verbal at Ninjatune". Ninjatune.com. http://www.ninjatune.net/ninja/release.php?id=614. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ "Out From Out Where review at Dusted Magazine". Dusted Magazine. 14 October 2002. http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/396. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ^ Micallef, Ken (2005-04-01). "UNDER A MICROSCOPE". Remix Magazine. http://remixmag.com/artists/remix_microscope/. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ Mixtapes, Tiny. "ChaosTheory". Chaos Theory OST. Tiny Mix Tapes. http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/amon-tobin-splinter-cell-chaos-theory. Retrieved 2005-09-20.
- ^ a b c Farnell, Guido (2006-12-06). "Amon Tobin: Enter the Foley Room". InTheMix.com.au. http://www.inthemix.com.au/features/29832/Amon_Tobin_Enter_the_Foley_Room. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ Hogwood, Ben (2007-02-07). "Amon Tobin - Chaos Theory (Ninja Tune)". MusicOMH.com. http://www.musicomh.com/albums/amon-tobin-2.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ a b Gilbey, Sam (2005). "PIXELSURGEON - Interviews - Music - Amon Tobin". Pixelsurgeon. http://www.pixelsurgeon.com/interviews/interview.php?id=168. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
- ^ Cooper, Sean (2007-03). "Amon Tobin Bugs Out". Wired (Wired) 15 (04). http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/15.04/play.html?pg=9. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- ^ a b "Foley Room" (Press release). Ninja Tune. http://www.ninjatune.net/ninja/release.php?id=1218. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ Hitchings, Craig (2007-09-09). "What are the weirdest instruments used in modern music?". MusicRadar. http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/blog-what-are-the-weirdest-instruments-used-in-modern-music-168757. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ Dorr, Nate (2007-03-08). "Amon Tobin Foley Room". PopMatters. http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/11675/amon-tobin-foley-room/. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
- ^ "Tobin's official site (News obtained through current > news)". Amontobin.com. 8 December 2008. http://www.amontobin.com/field/. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
- ^ "Tobin's official site". Amontobin.com. 18 January 2010. http://www.amontobin.com/news/amon-contributes-score-splinter-cell-conviction/. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:29:10. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:33:40. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
- ^ a b c Amon Tobin (Subject) (Adobe Flash). Amon Tobin. San Francisco: Current TV. http://current.com/items/77206132_amon_tobin. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:01:31. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:41:35. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:12:30. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Solipsistic Nation (Interviewer), Amon Tobin (Subject) (2008-03-21) (Mp3). solipsistic NATION No. 82: Amon Tobin. SolipsisticNation.com. Event occurs at 00:25:10. http://m.podshow.com/media/9683/episodes/104853/nation-104853-03-20-2008.mp3. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Rego, Luis (2003). Let's Go Brazil 1st Edition. Published by Macmillan. pp. 34. ISBN 0-312-32004-3. http://books.google.com/?id=UO61mNDbcVwC&pg=PA34&dq=amon+tobin. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- ^ Roozendaal, Dave (2002-09-13). "Amon Tobin: interview op KindaMuzik". Kindamuzik. http://www.kindamuzik.net/q_and_a/article.shtml?id=1862. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ Brennan, Gerald E.. "Amon Tobin Biography". MusicianGuide.com. http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608002923/Amon-Tobin.html. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ Thilli, Scott (2011-06-06). "Amon Tobin’s ISAM Merges Music, Meat, Machines in 3-D Show, Creepy Hardcover". ISAM LIVE (Wired). http://www.wired.com/underwire/2011/06/amon-tobin-isam/. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
- ^ Flood, Cathleen. "How Amon Tobin Is Revolutionizing The Live Music Experience". ISAM Live. Vice. https://www.thecreatorsproject.com/blog/how-amon-tobin-is-revolutionizing-the-live-music-experience-video. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
- ^ "Press Release". Ninja Tune. http://www.ninjatune.net/ninja/release.php?id=860. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ "Foley Room Recorded Live In Brussels". Amontobin.com. http://www.amontobin.com/storeNew/detail.php?item_type=freebie&id=42. Retrieved 9 December 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Ninja Tunes Releases - Ninja Cuts Funkungfusion". Ninja Tune. 2008. http://www.ninjatune.net/ninja/release.php?id=137. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ Thill, Scott (2008-07-17). "Amon Tobin's Homer is a Serious Head Trip". Wired. http://blog.wired.com/music/2008/07/amon-tobins-hom.html. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
- ^ The Italian Job (DVD). Paramount Pictures. 2003.
- ^ "Music From The Motion Picture 21 [SOUNDTRACK"]. amazon.com. 2008. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0013FNC7E. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ "Amazon.com: Last Minute". Amazon.com. 2008. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00006BTCL. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Jones, Chris; Jolliffe, Genevieve (2006). The Guerilla Film Makers Handbook. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 383. ISBN 0-8264-7988-X. http://books.google.com/?id=pap7NL-Y1SgC&pg=PA383&dq=amon+tobin. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- ^ "Taxidermia digital EP at Discogs". http://www.discogs.com/release/1367867. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
- ^ "IMDB: Pax Americana and the Weaponization of Space". 2010. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1553156/fullcredits. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ http://www.amontobin.com/news/splinter-cell-conviction-featuring-amons-soundtrack-contribution-released
External links[link]
- Official Amon Tobin Website
- Official Two Fingers Website
- Official Amon Tobin page at Ninja Tune website
- Amon Tobin discography at Discogs
- Amon Tobin at Allmusic
- Amon Tobin at rolldabeats
- Amon Tobin career retrospective article at PopMatters
- Video on the Infamous Soundtrack
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Tobin, Amon |
| Alternative names | Amon Adonai Santos de Araujo Tobin; Cujo |
| Short description | Brazilian Musician |
| Date of birth | 7 February 1972 |
| Place of birth | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Amon_Tobin
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Amon Tobin
http://de.wn.com/Amon Tobin
http://it.wn.com/Amon Tobin
http://ru.wn.com/Тобин, Амон
http://es.wn.com/Amon Tobin
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_Tobin
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Michael Jackson, see Michael Jackson (disambiguation).
| Michael Jackson | |
|---|---|
 Jackson at the White House in 1984 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Michael Joseph Jackson[1] |
| Also known as | King of Pop, MJ |
| Born | (1958-08-29)August 29, 1958 Gary, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | June 25, 2009(2009-06-25) (aged 50) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1964–2009 |
| Labels | Motown, Epic, Legacy, MJJ Productions |
| Associated acts |
 Michael Jackson's Signature |
| Website | www.michaeljackson.com |
Michael Joseph Jackson[1] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ,[2] Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.
In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B, pop and rock artists.
Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.[3] He was also one of the world's most prominent humanitarians and philanthropists; personally, and through his Heal the World Foundation, he donated more than $300 million in charity, and held the Guinness World Record for having supported the most charities out of any pop star.[4][5]
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series titled This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as one billion people around the world reportedly watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.[6]
Life and career[link]
Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)[link]
Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana,[7] an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy.[8] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.[9]
Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.[10][11][12] Joseph acknowledged in 2003 that he regularly whipped Jackson as a boy.[12] Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he also credited his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success.[10] Jackson first spoke openly about his childhood abuse in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, broadcast in February 1993. He admitted that he had often cried from loneliness and he would vomit on the sight of his father. Jackson's father was also said to have verbally abused Jackson, saying that he had a fat nose on numerous occasions.[13] In fact, Michael Jackson's deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant especially with his father, and to remain child-like throughout his adult life are in many ways consistent with the effects of this chronic maltreatment he endured as a young child.[14]
In an interview with Martin Bashir, later included in the 2003 broadcast of Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson acknowledged that his father hurt him when he was a child, but was nonetheless a "genius", as he admitted his father's strict discipline played a huge role in his success. When Bashir dismissed the positive remark and continued asking about beatings, Jackson put his hand over his face and objected to the questions. He recalled that Joseph sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that "if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you".[15][16]
In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to The Jackson 5.[8] The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "chitlin' circuit", where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown's "I Got You (I Feel Good)", led by Michael.[17]
The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "Big Boy", for the local record label Steeltown in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.[8] Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."[18] The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("I Want You Back", "ABC", "The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There") peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[8] Between 1972 and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown, among them Got to Be There and Ben, released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and producing successful singles such as "Got to Be There", "Ben", and a remake of Bobby Day's "Rockin' Robin".
The Jackson 5 "became a cutting-edge example of black crossover artists... five working-class black boys with afros and bell bottoms, and they really didn't have to trade any of that stuff in order to become mainstream stars."[19]
The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single "Dancing Machine" and the top 20 hit "I Am Love", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.[20]
[edit] Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–81)
In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records[20] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.[21] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Michael was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "This Place Hotel", and "Can You Feel It".[17] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.[22] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.[23]
Jones and Jackson produced the Off the Wall album together. Songwriters for the album included Jackson, Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder, and Paul McCartney. Released in 1979, it was the first solo album to generate four U.S. top 10 hits, including the chart-topping singles "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You".[24][25] It reached number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[26] In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[27][28] That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[24] Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.[29] Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt Off the Wall should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release.[30] In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.[31]
[edit] Thriller and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever (1982–83)
In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows.[32][33] These awards were thanks to the Thriller album, released in late 1982, which was 1983's best-selling album worldwide[34][35] and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States,[36] as well as the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated 110 million copies so far.[37] The album topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It", and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[38] Thriller was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work.[39] Jackson's attorney John Branca noted that Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point: approximately $2 for every album sold. He was also making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings. The videocassette of the documentary The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller sold over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties like dolls modeled after Michael Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12.[40] Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli writes that, "Thriller stopped selling like a leisure item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a household staple."[41] In 1985, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Longform.[32] In December 2009, the music video for "Thriller" was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, "Thriller" is the first music video ever to be inducted.[42][43][44]
Time described Jackson's influence at that point as "Star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too".[40] The New York Times wrote that, "in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".[45]
On March 25th 1983, Michael Jackson reunited with his brothers for a legendary live performance which was taped for a Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television special. The show aired on May 16, 1983, to an audience of 47 million viewers, and featured the Jacksons and a number of other Motown stars. It is best remembered for Jackson's solo performance of "Billie Jean". Wearing a distinctive black sequin jacket and golf glove decorated with rhinestones, he debuted his signature dance move, the moonwalk, which former Soul Train dancer and Shalamar member Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years before. The Jacksons' performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley's and The Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.[46] Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times later wrote, "The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing."[47]
Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)[link]
On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola commercial, overseen by executive Phil Dusenberry,[48] from ad agency BBDO and Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, Alan Pottasch at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. In front of a full house of fans during a simulated concert, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire. He suffered second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars on his scalp, and he also had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter.[23] Jackson never recovered from this injury. Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California, which now has a "Michael Jackson Burn Center" in honor of his donation.[49] Dusenberry later recounted the episode in his memoir, Then We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising.
On May 14, 1984, Jackson was invited to the White House to receive an award from President Ronald Reagan for his support of charities that helped people overcome alcohol and drug abuse.[50] Jackson won eight awards during the Grammys that year. Unlike later albums, Thriller did not have an official tour to promote it, but the 1984 Victory Tour, headlined by The Jacksons, showcased much of Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. He donated all the funds (around $8 million) raised from the Victory Tour to charity.[51] He also co-wrote the charity single "We Are the World" in 1985 with Lionel Richie, which was released worldwide to aid the poor in the U.S. and Africa. It became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with nearly 30 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief. In 1986, "We Are the World" won four Grammys (one for Jackson for Song of the Year). American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate, but recognized it with two special honors (one for the creation of the song and one for the USA for Africa idea). They are the only AMAs that Jackson won as non-solo artist.[52][53][54][55]
In 1984, ATV Music Publishing, which had the copyrights to nearly 4000 songs, including the Northern Songs catalog that contained the majority of the Lennon–McCartney compositions recorded by The Beatles, was put up for sale by Robert Holmes à Court.[56] Jackson had become interested in owning music catalogs after working with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s: Jackson had learned McCartney made approximately $40 million a year from other people's songs.[57] In 1981,[58] McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £20 million ($40 million).[57][59] According to McCartney, he contacted Yoko Ono about making a joint purchase by splitting the cost equally at £10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for £5 million each.[57][59] When they were unable to make the joint purchase, McCartney let the offer fall through, not wanting to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs.[58][59]
According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time."[60] Also, an attorney for McCartney assured Jackson's attorney, John Branca, that McCartney was not interested in bidding: McCartney reportedly said "It's too pricey".[57][58] But there were several other companies and investors bidding. In September 1984, Jackson was first informed about the sale by Branca and sent a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.[56] Jackson's agents thought they had a deal several times, but encountered new bidders or new areas of debate.[56] In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from talks after having spent over $1 million on four months of due diligence and on the negotiations.[56]
In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that Charles Koppelman's and Marty Bandier's The Entertainment Co. had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy ATV Music for $50 million.[56] But in early August, Holmes à Court's team contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million and it was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence of ATV Music.[56] He also agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia, where he would appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.[56][60] Jackson's purchase of ATV Music was finalized August 10, 1985.[56]
[edit] Appearance, tabloids, Bad, films, autobiography and Neverland (1986–90)
See also: Michael Jackson's health and appearance
File:Michael Jackson King of Pop 1988.jpg
Jackson two years after he was diagnosed with vitiligo, here in the early stages of the disease
Jackson's skin had been a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, but starting in the mid 1980s, it gradually grew paler. The change gained widespread media coverage, including rumors that he might be bleaching his skin.[61] According to J. Randy Taraborrelli's biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo and lupus; the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in remission; both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight. The treatments he used for his condition further lightened his skin tone, and, with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches, he could appear very pale.[62] Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy.[63] By the mid 1990s several surgeons speculated that he had undergone various nasal surgeries, a forehead lift, thinned lips, and cheekbone surgery—although Jackson denied this and insisted that he only had surgery on his nose.[64] Jackson claimed that he had only two rhinoplasties and no other surgery on his face, although at one point he mentioned having a dimple created in his chin.[65] Jackson lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".[65] Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from anorexia nervosa; periods of weight loss would become a recurring problem later in life.[66]
During the course of his treatment, Jackson made two close friends: his dermatologist, Dr. Arnold Klein, and Klein's nurse Debbie Rowe. Rowe eventually became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his two eldest children. Long before becoming romantically involved with her, Jackson relied heavily on Rowe for emotional support. He also relied heavily on Klein, for medical and business advice.[67]
Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the tabloids ran a story claiming that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying down in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson had disseminated the fabricated story himself.[68][69] When Jackson bought a chimpanzee called Bubbles from a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality.[70] It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the "elephant man") and although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story.[68][69] Although initially he saw these stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational. Consequently the media began making up their own stories.[69][71][72] These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson came to despise.[73] Responding to the gossip, Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli:
Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars? Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything you say, because you're a reporter. But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, "I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight," people would say, "Oh, man, that Michael Jackson is nuts. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth."[74]
Jackson collaborated with George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola on the 17-minute 3-D film Captain EO, which debuted in September 1986 at both the original Disneyland and at EPCOT in Florida, and in March 1987 at Tokyo Disneyland. The $30 million movie was a popular attraction at all three parks. A Captain EO attraction was later featured at Euro Disneyland after that park opened in 1992. All four parks' Captain EO installations stayed open well into the 1990s: Paris' installation was the last one to close, in 1998.[75] The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson's death.[76]
In 1987, Jackson disassociated himself from the Jehovah's Witnesses, in response to their disapproval of the Thriller video.[77] With the industry expecting another major hit, Jackson's first album in five years, Bad (1987), was highly anticipated.[78] It did not top Thriller as a commercial or artistic triumph, but Bad was still a substantial success in its own right.
The Bad album spawned seven hit singles in the U.S., five of which ("I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror" and "Dirty Diana") reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. This was a record for most number one Hot 100 singles from any one album, including Thriller.[79] Although the title track's video was arguably derivative of the video for the earlier single "Beat It", the "Bad" video still proved to be one of Jackson's iconic moments. It was a gritty but colorful epic set against the backdrop of the New York City Subway system, with costuming and choreography inspired by West Side Story. As of 2012, the album sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide.[80][81][82][83][84][85][86] Thanks to the Bad album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989.[32][39] In the same year, Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards because Bad is the first album ever to generate five number one singles in the US, the first album to top in 25 countries and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and in 1988.[87][88][89][90] In 1988, "Bad" won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single.[91]
The Bad World Tour began on September 12 that year, finishing on January 14, 1989.[92] In Japan alone, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record of 200,000 in a single tour.[93] Jackson broke a Guinness World Record when 504,000 people attended seven sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium. He performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people. The Bad Tour turned out to be the last of Jackson's concert tours to include shows in the continental United States, although later tours did make it to Hawaii.
In 1988, Jackson released his first and only autobiography, Moonwalk, which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies.[94] Jackson wrote about his childhood, The Jackson 5, and the abuse he had suffered.[95] He also wrote about his facial appearance, saying he had had two rhinoplastic surgeries and a dimple created in his chin.[65] He attributed much of the change in the structure of his face to puberty, weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hair style, and stage lighting.[65] Moonwalk reached the top position on The New York Times best sellers' list.[96] The musician then released a film called Moonwalker, which featured live footage and short films that starred Jackson and Joe Pesci. The film was originally intended to be released to theaters but due to financial issues, the film was released direct-to-video. It saw a theatrical release in Germany, though. It debuted atop the Billboard Top Music Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top spot by Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues.[97]
In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez, California, to build Neverland Ranch at a cost of $17 million. He installed Ferris wheels, a menagerie, and a movie theater on the 2,700-acre (11 km2) property. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds. In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 million.[18][98] In 1989, his annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that year alone.[99] Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the Soviet Union.[97]
His success resulted in his being dubbed the "King of Pop".[100][101][102][103] The nickname was popularized by Elizabeth Taylor when she presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."[104] President George H. W. Bush designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".[105] From 1985 to 1990, he donated $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund, and all of the profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.[106][107] Jackson's live rendition of "You Were There" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday celebration received an Emmy nomination.[97]
[edit] Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)
In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-breaking deal at the time,[108] displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records.[109] He released his eighth album Dangerous in 1991. As of 2008, Dangerous had shipped seven million copies in the U.S. and had sold 32 million copies worldwide. The Dangerous album was co-produced by Teddy Riley, one of the pioneers of "new jack swing" which convinced Michael to feature a rapper on his album for the first time, the act worked and it turned out to be the best-selling album associated with that movement.[110][111][112] In the United States, the album's first single "Black or White" was its biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.[113] The album's second single "Remember the Time" spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[114] At the end of 1992, Dangerous was awarded 1992's best-selling album worldwide and "Black or White" was awarded 1992's best-selling single worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards. Additionally, he won an award as best-selling artist of the '80s.[115] In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.[116] In the UK and other parts of Europe, "Heal the World" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.[114]
Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, Dancing the Dream. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to Jackson's nature, the collection was mostly critically unacclaimed at the time of release. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's untimely death. The Dangerous World Tour grossed $100 million. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 67 concerts.[114][117] He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.[118]
Following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala to give more money to HIV/AIDS charities and research.[119][120] In a high-profile visit to Africa, Jackson visited several countries, among them Gabon and Egypt.[121] His first stop to Gabon was greeted with a sizable and enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people, some of them carrying signs that read, "Welcome Home Michael."[121] In his trip to Côte d'Ivoire, Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief.[121] He then thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed official documents formalizing his kingship and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.[121]
In January 1993, Jackson made a memorable appearance at the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him. As he landed on the canvas, he maintained a motionless "clenched fist, standing statue stance", dressed in a gold and black military outfit and sunglasses; he remained completely motionless for a minute and a half while the crowd cheered. He then slowly removed his sunglasses, threw them away and sang four songs: "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White" and "Heal the World". It was the first Super Bowl where the audience figures increased during the half-time show, and was viewed by 135 million Americans alone; Jackson's Dangerous album rose 90 places up the album chart.[61] Jackson was given the "Living Legend Award" at the 35th Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. "Black or White" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. "Jam" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.[114] The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year, Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("Remember the Time") and was the first to win the International Artist Award, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns. This award will bear his name in the future.[32][39][122]
First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)[link]
Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Oprah Winfrey on February 10, 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo. The interview was watched by an American audience of 90 million. Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.[16][61][114]
In the summer of 1993, Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse by a 13-year-old boy named Jordan Chandler and his father, Dr. Evan Chandler, a dentist.[123][124][125] The Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson, and the singer initially refused. Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him.[126] Dr. Chandler was tape-recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, saying, "If I go through with this, I win big-time. There's no way I lose. I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever ... Michael's career will be over". Jordan's mother was, however, adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson's part.[125] Jackson later used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money from the singer.[125]
Later that year, on December 20, Jackson's home was raided by the police, and Jackson submitted to a 25-minute strip search.[127] Jordan Chandler had reportedly given police a description of Jackson's intimate parts, notably claiming that his bleach-damaged penis was circumcised; the strip search revealed, to the contrary, that Jackson was actually uncircumcised,[128] a fact confirmed in his autopsy.[129] His friends said he never recovered from the humiliation of the strip search. The investigation was inconclusive and no charges were ever filed.[130][131] Jackson described the search in an emotional public statement, and proclaimed his innocence.[123][127][132] On January 1, 1994, Jackson's insurance carrier settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million. A Santa Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2, 1994 without indicting Jackson.[133] After which time the Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994.[134][135][136] The out-of-court settlement's documentation specifically stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest.[137] The Chandlers' lawyer Mr. Feldman also explicitly stated "nobody bought anybody's silence".[138] A decade after the fact, during the second round of child abuse allegations, Jackson's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was done without his consent.[135]
In May 1994, Jackson married the daughter of Elvis Presley, Lisa Marie Presley. They had first met in 1975, when a seven-year-old Presley attended one of Jackson's family engagements at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, and were reconnected through a mutual friend.[139] According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A."[140] They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As the child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs.[141] Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it."[142] She eventually persuaded him to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover.[141]
Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying, "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?"[141] They married in the Dominican Republic in secrecy, denying it for nearly two months afterwards.[143] The marriage was, in her words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active".[144] At the time, the tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image.[143] The marriage lasted less than two years and ended with an amicable divorce settlement.[145] In a 2010 interview with Oprah, Presley admitted that they spent four more years after the divorce "getting back together and breaking up", until she decided to stop.[146]
[edit] HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)
In 1995, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division creating Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Jackson retained half-ownership of the company, earned $95 million upfront as well as the rights to even more songs.[147][148] He then released the double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. The first disc, HIStory Begins, was a 15-track greatest hits album, and was later reissued as Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I in 2001, while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained 15 new songs. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for seven million shipments in the US.[149] It is the best-selling multiple-disc album of all-time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.[113][150] HIStory received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year.[151]
The first single released from the album was the double A-side "Scream/Childhood". "Scream" was a duet, performed with Jackson's youngest sister Janet. The song fights against the media, mainly for what the media made him out to be during his 1993 child abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number five, and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".[151] "You Are Not Alone" was the second single released from HIStory; it holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[99] It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success, receiving a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".[151] In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance; the incident was caused by a stress-related panic attack.[152] "Earth Song" was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.[151] The track "They Don't Care About Us" became controversial when the Anti-Defamation League and other groups criticized its allegedly antisemitic lyrics. Jackson quickly put out a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics.[153] In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.[32][154]
The album was promoted with the successful HIStory World Tour. The tour began on September 7, 1996, and finished on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed up a total of $165 million. The show, which visited five continents and 35 countries, became Jackson's most successful in terms of audience figures.[92] During the tour, Jackson married his longtime friend Deborah Jeanne Rowe, a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney, Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so.[155] Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3, 1998.[145][156] The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson got full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006.[157][158]
In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies as of 2007, it is the best selling remix album ever released.[159] It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track.[159][160] In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24.[110][151] Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.[98] Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia, as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala.[161] Later that month, Jackson organized a set of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red Cross and UNESCO.[162]
[edit] Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)
At the turn of the century, the American Music Awards honored Jackson as Artist of the '80s.[163] Throughout 2000 and 2001, Jackson worked in the studio with Teddy Riley and Rodney Jerkins, as well as other collaborators. These sessions would result in the album Invincible, released in October 2001. Invincible was Jackson's first full-length album in six years, and it would be the last album of new material he released while still alive. The release of the album was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label, Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s. Once he had the licenses, he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and he would also be able to keep all the profits. However, due to various clauses in the contract, the revert date turned out to be many years away. Jackson discovered that the attorney who represented him in the deal was also representing Sony.[160] Jackson was also concerned about the fact that for a number of years, Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in their music catalog venture. Jackson feared that Sony might have a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed he would have to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.[164] Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.[160] Just before the release of Invincible, Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment, Tommy Mottola, that he was leaving Sony.[160] As a result, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions concerning the Invincible album were suspended.
In September 2001, two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square Garden to mark the singer's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured performances by Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, 'N Sync, Destiny's Child, Monica, Luther Vandross, and Slash, among other artists.[165] The second of the two shows took place the night before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.[166] After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song "What More Can I Give" as the finale.[164] Jackson's solo performances were omitted from the televised version of the benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing background vocals. This omission happened because of contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts: those concerts were boiled down into a two-hour TV special titled Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration: The Solo Years which debuted in November 2001.
In spite of the events preceding its release, Invincible came out in October 2001 to much anticipation. Invincible proved to be a hit, debuting atop the charts in 13 countries and going on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide. It received double-platinum certification in the US.[110][113][167] However, the sales for Invincible were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general.[164] The album cost $30 million to record, not including promotional expenditures.[168] Invincible spawned three singles, "You Rock My World", "Cry" and "Butterflies", the latter without a music video. Jackson alleged in July 2002 that Mottola was a "devil" and a "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own personal gain.[164] He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger".[169] Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States.[168]
In 2002, Michael Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century.[170] In the same year, Jackson's third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed "Blanket") was born.[171] The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his own sperm.[157] On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his newborn son onto the balcony of his room at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, as fans stood below, holding him in his right arm, with a cloth loosely draped over the baby's face. The baby was briefly extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, causing widespread criticism in the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".[172] Sony released Number Ones, a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the US, the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least 1.2 million units.[110][173]
Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)[link]
Further information: Living with Michael Jackson and People v. Jackson
Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV personality Martin Bashir, to follow him around just about everywhere he went. Bashir's film crew was with Jackson during the "baby-dangling incident" in Berlin. The program was broadcast in March 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson, and painted an extraordinarily unflattering portrait of the singer.
In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy.[174] As soon as the documentary aired, the Santa Barbara county attorney's office began a criminal investigation. Jackson was arrested in November 2003, and was charged with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent in relation to the 13 year old boy shown in the film.[174] Jackson denied the allegations, saying the sleepovers were not sexual in nature. The People v. Jackson trial began on January 31, 2005, in Santa Maria, California, and lasted five months, until the end of May. On June 13, 2005, Jackson was acquitted on all counts.[175][176][177] After the trial, in a highly publicized relocation he moved to the Persian Gulf island of Bahrain, as a guest of Sheikh Abdullah.[178] Bahrain was also where the family intended to send Jackson if he was convicted (though Jackson did not know about the plan), according to a statement by Jermaine Jackson printed in The Times of London in September 2011.[179]
[edit] Closure of Neverland, final years and This Is It (2006–09)
In March 2006, the main house at the Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting measure.[180] There were numerous reports around that time that Jackson was having financial problems. Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million loan secured against his music publishing holdings, even though those holdings were reportedly making him as much as $75 million a year.[181] Bank of America sold the debt to Fortress Investments. Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would give them a future option to buy half of Jackson's stake in their jointly owned publishing company (leaving Jackson with a 25% stake).[148] Jackson agreed to a Sony-backed refinancing deal in April 2006, although the exact details were not made public.[182] Jackson did not have a recording contract in place with Sony or any other major record label at the time.
In early 2006, there was an announcement that Jackson had signed a contract with a Bahrain-based startup called Two Seas Records. However, nothing ever came of that deal, and the CEO of Two Seas, Guy Holmes, later stated that the deal had never been finalized.[183][184] Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the Michael Jackson: Visionary series, which subsequently became a box set. Most of those singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple's two children.[158] In October 2006, Fox News entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural Westmeath, Ireland. It was not known at the time what Jackson might be working on, or who might be paying for the sessions, since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas.[184][185]
In November 2006, Jackson invited an Access Hollywood camera crew into the studio in Westmeath, and MSNBC broke the story that he was working on a new album, produced by will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas.[113] Jackson performed at the World Music Awards, in London on November 15, 2006, and accepted a Diamond Award for selling over 100 million records.[113][186] Jackson returned to the United States after Christmas 2006 to attend James Brown's funeral in Augusta, Georgia. He gave one of the eulogies, saying that "James Brown is my greatest inspiration."[187] In the spring of 2007, Jackson and Sony teamed up to buy yet another music publishing company: Famous Music LLC, formerly owned by Viacom. This deal gave him the rights to songs by Eminem, Shakira and Beck, among others.[188] Jackson recorded extensively during this period in New York with songwriter and producer will.i.am and also in Las Vegas with producers Akon and RedOne.[189][190] In March 2007, Jackson gave a brief interview to the Associated Press in Tokyo, where he said, "I've been in the entertainment industry since I was 6 years old, and as Charles Dickens would say, 'It's been the best of times, the worst of times.' But I would not change my career ... While some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me, I take it in stride because I have a loving family, a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have, and continue, to support me."[191]
In September 2007, Jackson was reportedly still working with will.i.am, but the album was apparently never completed.[192] However, in 2008, Jackson and Sony released Thriller 25 to mark the 25th anniversary of the original Thriller. This album featured the previously unreleased song "For All Time" (an outtake from the original sessions) as well as remixes, where Jackson collaborated with younger artists who had been inspired by his work.[193] Two of the remixes were released as singles with only modest success: "The Girl Is Mine 2008" (with will.i.am) and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" (with Akon). The first single was based on an early demo version, without Paul McCartney. The album itself was a hit, however.[193][194][195][196] In anticipation of Jackson's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest-hits albums called King of Pop. Slightly different versions were released in various countries, based on polls of local fans.[197] King of Pop reached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued, and also sold well as an import in other countries (such as the United States.)[198][199]
In the fall of 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC. In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, which was a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. This deal cleared Jackson's debt, and he reportedly even gained an extra $35 million from the venture. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake in Neverland/Sycamore Valley, but it is unknown how large that stake was.[200][201][202] In September 2008, Jackson entered negotiations with Julien's Auction House to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and April 25.[203] An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14, but the actual auction was eventually cancelled at Jackson's request.[204]
In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O2 Arena and announced a series of comeback concerts titled This Is It. The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his "final curtain call". The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million.[205] The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.[206] Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG.[207] The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.[208] Some time before his death, it was widely stated that he was starting a clothing line with Christian Audigier; due to his death, the current status of the label remains unknown.[209][210]
Jackson's first posthumous single was a song titled "This Is It" which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals titled Michael Jackson's This Is It was released.[211] Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide.[212] Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.[213] The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem titled "Planet Earth".[214] At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26.[215][216]
Death and memorial[link]
Main articles: Death of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson memorial service
File:MJ's tomb.jpg
Michael Jackson's Tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale
On June 25, 2009, Jackson died while in his bed at his rented mansion at 100 North Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles. Attempts at resuscitating him by Conrad Murray, his personal physician, were unsuccessful.[217] Los Angeles Fire Department paramedics received a 911 call at 12:22 (PDT, 19:22 UTC), arriving three minutes later at Jackson's location.[218][219] He was reportedly not breathing and CPR was performed.[220] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for more than an hour after arriving there at 1:13 (20:13 UTC). He was pronounced dead at 2:26 local time (21:26 UTC).[221][222] Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief.[217]
The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload. Both TMZ and the Los Angeles Times suffered outages.[223] Google initially believed that the input from millions of people searching for "Michael Jackson" meant that the search engine was under DDoS attack, and blocked searches related to Michael Jackson for 30 minutes. Twitter reported a crash, as did Wikipedia at 3:15 p.m. PDT (22:15 UTC).[224] The Wikimedia Foundation reported nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history.[225] AOL Instant Messenger collapsed for 40 minutes. AOL called it a "seminal moment in Internet history", adding, "We've never seen anything like it in terms of scope or depth."[226]
Around 15% of Twitter posts—or 5,000 tweets per minute—reportedly mentioned Jackson after the news broke,[227][228] compared to the 5% recalled as having mentioned the Iranian elections or the flu pandemic that had made headlines earlier in the year.[228] Overall, web traffic ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal.[227][229] MTV and Black Entertainment Television (BET) aired marathons of Jackson's music videos.[230] Jackson specials aired on multiple television stations around the world. The British soap opera EastEnders added a last-minute scene, in which one character tells another about the news, to the June 26 episode.[231] Jackson was the topic of every front-page headline in the daily British tabloid The Sun for about two weeks following his death.[232] During the same period, the three major U.S. networks' evening newscasts—ABC World News, CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News—devoted 34% of their broadcast time to him.[233] Magazines including Time published commemorative editions.[234] A scene that had featured Jackson's sister La Toya was cut from the film Brüno out of respect toward Jackson's family.[235]
Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. While some unofficial reports claimed a worldwide audience as high as one billion people,[236][237] the U.S. audience was estimated by Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan, and the estimated 33.1 million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana.[238]
Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, John Mayer, Jennifer Hudson, Usher, Jermaine Jackson, and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the event. Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson gave eulogies, while Queen Latifah read "We had him", a poem written for the occasion by Maya Angelou.[239] The Reverend Al Sharpton received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children, "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."[240] Jackson's 11-year-old daughter, Paris Katherine, cried as she told the crowd, "Ever since I was born, Daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much."[166] Reverend Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.[241] On August 24, several news outlets quoted anonymous sources as stating that the Los Angeles coroner had decided to treat Jackson's death as a homicide; this was later confirmed by the coroner on August 28.[242][243] At the time of death, Jackson had been administered propofol, lorazepam and midazolam.[244] Law enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician, Conrad Murray.[245] On February 8, 2010, Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter by prosecutors in Los Angeles.[246] Jackson was entombed on September 3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[247]
On June 25, 2010, the first anniversary of Jackson's death, fans traveled to Los Angeles to pay their tribute to him. They visited Jackson’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and his family’s home, as well as Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Many of the fans were carrying sunflowers and other tribute items to drop off at the sites. Members of the Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects.[248][249] Katherine returned to Gary, Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the family home. The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special performance of "We Are the World".[250][251] On June 26, there was a protest march in front of the Los Angeles Police Department's Robbery-Homicide Division at the old Parker Center building and a petition with thousands of signatures demanding justice was delivered.[252][253] The Jackson Family Foundation in conjunction with Voiceplate presented "Forever Michael", an event bringing together Jackson family members, celebrities, fans, supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy. A portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson's favorite charities. Katherine also introduced her new book "Never Can Say Goodbye".[254][255][256]
Death aftermath[link]
After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist of 2009. In the United States selling over 8.2 million albums and a total of 35 million albums worldwide in the 12 months that followed his death.[257][258] Following this surge in sales, Sony announced that they had extended their relationship with his material. The distribution rights held by Sony Music were due to expire in 2015.[259] On March 16, 2010, Sony Music Entertainment, in a move spearheaded by its Columbia/Epic Label Group division, signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017, as well as to obtain permission to release ten new albums with previously unreleased material and new collections of released work. On November 4, 2010 Sony announced the release of Michael, the first posthumous album set to be released on December 14, with the promotional single released to the radios on November 8, titled "Breaking News".[260] The deal was unprecedented in the music industry as it is the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history; it reportedly involved Sony Music paying $250 million for the deal, with the Jackson estate getting the full sum as well as its share of royalties for all works released.[259][261] Video game developer Ubisoft announced it would release a new dancing-and-singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season. The game titled Michael Jackson: The Experience will be among the first to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the respective motion-detecting camera systems for Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3 due out later that year.[262]
On November 3, 2010, the theatrical performing company Cirque du Soleil announced that it would launch "Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour" in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show will reside in Las Vegas.[263] The 90-minute US$57M production will combine Jackson's iconic musical oeuvre and choreography with the Cirque's signature artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.[264] The tour was written and directed by Jamie King[265] and centers on Jackson's "inspirational Giving Tree – the wellspring of creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile beauty of nature are unlocked."[266] On October 3, 2011, the accompanying compilation soundtrack album Immortal was announced to have over 40 Jackson’s original recordings re-produced by Kevin Antunes.[267]
In April 2011, Jackson's longtime friend and billionaire businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, chairman of Fulham F.C., unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club's stadium, Craven Cottage.[268] Fulham fans were however bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club.[269] Al Fayed however defended the statue and told the fans to 'go to hell' if they didn't appreciate the statue.[270]
Artistry[link]
Influences[link]
Jackson's music took root in R&B, pop and soul. He had been influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as Little Richard, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, Diana Ross, David Ruffin, Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis, Jr., The Isley Brothers, the Bee Gees and the West Side Story dancers, to whom he made a tribute in "Beat It" and in the "Bad" video.[271] According to David Winters, who met and befriended Jackson while choreographing the 1971 Diana Ross TV Special "Diana!", (which was also Jackson's first solo debut outside of The Jackson 5), Jackson watched West Side Story almost every week and it was his favorite film.[272][273][274] While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,[275][276] James Brown was Jackson's greatest inspiration. In reference to Brown, Jackson declared: "Ever since I was a small child, no more than like six years old, my mother would wake me no matter what time it was, if I was sleeping, no matter what I was doing, to watch the television to see the master at work. And when I saw him move, I was mesmerized. I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown, and right then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life because of James Brown."[277]
The young Michael Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross. Not only a mother figure to him, she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished performer. He later expressed: "I got to know her well. She taught me so much. I used to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved. She was art in motion. I studied the way she moved, the way she sang – just the way she was." He told her: "I want to be just like you, Diana." She said: "You just be yourself."[278] But Jackson owed part of his enduring style—especially his use of the oooh interjection—to Ross. From a young age, Jackson often punctuated his verses with a sudden exclamation of oooh. Diana Ross had used this effect on many of the songs recorded with The Supremes.[279]
Musical themes and genres[link]
Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write his songs on paper. Instead he would dictate into a sound recorder, and when recording he would sing the lyrics from memory.[280] In most of his songs, such as "Billie Jean", "Who Is It", and "Tabloid Junkie", he would beatbox and imitate the instruments using his voice instead of playing the actual instruments, along with other sounds. Jackson noted that it is easier to sing a drum line, or sing a bass, instead of playing a drum line or a bass with an instrument. Several critics have said that Jackson's distinct voice was able to replace any instrument convincingly. Steve Huey of Allmusic said that, throughout his solo career, Jackson's versatility allowed him to experiment with various themes and genres.[281] As a musician, he ranged from Motown's dance fare and ballads to techno and house-edged new jack swing to work that incorporates both funk rhythms and hard rock guitar.[18][282][283]
According to Huey, Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.[281] Notable tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature" and "The Girl Is Mine"; the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"; and the post-disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".[281][282][283][284][285] With Thriller, Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery.[285] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[283] In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers.[281] In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.[285] "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.[18][281] He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years.[281] In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.[281]
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One of Jackson's signature pieces, "Thriller", released as a single in 1984, utilizes cinematic sound effects, horror film motifs and vocal trickery to convey a sense of danger.[22]
A single from the album Bad, released 1988, "Smooth Criminal" features digital drum sounds, keyboard-created bass lines and other percussion elements designed to give the impression of a pulsing heart.[286]
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In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana".[290] The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution.[78] "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.[78] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual.[291] He comments the album is more diverse than his previous Bad, as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World".[291] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time".[292] The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.[292] Dangerous contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet".[292] The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire.[292] The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries.[292] In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.[293]
HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia.[294] Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media.[295] In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces.[294][295] In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot".[296] Invincible found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins.[281] It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes hip-hop, pop and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".[297][298]
Vocal style[link]
Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor.[299] His vocal range as an adult was F2-E♭6. Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's G.I.T.: Get It Together album.[300] Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of Off the Wall: it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video.[20] With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly".[301][302] 1982 saw the release of Thriller, and Rolling Stone was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".[285]
A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him.[303] The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone".[292] When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.[292] When commenting on Invincible, Rolling Stone were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".[304] Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".[286]
Music videos and choreography[link]
Jackson has also been referred to as the King of Music Videos,[305] Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers.[281] Before Thriller, Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.[306] Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition.[307] MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race.[308] The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.[309][307] His performance on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.[310] Short films like Thriller largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated.[311] The choreography in Thriller has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines.[312] The Thriller short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.[99]
In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; Time magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.[71][313] For "Smooth Criminal", Jackson experimented with an innovative "anti-gravity lean" in his performances. The maneuver required special shoes for which he was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,255,452.[314] Although the music video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the US, in 1989, it was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards;[315] the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the quality of the special effects used in its production. In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.[97]
He received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988 and the MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award in 1990 to celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s; in 1991 the first award was renamed in his honor.[114] "Black or White" was accompanied by a controversial music video, which, on November 14, 1991, simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music video.[113] It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of violence. The offending scenes in the final half of the 14-minute version were edited out to prevent the video from being banned, and Jackson apologized.[316] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton and George Wendt. It helped usher in morphing as an important technology in music videos.[317]
"Remember the Time" was an elaborate production, and became one of his longest videos at over nine minutes. Set in ancient Egypt, it featured groundbreaking visual effects and appearances by Eddie Murphy, Iman and Magic Johnson, along with a distinct complex dance routine.[318] The video for "In the Closet" was Jackson's most sexually provocative piece. It featured supermodel Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson. The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery.[114]
The music video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it gained 11 MTV Video Music Award Nominations—more than any other music video—and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".[319] The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child molestation in 1993.[320] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterwards Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made at a cost of $7 million.[151][321]
"Earth Song" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video that gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow.[151][322] Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston. The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video.[151][160][323][324]
Legacy and influence[link]
Jackson throughout his career transformed the art of the music video and paved the way for modern pop music. Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson in 2003 as "extremely important" and a "genius".[239] For much of his career, he had an "unparalleled" level of worldwide influence over the younger generation through his musical and humanitarian contributions.[153] Jackson's music and videos, such as Thriller, fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster, helped to put the relatively new channel into public awareness, and steered the channel's focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. Jackson's work continues to influence numerous hip hop, rock, pop and R&B artists, including Patrick Stump,[325] Jennifer Lopez,[326] Beyoncé,[327] Mariah Carey,[328] Mýa,[329] Usher,[330] Adam Lambert,[331] Green Day,[332] Justin Timberlake,[333] Britney Spears,[334] Madonna,[335] Alien Ant Farm[164] and Ludacris, among others.[336]
Allmusic's Steve Huey describes Jackson as "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".[281] In the mid-1980s, Time magazine's pop music critic, Jay Cocks, noted "Jackson is the biggest thing since The Beatles. He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis Presley. He just may be the most popular black singer ever".[40] In 1990, Vanity Fair cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business.[97] In 2007, Jackson said, "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world. Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."[337]
Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work.[338] The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.[339] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as "the greatest entertainer that ever lived".[340][341][342]
In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended into academia, and was detectable in scholarly literature pertaining to a range of subject matter.[343][344] The two researchers combed through various scholars' writings, and compiled an annotated bibliography of those writings that appeared to meet at least one of several criteria. Among these criteria were appearance in a peer-reviewed journal, and the provision of insight into the nature of "popular icons including Jackson".[345] The bibliography located references to Jackson in research reports concerning music, popular culture, and an array of other topics. The bibliographers identified as their most peculiar finding an argument that certain aspects of chemistry can be effectively taught by altering and imitating elements of Jackson's singing.[346] One of the research librarians later reflected that "the fact that someone would take a Michael Jackson song and co-opt it as a means to convey chemistry concepts just shows the pervasiveness of Jackson's influence".[343]
Honors and awards[link]
Michael Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as member of The Jacksons and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards, including the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, the American Music Award's Artist of the Century Award and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.[165][347] He was a double-inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other hall of fames, including Vocal Group Hall of Fame (as The Jackson 5 member) in 1999, Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 and Hit Parade Hall of Fame (with his brothers) in 2009.[165][348] In 2010, Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll.[349] His awards include many Guinness World Records (eight in 2006 alone),[350] 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), 26 American Music Awards (24 only as a solo artist, including the "Artist of the Century", but not the poll of "Artist of the '80s")—more than any artist—, 13 number one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era[351]—and estimated sales of up to 750 million records worldwide, making him the world's best selling male solo pop artist.[32][99][113][163][215][216][352][353][354][355][356] On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's death as a "moment of significance" saying, "Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie This Is It."[357] Michael Jackson also received a Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund[358] and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University.[359]
Lifetime earnings[link]
His total lifetime earnings from royalties on his solo recordings and music videos, revenue from concerts and endorsements have been estimated at US$500 million; some analysts have speculated that his music catalog holdings could be worth billions of dollars.[98][360] This speculation however is contradicted by financial documents obtained by the Associated Press, which showed that as of March 31, 2007, Jackson's 50 percent stake in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing catalog (his most prized asset) was worth $390.6 million and Michael Jackson's net worth was $236 million.[361] Billboard has estimated that Jackson has generated at least $1 billion in revenue in the year following his death.[362]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Michael Jackson albums discography, Michael Jackson singles discography, and Michael Jackson videography
See also: Jackson 5 discography
- Got to Be There (1972)
- Ben (1972)
- Music & Me (1973)
- Forever, Michael (1975)
- Off the Wall (1979)
- Thriller (1982)
- Bad (1987)
- Dangerous (1991)
- HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995)
- Invincible (2001)
Filmography[link]
Main article: Michael Jackson videography
| Year | Film | Role | Director |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | The Wiz[363] | Scarecrow | Lumet, SidneySidney Lumet |
| 1986 | Captain EO[364] | Captain EO | Coppola, Francis FordFrancis Ford Coppola |
| 1988 | Moonwalker[365] | Himself | Kramer, JerryJerry Kramer |
| 1997 | Michael Jackson's Ghosts[366] | Maestro/Mayor/Ghoul/Skeleton | Winston, StanStan Winston |
| 2002 | Men in Black II[367] | Agent M (cameo) | Sonnenfeld, BarryBarry Sonnenfeld |
| 2004 | Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls[368] | Agent MJ (cameo) | Stoller, Bryan MichaelBryan Michael Stoller |
| 2009 | Michael Jackson's This Is It[369] | Himself | Ortega, KennyKenny Ortega |
Tours[link]
- Bad World Tour (1987–89)
- Dangerous World Tour (1992–93)
- HIStory World Tour (1996–97)
- This Is It (2009–10) (cancelled)
See also[link]
 |
Book: Michael Jackson |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- Michael Jackson-related games
- List of awards received by Michael Jackson
- List of best-selling albums
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of best-selling music artists in the United States
- List of most expensive music videos
- List of unreleased Michael Jackson material
- List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs
References[link]
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- ^ a b c d e George, pp. 43–44
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- ^ Press references to Jackson as a music "king" appeared as early as 1984 after he swept the Grammy Awards, and "king of pop" appeared as early as 1987. MTV and Fox used the title in joint press releases and ads for the "Black or White" video at Jackson's request, but MTV denied a report that VJs were required to use it on-camera. Writers described the title as self-proclaimed from then on.
- ^ Arar, Yardena (February 29, 1984). "Michael Jackson coronated latest king of rock 'n' roll". Boca Raton News: p. 7A.
- ^ Staff writer (July 27, 1987). "Is the thrill gone for singer Michael Jackson?". Sacramento Bee: p. B3.
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- ^ Campbell (1993) pp. 260–263
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- ^ Carter, Kelley L. (August 10, 2008). "New jack swing". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-08-10/news/0808080318_1_new-edition-new-jack-city-swing. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The return of the King of Pop". MSNBC. (November 2, 2006). http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15529981/. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
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- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 459
- ^ Harrington, Richard (February 5, 1992). "Jackson to Tour Overseas". The Washington Post.
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- ^ a b c Taraborrelli, pp. 477–478
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- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 534–540
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- ^ Campbell (1995), pp. 47–50
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- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 500–507
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- ^ a b Taraborrelli, pp. 580–581
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- ^ a b Leeds, Jeff (April 13, 2006). "Michael Jackson Bailout Said to Be Close". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/13/business/media/13music.html?ex=1302580800&en=45bff2f7a4da68fe&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
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- ^ a b Rojek, Chris (2007). Cultural Studies. Polity. p. 74. ISBN 0-7456-3683-7.
- ^ a b c d e Taraborrelli, pp. 610–612
- ^ "Ricky Martin, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Others To Join Pavarotti For Benefit". VH1. (May 5, 1999). http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1426933/19990505/carey_mariah.jhtml. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
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- ^ a b "Lauryn Hill, Backstreet Boys, DMX Honored With American Music Awards". MTV. (January 18, 2000). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425174/20000118/backstreet_boys.jhtml. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Taraborrelli, pp. 614–617
- ^ a b c George, pp. 50–53
- ^ a b Liveblogging Michael Jackson's funeral and memorial service, The Guardian, July 7, 2009.
- ^ Conniff, Tamara (August 30, 2009). "We Killed Michael Jackson". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tamara-conniff/we-killed-michael-jackson_b_272174.html. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
- ^ a b Burkeman, Oliver (July 8, 2002). "Jacko gets tough: but is he a race crusader or just a falling star?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jul/08/oliverburkeman. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
- ^ Jackson, Jermaine ((December 31, 2002)). Interview with Connie Chung. "Interview with Jermaine Jackson". CNN. Connie Chung Tonight. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0212/31/cct.00.html. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
- ^ "Keys, Destiny's Child, McGraw win at American Music Awards". Lodi-News Sentinel. (January 10, 2002). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=Oc40AAAAIBAJ&sjid=GyEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=5669,889435&dq=american+music+awards+michael+jackson&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
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- ^ "BPI Searchable database—Gold and Platinum". British Phonographic Industry.
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- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 661
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- ^ "Jermaine Jackson reveals escape plan for Michael". Associated Press. September 10, 2011. http://hosted2.ap.org/PAPRI/a6ce7ad62f4a4c5c8250b21416094092/Article_2011-09-10-EU-Britain-Michael-Jackson/id-e252a4862bc04271938b75a1ab78bac5. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ^ McNamara, Melissa (March 17, 2006). "Jackson Closes Neverland House". CBS News. http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/people/main1414450.shtml. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
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- ^ a b "Jackson parts with Bahrain label". BBC News (BBC Online). September 26, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5380654.stm. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
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- ^ "Michael Jackson buys rights to Eminem tunes and more,". Rolling Stone (Wenner Media LLC). May 31, 2007.
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- ^ "Thriller the best selling album of all time". digitalproducer. (February 20, 2008). http://digitalproducer.digitalmedianet.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=312105&afterinter=true. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ "Michael Jackson Thriller 25". ultratop.be. http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Michael+Jackson&titel=Thriller+25&cat=a. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
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- ^ "Michael Jackson—King of Pop". acharts.us. http://acharts.us/album/37399. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ "King of Pop". www.ultratop.be. http://www.ultratop.be/nl/search.asp?search=king+of+pop&cat=a. Retrieved September 5, 2008.
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- ^ "Michael Jackson: The fantastic possessions revealed – Americas, World". The Independent (London). June 26, 2009. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/michael-jackson-auction-cancelled-after-lawsuit-1668969.html. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ Foster, Patrick (March 6, 2009). "Michael Jackson grand finale curtain-raiser". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5854735.ece. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
- ^ Kreps, Daniel (March 12, 2009). "Michael Jackson's "This Is It!" Tour Balloons to 50-Show Run Stretching Into 2010". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner LLC).
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- ^ "Michael Jackson dead at 50 after cardiac arrest". CNN. June 25, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/25/michael.jackson/index.html. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
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- ^ Joyce Eng (August 10, 2009). "Judge Approves Michael Jackson Film". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Michael-Jackson-Film-1008827.aspx. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
- ^ "This is It (2009)". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=michaeljacksonthisisit.htm. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
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- ^ Herrera, Monica (September 23, 2009). "New Michael Jackson Song, Album Due In October". Billboard.com. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/new-michael-jackson-song-album-due-in-october-1004015054.story. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
- ^ a b "Taylor Swift, Michael Jackson dominate American Music Awards nominations (Updated)". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). October 13, 2009. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/10/taylor-swift-michael-jackson-dominate-american-music-awards-nominations.html. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
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- ^ a b Harvey, Michael (June 26, 2009). "Fans mourn artist for whom it didn't matter if you were black or white". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6580897.ece. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
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- ^ "Transcript of 911 call". Yahoo! News. June 26, 2009.
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- George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.
- Guinness World Records (2003). Guinness World Records 2004. Guinness. ISBN 1-892051-20-6.
- Guinness World Records (2005). Guinness World Records 2006. Guinness. ISBN 1-904994-02-4.
- Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. Moonwalk. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=E9sGl5P8vQMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Moonwalk&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June (2001). Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0-205-31745-6.
- Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2009). Michael Jackson: The Magic, The Madness, The Whole Story, 1958–2009. Terra Alta, WV: Grand Central Publishing, 2009. ISBN 0-446-56474-5, 9780446564748.
Further reading[link]
- Dineen, Catherine (1993). Michael Jackson: In His Own Words. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3216-6. http://books.google.ca/books?id=DEspWj_IN_UC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20In%20His%20Own%20Words&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Grant, Adrian (1994, 1997, 2002 and 2005). Michael Jackson: The Visual Documentary. Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-432-2.
- Jackson, Michael (2006). My World, The Official Photobook, Vol. 1. Triumph International. ISBN 0-9768891-1-0.
- Jones, Bob (2005). Michael Jackson: The Man Behind the Mask. Select Books Inc. ISBN 1-59079-072-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=8j4ILUllObsC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20The%20Man%20Behind%20the%20Mask&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Jefferson, Margo; Brown (2007). On Michael Jackson. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27765-7. http://books.google.com/?id=WJiPk-3oPGkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Noonan, Damien (1994) (Audio book). Michael Jackson. Carlton Books. ISBN 1-85797-587-1.
External links[link]
| Find more about Michael Jackson on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jackson, Michael Joseph |
| Alternative names | Jackson, Michael Joe; Jackson, Michael J. |
| Short description | Singer |
| Date of birth | August 29, 1958 |
| Place of birth | Gary, Indiana, United States |
| Date of death | June 25, 2009 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
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2:00
BIX
webupload
BIX
BIX is a matrix of 930 fluorescent lamps integrated into the eastern Plexiglas facade of the Kunsthaus. Through the possibility to individually adjust the lamps' brightness at an infinite variability with 20 frames/second images, films and animations can be displayed. The BIX concept was initiated and developed by realities:united. Coming from an outside office this additional architectural concept had to be merged short term into the ongoing planning work. This integration process was challenging for a diversity of reasons: after all BIX was a new element designed to entirely dominate the main facade of the Kunsthaus thereby radically redefining the architectural concept of the building's skin. The BIX media installation and the Kunsthaus' architecture share a strong symbiotic relationship. The facade as a display extends the communication range of the Kunsthaus, complementing its programmatically formulated communicative purpose.In an abstract and mediated form the media facade transmits the internal processes of the Kunsthaus out into the public. For the development of BIX central design features of conventional large screen displays had been abandoned in order to obtain a number of substantial advantages in exchange. On the one hand, the low image resolution imposes strong limitations. On the other hand, this "deal" enables both the modular structure and the huge size of the installation to be highly integrated into the architecture, covering practically the entire <b>...</b>
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Zu Ende - Dracula 2007 Graz
rapjanssen01
Zu Ende - Dracula 2007 Graz
Zu Ende - Dracula 2007 Graz Dracula - Thomas Borchert Van Helsing - Uwe Kröger -Proshot 2007- *alle rechte Musical Festival KulturbetriebsGmbh 2007* *No copyright infringement intended* ENGLISH: DRACULA She belongs to me, old fool Its far too late for your heroism Youd better run away or die Its much torture for a little bit of glory Your live was wasted without a piece of repayment or gratitude VAN HELSING She will never be like you! Forsake her! Ill protect her Youre out of time, you will pass away No soul will follow you into your grave I saw many monsters, but no one was that mad Its over! DRACULA Its over! Youre game is over Why dont you give up voluntarily? comes out at the same VAN HELSING Its over You absolutely know this cause the one, who wins Will be the other ones death DRACULA Are you really that smart you think you are? What use will your books have, When darkness is destroying the light VAN HELSING Each moment you could pull to pieces of dust And your crimes will be past DRACULA Im far from death And I will pass on the blood of your children You will watch me from your graves when I do this cause your lives are miserably short You have to live with humbleness and virtue But I am free! BOTH Its over (Refrain) VAN HELSING Whatever you want to say Be prepared to die! DRACULA I destroyed your lifetime achievement, Because the victory is mine! Tell me how you want to die! VAN HELSING Soon I will watch you pull to pieces! BOTH Its over(Refrain) And soon the whole <b>...</b>
10:59
Rangers 5 - Sturm Graz 0 - Sept 2000
therangers1872
Rangers 5 - Sturm Graz 0 - Sept 2000
Rangers made a prefect start to their Champions League campaign with a 5-0 demolition of Sturm Graz. Michael Mols opened the scoring in the ninth minute tapping in after good play from Ronald de Boer. Allan Johnston then crossed for de Boer to slide the ball in while Jorg Albertz added a third when he thundered a shot into the net. In the second half, Albertz missed an early penalty but there were further goals from Giovanni van Bronckhorst and Billy Dodds.
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