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History[link]

Early 2001 was the beginning of emergence of a blogging culture, which rapidly developed. the Iranian government, which had strict controls in place for the print media and had shut down as many as 100 print newspapers.^[1] Iran has been listed consistently as among the bottom countries in violation of freedom of the press by Reporters without Borders. ^[2] Yet the internet provided a new means for widespread readership which was,up until 2004, was mostly unregulated, providing an outlet for mostly youth to express themselves freely. In 2009, due to the contentious nature of the presidential elections, and the rise of the green party movement, internet crackdowns have become far more strict. Nonetheless, as of 2009, according to the CIA world factbook, 8.214 million internet users in Iran, ranked 35th in the world.^[3] Blogs range from updates on art and critiquing movies, to following injustices of political prisoners. Diasporic farsi and Iranian blogs have also become a trend as a means to be part of an international online community. Blogs may be used as a virtual means of social protest without assembly, such as when thousands of bloggers renamed their blogs Akbar Ganji for a week in 2005, in support of the arrested critic of the regime. Hossien Derakhshan, the unofficial “godfather” of the blogosphere, set his up in Canada in September 2001. He was later arrested. In 2011, Iranian Authorities have executed and imprisoned more journalists and bloggers than any other countries, more than 600 people in one year ^[4].

Scope[link]

The broad usage of weblogs in Iran was staggering. As of 2004, the NITLE blog census found the number of blogs in Farsi to surpass 64,000. Some believe that the nature of these blogs have been exaggerated, in that they only represent the upper and upper middle class. Due however to the nature of the education system in Iran, larger amounts of lower class people have access to education and therefore new technologies, computers and the internet as a whole. There are more Iranian blogs than there are Spanish, German, Italian, Chinese, or Russian blogs. It has by far the largest amount of bloggers of any country in the region. Nearly 38% of the population regularly accesses the internet.

Appeal[link]

Blogs often give a sense of anonymity.

Political importance[link]

Blogging in Iran took on political importance as the regime continued its crackdown on journalists. The Iranian press is highly regulated, especially under the Press Law, which according to the UNHCR, “forbids the publication of ideas that are contrary to Islamic principles or detrimental to public rights.” This includes imprisonment for “propaganda,” which remains undefined, and for offenses that are “an insult to religion.” Because as many as 100 publications were shut down in the early 2000's, many sought alternative outlets for reporting and freedom of expression. This often came about in critiques of the regime, which was relatively unregulated until 2004. Implicit and explicit condemnation is common, such as is evident in the following excerpts. “11 July 2003: On occasion something happens in life that makes you want to believe in miracles. Like today! Coming across a copy of Kieslowski's Three colours Blue/ White/ Red amoung the videos at home- without anyone remembering having borrowed it from a friend... This was one of those majestic miracles that only a higher being can bestow on a special someone like me. Thank You God!”^[5] The viewing of movies in ones home is forbidden, as are most western films. More explicit expressions of dissent as also common: “25 november 2002: Every Day new intrigues and tyrannies by our repressive turbaned rulers...And crazy muslims around the world that bring nothing but carnage and shame...I swear to god...if it weren't for clergy like Eshkavari who keep telling us that what they do is not Islam...I would abandon this little faith once and for all” ^[6] In 2004 the government began to arrest and charge bloggers as political dissidents. It also began demanding shutdowns and screening of internet service providers, a big step in restriction that had been relatively unregulated. In 2009, internet users and particularly bloggers and online journalists were targeted for arrest and violence after the contested re-election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad who won by a landslide,inciting fraud allegations. Critical publications were shut down and the largest number of journalists were jailed since the 1979 revolution. The Press Law was also formally extended to “all internet publications” which may include blogs, requiring the authors to get licenses. According to ONI, with the sophisticated system of internet filtering developed by Iran, the websites Blogger and Persianblog are often blocked. Yet in response to the vitality of the Iranian blogosphere, the government decided to simultaneously pursue other tactics, announcing in late 2008 its intention to create thousands of pro government blogs, including one by the president himself. ^[7] Thus the internet, and in particular blogs became an important front in informal political debate, declarations, and dissatisfaction.

Hossein Derakhshan[link]

Born in Iran in 1975, Hossein Derakhshan, commonly referred to as the "blogging godfather" or the "blogfather," moved to canada in 2000. His blog became the first farsi blog, and took off in 2001 with his simple instruction manual on how to set up and write a farsi language blog. In 2003 his blog became highly political, encouraging opposition through writing. In 2006 he visited Israel publicly, seeking to mend relations between Iran and Israel, which are sworn enemies. In the same year, he also backed presidential candidate Ahmadinejad. In 2008 he was arrested while visiting family in Iran and was sentenced to 19 and a half years in prison, banned from political party membership for five years, and ordered to repay earnings of around $44,500 for "propagating against the regime" and "co-operating with hostile states." In 2010 he was temporarily released on bail of 1.5 million dollars. ^[8]

Shirin Abadi nobel peace prize news[link]

The power of the Iranian blogs was demonstrated in 2003, with the Iranian human rights lawyer Shirin Abadi winning the Nobel Peace Prize. Because her human rights work had much to do with representing women, children, and dissidents against the regime, the official Iranian news failed to report the win. Several hours later it included in the nightly news a 15 second mention of the win, while failing to report her actual accomplishments aside for “a children's Charity.” Rather than traditional channels, therefore, the news and reactions to it spread on multiple blogs. Nasrin Alavi, author of we are Iran brings the statistics of www.damasanj.com, a website which works out which stories are msot talked about in the Iranian blogosphere, which found that Ebadi dominated the top ten Rankings.8 Most were congratulatory, and sought to provide bios and facts on the nature of Ebadi's work, which the traditional press had failed to print. Bloggers went a step farther when they organized a reception for Ebadi at the Teheran airport upon her return on October 14, 2003. They called for people to celebrate her victory, as well as use the venue to protest the current situation of women's rights and oppression. Rather than the media, it was bloggers that provided up to date pictures of the reception to the public. Thousands of people attended, proving that bloggers could translate to actual events. Eventually this forced the government to respond to Ebadi's Prize in a more serious light: it cast Ebadi as an apostate and a member of a foreign conspiracy against Iran. ^[9]

Bam[link]

The earthquake in Bam on 26 december 2003 caused particular outrage and made clear the necessity for blogging as a news source. While the regime was ill equipped to deal with the disaster where an estimated 30,000 people lost their lives. The aftermath was tremendous in damages, and a lack of journalists to cover the quake. Blogs, therefore, became a central source of information. For example, Dr. Marajan Haj-Ahmadi's blog became one of the most read, as she was based in the bordering city of Kerman and was able to report from the area and provide information as to the medical inadequacies. Others included Baba's blog, an anonymous ex-newspaper journalist who entered the region to provide accurate news reports from the disaster zone. The survivors of the Bam earthquake also began protesting due to lack of governmental support, which went unreported in the official news but the shooting of two individuals at a friday prayer was reported by bloggers.

In her book "We are Iran: The Persian Blogs" Nasrin Alavi claims that the earthquake was a turning point for blogs being organizing forces as well as partnering with NGO's rather than governmental organizations:

Bloggers like 'Shineh' got involved in a variety of NGOs organizing their own collection points and the transportation of aid in many parts of Iran. They were sometimes able to notify their fellow bloggers of the whereabouts of survivors relocated to hospitals in urban centers. They organized hospital visits, charity sales, and recruited volunteers ready to help in Bam

— (p. 260)

The translation from a virtual page into actual human mobility lent legitimacy to the blogger movement, as well as proving it to be a resilient form of networking that had practical applications. It also proved the fears of the government in that it began to resemble a movement rather than simply disconnected expressions of personal experiences.

Transition to Facebook[link]

While blogging remains a key form of political protest, in the 2009 uprisings, Facebook began to take a more central role. The physical, rather than virtual protests spread through word-of-mouth rather than blogs. When possible, instances of police abuse were captured on mobile phone videos and then uploaded to Youtube, most famously the video of Neda Agha Soltan being shot to death in the streets of Teheran. These video's were shared on Facebook, fueling the protests. Originally blocked by the government in 2006, it had been unblocked in 2009, just months before the protests. ^[10]

Language: the Use of English and Other Foreign Languages[link]

More recently, farsi has become just one of many iranian blog languages. English in particular is used. This is both because it is a relatively well known second language due to high education levels, and to expose the outside world to the goings on in Iran. Several influential bloggers made a plea to other bloggers to use this medium to increase international outrage at the Iranian regime. It also seeks to provide a lens from which to see the Iranian people as separate from their repressive government. Additionally, many blogs being read are written abroad by diasporic communities of Iranians throughout the globe. Many of their families left during the Brain-drain following the Islamic revolution in 1979 and after, creating a dedicated politically motivated and educated author base. These people use their native or adopted languages in addition to persian.

Women in Blogging[link]

Some of the most popular Iranian bloggers are women. The outlet often provides a means to escape the need to identify oneself openly, particularly as family honor can be associated with women. The internet provides a means to talk about the restrictions on women, including the mandatory Hijab. Women can communicate with men openly as contributors of commentators on each other's blog, even having virtual boyfriends online. They can talk about premarital sex, underground parties, alcohol and other youth activities often frowned upon or considered illegal. It also allows for following fashion trends, music, and feminist news. For example one blogger addresses the issue of prostitution under the regime, which is formally denied. “22 August 2003: some facts: The rate of runaway girls has grown 20 times between the periods of 1986-1999, with the average age of girls now 14.7...the average age of prostitutes has dropped from 27 to 20 years.”12Due to the extremely high education rate of women, females even surpassing males in enrollment in university, access and literacy are readily available. Some popular female bloggers include 2003 student uprisings Iran In 2003 there were a series of student uprisings throughout the country, despite widespread repression during 1999 riots. largely reported on blogs, providing news and updates for others, while it was not being reported by the press. This allowed for more organized, planned protests. Eventually they too were repressed, but not without using the internet and blogs as a means to defy authority.

Timeline[link]

2001[link]

• 7 September - The first Persian blog is published by Salman Jariri, using manual coding.^[11]
• 25 September - The blog using manual coding is published.
• 5 November - Instructions on "How to make a blog in Persian" using Blogger's free service is published, in response to readers' requests.

2002[link]

• 2 June - Cappuccino magazine is launched.
• 13 June - PersianBlog.ir, the first free blog service in Persian, is launched by Ata Khalighi Sigaroudi,^[12] amongst others.
• 10 November - BlogSky.com, the second free blog service in Persian, is launched.

2003[link]

• 20 April - Sina Motallebi, journalist and blogger is arrested.^[13]
• 26 September - Cafe Blog opens in northern Tehran.
• 24 November - Mohammad-Ali Abtahi, then Vice President for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs, starts Webnevesht, the first blog by a member of the Iranian cabinet.^[14]

2004[link]

• 16 January - Protesting MPs on sit-in start a weblog.
• 6 June - Persian Blogging festival starts.
• November - Iranian blogger Mojtaba Saminejad arrested for writing about the arrests of three other bloggers.^[15]

2005[link]

• 5 January - Saeed Mortazavi, Tehran's Chief prosecutor, ordered major ISPs to filter PersianBlog and other blogging service websites.
• 27 January/12 February - Iranian blogger Mojtaba Saminejad briefly released, then rearrested
• October Blog Herald estimate: 700,000 Iranian blogs, of which about 10% are active
• 11 October - Blogging courses starts in the holy city of Qom, the traditional home of Iran's religious establishment. They are run by the newly-established office of religious weblog expansion.^[16]

2006[link]

• Persian language was listed by Technorati among 10 most common languages among bloggers.^[17]
• 14 August - President Ahmadinejad starts his multilingual blog with one long entry.^[18]
• 13 September - Mojtaba Saminejad is released from prison, after serving term.
• December: Mehrnoush Najafi Ragheb won city council election in Hamedan.
• 4 December: Masoumeh Ebtekar, the first female vice president of Iran starts her blog in Persian.

2007[link]

• 24 December: Almost a year after starting her blog in Persian, Massoumeh Ebtekar starts her blog in English, under the title "Persian Paradox".

2008[link]

• 28 January - Parsweblog.com, the first free blog service based on wordpress in Persian, is launched by Mohammad hasan abbasi

• July 5: Yaghoob Mehrnehad (Mirnehad) an Iranian blogger journalist was executed.^[19][20]

• 1 November: Hossein Derakhshan, credited with starting the blogging revolution in Iran^[21] and frequently called "the father of Persian blogs"^[22] was arrested at his family home in Tehran, not long after arriving there.^[23][24][25] He was allowed four calls to his family, each lasting about one minute, during November.^[23] Amnesty International suggested that he was likely to face charges of "insulting religion", but he had not yet been charged as of mid-December.^[23]

• November: Revolutionary Guards announced its plan to launch 10000 blogs.

• 30 December: Alireza Jamshidi, the speaker of the Judicial system of Iran confirmed Derakhshan's arrest, said that Derakhshan was in the custody of the Islamic Revolutionary Court, that his case was in early discovery phase, and that among the accusations were that Derakhshan had allegedly written about the "Pure Imams".^[26]

2009[link]

• January 1, 2009: Iranian's own video sharing site "IranianYouTube.com" was created

• 18 March 2009: Omid Reza Mir Sayafi, Iranian blogger and journalist, died in prison in Iran^[27]

• late April 2009: Hossein Derakhshan remained under detention and had not been charged.^[28]

2010[link]

• July 24: Fariborz Shamshiri, Iranian atheist blogger has been targeted with death threats from radical Muslims.^[29]

• September 28: Hossein Derakhshan received a 19½ year jail sentence.^[30]

• October 8: Hossein Ronaghi-Maleki, often described as 'genius' blogger, was sentenced to 15 years in prison.^[31] According to Reporters Without Borders, he was alleged to have written and used software to combat filtering and to host and support websites and blogs that defend human rights.^[32]

Directories[link]

• Persian Blog
• BlogFa
• BlogSky
• Mihan Blog
• Parsi blog
• Pars Weblog

Related books[link]

• We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs by Nasrin Alavi (Soft Skull Press /November 28, 2005) ISBN 1-933368-05-5
• We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People, for the People by Dan Gilmor (O'Reilly, 2004) ISBN 0-596-00733-7

Academic papers[link]

• Rahimi, Babak (September 2003). Cyberdissent: The Internet in Revolutionary Iran. Middle East Review of International Affairs, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya , 7(3).
• Doostdar, Alireza (Dec. 2004). "The Vulgar Spirit of Blogging": On Language, Culture, and Power in Persian Weblogestan. American Anthropologist 106(4).
• Jensen, Peder Are Nøstvold (Sep. 2004). A Case Study of Iranian English Language Weblogs, inside and outside of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
• Farrell, Henry and Drezner, Daniel W. (Aug. 2004). The Power and Politics of Blogs.
• Simmons, Erin A. (Jun. 2005). The Impact of the Weblog: A Case Study of The United States and Iran.
• Alexanian, Janet A. (Nov. 2006). Publicly Intimate Online: Iranian Web Logs in Southern California. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Duke University Press 26(1)
• Halevi, Jordan. (March 2006). The Iranian Weblog Research Project: Survey Results.
• Hendelman-Baavur, Liora (June 2007). "Promises and Perils of Weblogistan: Online Personal Journals and the Islamic Republic of Iran". The Middle East Review of International Affairs, 11(2).
• PetrossianL, Celine (2006). Liberating the Silenced: Iranian Bloggers in the Diaspora, California State University, Northridge.
• Sreberny, Annabelle (2007). 'Becoming Intellectual: The Blogestan and Public Political Space in the Islamic Republic', British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol.34, No. 3, pp. 267–286
• Kelly, John and Bruce Etling (April 2008). Mapping Iran's Online Public: Politics and Culture in the Persian Blogosphere.
• Nafisi, Arman (June 2008). "Blogging Outside Iran: A Tool for Internal Democratic Change?". Center for Communication and Civic Engagement, University of Washington.
• IHRDC (May 2009). Ctrl+Alt+Delete: Iran's Response to the Internet.

See also[link]

• Internet in Iran
• Media of Iran
• Internet censorship in Iran
• Communications in Iran
• International rankings of Iran

References[link]

External links[link]

• Interactive Persian blogosphere map - Harvard University
• Blogging in Iran: The Electronic Manifestation of Persian Thought

Colleen Renee LaRose (born June 5, 1963),^[6] also known as JihadJane and Fatima LaRose, is an American citizen charged with terrorism-related crimes, including conspiracy to commit murder and providing material support to terrorists.^[1][7] Most recently, she lived in the Philadelphia suburb of Pennsburg, in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. She is being prosecuted in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.^[3][8]

She was taken into custody in October 2009, and her arrest was made public on March 9, 2010, when seven of her alleged co-conspirators were arrested in Ireland (five were later released by the Irish authorities).^[3] Among those arrested in Ireland (later released by the Irish authorities, but then arrested by U.S. authorities and charged as a co-defendant with LaRose in a superseding indictment) was Jamie Paulin-Ramirez, an American woman from Colorado whose parents say she was recruited by LaRose.^[1][7][9] Specifically, LaRose is accused of actively trying to recruit Islamic terrorists to wage violent jihad and of plotting to murder Swedish artist Lars Vilks, who had faced outrage by some Muslims for having made a drawing depicting the Prophet Muhammad's head on the body of a dog.^{[1][3][7][10][11][12]}

She was arraigned and initially pleaded not guilty on March 18.^[13] She faced a maximum penalty of life in prison, and a $1 million fine.^[13] On February 1, 2011 she pleaded guilty to all charges against her.^[14]

Background[link]

LaRose was born in Michigan and raised in Texas, where she dropped out of school before attending high school. She was briefly married at the age of 16 to Sheldon Barnum, who was 32 at the time, and married Rodolfo "Rudy" Cavazos in 1988 when she was 24 years old, though the marriage ultimately ended in divorce ten years later in 1998.^{[15][16][17][18]} She lived in several Texas towns, including San Angelo; Corpus Christi (which she moved to in 1999); Round Rock; and Ferris (in the early 2000s).^[11][19][20]

She moved to the Philadelphia area in 2004 to live with her new boyfriend Kurt Gorman, whom she had met in Ennis, Texas, when he was on a business trip there, and help him care for his aging father.^{[3][11][12][21][22][22][23][24]} Saddened by the deaths in short order of her brother and father, LaRose apparently attempted suicide on May 21, 2005, by consuming 8–10 cyclobenzaprine pills along with alcohol.^[8] Fearing that she might attempt suicide, her sister Pam in Texas called 911 and alerted police.^[25][26] LaRose told responding police that she did not want to die.^[27] Although she lived with Gorman for about five years and apparently converted to Islam and became radicalized during that time,^{[3][8][23][22]} he said she "never talked about international events, about Muslims, anything".^[28][29][29]

Conversion to Islam[link]

Her Myspace profile shows a number of pictures of bloodshed and violence in the Middle East, with messages such as: “Palestine We Are With You”, and “Sympathize With Gaza.”^{[22][30] [22][30]} In her profile, she says she is a recent convert to Islam.^[22][30] Her Myspace profile also reportedly includes a post that reads: “I support all the Mujahideen [Muslim warriors]. I hate zionist & all that support them!”^[9]

In 2007, calling herself "Fatima LaRose," she registered a social networking video-sharing profile on Dailymotion.com, and posted what appear to be attacks on U.S. troops in Iraq.^[31] On June 20, 2008, she posted a comment on YouTube using the screen name "JihadJane" (account is suspended), saying that she was "desperate to do something somehow to help" suffering Muslims, according to authorities.^[2] By December 2008, she was exchanging e-mail messages expressing her desire to become a martyr in the name of Allah for an Islamist cause.^[3][30]

One of her co-conspirators allegedly identified Lars Vilks, a Swedish artist who had outraged some Muslims for having made a drawing depicting the Prophet Muhammad's head on the body of a dog, as a target, and directed her on March 22, 2009, to go to Sweden, to find and kill him in a way that will frighten "the whole Kufar [non-believer] world".^[3] According to her indictment, she responded in writing: "I will make this my goal till I achieve it or die trying".^[3]

On July 1, she allegedly posted an online solicitation for funds to support terrorism.^[3] U.S. authorities were alerted in July by members of the Jawa Report blog, who had begun tracking LaRose's comments on the internet and her movements, including her raising funds for Pakistani militants through Twitter.^[19][32] The FBI interviewed her on July 17, 2009, and she denied ever soliciting funds for terrorism, or using the online screen name of "JihadJane."^[2]

On August 23, 2009, LaRose stole Gorman's passport and flew to Western Europe. Prosecutors say the purpose of the trip was "to live and train with jihadists, and to find and kill" Vilks. ^[3][11] She then joined an online community hosted by Vilks on September 8.^[2] On September 30, she allegedly sent an online message to a co-conspirator, saying that it would be "an honor & great pleasure to die or kill" for him, and promising that "only death will stop me here that I am so close to the target!"^[2] During her time in Europe, she was reportedly in London, the Netherlands, and for approximately two weeks in Ireland.^[19][33][34] While she wrote the Swedish embassy in March 2009, inquiring how to obtain residency, the court documents do not indicate whether she ever made it to Sweden.^[18]

Arrest, indictment, and arraignment[link]

LaRose was arrested on Oct. 16, 2009, at Philadelphia International Airport as she returned from London, and allegedly confessed her role in the plot to kill Vilks to FBI agents shortly after her arrest, according to two people close to the investigation.^[19] But her imprisonment was kept secret until her indictment was unsealed on March 9, 2010.^[11] In a court appearance before a federal magistrate on October 17, she agreed to pretrial detention, but did not enter a plea.^[2][23] She was kept under wraps in custody in Philadelphia without bail until her indictment was unsealed, to protect another ongoing investigation.^[35][36]

The indictment of LaRose charged that she linked up with militants outside the U.S. through the internet, and plotted to carry out a murder, and that she and five unindicted co-conspirators (in South Asia, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and the U.S.) recruited men and women over the internet to wage jihad and be terrorists in South Asia and Europe and to finance terrorism.^{[1][2][3][7][30][37]} She was charged with conspiracy to provide material support to terrorists, conspiracy to kill in a foreign country, making false statements to the FBI, and attempted identity theft.^[1][2][3][7] Swedish authorities said they were aware of the arrest before it happened.^[38]

U.S. Representative Charles W. Dent, R-Pa., said on March 17 that the FBI had briefed him about LaRose, and that his "understanding is that the cooperation has generally stopped at this point."^[19]

LaRose was arraigned on March 18, 2010, and pleaded not guilty to all four counts.^[13][36] U.S. Magistrate Judge Lynne Sitarski set her trial date for May 3, and during the interim she will remain in federal custody.^[5] If convicted, she faces a maximum penalty of life in prison, and a $1 million fine.^[13][39]

Ireland arrests[link]

The same day as the unsealing of LaRose's indictment, four men and three women in their 20s and 40s were arrested in Waterford and Cork, Ireland, with regard to an alleged plot to assassinate Vilks.^[2][38][40] Gardai close to the investigation said those arrested were foreign-born Irish residents.^[40]

They reportedly included three Algerians (two of them a married couple), a Croatian (a Muslim convert), a Palestinian, a Libyan, and a U.S. national—Jamie Paulin-Ramirez.^[34][41] By March 15, only two of the seven, an Algerian and a Libyan, were being kept in custody and charged, though lawyers said charges against the other five were also possible.^[41] The Algerian, Ali Charaf Damache, a 10-year resident of Ireland, was suspected of being the group’s leader, and the Libyan, Abdul Salam al-Jahani, were both ordered held without bail.^[41]

LaRose had online discussions with at least one of the suspects apprehended in Ireland regarding her plans, according to a U.S. official.^[23] Her main contact in Ireland was believed to be Damache, who lived in Waterford with Paulin-Ramirez.^[42] Gardai believe LaRose visited Ireland in 2009 to enlist and aid those involved.^[43]

The Garda Síochána were alerted by the FBI in October 2009 about the Irish link to the alleged murder plot, and a Garda investigation was put in place to covertly gather as much information as possible on the Irish-based suspects.^[44] Garda said that throughout the investigation they worked closely with law enforcement agencies in the U.S. and in a number of European countries.^[40] The charges against LaRose were reportedly related to the Irish investigation.^[11]

LaRose was the only American woman in recent years to have been charged in the U.S. with terrorist violations and attempting to foment a terror conspiracy to kill someone overseas.^[45] Some terrorism experts pointed to LaRose's apparent mental instability, arguing she was an anomaly and not representative of a trend towards women jihadists.^[46]

See also[link]

	Biography portal
	Terrorism portal
	Islam portal
	United States portal

• Homegrown terrorism

References[link]

v t e Alleged militants in the War on Terror who have lived in the United States September 11 attacks Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Mohamed Atta Satam al-Suqami Waleed al-Shehri Wail al-Shehri Abdulaziz al-Omari Marwan al-Shehhi Fayez Banihammad Mohand al-Shehri Hamza al-Ghamdi Ahmed al-Ghamdi Hani Hanjour Khalid al-Mihdhar Majed Moqed Nawaf al-Hazmi Salem al-Hazmi Ziad Jarrah Ahmed al-Nami Saeed al-Ghamdi Ahmed al-Haznawi Buffalo Six Sahim Alwan Mukhtar al-Bakri Faysal Galab Yahya Goba Shafal Mosed Yaseinn Taher al-Qaeda / Islamic Jihad / al-Jihad Sami Al-Arian Anwar al-Awlaki Khaled Abu el-Dahab Adam Yahiye Gadahn Wadih el-Hage Ziyad Khaleel Sharif Mobley Ali Mohamed Zacarias Moussaoui Aafia Siddiqui Bryant Neal Vinas Najibullah Zazi Boston cab drivers Mohamad Elzahabi Raed Hijazi Bassam Kanj Portland Seven Jeffrey Battle Ahmed Bilal Muhammad Bilal Patrice Lumumba Ford Mike Hawash October Lewis Habis Abdulla al Saoub Arrested in 2005 and convicted Abdulrahman Farhane Mahmud al-Mutazzim Rafiq Abdus Sabir Tarik Shah Liberty City Seven convicted Patrick Abraham Burson Augustin Rotschild Augustine Narseal Batiste Stanley Phanor acquitted Naudimar Herrera Lyglenson Lemorin 2007 Fort Dix plot Agron Abdullahu Dritan Duka Eljvir Duka Shain Duka Mohamad Ibrahim Shnewer Serdar Tatar 2009 Bronx plot James Cromitie David Williams Onta Williams 2010 Vilks assassination plot Colleen LaRose Jamie Paulin-Ramirez D.C. Five Umer Farooq Waqar Khan Ahmed Abdullah Minni Aman Hassan Yasir Ramy Zamzam Others Nuradin Abdi Ahmed Omar Abu Ali Farooque Ahmed Shirwa Ahmed Mohamed Mahmood Alessa Carlos Eduardo Almonte Daniel Patrick Boyd / Raleigh jihad group Iyman Faris Rezwan Ferdaus Michael Finton Nidal Malik Hasan David Headley Majid Khan John Walker Lindh Daniel Maldonado Sayed Malike Mohamed Osman Mohamud Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad José Padilla Michael Curtis Reynolds Faisal Shahzad Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah Hosam Maher Husein Smadi Ali al-Tamimi Detroit Sleeper Cell Virginia Jihad Network 2011 Manhattan terrorism plot 2005 Los Angeles bomb plot Held in Guantanamo Bay Majid Khan