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![The Autobiography Of Nicolae Ceausescu [2010] trailer](http://web.archive.org./web/20120922094807im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/grdV_2l7R2g/0.jpg "From a formal point of view, The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu proves that it is possible to only use existing images to yield films focused on recent history, yet with an epic vein similar to that of the historical fiction cinema - such as, most notably, the ample period pieces dedicated by American cinema to the Vietnam War generation. This is an eminently syntactic endeavor, where montage plays a twofold part: mise-en-scene, as it builds scenes that do not exist as such in the rushes, and classical editing, connecting scenes together. We may be witnessing the birth of a new film genre.")
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Carol I (20 April 1839 – 27 September 1914 (O.S.) / 10 October 1914 (N.S.)), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was reigning prince and then king of Romania from 1866 to 1914. He was elected prince of Romania on 20 April 1866 following the overthrow of Alexander John Cuza by a palace coup, although some see it as an important move in legitimising the de-facto union of two of Romania's principalites with the involvement of an important western European family tie. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War he was proclaimed King of Romania on 26 March 1881. He was the first ruler of the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen dynasty, which ruled the country until the proclamation of a republic in 1947.
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(pronounced , 16 October 1908 11 April 1985) was the leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania. He also served as Prime Minister of Albania from 1944 to 1954, Minister of Defense from 1944 to 1953, Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1946 to 1953, Chairman of the Democratic Front from 1945 to his death, and as Commander-in-Chief of the Albanian armed forces from 1944 to his death.
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Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he also became the only President of the United States who was elected neither President nor Vice-President.
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Igor Sergeyevich Gouzenko (January 13, 1919 – June 28, 1982) was a cipher clerk for the Soviet Embassy to Canada in Ottawa, Ontario. He defected on September 5, 1945, with 109 documents on Soviet espionage activities in the West. This forced Prime Minister Mackenzie King to call a Royal Commission to investigate espionage in Canada.
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Ion Iliescu (; born March 3, 1930) served as President of Romania from 1990 until 1996, and from 2000 until 2004. From 1996 to 2000 and from 2004 until his retirement in 2008, Iliescu was a Senator for the Social Democratic Party (PSD), whose honorary president he remains.
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Ion Mihai Pacepa
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Ion Niculi
Ion Niculi (January 25, 1887 – July 31, 1979), Romanian communist politician, served as vice president of the Presidium of the Romanian People's Republic (1947-1948).
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Ivan Bodiul
Ivan Bodiul (b. January 3, 1918, Alexandrovca) was a Moldovan SSR politician.
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James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975, and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.
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Juliana Geran Pilon is a Romanian-born American political scientist and writer. She is a Research Professor of Politics and Culture and an Earhart Fellow at the Institute of World Politics in Washington, D.C.
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Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (; 24 September 1911 – 10 March 1985) was a Soviet politician and the fifth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union from 13 February 1984 until his death thirteen months later, on 10 March 1985. Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 11 April 1984 until his death.
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Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong (; December 26, 1893 September 9, 1976) was a Han Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader. He led the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, military strategies, and his brand of Communist policies are now collectively known as Maoism.
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Mathieu Kérékou
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Michael of Romania
Michael (born 25 October 1921) reigned as King of the Romanians (, literally "His Majesty Michael I King of the Romanians") from 20 July 1927 to 8 June 1930, and again from 6 September 1940, until forced to abdicate by the communists backed up by orders of Stalin to the Soviet armies of occupation on 30 December 1947. In addition to being the current pretender to the throne of Romania, he is also a Prince of Hohenzollern.
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Mihai Viteazul
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Mihail Sadoveanu
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov ; born 2 March 1931) was the sixth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.
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Milouš Jakeš
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Mircea cel Bătrân
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Miron Cristea
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Mobutu Sese Seko
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Mozambican Civil War
The Mozambican Civil War began in 1977, two years after the end of the war of independence. The ruling party, Front for Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), was violently opposed from 1977 by the Rhodesian- and (later) South African-funded Mozambique Resistance Movement (RENAMO). Over 900,000 died in fighting and from starvation, five million civilians were displaced, many were made amputees by landmines, a legacy from the war that continues to plague Mozambique. Fighting ended in 1992 and the country's first multi-party elections were held in 1994.
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Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
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Nicolae Ceauşescu
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Nicolae Ceaușescu
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Nicolae Golescu
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Nicolae Văcăroiu
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Nicu Ceauşescu
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Nikita Khrushchev
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Peaceful coexistence
Peaceful coexistence ( or, "Peaceful co-existence - as a form of the continuation of the class struggle") was a theory developed and applied by the Soviet Union at various points during the Cold War in the context of its ostensibly Marxist-Leninist foreign policy and was adopted by Soviet-influenced Communist states that they could peacefully coexist with the "capitalist" bloc (i.e., non-communist states). This was in contrast to the antagonistic contradiction principle that Communism and capitalism could never coexist in peace. The Soviet Union applied it to relations between the western world and in particular, the United States and NATO countries and the nations of the Warsaw Pact.
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Petru Groza
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Ping Pong Diplomacy
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Pol Pot
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Queen Elizabeth II
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Ramiz Alia
(born October 18, 1925) was the second and last communist leader of Albania from 1985 to 1991, and the President of People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1982 to 1991, and also the first President of the post communist Albania elected in 1991 until 1992. He had been designated as successor by Enver Hoxha and took power after Hoxha died.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974, having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. A member of the Republican Party, he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.
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Romanians
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Sali Berisha
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Salvador Dalí
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Saparmurat Niyazov
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Sino-Albanian split
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Sino-Indian War
The Sino-Indian War (), also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict (), was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962. A disputed Himalayan border was the main pretext for war, but other issues played a role. There had been a series of violent border incidents after the 1959 Tibetan uprising, when India had granted asylum to the Dalai Lama. India initiated a Forward Policy in which it placed outposts along the border, including several north of the McMahon Line, the eastern portion of a Line of Actual Control proclaimed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1959.
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Sino-Vietnamese War
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Stelian Tănase
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Tank Man
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The Times
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Todor Zhivkov
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Traian Băsescu
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Tôn Đức Thắng
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Valentin Ceauşescu
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Viacheslav Chornovil
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Vietnam War
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Violeta Chamorro
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Vitali Holostenco
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Václav Havel
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Walter Ulbricht
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Warsaw Pact
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Wojciech Jaruzelski
Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (pronounced ; born 6 July 1923) was the last commander-in-chief of the communist Polish People's Army (LWP) and the chairman of the Polish United Workers Party from 1981 to 1989, Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990. He was the country's last communist leader and dictator and resigned from power after the Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989 led to democratic elections in Poland.
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Wu'erkaixi
'''Wu'erkaixi (sometimes spelled Wu'er Kaixi'''; born 17 February 1968) was a Chinese student leader of Uyghur ethnicity in the Tiananmen protests of 1989. He was born in Beijing, but listed as a native of Yili, Xinjiang Autonomous Region. He achieved prominence while studying at Beijing Normal University as a hunger striker who rebuked Chinese Premier Li Peng on national television. He now resides in Taiwan.
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Yasser Arafat
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Yuri Andropov
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Zianon Pazniak
Zianon Pazniak (, born April 24, 1944) is a Belarusian nationalist politician, one of the founders of the Belarusian Popular Front and leader of the Christian Conservative Party of the BPF. He has lived in emigration since 1996.
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Zoia Ceauşescu
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Ştefan Foriş
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Ştefan Voitec
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Ceausescu, Nicolae Filmography
- Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceausescu (2010)
- The King of Communism: The Pomp & Pageantry of Nicolae Ceausescu (2002)
- Family Secret (2001)
- Nordrand (1999)
- Wide World of Sports 35th Anniversary Special (1996)
- Executions II (1995)
- The Many Faces of Death, Part 5 (1995)
- Underground (1995)
- Death Scenes 3 (1993)
- ABC's Wide World of Sports 30th Anniversary Special (1991)
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Nicolae Ceausescu LAST SPEECH 21.12.1989 (english subtitles) 1/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:45
- Published: 22 Apr 2010
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
Nicolae Ceauşescu (Romanian pronunciation: [nikoˈla.e tʃa.uˈʃesku]; 26 January 1918 25 December 1989) was a Romanian politician who was the Secretary General of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989, President of the Council of State from 1967, and President of Romania from 1974 to 1989. His rule was marked in the first decade by an open policy towards Western Europe and the United States, which deviated from that of the other Warsaw Pact states during the Cold War. He continued a trend first established by his predecessor, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who had tactfully coaxed the Soviet Union into withdrawing troops from Romania in 1958.[1] Ceauşescu's second decade was characterized by an increasingly erratic personality cult, nationalism and a deterioration in foreign relations with the Western powers as well as the Soviet Union. Ceauşescu's government was overthrown in a December 1989 military coup, and he and his wife were executed following a televised two-hour session by a kangaroo court.[2] en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Nicolae_Ceausescu_LAST_SPEECH_21121989_english_subtitles_1_2
Nicolae Ceausescu's final speech
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Published: 30 May 2006
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Video of Nicolae Ceausescu's final speech in Republican Square
http://wn.com/Nicolae_Ceausescu's_final_speech
The King of Communism (Nicolae Ceausescu)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 53:07
- Published: 13 Feb 2012
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
The King of Communism (Nicolae Ceausescu)
http://wn.com/The_King_of_Communism_Nicolae_Ceausescu
Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceauşescu DVDRip
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 179:22
- Published: 04 Oct 2011
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
Documentarul este realizat exclusiv din imagini de arhivă, obţinute de la TVR şi de la Arhiva Naţională de Filme, şi prezintă inclusiv scena judecăţii soţilor Ceauşescu, din decembrie '89. Au fost incluse în documentar şi imagini inedite, care nu au fost niciodată difuzate
http://wn.com/Autobiografia_lui_Nicolae_Ceauşescu_DVDRip
Remember Nicolae Ceausescu's Romania?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Published: 19 Oct 2009
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Images full of "excitement" from Communist Party's Congress combined with long line-ups for food and gasoline. In the song the young pioneers are thanking to the Communist Party for the "happy" life! Do you recognize present day politicians among the Congress participants? In the end, there is a short message of Nicolae Ceausescu to the people of Romania for the New Year where it can be noted the miss-pronunciation of some words! valahia-cantemir.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Remember_Nicolae_Ceausescu's_Romania?
The Autobiography Of Nicolae Ceausescu [2010] trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Published: 15 May 2010
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
From a formal point of view, The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceausescu proves that it is possible to only use existing images to yield films focused on recent history, yet with an epic vein similar to that of the historical fiction cinema - such as, most notably, the ample period pieces dedicated by American cinema to the Vietnam War generation. This is an eminently syntactic endeavor, where montage plays a twofold part: mise-en-scene, as it builds scenes that do not exist as such in the rushes, and classical editing, connecting scenes together. We may be witnessing the birth of a new film genre.
http://wn.com/The_Autobiography_Of_Nicolae_Ceausescu_2010_trailer
Cine nu-l cunoaste pe Nicolae Ceausescu sa-l asculte cu atentie,poate intelege ceva!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Published: 01 Feb 2011
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
Cine nu-l cunoaste pe Nicolae Ceausescu sa-l asculte cu atentie,sa nu mai creada tot ce aude la televizor.Ascultati cat de sanatos gandea pentru romani si Romania.
http://wn.com/Cine_nu-l_cunoaste_pe_Nicolae_Ceausescu_sa-l_asculte_cu_atentie,poate_intelege_ceva!
Nicolae Ceauşescu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Published: 28 Sep 2009
- Updated: 29 Jun 2012
One day Romania's Nicolas Ceauşescu was just another strongman tyrant who even the western media said would take years to bring down even after the rest of Eastern Europe fell. Two weeks later his was relieved of his government duties. No wonder you don't see this on TV very much - they don't want the sheeple getting any bright ideas.
http://wn.com/Nicolae_Ceauşescu
Rise and fall Nicolae Ceausescu - rare unseen images from the archive
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:00
- Published: 20 Oct 2011
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
NICOLAE CEAUSESCU ASCENSIUNEA SI DECADEREA
http://wn.com/Rise_and_fall_Nicolae_Ceausescu_rare_unseen_images_from_the_archive
Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceausescu | Trailer Cannes 2010 OUT OF COMPETITION Andrei Ujica
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Published: 15 May 2010
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
CANNES FILM FESTIVAL 2010 - OUT OF COMPETITION trailer for "Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceausescu" Genre: Documentary Regie / directed by: Andrei Ujica Darsteller / cast: Verwendung mit freundlicher Genehmigung von Festival de Cannes Press Office used with authorization
http://wn.com/Autobiografia_lui_Nicolae_Ceausescu_|_Trailer_Cannes_2010_OUT_OF_COMPETITION_Andrei_Ujica
The Autobiography Of Nicolae Ceausescu by Andrei Ujica trailer. Bande annonce
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Published: 18 May 2010
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Trailer of The Autobiography Of Nicolae Ceausescu by Andrei Ujica. Cannes 2010 out of competition.
http://wn.com/The_Autobiography_Of_Nicolae_Ceausescu_by_Andrei_Ujica_trailer_Bande_annonce
Romanian Dictator Nicolae and Elena ceausescu executed.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:27
- Published: 28 Nov 2009
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
Nicolae Ceausescu zice adevarul
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:27
- Published: 03 Jan 2011
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
Nicolae Ceusescu zice adevarul
http://wn.com/Nicolae_Ceausescu_zice_adevarul
Die Autobiographie des Nicolae Ceausescu | Trailer FILMFEST MÜNCHEN 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Published: 27 Jun 2010
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Die Autobiographie des Nicolae Ceausescu - AUTOBIOGRAFIA LUI NICOLAE CEAUSESCU läuft am Filmfest München in der Reihe Internationales Programm mehr Infos unter www.filmfest-muenchen.de Regie Andrei Ujica Darsteller: Nicolae Ceausescu, Elena Ceausescu Inhalt: (Beschreibung zur Verfügung gestellt vom Filmfest München) When you look at a certain person for 8 hours each day, at some point, something happens. Even if most of Ceaucescu's images are protocol, ritualized images. I used the archive of the life of a head of state, and all the archives of head of states are protocol archives. What does exist, however, are the so-called remains, at the beginnings and endings of reels, and these preserve the genuine moments. This is not a big discovery: every man is — before knowing he is being filmed and after he thinks the shooting has stopped — his true self, whatever that means. I kept mainly these moments, which are, astonishingly, quite many. And that's how you start to get to know someone. After a while you gain access, you start to understand his micro-gestures, his body language, the inflections of his voice... I can say a transformation took place, his image became human. Andrei Ujica andrei-ujica.com
http://wn.com/Die_Autobiographie_des_Nicolae_Ceausescu_|_Trailer_FILMFEST_MÜNCHEN_2010
The last hour of Elena and Nicolae Ceausescu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Published: 10 Feb 2009
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
Keine der Diktaturen in Osteuropa war totalitärer als die des Nicolae Ceausescu - und keine wurde blutiger gestürzt. Die Hinrichtung des Ehepaars Ceausescu am 25. Dezember 1989 in der Militärkaserne von Tirgoviste bildet den dramatischen Höhepunkt einer Revolution, deren Hintergründe bis heute ungeklärt sind. DIE LETZTEN TAGE DER CEAUSESCUS erzählt die rumänische Revolution erstmals von innen heraus und macht die Atmosphäre jener Tage aus Euphorie, Unsicherheit und Verrat spürbar.
http://wn.com/The_last_hour_of_Elena_and_Nicolae_Ceausescu
Dictatura lui Nicolae Ceausescu - full
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:05
- Published: 20 Oct 2011
- Updated: 08 Jun 2012
Dictatura lui Nicolae Ceausescu - full
http://wn.com/Dictatura_lui_Nicolae_Ceausescu_full
CEAUSESCU - CEHOSLOVACIA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:55
- Published: 03 Dec 2006
- Updated: 06 Aug 2012
invazia cehoslovaciei
http://wn.com/CEAUSESCU_CEHOSLOVACIA
Discurs Nicolae Ceausescu si premiere Steaua (1986) by Cristi Otopeanu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Published: 28 Nov 2011
- Updated: 09 Aug 2012
Nicolae Ceausescu ia premiat pe jucatorii echipei Steaua dupa castigarea Cupei Campionilor Europeni (12 mai 1986), intr-o ceremonie ce a avut loc la Comitetul Central al Partidului Comunist Roman. Apar in imaginile difuzate la telejurnal: Marius Lacatus, Victor Piturca, Helmuth Duckadam, Miodrag Belodedici, Ladislau Boloni, Ion Alecsandrescu, Nicu Ceausescu, Ilie Ceausescu, Vasile Milea, Emil Bobu, Manea Manescu, Haralambie Alexa. Valentin Ceausescu a refuzat sa participe (mi-a explicat motivul in interviul acordat in 2009 pentru stelisti.ro: "Nu eram interesat şi nu era meritul meu. Nu festivitatile conteaza pentru mine")
http://wn.com/Discurs_Nicolae_Ceausescu_si_premiere_Steaua_1986_by_Cristi_Otopeanu
Kim Il Sung & Nicolae Ceauşescu (1980)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Published: 15 Sep 2010
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
Kim Il Sung & Nicolae Ceauşescu
http://wn.com/Kim_Il_Sung_Nicolae_Ceauşescu_1980
Nicolae Ceausescu 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Published: 24 Feb 2008
- Updated: 19 May 2012
Nicolae Ceausescu 1989
http://wn.com/Nicolae_Ceausescu_1989
![Nicolae Ceausescu 1968 Vs USSR (Russia) [EN SUBTITLES]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120922094807im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/3G7OGALcfTk/0.jpg "Nicolae Ceausescu 1968 Vs USSR (Russia) [EN SUBTITLES]")
Nicolae Ceausescu 1968 Vs USSR (Russia) [EN SUBTITLES]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:25
- Published: 02 Dec 2009
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
Nicolae Ceausescu 1968 Defend Europe agaist Russia, first official speak.
http://wn.com/Nicolae_Ceausescu_1968_Vs_USSR_Russia_EN_SUBTITLES_
Nicolae Ceausescu-President of Romania
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Published: 22 Oct 2008
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
Nicolae Ceausescu becomes president of Romania
http://wn.com/Nicolae_Ceausescu-President_of_Romania
Nicolae Ceausescu speech on the General European Conference
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Published: 21 Jan 2011
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Important: I do not own this video, this is a clip from the movie "Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceausescu".
http://wn.com/Nicolae_Ceausescu_speech_on_the_General_European_Conference
AP / David Sperry, File
AP / Octav Ganea/Mediafax
AP
NARA
Creative Commons / Adam63
Creative Commons / Todd Kopriva
Photo: AP / Marcio Jose Sanchez
21 Sep 2012
LOS ANGELES -- Space shuttle Endeavour took off Friday morning on a sightseeing tour of California, the last aerial hurrah before retiring to a Los Angeles museum. Hitching a ride on top of a jumbo...
Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
20 Sep 2012
In the recent wave of anti-Western demonstrations, political Islam has operated globally. The West's response has been mired in the local politics of its separate nation-states. It is a curious...
Photo: AP / Bassem Tellawi
20 Sep 2012
Iran has been using civilian aircraft to fly military personnel and large quantities of weapons across Iraqi airspace to...
Photo: DOD / Public Domain
20 Sep 2012
KANDAHAR, Afghanistan | It was nearly 2 a.m. when Army Pfc. Zach Randle jumped out of his bulky armored vehicle in southern Afghanistan for what he hoped would be the last time. “I don’t...
Photo: AP / Shakh Aivazov
21 Sep 2012
Thousands have rallied in Georgia to demand the prosecution of high-level officials fired in a prison-abuse scandal that threatens to unseat the governing pro-Western party in next month's...
Caught in the twilight of Ceausescu’s Romania
28 Aug 2012
The Washington Post
The narrator of Patrick McGuinness’s first novel, “The Last Hundred Days,” arrives in Bucharest during the final months of Nicolae Ceausescu’s Romania with a strange sense of optimism. This is despite being surrounded by corruption, paranoia and, as the novel progresses,...(size: 3.6Kb)
Canberra Times
FRED Goodwin joins a select gang who have been stripped of their knighthoods and awards by Britain. He is the 35th person to have an honour withdrawn since 1995. Last year, former...(size: 1.2Kb)
The Guardian
Robert Mugabe,...(size: 0.1Kb)
BBC News
A Romanian auction house has sold a leopard skin, silver doves and a bronze yak among gifts and memorabilia that belonged to the late communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu. The sale by Artmark was called "Golden Age",...(size: 1.4Kb)
Ceausescu's gift for extravagance – a bronze yak
27 Jan 2012
The Independent
These are some of the gifts given to Nicolae Ceausescu, which were to be...(size: 0.5Kb)
Nicolae Ceausescu's treasures to be auctioned
26 Jan 2012
Nicolae Ceausescu auction - in pictures
26 Jan 2012
The Guardian
Gifts received by Nicolae Ceausescu to be auctioned off on what would have been the late Romanian leader's 94th...(size: 0.8Kb)
The Guardian
A bronze yak from Mao Zedong and silver dove from the Shah of Iran are among late Romanian dictator's gifts to be auctioned off Items belonging to former Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu on display before going on sale at an auction house in Bucharest. Photograph: Vadim Ghirda/AP...(size: 3.9Kb)
Star Tribune
BUCHAREST, Romania - What did they give the dictator who had everything? An African leopardskin or a silver dove — a novel offering from the former Shah of Iran — are just two examples of gifts received by Nicolae Ceausescu that will be auctioned off Thursday, on what would have been the...(size: 3.2Kb)
Joy Online
Koku Anyidoho reminds me of the story of a castrated man whose wife finds delight in another womans husband. He at all times pretends he is there but the truth of the matter is that he is not there and in his deficiency, he barks and raves like a bull about to be sent to the slaughter house....(size: 12.4Kb)
For other people named "Ceauşescu", see Ceauşescu (surname).
| Nicolae Ceauşescu | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party | |
| In office 22 March 1965 – 22 December 1989 |
|
| Preceded by | Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej |
| Succeeded by | party abolished |
| 1st President of the State Council | |
| In office 9 December 1967 – 28 March 1974 |
|
| Preceded by | Chivu Stoica |
| Succeeded by | Himself as President of Romania |
| 1st President of Romania (Conducător) | |
| In office 28 March 1974 – 22 December 1989 |
|
| Preceded by | Himself as President of the State Council |
| Succeeded by | Ion Iliescu |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1918-01-26)26 January 1918 Scorniceşti, Olt, Romania |
| Died | 25 December 1989(1989-12-25) (aged 71) Târgovişte, Dâmbovița, Romania |
| Nationality | Romanian |
| Political party | Romanian Communist Party |
| Spouse(s) | Elena Ceauşescu (m. 1946–1989) |
| Children | |
| Religion | None (Atheist) (formerly Romanian Orthodoxy) |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Romania |
| Service/branch | Romanian Army |
| Years of service | 1948–unknown |
| Rank |  Lieutenant General |
Nicolae Ceauşescu (Romanian pronunciation: [nikoˈla.e t͡ʃe̯a.uˈʃesku]; 26 January 1918[1] – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian Communist politician. He was General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989, and as such was the country's last Communist leader. He was also the country's head of state from 1967 to 1989.
His rule was marked in the first decade by an open policy towards Western Europe and the United States, which deviated from that of the other Warsaw Pact states during the Cold War. He continued a trend first established by his predecessor, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who had tactfully coaxed the Soviet Union into withdrawing its troops from Romania in 1958.[2]
Ceauşescu's second decade was characterized by an increasingly brutal and repressive regime—by some accounts, the most Stalinist regime in the Soviet bloc. It was also marked by an ubiquitous personality cult, nationalism and a deterioration in foreign relations with the Western powers as well as the Soviet Union. Ceauşescu's government was overthrown in the December 1989 revolution, and he and his wife were executed following a televised and hastily organised two-hour court session.[3]
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Early life and career[link]
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Born in the village of Scorniceşti, Olt County, Ceauşescu moved to Bucharest at the age of 11 to work in factories. He was the son of a peasant (see Ceauşescu family for descriptions of his parents and siblings). He joined the then-illegal Communist Party of Romania in early 1932 and was first arrested, in 1933, for street fighting during a strike. He was arrested again, in 1934, first for collecting signatures on a petition protesting the trial of railway workers and twice more for other similar activities. These arrests earned him the description "dangerous communist agitator" and "active distributor of communist and anti-fascist propaganda" on his police record. He then went underground, but was captured and imprisoned in 1936 for two years at Doftana Prison for anti-fascist activities.[4]
While out of jail in 1940, he met Elena Petrescu, whom he married in 1946 and who would play an increasing role in his political life over the years. He was arrested and imprisoned again in 1940. In 1943, he was transferred to Târgu Jiu internment camp where he shared a cell with Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, becoming his protégé. After World War II, when Romania was beginning to fall under Soviet influence, he served as secretary of the Union of Communist Youth (1944–1945).[4]
After the Communists seized power in Romania in 1947, he headed the Ministry of Agriculture, then served as Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces under Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, becoming a Major General. In 1952, Gheorghiu-Dej brought him onto the Central Committee months after the party's "Muscovite faction" led by Ana Pauker had been purged. In 1954, he became a full member of the Politburo and eventually rose to occupy the second-highest position in the party hierarchy.[4]
Leadership of Romania[link]
Ceauşescu was not the obvious successor to Gheorghiu-Dej when he died on 19 March 1965, despite his closeness to the longtime leader, but amid widespread infighting among older and more connected officials the Politburo turned to Ceauşescu as a compromise candidate.[5] He was elected general secretary on March 22, three days after Gheorghiu-Dej's death. One of his first acts was to change the name of the party from the Romanian Workers' Party back to the Communist Party of Romania, and declare the country the Socialist Republic of Romania rather than a People's Republic. In 1967, he consolidated his power by becoming president of the State Council.
Initially, Ceauşescu became a popular figure in Romania and also in the Western World, due to his independent foreign policy, challenging the authority of the Soviet Union. In the 1960s, he eased press censorship and ended Romania's active participation in the Warsaw Pact (though Romania formally remained a member); he refused to take part in the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces, and actively and openly condemned that action. He even traveled to Prague a week before the invasion to offer moral support to his Czechoslovak counterpart, Alexander Dubček. Although the Soviet Union largely tolerated Ceauşescu's recalcitrance, his seeming independence from Moscow earned Romania maverick status within the Eastern Bloc.[5]
During the following years Ceauşescu pursued an open policy towards the United States and Western Europe. Romania was the first Communist country to recognize West Germany, the first to join the International Monetary Fund, and the first to receive a US President, Richard Nixon.[6] In 1971, Romania became a member of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Romania and Yugoslavia were also the only East European countries that entered into trade agreements with the European Economic Community before the fall of the Communist bloc.[7]
A series of official visits to Western countries (including the US, France, United Kingdom, Spain) helped Ceauşescu to present himself as a reforming Communist, pursuing an independent foreign policy within the Soviet Bloc. Also he became eager to be seen as an enlightened international statesman, able to mediate in international conflicts and to gain international respect for Romania.[8] Ceauşescu negotiated in international affairs, such as the opening of US relations with China in 1969 and the visit of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat to Israel in 1977. Also Romania was the only country in the world to maintain normal diplomatic relations with both Israel and the PLO.[9]
The 1966 decree[link]
In 1966, the Ceauşescu regime, in an attempt to boost the country's population, made abortion illegal, and introduced other policies to reverse the very low birth rate and fertility rate. Mothers of at least five children would be entitled to significant benefits, while mothers of at least ten children were declared heroine mothers by the Romanian state. Few women ever sought this status; instead, the average Romanian family during the time had two to three children (see Demographics of Romania).[10] Furthermore, a considerable number of women either died or were maimed during clandestine abortions.[11]
The government also targeted rising divorce rates and made divorce much more difficult - it was decreed that a marriage could be dissolved only in exceptional cases. By the late 1960s, the population began to swell. In turn, a new problem was created by child abandonment, which swelled the orphanage population (see Cighid). Transfusions of untested blood led to Romania accounting for many of Europe's paediatric HIV/AIDS cases at the turn of the 21st century despite having a population that only makes up around 3% of Europe.[12][13]
July Theses[link]
Main article: July Theses
Ceauşescu visited the People's Republic of China, North Korea, Mongolia and North Vietnam in 1971. He took great interest in the idea of total national transformation as embodied in the programs of North Korea's Juche and China's Cultural Revolution. He was also inspired by the personality cults of North Korea's Kim Il-sung and China's Mao Zedong. Shortly after returning home, he began to emulate North Korea's system. North Korean books on Juche were translated into Romanian and widely distributed in the country.
On 6 July 1971, he delivered a speech before the Executive Committee of the PCR. This quasi-Maoist speech, which came to be known as the July Theses, contained seventeen proposals. Among these were: continuous growth in the "leading role" of the Party; improvement of Party education and of mass political action; youth participation on large construction projects as part of their "patriotic work"; an intensification of political-ideological education in schools and universities, as well as in children's, youth and student organizations; and an expansion of political propaganda, orienting radio and television shows to this end, as well as publishing houses, theatres and cinemas, opera, ballet, artists' unions, promoting a "militant, revolutionary" character in artistic productions. The liberalisation of 1965 was condemned and an index of banned books and authors was re-established.
The Theses heralded the beginning of a "mini cultural revolution" in Romania, launching a Neo-Stalinist offensive against cultural autonomy, reaffirming an ideological basis for literature that, in theory, the Party had hardly abandoned. Although presented in terms of "Socialist Humanism", the Theses in fact marked a return to the strict guidelines of Socialist Realism, and attacks on non-compliant intellectuals. Strict ideological conformity in the humanities and social sciences was demanded. Competence and aesthetics were to be replaced by ideology; professionals were to be replaced by agitators; and culture was once again to become an instrument for political-ideological propaganda and hard-line measures.
In 1974, Ceauşescu became President of the Socialist Republic of Romania, further consolidating his power. He continued to follow an independent policy in foreign relations—for example, in 1984, Romania was one of only three communist states (the others being the People's Republic of China, and Yugoslavia) to take part in the American-organized 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Also, the Socialist Republic of Romania was the first of the Eastern bloc to have official relations with the Western bloc and European Community: an agreement including Romania in the Community's Generalised System of Preferences was signed in 1974 and an Agreement on Industrial Products was signed in 1980. On 4 April 1975, Ceauşescu visited Japan and met with Emperor Shōwa.
Pacepa defection[link]
In 1978, Ion Mihai Pacepa, a senior member of the Romanian political police (Securitate), defected to the United States. A 2-star general, he was the highest ranking defector from the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. His defection was a powerful blow against the regime, forcing Ceauşescu to overhaul the architecture of the Securitate. Pacepa's 1986 book, Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief (ISBN 0-89526-570-2), claims to expose details of Ceauşescu's regime, such as massive spying on American industry and elaborate efforts to rally Western political support.
Foreign debt[link]
Ceauşescu's political independence from the Soviet Union and his protest against the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 drew the interest of Western powers, who briefly believed he was an anti-Soviet maverick and hoped to create a schism in the Warsaw Pact by funding him. Ceauşescu did not realise that the funding was not always favorable. Ceauşescu was able to borrow heavily (more than $13 billion) from the West to finance economic development programs, but these loans ultimately devastated the country's finances. In an attempt to correct this, Ceauşescu decided to repay Romania's foreign debts. He organised a referendum and managed to change the constitution, adding a clause that barred Romania from taking foreign loans in the future. The referendum yielded a nearly unanimous "yes" vote.
In the 1980s, Ceauşescu ordered the export of much of the country's agricultural and industrial production in order to repay its debts. The resulting domestic shortages made the everyday life of Romanians a fight for survival as food rationing was introduced and heating, gas and electricity blackouts became the rule. During the 1980s, there was a steady decrease in the living standard, especially the availability and quality of food and general goods in stores. During this time, Ceauşescu shut down all radio stations outside of the capital, and limited television to one channel broadcasting only two hours a day. The official explanation was that the country was paying its debts and people accepted the suffering, believing it to be for a short time only and for the ultimate good.[citation needed]
The debt was fully paid in summer 1989, shortly before Ceauşescu was overthrown, but heavy exports continued until the revolution in December.[citation needed]
Tensions[link]
By early 1989, Ceauşescu was showing signs of complete denial of reality. While the country was going through extremely difficult times with long bread queues in front of empty food shops, he was often shown on state TV entering stores filled with food supplies, visiting large food and arts festivals, while praising the "high living standard" achieved under his rule.
Special contingents of food deliveries would fill stores before his visits, and well-fed cows would even be transported across the country in anticipation of his visits to farms. In at least one emergency, he inspected (and approved) a display of Hungarian produce, which apart from some corn and several melons, was largely constructed of painted plastic and/or polystyrene. Meanwhile, staples such as flour, eggs, butter and milk were difficult to find and most people started to depend on small gardens grown either in small city alleys or out in the country. In late 1989, daily TV broadcasts showed lists of CAPs (kolkhozes, collective farms) with alleged record harvests, in blatant contradiction to the shortages experienced by the average Romanian at the time.
Some Romanians, believing that Ceauşescu was not aware of what was going on in the country outside of Bucharest, attempted to hand him petitions and complaint letters during his many visits around the country. Each time he got a letter, he would immediately pass it on to members of his security. Whether or not Ceauşescu ever read any of these letters will probably remain unknown.
Revolution[link]
Main article: Romanian Revolution of 1989
In November 1989, the XIVth Congress of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) saw Ceauşescu, then aged 71, re-elected for another five years as leader of the PCR. During the Congress, Ceaucescu made a speech denouncing the anti-Communist revolutions happening throughout the rest of Eastern Europe. But the following month, Ceauşescu's regime itself collapsed after a series of violent events in Timişoara and Bucharest in December 1989.
Timişoara[link]
Demonstrations in the city of Timişoara were triggered by the government-sponsored attempt to evict László Tőkés, an ethnic Hungarian pastor, accused by the government of inciting ethnic hatred. Members of his ethnic Hungarian congregation surrounded his apartment in a show of support.
Romanian students spontaneously joined the demonstration, which soon lost nearly all connection to its initial cause and became a more general anti-government demonstration. Regular military forces, police and Securitate fired on demonstrators on 17 December 1989, killing and wounding many. On 18 December 1989, Ceauşescu departed for a state visit to Iran, leaving the duty of crushing the Timişoara revolt to his subordinates and his wife. Upon his return to Romania on the evening of 20 December, the situation became even more tense, and he gave a televised speech from the TV studio inside Central Committee Building (CC Building), in which he spoke about the events at Timişoara in terms of an "interference of foreign forces in Romania's internal affairs" and an "external aggression on Romania's sovereignty".
The country, which had little or no information of the Timişoara events from the national media, learned about the Timişoara revolt from western radio stations such as Voice of America and Radio Free Europe, and by word of mouth. On the next day, 21 December, a mass meeting was staged. Official media presented it as a "spontaneous movement of support for Ceauşescu", emulating the 1968 meeting in which Ceauşescu had spoken against the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces.
Overthrow[link]
The mass meeting of 21 December, held in what is now Revolution Square, began like many of Ceauşescu's speeches over the years. With the usual Marxist-Leninist "wooden language", Ceauşescu delivered a litany of the achievements of the "socialist revolution" and Romanian "multi-laterally developed socialist society".
He had seriously misjudged the crowd's mood, and several people began jeering, booing and whistling at him. Others began chanting "Ti-mi-şoa-ra! Ti-mi-şoa-ra!" Ceauşescu's uncomprehending facial expression as the crowd began to boo and heckle him remains one of the defining moments of the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. He tried to silence them by raising his right hand, and when that did not work, offered them a raise of 100 lei per month.[5] Failing to control the crowds, the Ceauşescus finally took cover inside the building, where they remained until the next day. The rest of the day saw an open revolt of the Bucharest population, which had assembled in University Square and confronted the police and army at barricades. The unarmed rioters were no match for the military apparatus concentrated in Bucharest, which cleared the streets by midnight and arrested hundreds of people in the process.
Although the television broadcasts of the "support meeting" and subsequent events had been interrupted, Ceauşescu's reaction to the events had already been imprinted on the country's collective memory. By the morning of 22 December, the rebellion had already spread to all major cities across the country. The suspicious death of Vasile Milea, the defense minister (later confirmed as a suicide), was announced by the media. Immediately thereafter, Ceauşescu presided over the CPEx (Political Executive Committee) meeting and assumed the leadership of the army.
Believing that Milea had been murdered, the rank-and-file soldiers went over virtually en masse to the revolution. Ceauşescu made a desperate attempt to address the crowd gathered in front of the Central Committee building, but the people in the square began throwing rocks and other projectiles at him, forcing him to take refuge in the building once more. One group of protesters forced open the doors of the building, by now left unprotected. They managed to overpower Ceauşescu's bodyguards and rushed through his office and onto the balcony. Although they did not know it, they were only a few meters from Ceauşescu, who was trapped in an elevator. He, Elena and four others managed to get to the roof and escaped by helicopter, only seconds ahead of a group of demonstrators who had followed them there.[5] Shortly afterward, the PCR disappeared.
During the course of the revolution, the western press published estimates of the number of people killed by the Securitate in attempting to support Ceauşescu and quash the rebellion. The count increased rapidly until an estimated 64,000 fatalities were widely reported across front pages. The Hungarian military attaché expressed doubt regarding these figures, pointing out the unfeasible logistics of killing such a large number of people in such a short period of time. After Ceauşescu's death, hospitals across the country reported a death toll of less than 1,000, and probably much lower than that.[14]
Death[link]
Ceauşescu and his wife Elena fled the capital with Emil Bobu and Manea Mănescu and headed, by helicopter, for Ceauşescu's Snagov residence, from where they fled again, this time for Târgovişte. Near Târgovişte they abandoned the helicopter, having been ordered to land by the army, which by that time had restricted flying in Romania's airspace. The Ceauşescus were held by the police while the policemen listened to the radio. They were eventually turned over to the army. On Christmas Day, 25 December, the two were tried in a brief show trial and sentenced to death by a military court on charges ranging from illegal gathering of wealth to genocide, and were executed in Târgovişte. During the trial, Ceauşescu repeatedly denied the court's authority to try him, and asserted he was still legally president of Romania. The video of the trial shows that, after sentencing, they had their hands tied behind their backs and were led outside the building to be killed.
The Ceauşescus were killed by a firing squad consisting of elite paratroop regiment soldiers: Captain Ionel Boeru, Sergeant-Major Georghin Octavian and Dorin-Marian Cirlan,[15] while reportedly hundreds of others also volunteered. The firing squad began shooting as soon as the two were in position against a wall. The firing happened too soon for the film crew covering the events to record it.[16] Before his sentence was carried out, Nicolae Ceauşescu sang "The Internationale" while being led up against the wall. After the shooting, the bodies were covered with canvas. The hasty show trial and the images of the dead Ceauşescus were videotaped and the footage promptly released in numerous western countries. Later that day, it was also shown on Romanian television.[17][18]
The Ceauşescus were the last people to be executed in Romania before the abolition of capital punishment on 7 January 1990.[19]
Their graves are located in Ghencea Cemetery in Bucharest. They are buried on opposite sides of a path. The graves themselves are unassuming, but they tend to be covered in flowers and symbols of the regime. In April 2007, their son Valentin Ceauşescu lost an appeal for an investigation into whether the graves were genuine. Upon his death in 1996, the elder son, Nicu, was buried nearby in the same cemetery. According to Jurnalul Național,[20] requests were made by the Ceauşescus' daughter Zoia and by supporters of their political views to move their remains to mausoleums or to purpose-built churches. These have been denied by the government. On 21 July 2010, forensic scientists exhumed the bodies of the Ceauşescus to perform DNA tests.[21][22] It was determined that they were indeed the remains of the Ceauşescus.[23]
Personality cult and authoritarianism[link]
Ceauşescu created a pervasive personality cult, giving himself such titles as "Conducător" ("Leader") and "Geniul din Carpați" ("The Genius of the Carpathians"), with help from Proletarian Culture (Proletkult) poets such as Adrian Păunescu and Corneliu Vadim Tudor, and even had a king-like sceptre made for himself.
The most important day of the year during Ceauşescu's rule was his birthday, 26 January—a day which saw Romanian media saturated with praise for him. According to historian Victor Sebestyen, it was one of the few days of the year when the average Romanian put on a happy face, since appearing miserable on this day was too risky to contemplate.[5]
Such excesses prompted the painter Salvador Dalí to send a congratulatory telegram to the "Conducător", in which he sarcastically congratulated Ceauşescu on his "introducing the presidential scepter." The Communist Party daily Scînteia published the message, unaware that it was a work of satire. To avoid new treason after Pacepa's defection, Ceauşescu also invested his wife Elena and other members of his family with important positions in the government, leading Romanians to joke that Ceauşescu was creating "socialism in one family".
Not surprisingly, Ceauşescu was greatly concerned about his public image. Nearly all pictures of him showed him in his early 40s. Romanian state television was under strict orders to portray him in the best possible light. Additionally, producers had to take great care to make sure Ceauşescu's height—he was 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) tall—was never emphasized on screen. Consequences for breaking these rules were severe; one producer showed footage of Ceauşescu blinking and stuttering, and was banned for three months.[5]
Statesmanship[link]
Ceauşescu's Romania was the only Communist country that retained diplomatic relations with Israel and did not sever diplomatic relations after Israel's launch of the Six-Day War in 1967 against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Ceauşescu made efforts to act as a mediator between the PLO and Israel. Similiarly, Romania was the only Soviet-bloc country to attend the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
He organised a successful referendum for reducing the size of the Romanian Army by 5% and held large rallies for peace.
Ceauşescu tried to play a role of influence and guidance to African countries[citation needed]. He was a close ally and personal friend of dictator President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaïre. Relations were in fact not just state-to-state, but party-to-party between the MPR and the Romanian Communist Party. Many believe that Ceauşescu's death played a role in influencing Mobutu to "democratize" Zaïre in 1990.[24] France granted Ceauşescu the Legion of Honour and in 1978 he became an Honorary British Knight[25] (GCB, stripped in 1989) in the UK, Elena Ceauşescu was arranged to be 'elected' to membership of a Science Academy in the USA; all of these, and more, were arranged by the Ceauşescus as a propaganda ploy through the consular cultural attachés of Romanian embassies in the countries involved.
Ceauşescu's Romania was the only Warsaw Pact country that did not sever diplomatic relations with Chile after Augusto Pinochet's coup.[26]
In August 1976, Nicolae Ceauşescu was the first high-level Romanian visitor to Bessarabia since World War II. In December 1976, at one of his meetings in Bucharest, Ivan Bodiul said that "the good relationship was initiated by Ceauşescu's visit to Soviet Moldavia."[27]
Other[link]
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Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu had three children, Valentin Ceauşescu (born 1948) a nuclear physicist, Nicu Ceauşescu (1951–1996) also a physicist, and a daughter Zoia Ceauşescu (1949–2006), who was a mathematician. After the death of his parents, Nicu Ceauşescu ordered the construction of an Orthodox church, the walls of which are decorated with portraits of his parents.[20]
Ceauşescu received the Danish Order of the Elephant, but this award was revoked on 23 December 1989 by the queen of Denmark, Margrethe II.
Ceauşescu was likewise stripped of his honorary GCB (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the day before his execution. Queen Elizabeth also returned the Romanian Order Ceauşescu had bestowed upon her.[28]
On his 70th birthday in 1988 Ceauşescu was decorated with the Karl-Marx-Orden by then Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) chief Erich Honecker; through this he was honoured for his rejection of Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms.
Praising the crimes of totalitarian regimes and denigrating their victims is forbidden by law in Romania; this includes the Ceauşescu regime. Dinel Staicu was fined 25,000 lei (approx. 9,000 United States dollars) for praising Ceauşescu and displaying his pictures on his private television channel (3TV Oltenia).[29]
Ceauşescu's last days in power were dramatized in a stage musical, The Fall of Ceauşescu, written and composed by Ron Conner. It premiered at the Los Angeles Theater Center in September 1995 and was attended by Ion Iliescu, the then president of Romania who had been visiting Los Angeles at the time.
One unresolved mystery that followed the death of Nicolae Ceauşescu pertains to Romania's Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon rock which was in Ceauşescu's possession at the time of his death, but has since disappeared. This moon rock was presented by the Nixon Administration to Romania and is said to be worth 5 million dollars on the black market.[30]
"Ceauşism"[link]
While the term Ceauşism became widely used inside Romania, usually as a pejorative, it never achieved status in academia. This can be explained by the largely crude and syncretic character of the dogma. Ceauşescu attempted to include his views in mainstream Marxist theory, to which he added his belief in a "multilaterally developed socialist society" as a necessary stage between the Marxist concepts of Socialist and Communist societies (a critical view reveals that the main reason for the interval is the disappearance of the State and Party structures in Communism). A Romanian Encyclopedic Dictionary entry in 1978 underlines the concept as "a new, superior, stage in the socialist development of Romania [...] begun by the 1971–1975 Five-Year Plan, prolonged over several [succeeding and projected] Five-Year Plans".[31]
Ceauşism's main trait was a form of Romanian nationalism,[32] one which arguably propelled Ceauşescu to power in 1965, and probably accounted for the Party leadership gathered around Ion Gheorghe Maurer choosing him over the more orthodox Gheorghe Apostol. Although he had previously been a careful supporter of the official lines, Ceauşescu came to embody Romanian society's wish for independence after what many considered years of Soviet directives and purges, during and after the SovRom fiasco. He carried this nationalist option inside the Party, manipulating it against the nominated successor Apostol. This nationalist policy had more timid precedents:[33] for example, the Gheorghiu-Dej regime had overseen the withdrawal of the Red Army in 1958.
It had also engineered the publishing of several works that subverted the Russian and Soviet image, such as the final volumes of the official History of Romania, no longer glossing over traditional points of tension with Russia and the Soviet Union (even alluding to an unlawful Soviet presence in Bessarabia). In the final years of Gheorghiu-Dej's rule more problems were openly discussed, with the publication of a collection of Karl Marx texts that dealt with Romanian topics, showing Marx's previously censored, politically uncomfortable views of Russia.
Ceauşescu was prepared to take a more decisive step in questioning Soviet policies. In the early years of his rule, he generally relaxed political pressures inside Romanian society,[34] which led to the late 1960s and early 1970s being the most liberal decade in Communist Romania. Gaining the public's confidence, Ceauşescu took a clear stand against the 1968 crushing of the Prague Spring by Leonid Brezhnev. After a visit from Charles de Gaulle earlier in the same year (during which the French President gave recognition to the incipient maverick), Ceauşescu's public speech in August deeply impressed the population, not only through its themes, but also because, uniquely, it was unscripted. He immediately attracted Western sympathies and backing, which lasted well beyond the 'liberal' phase of his regime; at the same time, the period brought forward the threat of armed Soviet invasion: significantly, many young men inside Romania joined the Patriotic Guards created on the spur of the moment, in order to meet the perceived threat.[35] President Richard Nixon was invited to Bucharest in 1969, which was the first visit of a United States president to a Communist country.
Alexander Dubček's version of Socialism with a human face was never suited to Romanian communist goals. Ceauşescu found himself briefly aligned with Dubček's Czechoslovakia and Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia. The latter friendship was to last well into the 1980s, with Ceauşescu adapting the Titoist doctrine of "independent socialist development" to suit his own objectives. Romania proclaimed itself a "Socialist" (in place of "People's") Republic to show that it was fulfilling Marxist goals without Moscow's overseeing.
The system's nationalist traits grew and progressively blended with Juche and Maoist ideals. In 1971, the Party, which had already been completely purged of internal opposition (with the possible exception of Gheorghe Gaston Marin),[33] approved the July Theses, expressing Ceauşescu's disdain of Western models as a whole, and the reevaluation of the recent liberalisation as bourgeois. The 1974 11th Congress tightened the grip on Romanian culture, guiding it towards Ceauşescu's nationalist principles:.[36] Notably, it demanded that Romanian historians refer to Dacians as having "an unorganised State", part of a political continuum that culminated in the Socialist Republic.[36] The regime continued its cultural dialogue with ancient forms, with Ceauşescu connecting his cult of personality to figures such as Mircea cel Bătrân (whom he styled Mircea the Great) and Mihai Viteazul. It also started adding Dacian or Roman versions to the names of cities and towns (Drobeta to Turnu Severin, Napoca to Cluj).[37]
A new generation of committed supporters on the outside confirmed the regime's character. Ceauşescu probably never emphasized that his policies constituted a paradigm for theorists of National Bolshevism such as Jean-François Thiriart, but there was a publicised connection between him and Iosif Constantin Drăgan, an Iron Guardist Romanian-Italian émigré millionaire (Drăgan was already committed to a Dacian Protochronism that largely echoed the official cultural policy).
Nicolae Ceauşescu had a major influence on modern-day Romanian populist rhetoric. In his final years, he had begun to rehabilitate the image of pro-Nazi dictator Ion Antonescu. Although Antonescu's was never a fully official myth in Ceauşescu's time, today's xenophobic politicians such as Corneliu Vadim Tudor have coupled the images of the two leaders into their versions of a national Pantheon. The conflict with Hungary over the treatment of the Magyar minority in Romania had several unusual aspects: not only was it a vitriolic argument between two officially Socialist states (as Hungary had not yet officially embarked on the course to a free market economy), it also marked the moment when Hungary, a state behind the Iron Curtain, appealed to the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe for sanctions to be taken against Romania. This meant that the later 1980s were marked by a pronounced anti-Hungarian discourse, which owed more to nationalist tradition than Marxism,[38] and the ultimate isolation of Romania on the world stage.
The strong opposition of his regime to all forms of perestroika and glasnost placed Ceauşescu at odds with Mikhail Gorbachev. He was very displeased when other Warsaw Pact countries decided to try their own versions of Gorbachev's reforms. In particular, he was incensed when Poland's leaders opted for a power-sharing arrangement with the Solidarity trade union. He even went as far as to call for a Warsaw Pact invasion of Poland—a significant reversal, considering how violently he opposed the invasion of Czechoslovakia 20 years earlier. For his part, Gorbachev made no secret of his distaste for Ceauşescu, whom he called "the Romanian führer."[5]
In November 1989, at the XIVth and last congress of the PCR, Ceauşescu condemned the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and asked for the annulment of its consequences. In effect, this amounted to a demand for the return of Bessarabia (most of which was then a Soviet republic and since 1991 has been independent Moldova) and northern Bukovina, both of which had been occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and again at the end of World War II.
Selected published works[link]
- Report during the joint solemn session of the CC of the Romanian Communist Party, the National Council of the Socialist Unity Front and the Grand National Assembly: Marking the 60th anniversary of the creation of a Unitary Romanian National State, 1978
- Major problems of our time: Eliminating underdevelopment, bridging gaps between states, building a new international economic order, 1980
- The solving of the national question in Romania (Socio-political thought of Romania's President), 1980
- Ceauşescu: Builder of Modern Romania and International Statesman, 1983
- The nation and co-habiting nationalities in the contemporary epoch (Philosophical thought of Romania's president), 1983
- Istoria poporului Român în concepția preşedintelui, 1988
Gallery[link]
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Portrait (1939)
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Ceauşescu receiving the presidential sceptre from the Chairman of the Great National Assembly
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Ceauşescu's visit to Gheorgheni (1966)
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Ceauşescu's visit to Sibiu (1967)
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Ceauşescu and Josip Broz Tito at the Romanian-Yugoslav friendship meeting in Bucharest
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Franz Jonas, the president of Austria, in visit in Bucharest, Romania (1969)
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Jean-Bédel Bokassa with Nicolae Ceausescu during Bokassa's state visit to Romania (July 1970)
-
Ceauşescu and Kim Il-sung during the party and state visit to the DPR Korea (1971)
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Fidel Castro visiting Ceauşescu in Romania (1972)
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Yasser Arafat with Nicolae Ceauşescu during Arafat's visit to Bucharest (1974)
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The Romanian presidential couple and Juan Perón and his wife in Buenos Aires in 1974
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Ceauşescu with US President Jimmy Carter during a state visit to the USA (1978)
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The Ceauşescu couple received by the British Monarch Elizabeth II at the Buckingham Palace in 1978
-
Ceauşescu with Doctor Rudolf Kirchschläger, president of Austria, during his visit to Romania (1978)
-
Addressing his New Year's Eve message on TV and radio (1978)
-
Ceauşescu's speech in Moscow in 1982 on the 60th anniversary of the Formation of the Soviet Union
-
Ceauşescu and Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union (1985)
-
With the 1986 European Champion's Cup winner team Steaua Bucharest
Notes[link]
- ^ http://ceausescunicolae.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/ascrisceausescudosaruldcadresemnat.jpg
- ^ Johanna Granville, "Dej-a-Vu: Early Roots of Romania's Independence," East European Quarterly, vol. XLII, no. 4 (Winter 2008), pp. 365-404.
- ^ Boyes, Roger (24 December 2009). "Ceausescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6967099.ece.
- ^ a b c Ceausescu.org
- ^ a b c d e f g Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York City: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42532-2.
- ^ "Rumania: Enfant Terrible". Time. Monday, 2 April 1973. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907041-1,00.html. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ Martin Sajdik, Michaël Schwarzinger (2008). European Union enlargement: background, developments, facts. New Jersey, USA: Transaction Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4128-0667-1.
- ^ David Phinnemore (2006). The EU and Romania: accession and beyond. London, UK,: Federal Trust for Education and Research. p. 13. ISBN 1-903403-79-0.
- ^ Roger Kirk, Mircea Răceanu. Romania versus the United States: diplomacy of the absurd, 1985–1989. Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University, 1994. p. 81. ISBN 0-312-12059-1.
- ^ Communist Romania's Demographic Policy, U.S. Library of Congress country study for details see Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- ^ Ceausescu's Longest-Lasting Legacy - the Cohort of '67
- ^ Karen Dente and Jamie Hess, Pediatric AIDS in Romania – A Country Faces Its Epidemic and Serves as a Model of Success, MedGenMed. 2006; 8(2): 11. Published online 2006 April 6.
- ^ See, for instance, Bohlen, Celestine, Measures to encourage reproduction included financial motivations for families who bear children, guaranteed maternity leave, and childcare support for mothers returning to work, work protection for women, and extensive access to medical control in all stages of pregnancy, as well as after. Medical control is seen as one of the most productive effects of the law, since all women who became pregnant were under the care of a qualified medical practitioner, even in rural areas. In some cases, if the women was unable to attend a medical office, the doctor would make visits to her home. "Upheaval in the East: Romania's AIDS Babies: A Legacy of Neglect," 8 February 1990, in The New York Times.
- ^ Aubin, Stephen P (1998). Distorting defense: network news and national security. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 158. ISBN 978-0-275-96303-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=5YH5rPgWvzUC&pg=PA158&dq=revolution+romania+1989+death+toll&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3. Retrieved 28/June/2008.
- ^ Boyes, Roger (24 December 2009). "Ceausescu looked in my eyes and he knew that he was going to die". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6967099.ece. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ George Galloway and Bob Wylie, Downfall: The Ceausescus and the Romanian Revolution p. 198-199. Futura Publications, 1991
- ^ Daniel Simpson, "Ghosts of Christmas past still haunt Romanians"
- ^ The dictator and his henchman
- ^ Cdep.ro
- ^ a b Jurnalul Național, 25 January 2005
- ^ Yahoo! News
- ^ Nicolae Ceausescu's remains exhumed
- ^ Referl.org
- ^ Relations with the Communist World Library of Congress Country Study on Zaire (Former), Library of Congress Call Number DT644 .Z3425 1994. (TOC.) Data as of December 1993. Accessed online 15 October 2006.
- ^ List of honorary British Knights
- ^ Valenzuela, J. Samuel and Arturo Valenzuela (eds.), Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Oppositions, p. 321
- ^ Romanian-Moldavian SSR relations, by Patrick Moore and the Romanian Section
- ^ The Official Website of the British Monarchy: "Queen and Honours", retrieved on 13 October 2010.
- ^ Official communique of the National Board of the Audio-Visual, originally at cna.org but now removed, accessible through web.archive.org
- ^ "Every Nation Received a Moon Rock, Some of them Can’t Find It" Houston Chronicle, Mike Tolson, 13 May 2010 (Reprint).
- ^ Mic Dicționar Enciclopedic
- ^ Geran Pilon, Chapter III, Communism with a Nationalist Face, p.60-66; Tănase, p.24
- ^ a b Geran Pilon, p.60
- ^ Tănase, p.23
- ^ Geran Pilon, p.62
- ^ a b Geran Pilon, p.61
- ^ Geran Pilon, p.61-63
- ^ Geran Pilon, p.63
References[link]
- Mic Dicționar Enciclopedic ("Small encyclopedic dictionary"), 1978
- Edward Behr, Kiss the Hand you Cannot Bite, ISBN 0-679-40128-8
- Dumitru Burlan, Dupa 14 ani - Sosia lui Ceauşescu se destăinuie ("After 14 Years - The Double of Ceauşescu confesses"). Editura Ergorom. 31 July 2003 (in Romanian).
- Juliana Geran Pilon, The Bloody Flag. Post-Communist Nationalism in Eastern Europe. Spotlight on Romania, ISBN 1-56000-062-7; ISBN 1-56000-620-X
- Marian Oprea, "Au trecut 15 ani -- Conspirația Securității" ("After 15 years -- the conspiracy of Securitate"), in Lumea Magazin Nr 10, 2004: (in Romanian; link leads to table of contents, verifying that the article exists, but the article itself is not online).
- Viorel Patrichi, "Eu am fost sosia lui Nicolae Ceauşescu" ("I was Ceauşescu's double"), Lumea Magazin Nr 12, 2001 (in Romanian)
- Stevens W. Sowards, Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism), 1996, in particular Lecture 24: The failure of Balkan Communism and the causes of the Revolutions of 1989
- Victor Stănculescu, "Nu vă fie milă, au 2 miliarde de lei în cont" ("Do not have mercy, they hold 2 billion lei [33 million dollars] in their account[s]"), in Jurnalul Național, 22 Nov 2004
- John Sweeney, The Life and Evil Times of Nicolae Ceauşescu, ISBN 0-09-174672-8
- Stelian Tănase, "Societatea civilă românească şi violența" ("Romanian Civil Society and Violence"), in Agora, issue 3/IV, July–September 1991
- Filip Teodorescu, et al., Extracts from the minutes of a Romanian senate hearing, 14 December 1994, featuring the remarks of Filip Teodorescu.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nicolae Ceauşescu |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Nicolae Ceaușescu |
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Ceauşescu, Nicolae - Romania under Communism
- Communist Romania's Demographic Policy
- The Politicians and the revolution of 1989 (in Romanian)
- Gheorghe Brătescu, Clipa 638: Un complot ratat ("A failed scheme"). On how Milea died, probably killed by Stănculescu according to this writer, and the life of the Ceauşescu family. (In Romanian)
- Death of the Father: Nicolae Ceauşescu Focuses on his death, but also discusses other matters. Many photos.
- "Killer File" entry on Nicolae Andruța Ceauşescu Chronological overview of important events in his life and rule.
- Video on YouTube, Video of the trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu.
| Party political offices | ||
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| Preceded by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej |
General secretary
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Succeeded by Party dissolved |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ceauşescu, Nicolae |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Romanian politician, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party |
| Date of birth | 26 January 1918 |
| Place of birth | Scorniceşti, Olt, Romania |
| Date of death | 25 December 1989 |
| Place of death | Târgovişte, Dâmbovița, Romania |
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| Elena Ceaușescu | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Deputy Prime Minister of Romania | |
| In office March 1980 - 22 December 1989 |
|
| President | Nicolae Ceaușescu |
| Prime Minister | Ilie Verdeţ Constantin Dăscălescu |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1916-01-07)7 January 1916 |
| Died | 25 December 1989(1989-12-25) (aged 73) |
| Political party | Romanian Communist Party |
| Spouse(s) | Nicolae Ceaușescu (m.1947-1989) |
Elena Ceaușescu (Romanian pronunciation: [eˈlena t͡ʃe̯auˈʃesku]; January 7, 1916 – December 25, 1989) was the wife of Romania's Communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu, and Deputy Prime Minister of Romania.
Contents |
Background[link]
She was born Elena Petrescu into a peasant family in Petrești commune, Dâmboviţa County, in the informal region of Wallachia. Her family was supported by her father's job as a ploughman. Her records show she left school only with a good mark in needlework in primary school. After primary school, she moved along with her brother to Bucharest, where she worked as a laboratory assistant before getting a job at a textile factory. She joined the Romanian Communist Party in 1937 and met 21-year-old Nicolae Ceauşescu in 1939. Ceaușescu was instantly smitten by her; reportedly he never looked at another woman in a sexual way again.[1] Their relationship was interrupted by Ceaușescu's frequent stints in prison, but they finally married on December 23, 1947.
Career in government[link]
After the Communists took power, Ceaușescu worked as a secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was an unimportant figure until her husband became general secretary of the party. Ceaușescu was fluent in French. Starting in July 1972, Elena Ceaușescu was given various offices at senior levels in the Romanian Communist Party. In June 1973 she became a member of the Politburo of the Romanian Communist Party, becoming the second most important and influential person after Ceauşescu himself. She was deeply involved in party administration alongside her husband, and was one of the few spouses of a Communist Party boss to become a power in her own right.
Ceaușescu frequently accompanied her husband on official visits abroad, and it was during the state visit to the People's Republic of China in June 1971, where she noticed how Chairman Mao Zedong's wife, Jiang Qing had her own position of real power in the state, that Elena's remarkable rise was inspired. In July 1971 she was elected a member of the Central Commission on Socio-Economic Forecasting, and in July 1972 she became a full member of the Romanian Communist Party Central Committee. She was elected a member of the Executive Committee in June 1973, after being proposed by Emil Bodnăraş. In November 1974, at the 11th party congress, she was made a member of the (renamed) political executive committee and in January 1977 became a member of the highest party body, the Permanent Bureau of the Political Executive Committee. In March 1980, she was made a First Deputy Prime Minister.[2]
Ceaușescu was the object of a personality cult as intense as that of her husband, which exalted her as the "Mother of the Nation." By all accounts, her vanity and desire for honours exceeded that of her husband. As with her husband, Romanian Television was under strict orders to take great care portraying her on screen. For instance, she was never supposed to be shown in profile because of her homely appearance (though she'd been very attractive in her youth) and large nose.[1] Publicly, Ceauşescu said that it was an honor to be referred to as "comrade", but Romanian expatriates in the United States frequently referred to her as "Madame Ceauşescu" with great disdain.
Fall from power[link]
Ceaușescu fled with her husband on December 22, 1989, after the events in Timişoara led to the Romanian Revolution, but she and her husband were captured in the town of Targoviste. At the show trial that took place, she answered only a few questions since her husband took a protective role, asked her to calm down and shook his head each time her mouth opened to reply in anger. On the afternoon of December 25, 1989, (Christmas Day) in Târgovişte they were turned over to a firing squad and executed. She was almost 74 years old.[3][4][5][6][7]
Ceaușescu was outlived by her almost 100-year old mother, her brother Gheorghe Petrescu (also an important figure in the party) and her three children: Valentin (b. 1948), Zoia (1949–2006) and Nicu (1951–1996), who was also a very important member of the Romanian Communist Party.
Reputation as a chemical researcher[link]
In 1957 she was a research scientist at ICECHIM (National Institute for Chemical Research). In the early 1960s she was reported to be secretary of the party committee of the Bucharest Central Institute of Chemical Researches, and, when her husband Ceauşescu took over the party leadership in March 1965, she was listed as the institute's director. In December of the same year, she was elected a member of the newly established National Council of Scientific Research, and in September 1966 she was awarded the Order of Scientific Merit First Class.[8]
Ceaușescu was given many honorary awards for scientific achievement in the field of polymer chemistry during the period when her husband ruled Romania. However, her educational and scientific achievements are disputed.[9]
Despite leaving grammar school at the age of 14, Ceauşescu graduated from the University of Bucharest with a PhD in polymer chemistry and top in a class of 100 women with the honor of summa cum laude. Her thesis has 162 pages, 32 tables, 40 figures and 440 references and describes the invention of a very valuable artificial material.[10] Critics consider it unlikely that a textile worker would have been able to write a thesis in chemistry.[11] After the Revolution of 1989, several scientists have claimed that Elena had forced them to write papers in her name.[1] Claims have also arisen that the university gave her the honor of the doctorate solely because of her political position.
Most of the respected academic institutions and universities in the West refused to acknowledge her alleged academic merit.[12] She was made a member of the Illinois Academy of Sciences. Elena Ceauşescu later complained that she never heard of Illinois and that the membership was given by the "dirty Jew".[12] President of the Academy of Sciences was Jewish-American chemist Emanuel Merdinger at that time. She allegedly obtained these awards with money, instead of merit.[12]
In March 1974, she was made a member of the Romanian Academy's Section for Chemical Sciences. According to a 1984 report by Radio Free Europe, "It is rumored that, at the time when she wanted to receive her doctorate from the Bucharest Faculty of Chemistry, she met with strong opposition from the great Romanian chemist Costin D. Nenitescu, the dean of the faculty. She was forced instead to present her thesis to Cristofor Simionescu and Ioan Ursu at the University of Iasi, where she met with complete success."[13]
In popular culture[link]
She was sometimes nicknamed "Codoi", referring to her alleged mispronunciation of the name of the chemical compound CO2 ("Co" being the C for carbon, O for oxygen, and "doi" being Romanian for "two"). She was mocked by many, including an official who called her by this nickname during her show trial.[14][15][16][17] Contributing to the humorous effect, "codoi" is an actual word in Romanian, meaning "big tail"[18]
Publications[link]
- Research work on synthesis and characterization of macromolecular compounds, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1974
- Stereospecific Polymerization of Isoprene, 1982
- Nouvelles Recherches Dans Le Domaine Des Composes Macromoleculaire, 1984
- Dostizheniia v khimii i tekhnologii polimerov, 1988
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b c Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York City: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42532-2.
- ^ Enhanced Personality Cult for Elena Ceausescu 1986-1-8
- ^ Juan J. López, Democracy delayed, p 22, Johns Hopkins University Press
- ^ Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi, Juan José Linz, Sultanistic Regimes, p 242, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998
- ^ Daniel Chirot, Modern Tyrants: the power and prevalence of evil in our age, p 258, Princeton University Press, 1996
- ^ George Galloway and Bob Wylie, Downfall, The Ceausescus and the Romainian Revolution p. 186-195. Futura Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-7088-5003-0
- ^ Stern, Ceauşescus Scharfrichter - der Diktator und sein Henker, October 20, 2005
- ^ René de Flers, "Biographical Sketches of the Ceausescu Clan." (RAD Background Report/135 (Romania); July 27, 1984) Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Background Reports, p.4. Open Society Archives of Central European University.
- ^ (Romanian) Piesă rară: teza de doctorat a Elenei Ceauşescu ("Unique: the PhD Thesis of Elena Ceauşescu"), in Gândul, March 26, 2007
- ^ Propuneri
- ^ Shaw, Karl (2005) [2004] (in Czech). Power Mad! [Šílenství mocných]. Praha: Metafora. p. 81. ISBN 80-7359-002-6.
- ^ a b c Shaw, Karl (2005) [2004] (in Czech). Power Mad! [Šílenství mocných]. Praha: Metafora. p. 82. ISBN 80-7359-002-6.
- ^ de Flers, Rene (27-07-1984). "RAD Background Report/135 (Romania) 27 July 1984 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE CEAUSESCU CLAN". Radio Free Europe. pp. 5. Archived from the original on 03-06-2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090603045842/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/300/8/3/text/53-6-20.shtml.
- ^ Trecutul de langa noi, Lumea. nr. 10
- ^ Jela, Doina. Ceausescu, obsesia nemarturisita a romanilor
- ^ Transcript of the Trial of December 25, 1989
- ^ Chapter 96 — Life under Communism: Hell on Earth.
- ^ http://dexonline.ro/definitie/codoi
Bibliography[link]
- John Sweeney. The Life and Evil Times of Nicolae Ceauşescu. 1991
- Edward Behr. Kiss The Hand You Cannot Bite, 1991. ISBN 0-679-40128-8
External links[link]
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ceausescu, Elena |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | January 7, 1916 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | December 25, 1989 |
| Place of death | |
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2012) |
| Kim II-sung 김일성 金日成 |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Official Kim Il-sung portrait. | |
| Eternal President of the Republic (Appellation) | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 8 July 1994 (&1000000000000001700000017 years, &10000000000000354000000354 days) |
|
| President of North Korea | |
| In office 28 December 1972 – 8 July 1994 (&1000000000000002100000021 years, &10000000000000192000000192 days) |
|
| Preceded by | Position created Choi Yong-kun, Head of State as President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished (Proclaimed Eternal President of the Republic after his death) |
| Prime Minister of North Korea | |
| In office 9 September 1948 – 28 December 1972 |
|
| Preceded by | Position created |
| Succeeded by | Kim Il (Premier) |
| General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea | |
| In office 11 October 1966 – 8 July 1994 |
|
| Preceded by | Himself as Chairman |
| Succeeded by | Kim Jong-il |
| Chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers Party of Korea | |
| In office 30 June 1949 – 11 October 1966 |
|
| Preceded by | Kim Tu-bong |
| Succeeded by | Himself as General Secretary |
| Vice-Chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers’ Party of North Korea | |
| In office 28 August 1946 – 30 June 1949 |
|
| Chairman | Kim Tu-bong |
| Preceded by | Position created |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Chairman of the North Korea Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea | |
| In office 17 December 1945 – 28 August 1946 |
|
| Preceded by | Kim Yong-bom |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Kim Sŏng-ju (1912-04-15)15 April 1912 Mangyŏngdae, Heian-nandō, Japanese Korea |
| Died | 8 July 1994(1994-07-08) (aged 82) Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| Resting place | Kumsusan Palace of the Sun, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| Nationality | North Korean |
| Political party | Workers’ Party of Korea |
| Spouse(s) | Kim Jong-suk (d. 1949) Kim Song-ae |
| Children | Kim Jong-il Kim Man-il Kim Kyong-hui Kim Kyong-jin Kim Pyong-il Kim Yong-il |
| Residence | Pyongyang, North Korea |
| Occupation | Eternal President of the Republic |
| Profession | President of North Korea |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Soviet Union Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| Service/branch | Soviet Armed Forces Korean People's Army |
| Years of service | 1941–1945 1948–1994 |
| Rank | Dae wonsu (Grand Marshal) |
| Commands | All (supreme commander) |
| Battles/wars | World War II Korean War |
 |
This article contains Korean text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul or Hanja. |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Chosŏn'gŭl | 김일성 |
| Hancha | 金日成 |
| McCune–Reischauer | Kim Il-sŏng |
| Revised Romanization | Gim Il-seong |
| North Korea |
 This article is part of the series: |
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Kim Il-sung (15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly referred to as "North Korea", from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.[1] He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death. He was also the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea from 1949 to 1994 (titled as chairman from 1949 to 1966 and as general secretary after 1966).
His tenure as leader of North Korea has often been described as autocratic, and he established an all-pervasive cult of personality. From the mid-1960s, he promoted his self-developed Juche variant of communist national organization,[2] which later replaced Marxism-Leninism as the ideology of the state in 1972. In the Library of Congress Country Study on North Korea in 2009, he was described as "one of the most intriguing figures of the twentieth century". He outlived Joseph Stalin by four decades, Mao Zedong by two, and remained in power during the terms of office of six South Korean presidents, 7 Soviet leaders, ten U.S. presidents, and twenty-one Japanese prime ministers.
Following his death in 1994, he was succeeded by his son Kim Jong-il, who in turn was succeeded by his son Kim Jong-un. North Korea officially refers to Kim Il-sung as the "Great Leader" (Suryong in Korean 수령) and he is designated in the North Korean constitution as the country's "Eternal President". His birthday is a public holiday in North Korea.
Contents |
Life[link]
Early years[link]
Many of the early records of his life come from his own personal accounts and official North Korean government publications, which often conflict with external sources. Nevertheless, there is some consensus on at least the basic story of his early life, corroborated by witnesses from the period.
Kim was born to Kim Hyŏng-jik and Kang Pan-sŏk, who gave him the name Kim Sŏng-ju; he had two younger brothers, Ch’ŏl-chu and Yŏng-ju. The ancestral seat (pon’gwan) of Kim's family is Chŏnju, North Chŏlla Province, and, if the legend of the Chŏnju Kim is true, he was a descendant of King Gyeongsun of Silla.[3] What little that is known about the family contends that sometime around the time of the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), a direct ancestor moved north. The claim may be understood in light of the fact that the early Chosŏn government’s policy of populating the north resulted in mass resettlement of southern farmers in Pyŏngan and Hamgyŏng regions in the 15th and 16th centuries. At any rate, the majority of the Chŏnju Kim today live in North Korea, and extant Chŏnju Kim genealogies provide spotty records.
The exact history of Kim's family is somewhat obscure. According to Kim himself the family was neither very poor nor comfortably well-off, but was always a step away from poverty. Kim claims he was raised in a Presbyterian family, that his maternal grandfather was a Protestant minister, that his father had gone to a missionary school and was an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and that his parents were very active in the religious community.[4][5][6] According to the official version, Kim’s family participated in anti-Japanese activities and in 1920 they fled to Manchuria. Another view seems to be that his family settled in Manchuria like many Koreans at the time to escape famine. Nonetheless, Kim’s parents apparently did play a minor role in some activist groups, though whether their cause was missionary, nationalist, or both is unclear.[7][8]
Kim's father died in 1926, when Kim was fourteen years old. In October 1926, Kim founded the Down-With-Imperialism Union. Kim attended Whasung Military Academy in 1926, but when later finding the academy's training methods outdated, he quit in 1927. From that time, he attended Yuwen Middle School in Jilin up to 1930,[9] where he rejected the feudal traditions of older generation Koreans and became interested in Communist ideologies; his formal education ended when he was arrested and jailed for his subversive activities. At seventeen, Kim had become the youngest member of an underground Marxist organization with fewer than twenty members, led by Hŏ So, who belonged to the South Manchurian Communist Youth Association. The police discovered the group three weeks after it was formed in 1929, and jailed Kim for several months.[10][11]
Communist and guerrilla activities[link]
The Communist Party of Korea had been founded in 1925, but had been thrown out of the Comintern in the early 1930s for being too nationalist. In 1931, Kim had joined the Communist Party of China. He joined various anti-Japanese guerrilla groups in northern China, and in 1935 he became a member of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, a guerrilla group led by the Communist Party of China. Kim was appointed the same year to serve as political commissar for the 3rd detachment of the second division, around 160 soldiers.[7] It was here that Kim met the man who would become his mentor as a Communist, Wei Zhengmin, Kim’s immediate superior officer, who was serving at the time as chairman of the Political Committee of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. Wei reported directly to Kang Sheng, a high-ranking party member close to Mao Zedong in Yan'an, until Wei’s death on 8 March 1941.[12]
Also in 1935 Kim took the name Kim Il-sung, meaning "become the sun."[13] Several sources indicate that the Kim Il-sung name had previously been used by a prominent early leader of the Korean resistance.[8] Grigory Mekler, who claims to have prepared Kim to lead North Korea, says that Kim assumed this name while in the Soviet Union in the early 1940s from a former commander who had died.[14] Additionally, a number of Koreans simply did not believe that Kim, in his 30s at the time of the DPRK's founding, could have done everything that state propaganda claimed.[15] Historian Andrei Lankov has stated that the claim that the name Kim Il-sung was somehow switched with the name of the “original” Kim is unlikely to be true. Several witnesses knew Kim before and after his time in the Soviet Union, including his superior, Zhou Baozhong, who dismissed the claim of a “second” Kim in his diaries.[16]
Kim was appointed commander of the 6th division in 1937, at the age of 24, controlling a few hundred men in a group that came to be known as “Kim Il Sung’s division.” It was while he was in command of this division that he executed a raid on Poch’onbo, on 4 June. Although Kim’s division only captured a small Japanese-held town just across the Korean border for a few hours, it was nonetheless considered a military success at this time, when the guerrilla units had experienced difficulty in capturing any enemy territory. This accomplishment would grant Kim some measure of fame among Chinese guerrillas, and North Korean biographies would later exploit it as a great victory for Korea. Kim was appointed commander of the 2nd operational region for the 1st Army, but by the end of 1940, he was the only 1st Army leader still alive. Pursued by Japanese troops, Kim and what remained of his army escaped by crossing the Amur River into the Soviet Union.[17] Kim was sent to a camp near Khabarovsk, where the Korean Communist guerrillas were retrained by the Soviets. Kim became a Major in the Soviet Red Army and served in it until the end of World War II.
In later years, Kim would heavily embellish his guerrilla feats in order to build up his personality cult. He was portrayed as a boy-conspirator who joined the resistance at 14 and had founded a battle-ready army at 19.[8]
Historian Bruce Cumings concludes:
There are ridiculous myths about this guerrilla resistance in both Koreas today: the North claims that Kim single-handedly defeated the Japanese, and the South claims that Kim is an imposter who stole the name of a revered patriot.[18]
Return to Korea[link]
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When the Soviet Union declared war on Japan in August 1945, it fully expected a long, drawn-out conflict. However, much to Stalin's surprise, the Red Army churned into Pyongyang with almost no resistance on 15 August. Stalin realized he needed someone to head a new government so he asked Lavrenty Beria to recommend possible candidates. Beria met Kim several times before recommending him to Stalin.
Kim arrived in North Korea on 22 August after 26 years in exile. According to Leonid Vassin, an officer with the Soviet MVD, Kim was essentially "created from zero." For one, his Korean was marginal at best; he'd only had eight years of formal education, all of it in Chinese. He needed considerable coaching to read a speech the MVD prepared for him at a Communist Party congress three days after he arrived. They also systematically destroyed most of the true leaders of the resistance who ended up north of the 38th parallel.[8]
After independence[link]
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In September 1945, Kim was installed by the Soviets as head of the Provisional People’s Committee. He was not, at this time, the head of the Communist Party, whose headquarters were in Seoul in the US-occupied south. During his early years as leader, he assumed a position of influence largely due to the backing of the Korean population which was supportive of his fight against Japanese occupation.
One of Kim’s accomplishments was his establishment of a professional army, the Korean People's Army (KPA) aligned with the Communists, formed from a cadre of guerrillas and former soldiers who had gained combat experience in battles against the Japanese and later Nationalist Chinese troops. From their ranks, using Soviet advisers and equipment, Kim constructed a large army skilled in infiltration tactics and guerrilla warfare. Before the outbreak of the Korean War, Joseph Stalin equipped the KPA with modern heavy tanks, trucks, artillery, and small arms. Kim also formed an air force, equipped at first with ex-Soviet propeller-driven fighter and attack aircraft. Later, North Korean pilot candidates were sent to the Soviet Union and China to train in MiG-15 jet aircraft at secret bases.[19]
Prime Minister of North Korea[link]
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Although original plans called for all-Korean elections sponsored by the United Nations, in May 1948 the South declared statehood as the Republic of Korea, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was proclaimed on 9 September, with Kim as premier. On 12 October, the Soviet Union recognized Kim's government as the only lawful government on the peninsula. The Communist Party merged with the New People's Party to form the Workers Party of North Korea (of which Kim was vice-chairman). In 1949, the Workers Party of North Korea merged with its southern counterpart to become the Workers Party of Korea (WPK) with Kim as party chairman.
By 1949, the communists had consolidated their authority in North Korea. All parties and mass organizations were members the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland, a popular front but in which the Workers Party predominated. Around this time, the first statues of Kim appeared, and he began calling himself "Great Leader."[8]
Korean War[link]
Main article: Korean War
Archival material suggests[20][21][22] that North Korea's decision to invade South Korea was Kim's initiative, not a Soviet one. Evidence suggests that Soviet intelligence, through its espionage sources in the US government and British SIS, had obtained information on the limitations of US atomic bomb stockpiles as well as defense program cuts, leading Stalin to conclude that the Truman administration would not intervene in Korea.[23]
The People’s Republic of China acquiesced only reluctantly to the idea of Korean reunification after being told by Kim that Stalin had approved the action.[20][21][22] The Chinese did not provide North Korea with direct military support (other than logistics channels) until United Nations troops, largely US forces, had nearly reached the Yalu River late in 1950. At the outset of the war in June and July, North Korean forces captured Seoul and occupied most of the South, save for a small section of territory in the southeast region of the South which was called the Pusan Perimeter. But in September, the North Koreans were driven back by the US-led counter attack which started with the UN landing in Incheon, followed by a combined South Korean-US-UN offensive from the Pusan Perimeter. North Korean history emphasizes that the United States had previously invaded and occupied the South, allegedly with the intention to push further north and into the Asian continent. Based on these assumptions, it portrays the KPA invasion of the South as a counter-attack.[24] By October, UN forces had retaken Seoul and invaded the North to reunify the country under the South. On 19 October, US and South Korean troops captured P’yŏngyang, forcing Kim and his government to flee north, first to Sinuiju and eventually into China.
On 25 October 1950, after sending various warnings of their intent to intervene if UN forces did not halt their advance,[25] Chinese troops in the thousands crossed the Yalu River and entered the war as allies of the KPA. There were nevertheless tensions between Kim and the Chinese government. Kim had been warned of the likelihood of an amphibious landing at Incheon, which was ignored. There was also a sense that the North Koreans had paid little in war compared to the Chinese who had fought for their country for decades against foes with better technology.[26] The UN troops were forced to withdraw and Chinese troops retook P’yŏngyang in December and Seoul in January 1951. In March, UN forces began a new offensive, retaking Seoul and advanced north once again halting at a point just north of the 38th Parallel. After a series of offensives and counter-offensives by both sides, followed by a grueling period of largely static trench warfare which lasted from the summer of 1951 to July 1953, the front was stabilized along what eventually became the permanent "Armistice Line" of 27 July 1953. During the stalemate warfare, North Korea was devastated by US air raids with very few buildings left standing in the capital and elsewhere in the country. By the time of the armistice, upwards of 3.5 million Koreans on both sides had died in the conflict.
During the war, Kim Il-sung was said to have traveled extensively to China and the Soviet Union seeking a way to end the war with his nation and government intact as heavy US and UN aerial bombing of North Korea was reducing his country to one that resembled a wasteland. Chinese and Russian documents from that time reveal that while Kim became increasingly desperate to establish a truce, since the likelihood that further fighting would successfully unify Korea under his rule became more remote with the UN and US presence. Kim also resented the Chinese taking over the majority of the fighting in his country, with Chinese forces stationed at the center of the front line, and the Korean Peoples Army being mostly restricted to the coastal flanks of the front.
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Leader of North Korea[link]
Prime Minister[link]
Restored as the leader of North Korea, Kim returned to the country after war's end and immediately embarked on a large reconstruction effort for the country devastated by the war. He launched a five-year national economic plan to establish a command economy, with all industry owned by the state and all agriculture collectivised. The nation was founded on egalitarian principles intent on eliminating class differences and the economy was based upon the needs of workers and peasants. The economy was focused on heavy industry and arms production. Both South and North Korea retained huge armed forces to defend the 1953 Demilitarized Zone, although no foreign troops were permanently stationed in North Korea. All Chinese troops that fought alongside the North Korean army during the war were removed from North Korea by 1957.
Kim's hold on power was rather shaky. To strengthen it, he claimed that the United States deliberately spread diseases among the North Korean population. While Moscow and Beijing later determined that these charges were false, they continued to help spread this rumour for many years to come. He also conducted North Korea's first large-scale purges in part to scare the people into accepting this false account. Unlike Stalin's Great Purge, these took place without even the formalities of a trial. Victims often simply disappeared into the growing network of prison camps.[8]
During the late 1950s, Kim was seen as an orthodox Communist leader, and an enthusiastic satellite of the Soviet Union. His speeches were liberally sprinkled with praises to Stalin. However, he sided with China during the Sino-Soviet split, opposing the reforms brought by Nikita Khrushchev, whom he believed was acting in opposition to Communism. He distanced himself from the Soviet Union, removing mention of his Red Army career from official North Korean history, and began reforming the country to his own radical Stalinist tastes. Kim was seen by many in North Korea, and in some parts elsewhere in the world, as an influential anti-revisionist leader in the communist movement. In 1956, anti-Kim elements encouraged by de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union emerged within the Party to criticize Kim and demand reforms.[27] After a period of vacillation, Kim instituted a purge, executing some who had been found guilty of treason and forcing the rest into exile.[27]
By the 1960s, Kim's relationship with the great Communist powers in the region had become difficult. Despite his opposition to de-Stalinization, Kim never severed his relations with the Soviets. He found the Chinese unreliable allies due to the unstable state of affairs under Mao, leaving the DPRK somewhere in between the two sides. The Cultural Revolution in China, however, prompted Kim to side with the Soviets, the decision reinforced by the policies of Leonid Brezhnev. This infuriated Mao and the anti-Soviet Red Guards. As a result, the PRC immediately denounced Kim's leadership, produced anti-Kim propaganda, and subsequently began reconciliation with the United States.[citation needed]
President of North Korea[link]
At the same time, Kim reinstated relations with most of Eastern Europe's communist countries, primarily Erich Honecker's East Germany and Nicolae Ceauşescu's Romania. Ceauşescu, in particular, was heavily influenced by Kim's ideology, and the personality cult that grew around him in Romania was very similar to that of Kim. However, Kim and Albania's Enver Hoxha (another independent-minded Stalinist) would remain fierce enemies[28] and relations between North Korea and Albania would remain cold and tense up until Hoxha's death in 1985. At the same time, Kim was establishing an extensive personality cult. North Koreans were taught that Kim was the "Sun of the Nation" and could do no wrong. Kim developed the policy and ideology of Juche (self-reliance 주체 사상) rather than having North Korea become a Soviet satellite state.
In the mid-1960s, Kim became impressed with the efforts of North Vietnam's Hồ Chí Minh to reunify Vietnam through guerilla warfare and thought something similar might be possible in Korea. Infiltration and subversion efforts were thus greatly stepped up against US forces and the leadership that they supported. These efforts culminated in an attempt to storm the Blue House and assassinate President Park Chung-hee. North Korean troops thus took a much more aggressive stance toward US forces in and around South Korea, engaging US Army troops in fire-fights along the Demilitarized Zone. The 1968 capture of the crew of the spy ship USS Pueblo was a part of this campaign.
A new constitution was proclaimed in December 1972, under which Kim became President of North Korea. In 1980, he had decided that his son Kim Jong-il would succeed him, and increasingly delegated the running of the government to him. The Kim family was supported by the army, due to Kim Il-sung’s revolutionary record and the support of the veteran defense minister, O Chin-u. At the Sixth Party Congress in October 1980, Kim publicly designated his son as his successor.
Later years[link]
From about this time, however, North Korea encountered increasing economic difficulties. The practical effect of Juche was to cut the country off from virtually all foreign trade to be entirely self reliant. The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping in China from 1979 onward meant that trade with the moribund economy of North Korea held decreasing interest for China. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, during 1989–1991, completed North Korea's virtual isolation. These events led to mounting economic difficulties as Kim refused to issue any kind of economic or democratic reforms.[citation needed]
North Korea repeatedly predicted that Korea would be re-united before Kim’s 70th birthday in 1982, and there were fears in the West that Kim would launch a new Korean War. But by this time, the disparity in economic and military power between the North and the South (where the US military presence continues) made such a venture impossible.[citation needed]
As he aged, starting in the late 1970s, Kim developed a growth on the right-back of his neck which was a calcium deposit. Its close location near his brain and spinal cord made it inoperable. Because of its unappealing nature, North Korean reporters and photographers, from then on, always shot and filmed Kim while standing from his same slight-left angle to hide the growth from official photographs and newsreels, which became an increasingly difficult task as the growth reached the size of a baseball by the late 1980s.[29]
To ensure a full succession of leadership to his son and designated successor Kim Jong Il, Kim turned over his chairmanship of North Korea's National Defense Commission- the body mainly responsible for control of the armed forces as well as the supreme commandership of the country's now million-man strong military force, the Korean People's Army to his son in 1991 and 1993.
So far, the elder Kim remained as the country's president, general-secretary of its ruling communist Worker's Party of Korea and the chairman of the Party's Central Military Commission- the party's organization that has supreme supervision and authority over military matters.
In early 1994, Kim began investing in nuclear power to offset energy shortages brought on by economic problems. This was the first of many "nuclear crises". On 19 May 1994, Kim ordered spent fuel to be unloaded from the already disputed nuclear research facility in Yongbyon. Despite repeated chiding from Western nations, Kim continued to conduct nuclear research and carry on with the uranium enrichment program. In June 1994, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter travelled to Pyongyang for talks with Kim. To the astonishment of the United States and the International Atomic Energy Agency, Kim agreed to stop his nuclear research program and seemed to be embarking upon a new opening to the West.[citation needed]
Death[link]
Main article: Death and funeral of Kim Il-sung
By the early 1990s, North Korea was isolated from the outside world, except for limited trade and contacts with China, Russia, Vietnam and Cuba. Its economy was crippled by huge expenditures on armaments, and the agricultural sector was unable to feed its population. At the same time, the state-run North Korean media continued to praise Kim.
On 8 July 1994, at age 82, Kim Il-sung collapsed from a sudden heart attack. After the heart attack, Kim Jong-il ordered the team of doctors who were constantly at his father's side to leave, and for the country's best doctors to be flown in from Pyongyang. After several hours, the doctors from Pyongyang arrived, and despite their efforts to save him, Kim Il-sung died. After the traditional Confucian Mourning period, his death was declared thirty hours later.[30]
Kim Il-sung's death resulted in nationwide mourning and a ten-day mourning period was declared by Kim Jong-il. His funeral in Pyongyang was attended by hundreds of thousands of people from all over North Korea, many of whom were mourning dramatically. Kim Il-sung's body was placed in a public mausoleum at the Kumsusan Memorial Palace, where his preserved and embalmed body lies under a glass coffin for viewing purposes. His head rests on a Korean-style pillow and he is covered by the flag of the Workers Party of Korea. Newsreel video of the funeral at Pyongyang was broadcast on several networks, and can now be found on various websites.[31]
Family life[link]
Kim Il-sung married twice. His first wife, Kim Jong-suk, gave birth to two sons and a daughter. Kim Jong-il was his oldest son. The other son (Kim Man-il, or Shura Kim) of this marriage died in 1947 in a swimming accident and his wife Kim Jong-suk died at the age of 31 while giving birth to a stillborn baby girl. Kim married Kim Sŏng-ae in 1951, and it is believed he had three children with her: Kim Yŏng-il (not to be confused with the former Premier of North Korea of the same name), Kim Kyŏng-il and Kim Pyong-il. Kim Pyong-il was prominent in Korean politics until he became ambassador to Hungary. Since 1998 he has been ambassador to Poland.
Kim was reported to have other illegitimate children, as he was well known for having numerous affairs and secret relationships. They included Kim Hyŏn-nam (born 1972, head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party since 2002).[32]
Ancestry[link]
Names of Supreme Leaders of the DPRK are highlighted in bold.
| Kim Bo-hyon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kim Hyŏng-jik | Kang Pan-sŏk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kim Jong-suk | Kim Il-sung | Kim Sŏng-ae | Kim Yong-ju | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kim Young-sook | Song Hye-rim | Kim Jong-il | Ko Young-hee | Kim Ok | Kim Kyong-hui | Chang Sung-taek | Kim Pyong-il | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kim Sul-song | Kim Jong-nam | Kim Jong-chul | Kim Jong-un | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kim Han-sol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name and image[link]
There are over 500 statues of Kim Il-sung in North Korea.[33] The most prominent are at Kim Il-sung University, Kim Il-sung Stadium, Kim Il-sung Square, Kim Il-sung Bridge and the Immortal Statue of Kim Il-sung. Some statues have been reported to have been destroyed by explosions or damaged with graffiti by North Korean activists.[34] Yeong Saeng ("eternal life") monuments have been erected throughout the country, each dedicated to the departed "Eternal Leader", at which citizens are expected to pay annual tribute on his official birthday or the commemoration of his death.[35] It is also traditional that North Korean newly weds, immediately after their wedding, go to the nearest statue of Kim Il Sung to lay flowers at his feet.[citation needed]
Kim Il-sung's image is prominent in places associated with public transportation, hanging at every North Korean train station and airport.[33] It is also placed prominently at the border crossings between China and North Korea. His portrait is featured on the front of all recent North Korean won banknotes. Thousands of gifts to Kim Il-sung from foreign leaders are housed in the International Friendship Exhibition.
Works[link]
Kim Il-sung was the author of many works and they are published in books. His works are published by the Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House and among them are the 100-volume Complete Collection of Kim Il Sung's Works (김일성전집)[36] and his Selected Works. These include new year speeches, and other speeches delivered on different occasions. Shortly before his death, he also published an autobiography entitled "With the Century" in 8 volumes.
According to official North Korean sources, Kim Il-sung was also the original writer of The Flower Girl, a revolutionary theatrical opera, which was made into a film adaptation in 1972.[37][38][39]
Gallery[link]
Paintings and Murals of Kim Il-sung[link]
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A propaganda painting of Kim Il-sung, commonly found around North Korean cities.
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A painting of Kim Il-sung meeting up with farmers.
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A mural dedicated to Kim Il-sung in Pyongyang.
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A mural of Kim Il-sung giving a speech in Pyongyang.
Portraits of Kim Il-sung[link]
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A portrait of Kim Il-sung.
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Portraits of North Korean leaders, Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il in Chongryon school, Tokyo, Japan.
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A North Korean voting booth containing portraits of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il under the national flag. Below the portraits is the ballot box
See also[link]
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References[link]
- ^ "김일성, 쿠바의 ‘혁명영웅’ 체게바라를 만난 날" (in Korean). DailyNK. 15 April 2008. http://www.dailynk.com/korean/read.php?cataId=nk00500&num=55181.
- ^ Herman, Steve (13 July 2004). "North Korea: ten years later". Asian Research. http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2209.html. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
- ^ "모악산 전주 김씨 시조묘를 찾아서" (in Korean). Tongilnews. 29 January 2002. http://www.tongilnews.com/news/quickViewArticleView.html?idxno=15495. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
- ^ Kimjongilia – The Movie – Learn More
- ^ "PETER HITCHENS: North Korea, the last great Marxist bastion, is a real-life Truman show". Daily Mail (London). 8 October 2007. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-486079/PETER-HITCHENS-North-Korea-great-Marxist-bastion-real-life-Truman-show.html.
- ^ Byrnes, Sholto (7 May 2010). "The Rage Against God, By Peter Hitchens". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-rage-against-god-by-peter-hitchens-1965109.html.
- ^ a b Lankov, Andrei, From Stalin to Kim Il Sung: The Formation of North Korea 1945–1960, Rutgers University Press (2002), p. 53.
- ^ a b c d e f Becker, Jasper (2005). Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517044-3.
- ^ Sang-Hun, Choe; Lafraniere, Sharon (27 August 2010). "Carter Wins Release of American in North Korea". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/28/world/asia/28korea.html?_r=1&hp.
- ^ Lankov, Andrei, From Stalin to Kim Il Sung: The Formation of North Korea 1945–1960, Rutgers University Press (2002), p. 52.
- ^ Suh Dae-Sook, Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader, Columbia University Press (1998) p. 7.
- ^ Suh Dae-Sook, Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader, Columbia University Press (1998) pp. 8–10.
- ^ Bradley K. Martin (2004). Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty. Thomas Dunne Books. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-312-32322-6.
- ^ Staff writer. "Soviets groomed Kim Il Sung for leadership". Vladivostok News. http://vn.vladnews.ru/Arch/2003/ISS345/News/upd10.HTM.
- ^ Hong An. (Interview). The Cold War. CNN. Washington, DC. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-5/hong1.html.
- ^ Lankov, Andrei (2002). From Stalin to Kim Il Sung: The Formation of North Korea 1945–1960. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 55. ISBN 0-8135-3117-9.
- ^ Lankov, Andrei (2002). From Stalin to Kim Il Sung: The Formation of North Korea 1945–1960. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-8135-3117-9.
- ^ Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W W Norton & Co. p. 160. ISBN 0-393-04011-9.
- ^ Blair, Clay, The Forgotten War: America in Korea, Naval Institute Press (2003).
- ^ a b Weathersby, Kathryn, The Soviet Role in the Early Phase of the Korean War, The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 2, no. 4 (Winter 1993): 432
- ^ a b Goncharov, Sergei N., Lewis, John W. and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (1993)
- ^ a b Mansourov, Aleksandr Y., Stalin, Mao, Kim, and China’s Decision to Enter the Korean War, 16 September – 15 October 1950: New Evidence from the Russian Archives, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issues 6–7 (Winter 1995/1996): 94–107
- ^ Sudoplatov, Pavel Anatoli, Schecter, Jerrold L., and Schecter, Leona P., Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness — A Soviet Spymaster, Little Brown, Boston (1994)
- ^ Ho Jong-ho et al. (1977) The US Imperialists Started the Korean War
- ^ David Halberstam. Halberstam, David (25 September 2007). The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War (p. 23). Hyperion. Kindle Edition.
- ^ Halberstam, David (25 September 2007). The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War (pp. 335–336). Hyperion. Kindle Edition.
- ^ a b Lankov, Andrei N., Crisis in North Korea: The Failure of De-Stalinization, 1956, Honolulu: Hawaii University Press (2004), ISBN 978-0-8248-2809-7
- ^ CEU.hu, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research 17 December 1979 quoting Hoxha's Reflections on China Volume II: "In Pyongyang, I believe that even Tito will be astonished at the proportions of the cult of his host, which has reached a level unheard of anywhere else, either in past or present times, let alone in a country which calls itself socialist."[dead link]
- ^ Cumings, Bruce, North Korea: Another Country, The New Press, New York, 2003, p. xii.
- ^ Demick, Barbara: Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea.
- ^ Scenes of lamentation after Kim Il-sung’s death
- ^ Henry, Terrence (May 2005). After Kim Jong Il, The Atlantic Monthly.
- ^ a b Portal, Jane; British Museum (2005). Art under control in North Korea. Reaktion Books. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-86189-236-2.
- ^ Becker, Jasper (2007). Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea. Oxford University Press US. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-19-530891-4.
- ^ "Controversy Stirs Over Kim Monument at PUST" NK Daily.. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
- ^ "Complete Collection of Kim Il Sung's Works" Off Press
- ^ 가극 작품 – NK Chosun
- ^ 2008年03月26日, 金日成原创《卖花姑娘》5月上海唱响《卖花歌》 – 搜狐娱乐
- ^ "With the Century" – Complete biography of the Great Leader Kim Il Sung – Korea-DPR.com
Further reading[link]
- Blair, Clay, The Forgotten War: America in Korea, Naval Institute Press (2003)
- Goncharov, Sergei N., Lewis, John W. and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (1993)
- Kim Il-sung (1993). With the Century. Korean Friendship Association. http://www.korea-dpr.com/lib/202.pdf.
- Mansourov, Aleksandr Y., Stalin, Mao, Kim, and China's Decision to Enter the Korean War, 16 September – 15 October 1950: New Evidence from the Russian Archives, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issues 6–7 (Winter 1995/1996)
- Martin, Bradley (2004). Under The Loving Care Of The Fatherly Leader: North Korea And The Kim Dynasty. St. Martins.
- Sudoplatov, Pavel Anatoli, Schecter, Jerrold L., and Schecter, Leona P., Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness — A Soviet Spymaster, Little Brown, Boston (1994)
- Suh, Dae-Sook, Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader. New York: Columbia University Press (1988)
- Weathersby, Kathryn, The Soviet Role in the Early Phase of the Korean War, The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 2, no. 4 (Winter 1993)
- Christian Kracht, Eva Munz, Lukas Nikol, "The Ministry Of Truth. Kim Jong Ils North Korea", Feral House, October 2007, 132 pages, 88 color photographs, ISBN 978932595277
- NKIDP: Crisis and Confrontation on the Korean Peninsula: 1968–1969, A Critical Oral History
- Baik Bong, "From Birth to Triumphant Return to Homeland," "From Building Democratic Korea to Chollima Flight," and "From Independent National Economy to 10-Point Political Programme"
External links[link]
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- The Personality Cult in North Korea – Photos
- Kumsusan Memorial Palace – Kim Il-Sungs Mausoleum
- Kim's resting place
- North Korea Uncovered, (North Korea Google Earth)
- Korean Unification Studies
- North Korean International Documentation Project (NKIDP)
- A State of Mind, a documentary movie by Daniel Gordon, chronicles everyday life in North Korea in 2003
- Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea, a book by Barbara Demick
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New title | Prime Minister of the DPRK 1949–1972 |
Succeeded by Kim Il (As Premier) |
| Preceded by Choi Yong-kun as President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly |
President of the DPRK (Eternal President of the Republic since 5 September 1998) 1972–1994 |
Succeeded by Yang Hyong-sop as President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly |
| Party political offices | ||
| New title | Chairman of the Workers’ Party of Korea 1949–1966 |
Himself as General Secretary |
| Chairman of the Central Military Commission of Worker's Party 1950–1994 |
Succeeded by Kim Jong-il Vacant until 1997 |
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| General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea 1966–1994 |
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| Military offices | ||
| New title | Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army 1948–1991 |
Succeeded by Kim Jong-il |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kim, Il-sung |
| Alternative names | Kim Ilsong, Gim Il-seong, 김일성, 金日成 |
| Short description | President of North Korea |
| Date of birth | (1912-04-15)15 April 1912 |
| Place of birth | Pyongyang, North Korea |
| Date of death | 8 July 1994(1994-07-08) |
| Place of death | Pyongyang, North Korea |
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