published: 21 Dec 2007
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Aarhus University
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Alton College
Alton College is a sixth form college located in Alton, Hampshire, England. As well as being a sixth form, the college provides an adult education service to the local population as well as catering for students with disabilities from nearby Treloar College. It was built in 1978 and was the first institution in the UK to be a purpose built sixth form college.
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Bexhill College
Bexhill College is a sixth form college with a long history of average post 16 education. In September 2004, the college moved into brand new buildings situated in Penland Road, Bexhill-On-Sea. As of 2006 the college attained a grade 3 in its OFSTED report.
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Bodleian
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Bodleian Law Library
The Bodleian Law Library (BLL) is an academic library in Oxford, England. It is part of Oxford University, the Bodleian Libraries and is also the library of the Faculty of Law. It is situated in the Grade II-listed St Cross Building on St Cross Road in Holywell.
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Bodleian Library
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British Library
The British Library (BL) is the national library of the United Kingdom and the world's largest library in terms of total number of items. The library is one of the world's major research libraries, holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats: books, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings and much more. The Library's collections include around 14 million books (second only to the American Library of Congress), along with substantial holdings of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 300 BC.
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Broad Street, Oxford
Broad Street is a wide street in Oxford, England.
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Brockenhurst College
Brockenhurst College, or colloquially known as Brock, is in the tertiary sector providing education in a wide range of courses for many different ages. The college is based in the village of Brockenhurst in the New Forest in Hampshire, England. The college motto in Latin is "Inter silvas quaerere verum" which translated to English is "to search for truth among the trees".
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Cambridge
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Ceylon
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Chichester College
Chichester College is a college of further education in Chichester, West Sussex, and also has a 250 hectare campus at North Heath near Pulborough, Brinsbury Campus, for agricultural, horticultural and equestrian studies. It is a member of the 157 Group of high performing schools.
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Clarendon Building
The Clarendon Building is a landmark Grade I listed building in Oxford, England, owned by the University of Oxford. It was built between 1711 and 1713 to house the Oxford University Press. It stands in the centre of the city in Broad Street, near the Bodleian Library and the Sheldonian Theatre. It was vacated by the Press in the early nineteenth century, and used by the university for administrative purposes. In 1975 it was handed over to the Bodleian Library, and now provides office and meeting space for senior members of staff.
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Cranfield University
Cranfield University is a British postgraduate university based on two campuses, with a research-oriented focus. The main campus is at Cranfield, Bedfordshire and the second is the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom based at Shrivenham, Oxfordshire. The main campus is unique in the United Kingdom for having its own operational airport (Cranfield Airport) next to the main campus. The facilities at the airport are used by Cranfield University's own aircraft in the course of aerospace teaching and research. The university also has connections in India and Australia.
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Durham University
The University of Durham, commonly known as Durham University, is a university in Durham, England. It was founded by Act of Parliament in 1832 and granted a Royal Charter in 1837. It was one of the first universities to open in England for more than 600 years and has a claim towards being the third oldest university in England, although there are other institutions that also claim this distinction.
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Eastleigh College
Eastleigh College in Eastleigh, Hampshire is a community college of further education, providing education and training to school leavers and students returning to education.
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Edge Hill University
Edge Hill University is situated in Ormskirk in Lancashire, England. It has three faculties, Education, Health, and Arts and Sciences.
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Farnham College
Farnham College is a sixth form college in Farnham, Surrey, UK. It is located on a single campus in a residential area just to the south of Farnham town centre, and is now a foundation college. The majority of its land is leased from the Farnham College Foundation, which is governed by a board of trustees, four of whom are college governors.
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Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country.
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High Street, Oxford
The High Street in Oxford, England runs between Carfax, generally recognized as the centre of the city, and Magdalen Bridge to the east. Locally the street is often known as The High. It forms a gentle curve and is the subject of many prints, paintings, photographs, etc. The vista looking west towards Carfax with University College on the left and Queen's College on the right is an especially popular view. There are many historical buildings on the street, including Oxford University buildings and colleges.
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Istanbul University
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Itchen College
Itchen College is a community sixth-form college on the eastern side of Southampton.
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K College
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Kingston University
Kingston University is a university in Kingston upon Thames in southwest London. Formerly a polytechnic, it was granted university status in 1992 under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.
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Lancaster University
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Leiden University
Leiden University (), located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. The university was founded in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange, leader of the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years' War. The royal Dutch House of Orange-Nassau and Leiden University still have a close relationship. The Queens Juliana and Beatrix and crown-prince Willem-Alexander studied at Leiden University. In 2005 Queen Beatrix received a rare honorary degree from Leiden University.
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Lund University
Lund University (), located in Lund in the province of Scania, Sweden, is one of northern Europe's most prestigious universities and one of Scandinavia's largest institutions for education and research, frequently ranked among the world's top 100 universities. The university was founded in 1666 and is the second oldest Swedish university, but can arguably trace its roots back to 1438, when a studium generale was founded in Lund.
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Oxford
Oxford () is a city, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. For a distance of some along the river, in the vicinity of Oxford, the Thames is known as The Isis.
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Oxford Union Society
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Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire ( or ; archaically the County of Oxford; abbreviated Oxon from the Latinised form of "Oxford", Oxonia) is a county in the Midlands region of England, bordering on Warwickshire, Northamptonshire (to the north/northeast), Buckinghamshire (to the east), Berkshire (to the south), Wiltshire and Swindon (to the southwest), Gloucestershire (to the west) and Warwickshire (to the north).
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Oxide Radio
Oxide Radio is a student radio station run by members of Oxford University and Oxford Brookes University in Oxford, England. It was established in 2001 and as Altered Radio made brief forays onto FM in 2004 and 2005 before complications regarding FM licensing and funding forced it onto internet-only broadcast. It currently operates a term-time schedule with an increasingly diverse set of shows, ranging from mainstream pop to reggae, dubstep and drum n bass.
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Parks Road
Parks Road is a road in Oxford, England. It runs north-south from the Banbury Road and Norham Gardens at the northern end, where it continues into Bradmore Road, to the junction with Broad Street, Holywell Street and Catte Street to the south.
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Peking University
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Reigate College
Reigate College is a state sixth form college in Reigate, Surrey, for 16-19 year old students. The College is situated very near to both the town centre and the train station. There are about 1250 students currently studying here.
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Rhodes Trust
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Royal College of Art
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Science Area, Oxford
The Science Area in Oxford, England is where most of the science departments at Oxford University are located.
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South Marston
South Marston is a village in northeast Wiltshire, England. The name Marston derives from the common English village name meaning marsh farm. It is part of the Borough of Swindon.
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St Aldate's, Oxford
'''St Aldate's''' is a street in central Oxford, England. It is named after the obscure Saint Aldate, although it has also been suggested that the name is a corruption of 'old gate', referring to the south gate in the former city walls. St Aldate's Church dedicated in on the west side of the street, in Pembroke Square. A former name for St Aldate's is Fish Street.
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St Vincent College
St Vincent College is a small co-educational sixth form (16-18) college located in Gosport, Hampshire, England. The majority of students come from the surrounding towns including Gosport, Fareham, Stubbington and Winchester. The nearby Gosport Ferry link with Portsmouth also allows students from that city to attend. The college has around 1,200 full time students; it also caters for older "Access" students.
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Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States. The university is located on an campus in northwestern Santa Clara Valley approximately southeast of San Francisco and approximately northwest of San Jose.
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Strode's College
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Sussex Downs College
Sussex Downs College is a further education college in East Sussex, England, that was established in 2001 through a merger of Lewes Tertiary College and Eastbourne College of Arts and Technology, with Park Sixth Form College in Eastbourne added in 2003. They are now known as Lewes Sixth Form College, Park College, and Eastbourne Vocational College (EVoC) respectively, and operates campuses in Eastbourne, and Lewes with further skill centres in Uckfield, Newhaven and Hailsham.
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Swansea University
Swansea University () is a university located in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom. Swansea University was chartered as University College of Swansea in 1920, as the fourth college of the University of Wales, following the report of the Haldane Commission into University Education in Wales. In 1996, it changed its name to the University of Wales Swansea following structural changes within the University of Wales. The new title of Swansea University was formally adopted on 1 September 2007 when the University of Wales became a non-membership confederal institution and the former members became universities in their own right.
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Swindon
Swindon () is a large town within the borough of Swindon and county of Wiltshire, in South West England. It is midway between Bristol, west and Reading, east. London is east. In the 2001 census, the population of the Swindon urban area was 155,432, while the wider borough of Swindon had a population of 184,000.
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Teesside University
Teesside University is a university in Middlesbrough, England. It has a student body of 27,954 students as of the 2008-09 academic year. Recording rises in applications of 25.1 per cent and 23.5 per cent for degree courses beginning in 2010, the highest such percentage increases of any university in the North East of England. The University has a campus in Darlington named Teesside University Darlington.
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Tom Quad
The Great Quadrangle, more popularly known as Tom Quad, is one of the quadrangles of Christ Church, Oxford, England. It is the largest college quad in Oxford, measuring 264 by 261 feet. Although it was begun by Cardinal Wolsey, he was unable to complete it. Wolsey planned that it would actually be a cloister, and the supports required for this can be seen at short intervals around the quadrangle. The quad was finished when John Fell was Dean. The funds for the building of Tom Quad were found from the suppression of three Norbertine abbeys. It is dominated to the west by Tom Tower, designed by Sir Christopher Wren. On the east side is the entrance to Christ Church Cathedral and at the south-east corner is the entrance to the college dining hall. The north contains the homes of the canons of Christ Church, and much of the east side is taken up with the Deanery, in which the Dean of the college lives. On the north-east side, the quad leads, via Kilcannon, to Peckwater Quadrangle and the college library. In the north-west part of the quad is the Junior Common Room ("JCR"). Parts of the quad are still lived in by undergraduates, including the staircase above the Porter's lodge, known as "Bachelors' Row", to the left of the quadrangle when entered via Tom Gate. Bachelors' Row is only inhabited by first year male undergraduates.
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Tom Tower
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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University of Bergen
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University of Bonn
The University of Bonn () is a public research university located in Bonn, Germany. Founded in its present form in 1818, as the linear successor of earlier academic institutions, the University of Bonn is today one of the leading universities in Germany. The University of Bonn offers a large number of undergraduate and graduate programs in a range of subjects. Its library holds more than two million volumes. The University of Bonn has 525 professors and 27,800 students. Among its notable alumni and faculty are seven Nobel Laureates, two Fields Medalists, twelve Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners, Pope Benedict XVI, Joseph Goebbels, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche and Joseph Schumpeter.
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University of Douai
The University of Douai is a former university in Douai, France. With a Middle Ages heritage of scholar activities in Douai, the university was established in 1559 and lectures started in 1562. It closed from 1795 to 1808. In 1887, it was transferred as University of Lille 27 km away from Douai.
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University of Dundee
The University of Dundee is a university in the city and Royal burgh of Dundee, Scotland.
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University of Essex
The University of Essex is a British campus university with the original and largest campus located near the town of Colchester, England. Established in 1963 and receiving its Royal Charter in 1965, the University has become a centre of excellence for humanities and social sciences, and is highly rated in the United Kingdom and the world for the fields of sociology, philosophy, politics, history, linguistics and economics. It also has strength in biological sciences, business studies, psychology and electronic engineering. It now consists of 18 main teaching departments and 36 centres and institutes in a wide range of subject areas, including the fields of human rights, law & government.
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University of Graz
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University of Jena
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University of Kent
The University of Kent, previously the University of Kent at Canterbury, is a campus university in Kent, England established in 1965.
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University of Leeds
The University of Leeds (informally Leeds University, or simply Leeds) is a British Redbrick university located in the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Originally named The Yorkshire College, a successor to the Leeds School of Medicine, it became part of the Victoria University alongside Owens College (which eventually became the University of Manchester) and University College Liverpool (which became the University of Liverpool). In 1904, a royal charter was granted to the University of Leeds by King Edward VII.
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University of Leiden
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University of London
Based primarily in London, England, the University of London is a federal mega university made up of 31 affiliates: 19 separate university institutions, and 12 research institutes. As such, the University of London is the largest university in the UK by number of full-time students, with 135,090 campus-based students and over 45,000 in the University of London International Programmes.
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University of Milan
The University of Milan (, "Statale") is one of the largest universities in Italy, with about 62,801 students, a teaching and research staff of 2,455 and a non-teaching staff of 2,200.
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University of Oxford
The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University, or simply Oxford) is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the third oldest surviving university and the oldest university in the English-speaking world. Although the exact date of foundation remains unclear, there is evidence of teaching there as far back as the 11th century. The University grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.
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University of Paris
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University of Pavia
The University of Pavia (, UNIPV) is a university located in Pavia, Lombardy, Italy. It was founded in 1361 and is organized in 9 Faculties.
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University of Sussex
The University of Sussex is an English campus university situated next to the East Sussex village of Falmer, within the city of Brighton and Hove. It was founded in the 1960s, receiving its Royal Charter in August 1961.
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University of Tartu
The University of Tartu (, ) is a classical university in the city of Tartu, Estonia. University of Tartu is the national university of Estonia; it is the biggest and highest-ranked university in Estonia. The University of Tartu is a member of the Coimbra Group and was established by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632, thus being one of the oldest universities in the region.
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University of Turku
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University of York
The University of York (informally York University, or simply York, occasionally abbreviated as Ebor. for post-nominals), is an academic institution located in the city of York, England. Established in 1963, the campus university has expanded to more than thirty departments and centres, covering a wide range of subjects. In 2003 it attracted the highest research income per capita of any UK university . The university has built a reputation in less than half a century that places it among the top 20 universities in Europe, and the top 90 universities in the world, according to the 2010 QS World University Rankings. In the last Research Assessment Exercise in 2008, York was also named as the 8th best research institution in the United Kingdom.
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Uppsala University
Uppsala University () is a research university in Uppsala, Sweden. Founded in 1477, it is the oldest university in Scandinavia and has been one of Europe's most renowned seats of learning for centuries. Uppsala University consistently ranks among the best universities in Northern Europe in international rankings and is generally considered one of the most prestigious universities in Sweden.
http://wn.com/Uppsala_University -
Woking College
Woking College is a Sixth Form College situated in the town of Woking, Surrey, UK. Woking College provides full time education for approximately 800 students from 16 to 19 years old. Many students from Woking High School, the local secondary school, go on to the college after completing their GCSEs, but the college attracts students from many other schools often from different areas.
http://wn.com/Woking_College -
Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
http://wn.com/Yale_University -
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe ( ; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe and formerly Southern Rhodesia, the Republic of Rhodesia, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia) is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona (a Bantu language), and Ndebele (also a Bantu language).
http://wn.com/Zimbabwe
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A. E. Housman
http://wn.com/A_E_Housman -
A. J. Ayer
http://wn.com/A_J_Ayer -
Abhisit Vejjajiva
Abhisit Vejjajiva (; ([http://www.forvo.com/word/Abhisit_Vejjajiva/#th Thai pronunciation]), , , born 3 August 1964) is the leader of the Democrat Party and 27th and current Prime Minister of Thailand.
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Adam Smith
http://wn.com/Adam_Smith -
Albert Einstein
http://wn.com/Albert_Einstein -
Aldous Huxley
http://wn.com/Aldous_Huxley -
Alfred Marshall
Alfred Marshall (born 26 July 1842 in Bermondsey, London, England, died 13 July 1924 in Cambridge, England) was an English economist and one of the most influential economists of his time, as one of the founders of neoclassical economics. His book, Principles of Economics (1890), became the dominant economic textbook in England for a long period. It brings the ideas of supply and demand, marginal utility and costs of production into a coherent whole.
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Amartya Sen
http://wn.com/Amartya_Sen -
Andrew D. Hamilton
Andrew D. Hamilton (born 3 November 1952) is the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford.
http://wn.com/Andrew_D_Hamilton -
Andrew Lloyd Webber
Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber (born 22 March 1948) is an English composer of musical theatre. He started composing at the age of six, and published his first piece at the age of nine.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber -
Andrew Motion
Sir Andrew Motion, FRSL (born 26 October 1952) is an English poet, novelist and biographer, who presided as Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1999 to 2009.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Motion -
Arthur Mutambara
Arthur Guseni Oliver Mutambara (born 25 May 1966) is a Zimbabwean politician. He became the President of the Movement for Democratic Change-Mutambara faction (MDC) in February 2006. He has worked as the Managing Director and CEO of Africa Technology and Business Institute since September 2003. Under a September 2008 power-sharing agreement, Mutambara became Deputy Prime Minister on 11 February 2009.
http://wn.com/Arthur_Mutambara -
Augustus Pitt Rivers
http://wn.com/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers -
Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi (; ; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and a former General Secretary of the National League for Democracy. In the 1990 general election, Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy party won 59% of the national votes and 80% (392 of 492) of the seats in Parliament. Some people claim that this implies Suu Kyi was elected Prime Minister. She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She has remained under house arrest in Myanmar for almost 14 out of the past 20 years.
http://wn.com/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi -
Benazir Bhutto
http://wn.com/Benazir_Bhutto -
Benjamin Jowett
http://wn.com/Benjamin_Jowett -
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
http://wn.com/Bill_Clinton -
Bishop of Rochester
The Bishop of Rochester is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Rochester in the Province of Canterbury.
http://wn.com/Bishop_of_Rochester -
Bob Hawke
Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke AC GCL (born 9 December 1929) was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister.
http://wn.com/Bob_Hawke -
C. S. Lewis
http://wn.com/C_S_Lewis -
Cardinal Newman
http://wn.com/Cardinal_Newman -
Charles Simonyi
Charles Simonyi (; born September 10, 1948) is a Hungarian-American computer software executive who, as head of Microsoft's application software group, oversaw the creation of Microsoft's flagship office applications. He now heads his own company, Intentional Software, with the aim of developing and marketing his concept of intentional programming. In April 2007, aboard Soyuz TMA-10, he became the fifth space tourist and the second Hungarian in space. In March 2009, aboard Soyuz TMA-14, he made a second trip to the International Space Station. His estimated net worth is US$1 billion.
http://wn.com/Charles_Simonyi -
Chaucer
http://wn.com/Chaucer -
Chris Patten
Christopher Francis Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes, CH, PC, better known as Chris Patten or Lord Patten (born 12 May 1944), is a British Conservative politician, and a Patron of the Tory Reform Group.
http://wn.com/Chris_Patten -
Clement Attlee
http://wn.com/Clement_Attlee -
David Cameron
David William Donald Cameron (; born 9 October 1966) is the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, and Leader of the Conservative Party. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Witney.
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David King Dunaway
David King Dunaway is Professor of English and Communications (adjunct) at the University of New Mexico, Department of English. He is Pete Seeger's biographer, and a national expert on oral history, folk music, and Route 66.
http://wn.com/David_King_Dunaway -
Dorothy Hodgkin
http://wn.com/Dorothy_Hodgkin -
Dorothy Sayers
http://wn.com/Dorothy_Sayers -
Dr Samuel Johnson
http://wn.com/Dr_Samuel_Johnson -
Dr. Seuss
http://wn.com/Dr_Seuss -
Dudley Moore
Dudley Stuart John Moore, CBE (19 April 1935 – 27 March 2002) was an English actor, comedian, composer and musician.
http://wn.com/Dudley_Moore -
E. F. Schumacher
http://wn.com/E_F_Schumacher -
Edward Heath
http://wn.com/Edward_Heath -
Edwin Hubble
http://wn.com/Edwin_Hubble -
Emo of Friesland
Emo of Friesland was a Frisian scholar, and the earliest foreign student studying at Oxford University whose name has survived. He began his studies at Oxford in 1190.
http://wn.com/Emo_of_Friesland -
Erasmus
http://wn.com/Erasmus -
Eric Williams
Eric Eustace Williams (25 September 1911 – 29 March 1981) was the first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago. He served from 1956 until his death in 1981. He was also a noted Caribbean historian.
http://wn.com/Eric_Williams -
Erwin Schrödinger
http://wn.com/Erwin_Schrödinger -
Evelyn Waugh
http://wn.com/Evelyn_Waugh -
Frederick Soddy
Frederick Soddy (2 September 1877 – 22 September 1956) was an English radiochemist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions. He also proved the existence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1921, and has a crater named for him on the far side of the Moon.
http://wn.com/Frederick_Soddy -
Gaisford Prize
http://wn.com/Gaisford_Prize -
Gerald of Wales
http://wn.com/Gerald_of_Wales -
Graham Greene
http://wn.com/Graham_Greene -
H. H. Asquith
http://wn.com/H_H_Asquith -
Harald V of Norway
http://wn.com/Harald_V_of_Norway -
Harold Macmillan
http://wn.com/Harold_Macmillan -
Harold Wilson
http://wn.com/Harold_Wilson -
Henry II of England
http://wn.com/Henry_II_of_England -
Indira Gandhi
http://wn.com/Indira_Gandhi -
J. M. W. Turner
http://wn.com/J_M_W_Turner -
J. R. R. Tolkien
http://wn.com/J_R_R_Tolkien -
James Whitbourn
James Whitbourn (born 17 August 1963, Kent, UK) is a British composer and conductor.
http://wn.com/James_Whitbourn -
Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham ( or ; 15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism and the ethical treatment of animals, and the idea of the panopticon.
http://wn.com/Jeremy_Bentham -
John Betjeman
http://wn.com/John_Betjeman -
John Donne
John Donne ( ; 21 January 1572 – 31 March 1631) was an English poet, preacher and a major representative of the metaphysical poets of the period. His works are notable for their realistic and sensual style and include sonnets, love poetry, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. His poetry is noted for its vibrancy of language and inventiveness of metaphor, especially as compared to that of his contemporaries.
http://wn.com/John_Donne -
John Fowles
http://wn.com/John_Fowles -
John Gorton
Sir John Grey Gorton, GCMG, AC, CH (9 September 191119 May 2002), Australian politician, was the 19th Prime Minister of Australia.
http://wn.com/John_Gorton -
John Locke
http://wn.com/John_Locke -
John Taverner
http://wn.com/John_Taverner -
John Turner
John Napier Wyndham Turner, PC, CC, QC (born June 7, 1929) is a retired Canadian lawyer and politician, who served as the 17th Prime Minister of Canada from June 30 to September 17, 1984.
http://wn.com/John_Turner -
John Wesley
http://wn.com/John_Wesley -
John Wycliffe
http://wn.com/John_Wycliffe -
Kate Beckinsale
Kathryn Romany "Kate" Beckinsale (born 26 July 1973) is an English actress. She first gained notice, while a student at Oxford University, for making her debut in the film adaptation of Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing. Throughout the 1990s, she worked on both film and television, most notably by portraying the title character in the 1996 ITV television series Emma. In 2001, Beckinsale garnered international recognition when she was cast as the romantic lead opposite Ben Affleck in her breakthrough film, Pearl Harbor (2001). Since then, she has portrayed a variety of characters in projects such as Underworld (2003), The Aviator (2004), and Van Helsing (2004). In 2008, she earned a Critic's Choice Award nomination for her performance in Nothing But the Truth.
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Ken Loach
Kenneth "Ken" Loach (born 17th June 1936) is a British film and television director.
http://wn.com/Ken_Loach -
Kingsley Amis
Sir Kingsley William Amis, CBE (16 April 1922 – 22 October 1995) was an English novelist, poet, critic and teacher. He wrote more than 20 novels, six volumes of poetry, a memoir, and various short stories, radio and television scripts, along with works of social and literary criticism. According to his biographer, Zachary Leader, Amis was "the finest British comic novelist of the second half of the twentieth century." He is the father of the English novelist Martin Amis.
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Leonardo da Vinci
http://wn.com/Leonardo_da_Vinci -
Lester B. Pearson
http://wn.com/Lester_B_Pearson -
Lewis Carroll
http://wn.com/Lewis_Carroll -
Liaquat Ali Khan
For other people with the same or similar name, see Liaqat Ali (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/Liaquat_Ali_Khan -
Malcolm Fraser
John Malcolm Fraser AC, CH, GCL (; born 21 May 1930) is a former Australian Liberal Party politician who was the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia. He came to power in the 1975 election following the dismissal of the Whitlam Labor government, in which he played a key role. After three election victories, he was defeated by Bob Hawke in the 1983 election and ended his career alienated from his own party.
http://wn.com/Malcolm_Fraser -
Marcus du Sautoy
Marcus Peter Francis du Sautoy OBE (born in London, 26 August 1965) is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford and is currently the Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science. Formerly a Fellow of All Souls College, and Wadham College, he is now a Fellow of New College. He is currently an EPSRC Senior Media Fellow and was previously a Royal Society University Research Fellow. His academic work concerns mainly group theory and number theory. In October 2008, he was appointed to the Simonyi Professorship for the Public Understanding of Science, succeeding the inaugural holder Richard Dawkins.
http://wn.com/Marcus_du_Sautoy -
Margaret Thatcher
http://wn.com/Margaret_Thatcher -
Matthew Pinsent
athlete
http://wn.com/Matthew_Pinsent -
Max Müller
http://wn.com/Max_Müller -
Michael Palin
Michael Edward Palin, CBE FRGS (born 5 May 1943) is an English comedian, actor, writer and television presenter best known for being one of the members of the comedy group Monty Python and for his travel documentaries.
http://wn.com/Michael_Palin -
Michelangelo
http://wn.com/Michelangelo -
Mirza Nasir Ahmad
http://wn.com/Mirza_Nasir_Ahmad -
Oscar Wilde
http://wn.com/Oscar_Wilde -
Owen Dudley Edwards
Owen Dudley Edwards was born in Dublin, Republic of Ireland in July 1938. He is the son of Professor Robert Dudley Edwards and brother to the Irish writer, Ruth Dudley Edwards.
http://wn.com/Owen_Dudley_Edwards -
Pablo Picasso
http://wn.com/Pablo_Picasso -
Peking University
http://wn.com/Peking_University -
Philip Larkin
http://wn.com/Philip_Larkin -
Philip Pullman
Philip Pullman CBE, FRSL (born 19 October 1946) is an English writer from Norwich. He is the best-selling author of several books, most notably his trilogy of fantasy novels, His Dark Materials, and his fictional biography of Jesus, The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ. The first of His Dark Materials has been turned into the film The Golden Compass and the first two books from his Sally Lockhart series have been adapted for television.
http://wn.com/Philip_Pullman -
Richard Curtis
Richard Whalley Anthony Curtis, CBE (born 8 November 1958) is New Zealand-born British screenwriter, music producer, actor and film director, known primarily for romantic comedy films such as Four Weddings and a Funeral, ''Bridget Jones's Diary, Notting Hill, and Love Actually, as well as the hit sitcoms Blackadder, Mr. Bean and The Vicar of Dibley''. He is also the founder of the British charity Comic Relief.
http://wn.com/Richard_Curtis -
Richard Dawkins
Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941) is a British ethologist and evolutionary biologist. He is a fellow of New College, Oxford, and was the University of Oxford's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008.
http://wn.com/Richard_Dawkins -
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle FRS was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology. He is best known for Boyle's law. Although his research and personal philosophy clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, he is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry. Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry.
http://wn.com/Robert_Boyle -
Robert Bridges
Robert Seymour Bridges, OM, (23 October 1844 – 21 April 1930) was an English poet, and poet laureate from 1913 to 1930.
http://wn.com/Robert_Bridges -
Robert Graves
:For the rugby footballer and coach of the same name, see Robert Graves (rugby)
http://wn.com/Robert_Graves -
Robert Grosseteste
http://wn.com/Robert_Grosseteste -
Robert Hooke
http://wn.com/Robert_Hooke -
Robert Southey
Robert Southey (12 August 1774 – 21 March 1843) was an English poet of the Romantic school, one of the so-called "Lake Poets", and Poet Laureate for 30 years from 1813 to his death in 1843. Although his fame tends to be eclipsed by that of his contemporaries and friends William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Southey's verse enjoys enduring popularity.
http://wn.com/Robert_Southey -
Rowan Williams
Rowan Douglas Williams FRSL, FBA (born 14 June 1950) is an Anglican bishop, poet and theologian. He is the current (104th) Archbishop of Canterbury, Metropolitan of the Province of Canterbury and Primate of All England, offices he has held since early 2003.
http://wn.com/Rowan_Williams -
Rupert Murdoch
Keith Rupert Murdoch, AC, KSG (; born 11 March 1931) is an Australian-American media magnate and the founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of .
http://wn.com/Rupert_Murdoch -
Ruth Lawrence
Ruth Elke Lawrence-Naimark (, born 2 August 1971) is an Associate Professor of mathematics at the Einstein Institute of Mathematics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a researcher in knot theory and algebraic topology. Outside academia, she is best known for being a child prodigy in mathematics.
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Shoghi Effendi
http://wn.com/Shoghi_Effendi -
Sir Christopher Wren
http://wn.com/Sir_Christopher_Wren -
Sir Feroz Khan Noon
http://wn.com/Sir_Feroz_Khan_Noon -
Sir Hubert Parry
http://wn.com/Sir_Hubert_Parry -
Solomon Bandaranaike
http://wn.com/Solomon_Bandaranaike -
Stephen Hawking
Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942). is an English theoretical physicist and cosmologist, whose scientific career spans over forty years. His books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and in 2009 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.
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T. E. Lawrence
http://wn.com/T_E_Lawrence -
T. S. Eliot
Thomas Stearns Eliot OM (September 26, 1888 – January 4, 1965) was an American-born English poet, playwright, and literary critic, arguably the most important English-language poet of the 20th century. The poem that made his name, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock—started in 1910 and published in Chicago in 1915—is regarded as a masterpiece of the modernist movement, and was followed by some of the best-known poems in the English language, including Gerontion (1920), The Waste Land (1922), The Hollow Men (1925), Ash Wednesday (1930), and Four Quartets (1945). He is also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral (1935). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948.
http://wn.com/T_S_Eliot -
Terry Jones
Terence Graham Parry Jones (born February 1, 1942) is a Welsh comedian, screenwriter, actor, film director, children's author, popular historian, political commentator and TV documentary host. He is best known as a member of the Monty Python comedy team.
http://wn.com/Terry_Jones -
Thomas Bodley
http://wn.com/Thomas_Bodley -
Thomas Hobbes
http://wn.com/Thomas_Hobbes -
Thomas Middleton
Thomas Middleton (18 April 1580 – 1627) was an English Jacobean playwright and poet. Middleton stands with John Fletcher and Ben Jonson as among the most successful and prolific of playwrights who wrote their best plays during the Jacobean period. He was one of the few Renaissance dramatists to achieve equal success in comedy and tragedy. Also a prolific writer of masques and pageants, he remains one of the most noteworthy and distinctive of Jacobean dramatists.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Middleton -
Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA (born 8 June 1955, also known as "TimBL"), is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet.
http://wn.com/Tim_Berners-Lee -
Tony Blair
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a former British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007; he resigned from all these positions in June 2007.
http://wn.com/Tony_Blair -
Vikram Seth
Vikram Seth (, pronounced ; born June 20, 1952) is an Indian poet, novelist, travel writer, librettist, children's writer, biographer and memoirist.
http://wn.com/Vikram_Seth -
W. H. Auden
http://wn.com/W_H_Auden -
Walter Raleigh
http://wn.com/Walter_Raleigh -
Wendy Perriam
Wendy Perriam is an English novelist and graduate of the University of Oxford who started writing at the age of five and wrote her first "novel" at eleven. Perriam then went silent as she struggled through a long period of depression, having been expelled from her Catholic school for heresy and told she was in Satan's power. Many of her early novels explore the abuses and, conversely, the great attractions of Catholicism. Perriam's work is also renowned for its explicit sexual content - perhaps a natural consequence of her total sexual ignorance at school. In 2002, she won the Literary Review's Bad Sex Award 2002 for Tread softly. Wendy has appeared frequently on TV and radio, and was once a regular contributor to the radio series "Stop the Week" & "Fourth Column". Her work has been critically acclaimed for its psychological insight and for its power to disturb as well as divert. Described by the Sunday Telegraph as "one of the most interesting unsung novelists of her generation", Perriam is set to release her 22nd publication on
http://wn.com/Wendy_Perriam -
William of Durham
William of Durham (died 1249), who is said to have founded University College, Oxford, England, probably came from Sedgefield, County Durham and was educated at Wearmouth monastery and in Paris.
http://wn.com/William_of_Durham -
William of Ockham
http://wn.com/William_of_Ockham -
William Walton
http://wn.com/William_Walton -
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
http://wn.com/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto -
Álvaro Uribe
http://wn.com/Álvaro_Uribe
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Studying at Oxford University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Published: 21 Dec 2007
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Aung San Suu Kyi speaks of her Oxford years
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Published: 20 Jun 2012
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
'Islamic Education' (University of Oxford) - Tariq Ramadan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 34:32
- Published: 14 Mar 2012
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Aung San Suu Kyi's Speech at University of Oxford, 20 June 12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:59
- Published: 20 Jun 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Norman Foster at the University of Oxford: Heritage and Lessons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 37:59
- Published: 26 Jan 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
University of Oxford - MBA - Ernest Darkoh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Published: 17 May 2008
- Updated: 13 Aug 2012
Steampunk in Oxford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Published: 29 Oct 2009
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Keen Debunking Economics Oxford 2011 Monbiot Seminar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 70:59
- Published: 21 Oct 2011
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Exeter College Ball 2011 - University of Oxford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Published: 04 May 2012
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Roger Penrose on Twistors and Quantum Non-Locality
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:24
- Published: 30 Dec 2011
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
DASSK @ Oxford Uni - DVB Live 20.06.2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 116:18
- Published: 21 Jun 2012
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
University Challenge - Jesus, Oxford vs Warwick. Part 2 of 3.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Published: 10 Feb 2010
- Updated: 28 Jul 2012
Tour Oxford Mississippi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 28 Mar 2008
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Helen Swift - A tutor's-eye view of Oxford University admissions interviews | Day1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Published: 08 Dec 2010
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
The Arab Uprisings: How Did We Get Here?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:17
- Published: 02 Apr 2012
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford-AboutUs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Published: 25 Oct 2012
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Richard Fortey - OUMNH 150th Anniversary Lectures
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:50
- Published: 18 Jan 2011
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Lord Foster Humanitas Oxford University Lecture November 2011.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 37:49
- Published: 01 Dec 2011
- Updated: 08 Oct 2012
Oxford Union Debate at Harvard University - 04/18/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 99:29
- Published: 25 Apr 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
University Challenge - Jesus, Oxford vs Clare, Cambridge. Part 3 of 3.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:16
- Published: 18 Oct 2009
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
University Challenge - Jesus, Oxford vs Clare, Cambridge. Part 2 of 3.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:49
- Published: 18 Oct 2009
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
A whistle-stop tour of University College, Oxford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Published: 21 Jun 2011
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
Oxford - England - United Kingdom | Joe Journeys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Published: 11 Sep 2010
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
![Dodo skeleton cast and model based on modern research, at Oxford University Museum of Natural History[1]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121026120541im_/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/90/3c/dac752c45af1f2355e8fe9900ce9_small.jpg "Dodo skeleton cast and model based on modern research, at Oxford University Museum of Natural History[1]")
Creative Commons / FunkMonk
WN / Yeshe Choesang![Hawke's memorial at the Turf Tavern for downing a yard of ale (2.5 imperial pints or 1.4 litres) in just 11 seconds in 1963 [sic] while at Oxford University, a record at the time, and entered in the Guinness Book of Records. The record was actually set in 1953.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121026120541im_/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/7f/b2/dc1331724f07e6f3f55aff9a4f15_small.jpg "Hawke's memorial at the Turf Tavern for downing a yard of ale (2.5 imperial pints or 1.4 litres) in just 11 seconds in 1963 [sic] while at Oxford University, a record at the time, and entered in the Guinness Book of Records. The record was actually set in 1953.")
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Creative Commons / Oxonist
Creative Commons / Steve Cadman
Creative Commons / Magnus Manske![Balliol College (pronounced /ˈbeɪliəl/), founded in 1263,[1] is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England but founded by Scottish academics.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121026120541im_/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/d3/a4/47d9b93c3b70a49b8a1984116410_small.jpg "Balliol College (pronounced /ˈbeɪliəl/), founded in 1263,[1] is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England but founded by Scottish academics.")
Creative Commons / Toby Ord![Balliol College (pronounced /ˈbeɪliəl/), founded in 1263,[1] is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England but founded by Scottish academics.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121026120541im_/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/13/9b/0a6709f66c5393b50cd45f51fc03_small.jpg "Balliol College (pronounced /ˈbeɪliəl/), founded in 1263,[1] is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England but founded by Scottish academics.")
Creative Commons / Carthu15
![Dodo skeleton cast and model based on modern research, at Oxford University Museum of Natural History[1]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121026120541/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/90/3c/dac752c45af1f2355e8fe9900ce9_medium.jpg "Dodo skeleton cast and model based on modern research, at Oxford University Museum of Natural History[1]")
![Hawke's memorial at the Turf Tavern for downing a yard of ale (2.5 imperial pints or 1.4 litres) in just 11 seconds in 1963 [sic] while at Oxford University, a record at the time, and entered in the Guinness Book of Records. The record was actually set in 1953.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121026120541/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/7f/b2/dc1331724f07e6f3f55aff9a4f15_medium.jpg "Hawke's memorial at the Turf Tavern for downing a yard of ale (2.5 imperial pints or 1.4 litres) in just 11 seconds in 1963 [sic] while at Oxford University, a record at the time, and entered in the Guinness Book of Records. The record was actually set in 1953.")
![Balliol College (pronounced /ˈbeɪliəl/), founded in 1263,[1] is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England but founded by Scottish academics.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121026120541/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/d3/a4/47d9b93c3b70a49b8a1984116410_medium.jpg "Balliol College (pronounced /ˈbeɪliəl/), founded in 1263,[1] is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England but founded by Scottish academics.")
![Balliol College (pronounced /ˈbeɪliəl/), founded in 1263,[1] is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England but founded by Scottish academics.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121026120541/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/13/9b/0a6709f66c5393b50cd45f51fc03_medium.jpg "Balliol College (pronounced /ˈbeɪliəl/), founded in 1263,[1] is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England but founded by Scottish academics.")
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Coordinates: 51°45′40″N 1°15′12″W / 51.7611°N 1.2534°W / 51.7611; -1.2534
| University of Oxford | |
|---|---|
 University of Oxford seal |
|
| Latin: Universitas Oxoniensis | |
| Motto | Dominus Illuminatio Mea (Latin) |
| Motto in English | The Lord is my Light |
| Established | Unknown, teaching existed since 1096; 915 years ago (1096)[1] |
| Endowment | £3.3 billion (inc. colleges)[2] |
| Chancellor | The Rt. Hon. Lord Patten of Barnes |
| Vice-Chancellor | Andrew Hamilton |
| Students | 21,535[3] |
| Undergraduates | 11,723[3] |
| Postgraduates | 9,327[3] |
| Other students | 461[3] |
| Location | Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, UK |
| Colours | Oxford Blue[4] |
| Athletics | The Sporting Blue |
| Affiliations | IARU Russell Group Coimbra Group Europaeum EUA G5 LERU |
| Website | ox.ac.uk |
| 220px | |
The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or Oxford) is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world.[1][5] Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096.[1] The University grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.[1] In post-nominals, the University of Oxford was historically abbreviated as Oxon. (from the Latin Oxoniensis), although Oxf is now used in official university publications.
After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge, where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient English universities have many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In addition to their cultural and practical associations, as a historic part of British society, they have a long history of rivalry with each other.
Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at self-governing colleges and halls, supported by classes, lectures and laboratory work organised by University faculties and departments. Oxford regularly contends with Cambridge for first place in the league tables,[6][7][8] and consistently ranks among the top ten universities in the world, according to global rankings.[9][10] For more than a century, it has served as the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, which brings students from a number of countries to study at Oxford as postgraduates or for a second bachelor's degree.[11]
Oxford is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the Coimbra Group, the G5, the League of European Research Universities, and the International Alliance of Research Universities. It is also a core member of the Europaeum and forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities.[12]
Contents |
History[link]
The University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in some form in 1096, but it is unclear at what point a university came into being.[1]
The expulsion of foreigners from the University of Paris in 1167 caused many English scholars to return from France and settle in Oxford. The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188, and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the University was named a chancellor from at least 1201, and the masters were recognised as a universitas or corporation in 1231. The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two “nations”, representing the North (including the Scots) and the South (including the Irish and the Welsh). In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students' affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. Members of many religious orders, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence, and maintained houses for students. At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges to serve as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, and John Balliol, father of a future King of Scots: Balliol College bears his name. Another founder, Walter de Merton, a chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of Rochester, devised a series of regulations for college life; Merton College thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford, as well as at the University of Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of students forsook living in halls and religious houses in favour of living in colleges.
The new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the Reformation and the breaking of ties with the Roman Catholic Church, Recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, settling especially at the University of Douai. The method of teaching at Oxford was transformed from the medieval Scholastic method to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university suffered losses of land and revenues. In 1636, Chancellor William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, codified the university's statutes; these to a large extent remained its governing regulations until the mid-19th century. Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the University Press, and he made significant contributions to the Bodleian Library, the main library of the university.
The university was a centre of the Royalist party during the English Civil War (1642–1649), while the town favoured the opposing Parliamentarian cause. From the mid-18th century onwards, however, the University of Oxford took little part in political conflicts.
The mid nineteenth century saw the impact of the Oxford Movement (1833–1845), led among others by the future Cardinal Newman. The influence of the reformed model of German university reached Oxford via key scholars such as Edward Bouverie Pusey, Benjamin Jowett and Max Müller.
Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests, greater tolerance for religious dissent, and the establishment of four women's colleges. Twentieth century Privy Council decisions (such as the abolition of compulsory daily worship, dissociation of the Regius professorship of Hebrew from clerical status, diversion of theological bequests to colleges to other purposes) loosened the link with traditional belief and practice. Although the University's emphasis traditionally had been on classical knowledge, its curriculum expanded in the course of the 19th century to encompass scientific and medical studies.
The mid twentieth century saw many distinguished continental scholars, displaced by Nazism and Communism, relocating to Oxford.
The list of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to British politics, the sciences, medicine, and literature. More than forty Nobel laureates and more than fifty world leaders have been affiliated with the University of Oxford.[13]
Women's education[link]
The University passed a Statute in 1875 allowing its delegates to create preliminary and final examinations at roughly undergraduate level.[14] The first four women's colleges were established thanks to the activism of the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women (AEW). Lady Margaret Hall (1878[15]) was followed by Somerville College in 1879;[16] the first 21 students from Somerville and LMH attended lectures in rooms above an Oxford baker's shop.[14] The first two colleges for women were followed by St Hugh's (1886[17]), St Hilda's (1893[18]) and St Anne's College (1952[19]). Oxford was long considered a bastion of male privilege,[20] and it was not until 7 October 1920 that women became eligible for admission as full members of the university and were given the right to take degrees.[21] In 1927 a quota of female students was instituted by the University's dons, a ruling not abolished until 1957.[14] However, until the 1970s all Oxford colleges were for men or women only, so that the number of women was effectively limited by the capacity of the women's colleges to admit students. It was not until 1959 that the women's colleges were given full collegiate status.
In 1974, Brasenose, Jesus, Wadham, Hertford and St Catherine's were the first all-male colleges to admit women.[22][23] In 2008, St Hilda's became the last of the women's colleges to admit men also, so that all of the Oxford colleges are now co-residential. By 1988, 40% of undergraduates at Oxford were female;[24] the ratio is now about 48:52 in men's favour.
The detective novel Gaudy Night by Dorothy Sayers – herself one of the first women to get an academic degree at Oxford – takes place in a (fictional) women's college at Oxford, and the issue of women's education is central to its plot.
Organisation[link]
As a collegiate university, Oxford's structure can be confusing to those unfamiliar with it. The university is a federation: it comprises over forty self-governing colleges and halls, along with a central administration headed by the Vice-Chancellor. The academic departments are located centrally within this structure; they are not affiliated with any particular college. Departments provide facilities for teaching and research, determine the syllabi and guidelines for the teaching of students, perform research, and deliver lectures and seminars. Colleges arrange the tutorial teaching for their undergraduates. The members of an academic department are spread around many colleges; though certain colleges do have subject alignments (e.g. Nuffield College as a centre for the social sciences), these are exceptions, and most colleges will have a broad mix of academics and students from a diverse range of subjects. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels: by the central university (the Bodleian), by the departments (individual departmental libraries, such as the English Faculty Library), and by colleges (each of which maintains a multi-discipline library for the use of its members).
Central governance[link]
The university's formal head is the Chancellor (currently Lord Patten of Barnes), though as with most British universities, the Chancellor is a titular figure, rather than someone involved with the day-to-day running of the university. The Chancellor is elected by the members of Convocation, a body comprising all graduates of the university, and holds office until death.
The Vice-Chancellor, currently Andrew Hamilton, is the "de facto" head of the University. Five Pro-Vice-Chancellors have specific responsibilities for Education; Research; Planning and Resources; Development and External Affairs; and Personnel and Equal Opportunities. The University Council is the executive policy-forming body, which consists of the Vice-Chancellor as well as heads of departments and other members elected by Congregation, in addition to observers from the Student Union. Congregation, the "parliament of the dons", comprises over 3,700 members of the University’s academic and administrative staff, and has ultimate responsibility for legislative matters: it discusses and pronounces on policies proposed by the University Council. Oxford and Cambridge (which is similarly structured) are unique for this democratic form of governance.
Two university proctors, who are elected annually on a rotating basis from two of the colleges, are the internal ombudsmen who make sure that the university and its members adhere to its statutes. This role incorporates student welfare and discipline, as well as oversight of the university's proceedings. The collection of University Professors is called the Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford. They are particularly influential in the running of the graduate programmes within the University. Examples of Statutory Professors are the Chichele Professorships and the Drummond Professor of Political Economy. The various academic faculties, departments, and institutes are organised into four divisions, each with their own Head and elected board. They are the Humanities Division; the Social Sciences Division; the Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division; and the Medical Sciences Division.
The University of Oxford is a "public university" in the sense that it receives a large amount of public money from the government, but it is a "private university" in the sense that it is entirely self-governing and could choose to become entirely private by rejecting public funds.[25]
Colleges[link]
Main article: Colleges of the University of Oxford
There are thirty-eight colleges of the University of Oxford and six Permanent Private Halls, each controlling its membership and with its own internal structure and activities.[26] All resident students, and most academic staff, must be members both of a college or hall, and of the university. The heads of Oxford colleges are known by various titles, according to the college, including warden, provost, principal, president, rector, master and dean. The colleges join together as the Conference of Colleges to discuss policy and to deal with the central University administration. Teaching members of the colleges (fellows and tutors) are collectively and familiarly known as dons, although the term is rarely used by the university itself. In addition to residential and dining facilities, the colleges provide social, cultural, and recreational activities for their members. Colleges have responsibility for admitting undergraduates and organising their tuition; for graduates, this responsibility falls upon the departments.
Teaching and degrees[link]
Main articles: Degrees of the University of Oxford and List of Professorships at the University of Oxford
Undergraduate teaching is centred on the tutorial, where 1–4 students spend an hour with an academic discussing their week’s work, usually an essay (humanities, most social sciences, some mathematical, physical, and life sciences) or problem sheet (most mathematical, physical, and life sciences, and some social sciences). Students usually have one or two tutorials a week, and can be taught by academics at any other college—not just their own—as expertise and personnel requires. These tutorials are complemented by lectures, classes and seminars, which are organised on a departmental basis. Graduate students undertaking taught degrees are usually instructed through classes and seminars, though there is more focus upon individual research.
The university itself is responsible for conducting examinations and conferring degrees. The passing of two sets of examinations is a prerequisite for a first degree. The first set of examinations, called either Honour Moderations ("Mods" and "Honour Mods") or Preliminary Examinations ("Prelims"), are usually held at the end of the first year (after two terms for those studying Law, Theology, Philosophy and Theology, Experimental Psychology or Psychology, Philosophy and Physiology or after five terms in the case of Classics). The second set of examinations, the Final Honour School ("Finals"), is held at the end of the undergraduate course. Successful candidates receive first-, upper or lower second-, or third-class honours based on their performance in Finals. An upper second is the most usual result, and a first is generally prerequisite for graduate study. A "double first" reflects first class results in both Honour Mods. and Finals. Research degrees at the master's and doctoral level are conferred in all subjects studied at graduate level at the university. As a matter of tradition, bachelor's degree graduates are eligible, after seven years from matriculation and without additional study, to purchase for a nominal fee an upgrade of their bachelor's degree to a "MA" or Master of Arts. All MAs were members of Convocation and until 1913 all resident members of Convocation were members of Congregation.[27] MAs, as members of Convocation, elected the Chancellor and Professor of Poetry, but recently Convocation has been widened to consist of all graduates.[28][29]
Academic year[link]
The academic year is divided into three terms, determined by Regulations.[30] Michaelmas Term lasts from October to December; Hilary Term from January to March; and Trinity Term from April to June.
Within these terms, Council determines for each year eight-week periods called Full Terms, during which undergraduate teaching takes place. These terms are shorter than those of many other British universities.[31] Undergraduates are also expected to prepare heavily in the three holidays (known as the Christmas, Easter and Long Vacations).
Internally at least, the dates in the term are often referred to by a number in reference to the start of each full term, thus the first week of any full term is called "1st week" and the last is "8th week". The numbering of the weeks continues up to the end of the term, and begins again with negative numbering from the beginning of the succeeding term, through "minus first week" and "noughth week", which precedes "1st week". Weeks begin on a Sunday. Undergraduates must be in residence from Thursday of 0th week.
Traditions[link]
Academic dress is still commonly seen at Oxford; until the 1960s students wore it at all times.[citation needed] It is required for examinations and when visiting university officers. Other traditions and customs vary by college, one of the most common being the requirement to wear gowns for dinner in hall.
Finances[link]
In 2005/06 the University had an income of £608m, and the colleges £237m (of which £41m is a flow-through from the University). For the University, key sources were HEFCE (£166m) and research grants (£213m). For the colleges, the largest single source was endowments and interest (£82m) and residential charges (£47m). While the University has the larger operating budget, the colleges have a far larger aggregate endowment, at around £2.7bn compared to the University's £900m.[32] The Central University's endowment, along with that of many of the colleges, is managed by the University's wholly owned endowment management office, Oxford University Endowment Management, formed in 2007.
The University also launched a fundraising campaign in May 2008, called Oxford Thinking – The Campaign for the University of Oxford.[33] With a minimum goal of £1.25 billion, the Campaign is looking to support three areas: academic posts and programmes, student support, and buildings and infrastructure.[34]
Admission[link]
Age[link]
Oxford has no upper or lower limit on the age of those admitted as undergraduates. Historically, it was common for boys to become members of the university between the ages of fourteen and nineteen.[35] Jeremy Bentham matriculated in 1761 at the age of thirteen, which was unusually young.[36] At the present time, the usual age range of those admitted to study for first degrees begins at about seventeen, although the majority are eighteen or nineteen.[clarification needed] Harris Manchester caters only to mature students above 21. In theory, much younger people can still be admitted to the university if they meet the entrance standard, and Ruth Lawrence matriculated at Oxford in 1983 at the age of twelve.
Procedure[link]
Prospective students apply through the UCAS application system, in common with most British universities, but (along with applicants for Medicine, Dentistry and Cambridge applicants) must observe an earlier deadline of 15 October.[37] To allow a more personalised judgement of students, who might otherwise apply for both, undergraduate applicants are not permitted to apply to both Oxford and Cambridge in the same year. The only exceptions are applicants for Organ Scholarships[38] and those applying to read for a second undergraduate degree.[39] Students from all backgrounds are encouraged to apply, with "contextual data" (factors that may have influenced prior exam performance) taken into account during the admission procedure. The university believes that there are many potential students from less well off backgrounds whom the university cannot admit, simply because they do not apply.[40]
Most applicants choose to apply to one of the individual colleges, which work with each other to ensure that the best students gain a place somewhere at the University whichever college they choose.[41] Shortlisting is based on achieved and predicted exam results; school references and, in some subjects, written admission tests or candidate-submitted written work. Approximately 60% of applicants are shortlisted, although this varies by subject. If a large number of shortlisted applicants for a subject choose one college, then students who named that college may be reallocated randomly to under-subscribed colleges for the subject. The colleges then invite shortlisted candidates for interview, where they are provided with food and accommodation for at least three days in December. Most applicants will be individually interviewed by academics at more than one college, however some are interviewed at more colleges than this. In 2007 the colleges, faculties and departments published a "common framework" outlining the principles and procedures they observe.[42]
Offers are sent out shortly before Christmas, with an offer usually being from a specific college. One in four successful candidates receive offers from a college that they did not apply to. Some courses may make "open offers" to some candidates, which do not carry an attachment to a particular college until A Level results day in August.[43][44]
For graduate student admissions, many colleges express a preference for candidates who will be undertaking research in an area of interest of one of its fellows. St Hugh's College, for example, states that it accepts graduate students in most subjects, principally those in the fields of interest of the Fellows of the college.[45] Perhaps as a consequence of this, it is not uncommon for a graduate student to be a member of his or her supervisor's college, although this is not an official university requirement. For graduate students, admission is first handled by the relevant department, and then by a college.
Access[link]
Further information: University of Oxford undergraduate admissions statistics
The University states that its admissions policies avoid bias against candidates of certain socio-economic or educational backgrounds.[46] However, the fairness of Oxford admissions has attracted public controversy through episodes such as the Laura Spence Affair in 2000.[47] Gaining places at Oxford and Cambridge remains a central focus for many private and selective state schools, and the lack of a social mix at the university representing society at large remains a point of controversy.[48] Veiled accusations of racism, however, have been refuted by comparison of A-level results with successful applications.[49] In 2007, the University refined its admissions procedure to take into account the academic performance of its applicants' schools.[50]
Students who apply from state schools and colleges have a broadly comparable acceptance rate to those from independent schools (19% and 24% of applicants accepted respectively, 2010).[51] However, most pupils who are accepted from state schools come from 'elite' grammar and selective schools, rather than comprehensives.[51] More than half of applications come from the state sector,[51] and the University of Oxford funds many initiatives to attract applicants from this sector, including the UNIQ Summer Schools, Oxford Young Ambassadors, Target Schools, and the FE Access Initiative.[46] Regarding the UNIQ Summer School, of all the UNIQ students who went on to make applications in autumn 2010 to enter the University in 2011/12, 39 per cent ended up with places. The overall success rate for Oxford applicants is around 20 per cent.
Most colleges also run their own access schemes and initiatives.
In 2002, the University of Oxford commissioned a research project[52] under the auspices of Professor Anthony Heath.[53] Almost 2,000 applicants for admission participated in the project; about one third of them were admitted.[54] The project found that, if anything, admissions tutors treat applicants from state schools more favourably than applicants from private schools with the same attainment.[55] The research also suggested that this discounting was justified as private school students need higher grades at entry to do as well as their state school educated peers in final university examinations.[56] Finally, the study found that applicants to arts subjects had an advantage in admission when they displayed high levels of cultural capital.[57]
Mature and part-time students are supported by the Oxford University Department for Continuing Education. Most part-time students will belong to Kellogg College, although a small number of other colleges also accept admissions.
Scholarships and financial support[link]
There are many opportunities for students at Oxford to receive financial help during their studies. The Oxford Opportunity Bursaries, introduced in 2006, are university-wide means-based bursaries available to any British undergraduate. With a total possible grant of £10,235 over a 3-year degree, it is the most generous bursary scheme offered by any British university.[58] In addition, individual colleges also offer bursaries and funds to help their students. For graduate study, there are many scholarships attached to the University, available to students from all sorts of backgrounds, from Rhodes Scholarships to the new Weidenfeld Scholarships.[59]
Students successful in early examinations are rewarded by their colleges with scholarships and exhibitions, normally the result of a long-standing endowment, although when tuition fees were first abolished, the amounts of money available became purely nominal. Scholars, and exhibitioners in some colleges, are entitled to wear a more voluminous undergraduate gown; "commoners" (originally those who had to pay for their "commons", or food and lodging) being restricted to a short, sleeveless garment. The term "scholar" in relation to Oxbridge, therefore, had a specific meaning as well as the more general meaning of someone of outstanding academic ability. In previous times, there were "noblemen commoners" and "gentlemen commoners", but these ranks were abolished in the 19th century. "Closed" scholarships, available only to candidates who fitted specific conditions such as coming from specific schools, exist now only in name.
From the inception of the Church of England until 1866 membership of the church was a requirement to receive the BA degree from Oxford, and "dissenters" were only permitted to receive the MA in 1871. Knowledge of Ancient Greek was required until 1920, and Latin until 1960. Women were admitted to degrees in 1920.
Collections[link]
Libraries[link]
.jpg)
Oxford has 102 libraries,[60] of which 30[61] belong to the Bodleian Library group, Oxford's central research library. With over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the UK, after the British Library. It is a legal deposit library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the UK. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.[62] Its main central site consists of the original Bodleian Library in the Old Schools Quadrangle, founded by Sir Thomas Bodley in 1598 and opened in 1602,[63] the Radcliffe Camera, the Clarendon Building, and the New Bodleian Building. A tunnel underneath Broad Street connects these buildings. Other libraries within the Bodleian’s remit include the Bodleian Law Library, Indian Institute Library, Radcliffe Science Library, the Oriental Institute Library and the Vere Harmsworth US History Library.[61]
A new book depository opened in South Marston, Swindon in October 2010,[64] and current building projects include the remodelling of the New Bodleian building, which will be renamed the Weston Library when it reopens in 2014-15.[65] The renovation is designed to better showcase the library’s various treasures (which include a Shakespeare First Folio and a Gutenberg Bible) as well as temporary exhibitions.
Other specialised libraries in Oxford include the Sackler Library, which holds classical collections, and the libraries maintained by academic departments and colleges.[60] Almost all of Oxford's libraries share a common catalogue, the Oxford Libraries Information System,[66] though with such a huge collection, this is an ongoing task.[67] Oxford University Library Services, the head of which is Bodley’s Librarian, is the governing administrative body responsible for libraries in Oxford. The Bodleian is currently engaged in a mass-digitisation project with Google.[68][69]
See also: Category:Libraries in Oxford
Museums[link]
Oxford maintains a number of museums and galleries in addition to its libraries. The Ashmolean Museum, founded in 1683, is the oldest museum in the UK, and the oldest university museum in the world.[70] It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel. It also contains "The Messiah", a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence. The Ashmolean reopened in November 2009, after a £49m redevelopment,[71] doubling the display space as well as providing new facilities.
The Museum of Natural History holds the University’s anatomical and natural history specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on Parks Road, in the University’s Science Area.[72][73] Among its collection are the skeletons of a Tyrannosaurus rex and triceratops, and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science, currently held by Marcus du Sautoy.
Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in 1884, which displays the University’s archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the University establish a lectureship in anthropology.
The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad St in the world’s oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.[74] It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the history of science. In the Faculty of Music on St Aldate's is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. The Botanic Garden is the oldest botanic garden in the UK, and the third-oldest scientific garden in the world. It contains representatives from over 90% of the world’s higher plant families. Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a collection of over 200 old master paintings.
See also: Category:Museums in Oxford
Reputation[link]
| ARWU[75] (2011/12, national) |
2 | |
|---|---|---|
| ARWU[75] (2011/12, world) |
10 | |
| QS[76] (2011/12, national) |
2 | |
| QS[76] (2011/12, world) |
5 | |
| THE[77] (2011/12, national) |
1 | |
| THE[77] (2011/12, world) |
4 | |
| Complete/The Independent[78] (2013, national) |
3 | |
| The Guardian[79] (2013, national) |
2 | |
| The Sunday Times[80] (2012, national) |
2 | |
| The Times[81] (2012, national) |
1 | |
In the subject tables of the Times Good University Guide 2008, Oxford is ranked as the top university in the UK with Cambridge as the second.[82] Oxford is ranked first in Politics, Physiological Sciences, English, Fine Art, Business Studies, Middle Eastern and African Studies, Music, Philosophy, and also Education and Linguistics which it shares first with Cambridge. Oxford comes second after Cambridge in a further seventeen subjects. The University then takes three third-places and an equal-third, as well as a fourth, fifth, and equal-sixth place in one subject each.[83]
In The Guardian's subject tables for institutions in tariff-band 6 (universities whose prospective students are expected to score 400 or more tariff points) Oxford took first place for Anatomy and Physiology, Anthropology, Biosciences, Medicine, Business and Management Studies, Earth and Marine Sciences, Economics, English, Law, Materials and Mineral Engineering, Modern Languages, Music, Politics, Psychology, and Sociology. Oxford came second to Cambridge in Geography, Archaeology, Classics, History, History of Art, Mathematics, Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies. Oxford came second in General Engineering, and third in Fine Art, General Engineering and Physics; fourth place in Chemistry; second place in Computer Science and IT.[84]
In the 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities, Oxford was ranked 10th in the world and second in Europe.[85]
In the 2011 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, Oxford placed fourth in the world (Caltech placed first while Harvard and Stanford tied for second) and first in Europe.[86] In the 2011 QS World University Rankings[87] Oxford University placed fifth in the world (while Cambridge University came first), rising from sixth in the 2010 rankings. With the exception of 2010, it has been consistently in the top five since the THE – QS World University Rankings began in 2004 (in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings).
In 2009 it had been ranked second in the world for arts and humanities, third in life sciences and biomedicine, third in social sciences, and fifth in natural sciences. Oxford also came second in the world in terms of graduate employability. According to the 2011 Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings[88] – based on a survey of 13,388 academics over 131 countries which is the largest evaluation of academic reputation to date[89] – Oxford belongs to the elite group of six universities touted as the 'globally recognised super brands'.[90] Oxford is one of four UK universities that belong to the Coimbra Group, one of four UK universities that belong to the League of European Research Universities, and one of three UK universities that belong to both. It is the only UK university to belong to the Europaeum group.
League table rankings[link]
| 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | 1997 | 1996 | 1995 | 1994 | 1993 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Times Good University Guide | 1st | 1st[91] | 1st[6] | 1st[92] | 1st[93] | 1st[94] | 1st | 1st[95] | 1st | 1st[96] | 2nd | 3rd | 3rd | 3rd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | |
| Guardian University Guide | 2nd[97] | 1st[98] | 1st[8] | 1st[99] | 1st[100] | 1st | 2nd[101] | 1st[102] | 2nd[103] | 2nd[104] | 2nd[96] | ||||||||||
| Sunday Times University Guide | 1st | 1st[105] | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd[106] | 2nd[106] | 2nd[107] | 2nd[107] | 2nd[107] | 2nd[107] | 2nd[107] | 2nd[107] | 2nd[107] | |||||||
| Independent Complete University Guide supported by PricewaterhouseCoopers |
3rd[108] | 2nd | 1st[109] | 1st[7] | 1st[110] | 2nd[110] | |||||||||||||||
| Daily Telegraph | 2nd[111] | 4th | 4th[96] | ||||||||||||||||||
| FT | 2nd[112] | 2nd[96][113] | 2nd[114] | 2nd[115] | 3rd[116] | 3rd[117] |
Notable alumni and academics[link]
Main article: List of University of Oxford people
There are many notable Oxonians (as alumni of the University are known):
Twenty-six British prime ministers have attended Oxford, including William Gladstone, Herbert Asquith, Clement Attlee, Harold Macmillan, Harold Wilson, Edward Heath, Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair[118] and most recently David Cameron.[119]
At least thirty other international leaders have been educated at Oxford.[13] This number includes Harald V of Norway,[120] Abdullah II of Jordan,[13] three Prime Ministers of Australia (John Gorton, Malcolm Fraser and Bob Hawke),[121][122][123] two Prime Ministers of Canada (Lester B. Pearson, and John Turner),[13][124] two Prime Ministers of India (Manmohan Singh and Indira Gandhi (although she did not finish her degree),[13][125] five Prime Ministers of Pakistan (Liaquat Ali Khan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Sir Feroz Khan Noon, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, and Benazir Bhutto),[13] S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike (former Prime Minister of Ceylon), Norman Washington Manley of Jamaica,[126] Eric Williams (Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago), Álvaro Uribe (Colombia's former President), Abhisit Vejjajiva (former Prime Minister of Thailand) and Bill Clinton (the first President of the United States to have attended Oxford; he attended as a Rhodes Scholar).[13][127] Arthur Mutambara (Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe ),was a Rhodes Scholar in 1991. The Burmese democracy activist and Nobel laureate, Aung San Suu Kyi, was a student of St. Hugh's College.[128] Including Aung San Suu Kyi, forty-seven Nobel prize-winners have studied or taught at Oxford.[13]
Oxford has also produced at least twelve saints, and twenty Archbishops of Canterbury, including the current incumbent, Rowan Williams, (who studied at Wadham College and was later a Canon Professor at Christ Church).[13][129] Religious reformer John Wycliffe was an Oxford scholar, for a time Master of Balliol College. John Colet, Christian humanist, Dean of St. Paul's, and friend of Erasmus, studied at Magdalen College. The founder of Methodism, John Wesley, studied at Christ Church and was elected a fellow of Lincoln College.[130] Other religious figures were Mirza Nasir Ahmad, the third Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, and Shoghi Effendi, one of the appointed leaders of the Baha'i faith.
Some fifty Olympic medal-winners have academic connections with the university, including Sir Matthew Pinsent, quadruple gold-medallist rower.[13][131] T. E. Lawrence was a student at Jesus College,[132] while other illustrious students include the explorer, courtier, and man of letters, Sir Walter Raleigh, (who attended Oriel College but left without taking a degree)[133] to the Australian media mogul, Rupert Murdoch.[134]
The long list of writers associated with Oxford includes John Fowles, Theodor Geisel, Thomas Middleton, Samuel Johnson, Robert Graves, Evelyn Waugh,[135] Lewis Carroll,[136] Aldous Huxley,[137] Oscar Wilde,[138] C. S. Lewis,[139] J. R. R. Tolkien,[140] Graham Greene,[141] V.S.Naipaul, Philip Pullman,[13] Joseph Heller,[142] Vikram Seth,[13] the poets Percy Bysshe Shelley,[143] John Donne,[144] A. E. Housman,[145] W. H. Auden,[146] T. S. Eliot, Wendy Perriam and Philip Larkin,[147] and seven poets laureate (Thomas Warton,[148] Henry James Pye,[149] Robert Southey,[150] Robert Bridges,[151] Cecil Day-Lewis,[152] Sir John Betjeman,[153] and Andrew Motion).[154]
Economists Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, E. F. Schumacher and Amartya Sen, and philosophers Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Jeremy Bentham, and A. J. Ayer all spent time at Oxford.
Some notable scientists include Robert Hooke,[13] Stephen Hawking,[13] Richard Dawkins,[155] Frederick Soddy,[156] Tim Berners-Lee,[13] co-inventor of the World Wide Web, and Dorothy Hodgkin.[157] Robert Boyle, Albert Einstein, Edwin Hubble,[13] Erwin Schrödinger also spent time at the university.
Composers Sir Hubert Parry, George Butterworth, John Taverner, William Walton, James Whitbourn and Andrew Lloyd-Webber have all been involved with the university.
Actors Hugh Grant,[158] Kate Beckinsale,[158] Dudley Moore,[159] Michael Palin,[13] and Terry Jones[160] were undergraduates at the University, as were Oscar-winner Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck[13] and film-makers Ken Loach[161] and Richard Curtis. Sportspeople who have attended the university include Imran Khan.[13]
More complete information on famous senior and junior members of the University can be found in the individual college articles (an individual may be associated with two or more colleges, as an undergraduate, postgraduate, and/or member of staff).
Affiliates and other institutions[link]
Notable organisations and institutions officially connected with the University include:
Faculties and departments[link]
Clubs and societies[link]
Further information: Clubs and societies of the University of Oxford and Oxford student sports clubs
Some of the most well-known and oldest societies of the university include:
- Oxford University A.F.C. (association football club)
- Oxford University Boat Club (rowing club participating in The Boat Race)
- Oxford University Cricket Club (Cricket team whose matches are accorded First Class Status. Participates in The University Match)
- Oxford University Newman Society (Catholic speaker and debating society)
- Oxford University RFC (rugby club participating in the Varsity Match)
- Oxford University Scientific Society
- Oxford University Student Union
- Oxford University Conservative Association
- Oxford University Liberal Democrats
- Oxford University Labour Club
- Oxford University Ski and Snowboard Club (Governing club of the Varsity Trip)
- Stubbs Society (historical society)
- Bullingdon Club (not affiliated)
- Oxford Union Society (not affiliated)
Media[link]
- Cherwell (Student publication)
- Isis (Student publication)
- Oxford Student Publications Limited (Student publishing house)
- The Owl Journal (Student publication)
- Journal of the Oxford University History Society (academic journal)
- Oxford University Press (world's largest university press)
- Oxide Radio (Student radio station)
- The Oxford Student (Student publication)
- The Oxonian Review of Books (Graduate student publication)
- The Triple Helix Oxford (Student publication)
- The Oxymoron (Satirical student publication)
Buildings and parks[link]
Further information: Buildings and structures in Oxford, Churches in Oxford and Parks and open spaces in Oxford
- Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
- Oxford University Parks
- Radcliffe Camera
- Rhodes Trust, the centre of the Rhodes Scholarship
- Sheldonian Theatre
- Tom Tower
- University Church of St Mary the Virgin
- Oxford Botanic Garden and Harcourt Arboretum
Other institutions[link]
There are other higher and further education institutions in Oxford, including various independent "colleges", not associated with the University. These include Oxford Brookes University; Ruskin College, Oxford – an adult education college – which, although not part of the University of Oxford, has close links with it; and the former Lady Spencer Churchill teaching college (now the Wheatley campus of Oxford Brookes).
The University of Oxford is an Educational Alliance Partner of the Meade 4M Community which supports the University's 'Project Jetwatch' program.
Oxford in literature and other media[link]
Main article: University of Oxford in popular culture
Oxford University is the setting for numerous works of fiction. Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when Chaucer in his Canterbury Tales referred to a "Clerk [student] of Oxenford": "For him was levere have at his beddes heed/ Twenty bookes, clad in blak or reed,/ of Aristotle and his philosophie/ Than robes riche, or fithele, or gay sautrie". As of 1989, 533 Oxford-based novels had been identified, and the number continues to rise.[162] Famous literary works range from Brideshead Revisited, by Evelyn Waugh, to the trilogy His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman, which features an alternate-reality version of the University. Sir Humphrey Appleby, GCB, KBE, MVO, MA (Oxon) attended the fictional Baillie College in Yes Minister, and The Complete Yes Minister book's introduction, dated September 2019, was written from the equally fictitious Hacker College.
See also[link]
- Academic dress of the University of Oxford
- Commemoration Balls
- Eights Week college boat races
- Encaenia
- Formal Hall
- Friends of Herculaneum Society
- Gaisford Prize
- Gaudy Celebrations
- Golden Triangle (UK universities)
- The Language Report
- List of medieval universities
- May Morning Celebration
- Oxford '-er'
- Oxford bags
- Oxford comma
- Oxford Scarf Colours
- Oxford Standard for Citation Of Legal Authorities or "OSCOLA"
- Oxford University Police
- Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)
- Punting
- Torpids college boat races
- Town and gown
- Jacob Barnet affair
References[link]
Notes[link]
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- ^ "Campaign for Oxford". http://www.campaign.ox.ac.uk/campaign_report_2011/facts_and_figures.html. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ a b c d "Supplement (2) to No. 4945" (PDF). Oxford University Gazette. 2 March 2011. http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/global/wwwoxacuk/localsites/gazette/documents/supplements2010-11/Student_Numbers_2010-2011.pdf.
- ^ from "The brand colour – Oxford blue". http://www.ox.ac.uk/branding_toolkit/the_brand_colours/.
- ^ Sager, Peter (2005). Oxford and Cambridge: An Uncommon History p. 36
- ^ a b Watson, Roland; Elliott, Francis; Foster, Patrick. "The Times Good University Guide 2010". The Times (UK). http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/tol_gug/gooduniversityguide.php. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- ^ a b "The Complete University Guide 2010". The Complete University Guide. http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/single.htm?ipg=8726.
- ^ a b "The Guardian University guide 2010". The Guardian (UK). 12 May 2009. http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/table/2009/may/12/university-league-table. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- ^ "Top 500 World Universities (1–100)". ARWU 2009. http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2009.jsp. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ "World University Rankings". The Times Higher Education Supplement. http://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ "Applying for the Rhodes Scholarships – The Rhodes Trust". rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk. http://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/page/applying-for-the-rhodes-scholarship. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ "Golden opportunities". Nature. 6 July 2005. http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2005/050707/full/nj7047-144a.html. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Famous Oxonians". University of Oxford. 30 October 2007. http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/oxford_people/famous_oxonians/. Retrieved 5 November 2007.
- ^ a b c Frances Lannon "Her Oxford", Times Higher Education, 30 October 2008
- ^ "History", Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford
- ^ "History", Somerville College, University of Oxford
- ^ "History of the College", St Hugh's College, University of Oxford
- ^ "Constitutional History", St Hilda's College, University of Oxford
- ^ "St Anne's History", St Anne's College, University of Oxford
- ^ Joyce S. Pedersen Book review, H-Albion, May 1996, reprinted on H-Net Review website
- ^ 1965. – Handbook to the University of Oxford. – University of Oxford. – p.43.
- ^ "Colleges mark anniversary of 'going mixed'". Oxford University Gazette. 29 July 1999. http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1998-9/weekly/290799/news/story_3.htm.
- ^ "Women at Oxford". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. http://www.webcitation.org/6678DAEL2.
- ^ Jenifer Hart "Women at Oxford since the Advent of Mixed Colleges", Oxford Review of Education, 15:3, 1989, p.217
- ^ Dennis, Farrington; David Palfreyman (2011-02-21). "OFFA and £6000-9000 tuition fees" (PDF). OxCHEPS Occasional Paper No. 39. Oxford Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies. http://oxcheps.new.ox.ac.uk/MainSite%20pages/Resources/OxCHEPS_OP39.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-20. "Note, however, that any university which does not want funding from HEFCE can, as a private corporation, charge whatever tuition fees it likes (exactly as does, say, the University of Buckingham or BPP University College). Under existing legislation and outside of the influence of the HEFCE-funding mechanism upon universities, Government can no more control university tuition fees than it can dictate the price of socks in Marks & Spencer. Universities are not part of the State and they are not part of the public sector; Government has no reserve powers of intervention even in a failing institution."
- ^ "Colleges and Halls A-Z". University of Oxford. http://www.ox.ac.uk/colleges/colleges_and_halls_az/index.html. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
- ^ "Oxford University Archives: A history of Congregation and Convocation, 3. Nineteenth century reform". Oxford University Archives. http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/enquiries/congandconvthree.html. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ "Oxford University Archives: A history of Congregation and Convocation, 5. The mid 20th century". Oxford University Archives. http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/enquiries/congandconvfive.html. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ "Oxford University Archives: A history of Congregation and Convocation, 7. The 2000 reforms". Oxford University Archives. 1 October 2000. http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/enquiries/congandconvseven.html. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ "Regulations on the number and length of terms". University of Oxford. http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/examregs/03-00_REGULATIONS_ON_THE_NUMBER_AND_LENGTH_OF_TERMS.shtml. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
- ^ Sastry, Tom; Bekhradnia, Bahram (25 September 2007). "The Academic Experience of Students in English Universities (2007 report)" (PDF). Higher Education Policy Institute. pp. footnote 14. http://www.hepi.ac.uk/downloads/33TheacademicexperienceofstudentsinEnglishuniversities2007.pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2007. "Even within Russell Group institutions, it is remarkable how consistently Oxford and Cambridge appear to require more effort of their students than other universities. On the other hand, they have fewer weeks in the academic year than other universities, so the extent to which this is so may be exaggerated by these results."
- ^ "New investment committee at Oxford University". University of Oxford. 13 February 2007. http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/news/2006-07/feb/13.shtml. Retrieved 9 October 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Oxford Thinking". http://www.campaign.ox.ac.uk/.
- ^ "The Campaign – University of Oxford". University of Oxford. http://www.campaign.ox.ac.uk/campaign/the_campaign/index.html. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ John Hooper Harvey, Mediaeval craftsmen (Batsford, 1975), p. 45
- ^ Museum of foreign literature, science and art, vol. 23, p. 322
- ^ "UCAS Students: Important dates for your diary". http://www.ucas.com/students/importantdates. Retrieved 23 November 2009. "15 October 2009 Last date for receipt of applications to Oxford University, University of Cambridge and courses in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science or veterinary medicine."
- ^ "Organ Awards Information for Prospective Candidates". Faculty of Music, University of Oxford. http://www.music.ox.ac.uk/assets/files/Chor_Org_Downloads/OrgAwards2009.pdf. Retrieved 22 March 2009. "It is possible for a candidate to enter the comparable competition at Cambridge which is scheduled at the same time of year."
- ^ "UCAS Students FAQs: Oxford or Cambridge". http://www.ucas.com/students/applying/faqs/eligibility/faq1. Retrieved 23 November 2009. "Is it possible to apply to both Oxford University and the University of Cambridge?"
- ^ "UK | Education | More state pupils head to Oxford". BBC News. 12 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7939230.stm. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ "How do I choose a college? – Will I be interviewed only at my chosen college?". University of Oxford. http://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate_courses/colleges/how_do_i_choose_a_college/index.html. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ "A Common Framework for colleges and faculties and departments". Undergraduate Admissions Office, University of Oxford. 2 April 2007. http://www.admissions.ox.ac.uk/news/common_framework.shtml. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ "Open Offer Scheme". Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford. http://www.bioch.ox.ac.uk/aspsite/index.asp?pageid=462. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ "Open Offer Scheme". Department of Physics, University of Oxford. http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/admissions/AFQs.htm#Open. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ St Hugh's College – Subjects accepted
- ^ a b Working with Schools and Colleges, University of Oxford Gazette, 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
- ^ "Is Oxbridge elitist?". BBC News. 31 May 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/764767.stm. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
- ^ "Should Oxford discriminate in favour of state school students?". Telegraph (London). 27 July 2006. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=BLOGDETAIL&grid=F11&blog=yourview&xml=/news/2006/07/27/ublview27.xml. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
- ^ Letters (14 December 2010). "Our education system's great shame". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2010/dec/14/education-shame-oxbridge-schools-race. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
- ^ Asthana, Anushka (22 July 2007). "Oxford digs deeper to seek out the best students". Observer (London). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2132069,00.html. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
- ^ a b c Undergraduate Admissions Statistics: 2010 entry, retrieved 12 April 2011.
- ^ "The Oxford Admissions Study". http://www.onsir.ox.ac.uk/index.php/research/55-projects/112-oxford-admissions-study.html.
- ^ "Anthony Heath, FBA PhD Sociology, Cambridge (1971) Professorial Fellow and University Professor of Sociology". Nuffield College. last updated July 2008. http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/sociology/Group/heath.html.
- ^ "ORA Thesis: "Challenges to meritocracy? A study of the social mechanisms in student selection and attainment at the University of Oxford". ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk date=. http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0e9cf555-a921-4134-baf4-ce7114795f36.
- ^ Anna Zimdars. "Fairness and undergraduate admission: a qualitative exploration of admissions choices at the University of Oxford". informaworld.com. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a922924149~frm=titlelink.
- ^ Tom Ogg; Anna Zimdars; Anthony Heath. "Schooling effects on degree performance: a comparison of the predictive validity of aptitude testing and secondary school grades at Oxford University". informaworld.com. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/01411920903165611.
- ^ Amma Zimdars; Alice Sullivan; Anthony Heath. "Elite Higher Education Admissions in the Arts and Sciences: Is Cultural Capital the Key?". soc.sagepub.com. http://soc.sagepub.com/content/43/4/648.abstract.
- ^ "Oxford Opportunity Bursaries". University of Oxford. http://www.oxfordopportunity.com/. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
- ^ Shepherd, Jessica (22 March 2007). "Oxford targets bright young things of eastern Europe". The Guardian (UK). http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/worldwide/story/0,,2040182,00.html. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
- ^ a b "Libraries". Bodleian Library. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. http://www.webcitation.org/63G4ZqPCI.
- ^ a b "Bodleian Libraries". Bodleian Library. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. http://www.webcitation.org/63G4lh3kx.
- ^ "A University Library for the Twenty-first Century". University of Oxford. 22 September 2005. http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2005-6/supps/1_4743.htm. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
- ^ "Sir Thomas Bodley and his Library". Oxford Today. 2002. http://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/2001-02/v14n2/03.shtml. Retrieved 23 October 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Swindon's £26m Bodleian book store opens". BBC News. 6 October 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/wiltshire/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_9062000/9062875.stm. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- ^ "New Bodleian: The Weston Library". University of Oxford. 26 May 2010. http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/about/buildings/new_bodleian. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- ^ "OLIS: member libraries". Oxford Libraries Information System. Archived from the original on 2011-11-17. http://www.webcitation.org/63G3koAIp.
- ^ "Completeness of the catalogue". OLIS. 2006. http://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/olis/complete.html. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ "Oxford-Google Digitization Programme". Bodleian Library. http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/google/. Retrieved 9 October 2007.
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Bibliography[link]
- Annan, Noel, The Dons: Mentors, Eccentrics and Geniuses HarperCollins (London, 1999)
- Batson, Judy G., Oxford in Fiction, Garland (New York, 1989).
- Betjeman, John, An Oxford University Chest, Miles (London, 1938).
- Brooke, Christopher and Roger Highfield, Oxford and Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, 1988).
- Casson, Hugh, Hugh Casson's Oxford, Phaidon (London, 1988).
- Catto, Jeremy (ed.), The History of the University of Oxford, Oxford University Press (Oxford, 1994).
- Clark, Andrew (ed.), The colleges of Oxford: their history and traditions, Methuen & C. (London, 1891).
- De-la-Noy, Michael, Exploring Oxford, Headline (London, 1991).
- Dougill, John, Oxford in English Literature, University of Michigan Press (Ann Arbor, 1998).
- Feiler, Bruce, Looking for Class: Days and Nights at Oxford and Cambridge, Perennial (New York, 2004).
- Fraser, Antonia (ed.), Oxford and Oxfordshire in Verse, Penguin (London, 1983).
- Kenny, Anthony & Kenny, Robert, Can Oxford be Improved?, Imprint Academic (Exeter, 2007)
- Knight, William (ed.), The Glamour of Oxford, Blackwell (New York, 1911).
- Pursglove, Glyn and Alistair Ricketts (eds.), Oxford in Verse, Perpetua (Oxford, 1999).
- Hibbert, Christopher, The Encyclopaedia of Oxford, Macmillan (Basingstoke, 1988).
- Horan, David, Cities of the Imagination: Oxford, Signal (Oxford, 2002).
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External links[link]
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This article is about the city of Oxford in England. For other cities and other meanings, see Oxford (disambiguation).
| Oxford | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
| Nickname(s): "the City of Dreaming Spires" | |||
| Motto: "Fortis est veritas" "Truth is strength" | |||
 |
|||
| Coordinates: 51°45′7″N 1°15′28″W / 51.75194°N 1.25778°W / 51.75194; -1.25778 | |||
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom | ||
| Constituent country | England | ||
| Region | South East England | ||
| Ceremonial county | Oxfordshire | ||
| Admin HQ | Oxford City Centre | ||
| Founded | 8th century | ||
| Town charter | |||
| City status | 1542 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | City | ||
| • Governing body | Oxford City Council | ||
| • Lord Mayor – Deputy Lord Mayor |
Cllr Elise Benjamin (2010–2011) (Green Party) | ||
| • Sheriff of Oxford | Jean Fooks (LD) | ||
| • Executive – Council Leader |
Labour Cllr Bob Price |
||
| • MPs | Nicola Blackwood (C) Andrew Smith (L) |
||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 17.60 sq mi (45.59 km2) | ||
| Population (2010 est.) | |||
| • Total | 153,700 (ranked 121st of 326) | ||
| • Density | 8,500/sq mi (3,270/km2) | ||
| • Ethnicity (2005 estimates) |
73.0% White British 9.1% Other White 5.7% South Asian 3.0% Black 2.9% Chinese 2.7% Mixed Race 1.9% Other 1.8% White Irish |
||
| Demonym | Oxonian | ||
| Time zone | GMT (UTC0) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | BST (UTC+1) | ||
| Postcode | OX | ||
| Area code(s) | 01865 | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | GB-OXF | ||
| ONS code | 38UC | ||
| OS grid reference | SP513061 | ||
| NUTS 3 | |||
| Website | www.oxford.gov.uk | ||
Oxford 
i/ˈɒksfəd/[1] is a city in central southern England, the home of the University of Oxford. The city is the county town of Oxfordshire, and forms a district within the county. It has a population of just under 165,000, of whom 153,900 live within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre.
Oxford has a diverse economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a large number of information technology and science-based businesses.
Buildings in Oxford demonstrate an example of every English architectural period since the arrival of the Saxons, including the iconic, mid-18th century Radcliffe Camera. Oxford is known as the "city of dreaming spires", a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold in reference to the harmonious architecture of Oxford's university buildings. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.[2]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Oxford
Oxford was first settled in Saxon times, and was initially known as "Oxenaforda", meaning "Ford of the Oxen"; fords were more common than bridges at that time.[3] It began with the foundation of an oxen crossing in the early 900 AD period. In the 10th century Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes.
Oxford was heavily damaged during the Norman Invasion of 1066. Following the conquest, the town was assigned a governor, Robert D'Oyly, who ordered the construction of Oxford Castle to confirm Norman authority over the area. The castle has never been used for military purposes and its remains survive to this day. D'Oyly set up a monastic community in the castle consisting of a chapel and living quarters for monks (St George in the Castle). The community never grew large but it earned its place in history as one of the oldest places of formal education in Oxford. It is there that in 1139 Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his History of the Kings of Britain, a compilation of Arthurian legends.[4]
In 1191, a city charter stated in Latin,[5]
"Be it known to all those present and future that we, the citizens of Oxford of the Commune of the City and of the Merchant Guild have given, and by this, our present charter, confirm the donation of the island of Midney with all those things pertaining to it, to the Church of St. Mary at Oseney and to the canons serving God in that place."Since, every year, at Michaelmas the said canons render half a mark of silver for their tenure at the time when we have ordered it as witnesses the legal deed of our ancestors which they made concerning the gift of this same island; and besides, because we have undertaken on our own part and on behalf of our heirs to guarantee the aforesaid island to the same canons wheresoever and against all men; they themselves, by this guarantee, will pay to us and our heirs each year at Easter another half mark which we have demanded; and we and our heirs faithfully will guarantee the aforesaid tenement to them for the service of the aforesaid mark annually for all matters and all services.
"We have made this concession and confirmation in the Common council of the City and we have confirmed it with our common seal. These are those who have made this concession and confirmation."
(There follows a list of witnesses, ending with the phrase, "... and all the Commune of the City of Oxford.")
Oxford's prestige was enhanced by its charter granted by King Henry II, granting its citizens the same privileges and exemptions as those enjoyed by the capital of the kingdom; and various important religious houses were founded in or near the city. A grandson of King John established Rewley Abbey for the Cistercian Order; and friars of various orders (Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, Augustinians, and Trinitarians), all had houses at Oxford of varying importance. Parliaments were often held in the city during the 13th century. The Provisions of Oxford were instigated by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort; these documents are often regarded as England's first written constitution.
The University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. As the University took shape, friction between the hundreds of students living where and how they pleased led to a decree that all undergraduates would have to reside in approved halls[citation needed]. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses that sprang up across the city, only St Edmund Hall (c 1225) remains. What put an end to the halls was the emergence of colleges. Oxford's earliest colleges were University College (1249), Balliol (1263) and Merton (1264). These colleges were established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Greek philosophers. These writings challenged European ideology – inspiring scientific discoveries and advancements in the arts – as society began to see itself in a new way. These colleges at Oxford were supported by the Church in the hope of reconciling Greek Philosophy and Christian Theology. The relationship between "town and gown" has often been uneasy – as many as 93 students and townspeople were killed in the St Scholastica Day Riot of 1355.
The sweating sickness epidemic in 1517 was particularly devastating to Oxford and Cambridge where it killed half of both cities' populations, including many students and dons.[6]
Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford is unique in combining a college chapel and a cathedral in one foundation. Originally the Priory Church of St Frideswide, the building was extended and incorporated into the structure of the Cardinal's College shortly before its refounding as Christ Church in 1546, since when it has functioned as the cathedral of the Diocese of Oxford.
The Oxford Martyrs were tried for heresy in 1555 and subsequently burnt at the stake, on what is now Broad Street, for their religious beliefs and teachings. The three martyrs were the bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, and the Archbishop Thomas Cranmer[citation needed]. The Martyrs' Memorial stands nearby, round the corner to the North on St. Giles.
During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I in 1642, after the king was expelled from London, although there was strong support in the town for the Parliamentarian cause. The town yielded to Parliamentarian forces under General Fairfax in the Siege of Oxford of 1646. It later housed the court of Charles II during the Great Plague of London in 1665–66. Although reluctant to do so, he was forced to evacuate when the plague got too close. The city suffered two serious fires in 1644 and 1671.[7]
In 1790, the Oxford Canal connected the city with Coventry. The Duke's Cut was completed by the Duke of Marlborough in 1789 to link the new canal with the River Thames; and in 1796 the Oxford Canal company built its own link to the Thames, at Isis Lock. In 1844, the Great Western Railway linked Oxford with London via Didcot and Reading,[8][9] and other rail routes soon followed.
In the 19th century, the controversy surrounding the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church drew attention to the city as a focus of theological thought.
Oxford Town Hall was built by Henry T. Hare; the foundation stone was laid on 6 July 1893 and opened by the future King Edward VII on 12 May 1897. The site has been the seat of local government since the Guild Hall of 1292 and though Oxford is a city and a Lord Mayoralty, the building is still called by its traditional name of "Town Hall".
By the early 20th century, Oxford was experiencing rapid industrial and population growth, with the printing and publishing industries becoming well established by the 1920s. Also during that decade, the economy and society of Oxford underwent a huge transformation as William Morris established Morris Motors Limited to mass produce cars in Cowley, on the south-eastern edge of the city. By the early 1970s over 20,000 people worked in Cowley at the huge Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher plants. By this time Oxford was a city of two halves: the university city to the west of Magdalen Bridge and the car town to the east. This led to the witticism that "Oxford is the left bank of Cowley". Cowley suffered major job losses in the 1980s and 1990s during the decline of British Leyland, but is now producing the successful Mini for BMW on a smaller site. A large area of the original car manufacturing facility at Cowley was demolished in the 1990s and is now the site of the Oxford Business Park.[10]
The influx of migrant labour to the car plants and hospitals, recent immigration from south Asia, and a large student population, have given Oxford a notable cosmopolitan character, especially in the Headington and Cowley Road areas with their many bars, cafes, restaurants, clubs, ethnic shops and fast food outlets. Oxford is one of the most diverse small cities in Britain with the most recent population estimates for 2005.[11] showing that 27% of the population were from ethnic minority groups, including 16.2% from non-white ethnic minority ethnic groups (ONS). These figures do not take into account more recent international migration into the city, with over 10,000 people from overseas registering for National Insurance Numbers in Oxford in 2005/06 and 2006/07.[12]
On 6 May 1954, Roger Bannister, a 25 year old medical student, ran the first authenticated four-minute mile at the Iffley Road running track in Oxford. Although he had previously studied at Oxford University, Bannister was studying at St Mary's Hospital Medical School in London at the time.
Oxford's second university, Oxford Brookes University, formerly the Oxford School of Art, then Oxford Polytechnic, based at Headington Hill, was given its charter in 1991 and has been voted for the last ten years the best new university in the UK.[citation needed] It was named to honour the school's founding principal, John Henry Brookes.
Geography[link]
Oxford's latitude and longitude are 51°45′07″N 1°15′28″W / 51.75194°N 1.25778°W / 51.75194; -1.25778Coordinates: 51°45′07″N 1°15′28″W / 51.75194°N 1.25778°W / 51.75194; -1.25778 or grid reference SP513061 (at Carfax Tower, which is usually considered the centre).
Location[link]
 |
Worcester | Banbury | Bicester, Milton Keynes | |
| Cheltenham |  |
High Wycombe, Aylesbury | ||
 Oxford East |
||||
 |
||||
| Wantage, Swindon | Didcot, Newbury, Reading | Slough, Windsor |
Climate[link]
Oxford has a maritime temperate climate ("Cfb" by the Köppen system). Precipitation is uniformly distributed throughout the year and is provided mostly by weather systems that arrive from the Atlantic. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oxford was −16.6 °C (2.1 °F) in January 1982. The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 35.6 °C (96 °F) in August 2003 during the 2003 European heat wave.
The average conditions below are from the Radcliffe Meteorological Station. It boasts the longest series of temperature and rainfall records for one site in Britain. These records are continuous from January, 1815. Irregular observations of rainfall, cloud and temperature exist from 1767.[13]
| Climate data for Oxford, UK | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
27.1 (80.8) |
30.6 (87.1) |
34.3 (93.7) |
33.9 (93.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
15.2 (59.4) |
35.6 (96.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.2 (57.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.4 (45.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
4.3 (39.7) |
7.2 (45.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.2 (54.0) |
11.9 (53.4) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
2.1 (35.8) |
6.1 (43.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16.6 (2.1) |
−16.2 (2.8) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
1.3 (34.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−16.1 (3.0) |
−16.6 (2.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 52.6 (2.071) |
41.0 (1.614) |
41.1 (1.618) |
43.9 (1.728) |
50.6 (1.992) |
53.3 (2.098) |
59.5 (2.343) |
58.3 (2.295) |
60.3 (2.374) |
65.3 (2.571) |
61.8 (2.433) |
55.8 (2.197) |
643.5 (25.335) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 54.3 | 70.3 | 113.3 | 151.8 | 191.8 | 196.9 | 191.6 | 180.3 | 138.3 | 102.8 | 64.4 | 48.8 | 1,504.3 |
| Source: Radcliffe Meteorological Station (NB: Data from the period 1881–2004)[14] | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
Oxford has a diverse economy, which includes manufacturing, publishing and science-based industries as well as education, research and tourism.[15]
Carmaking[link]
Oxford has been an important centre of motor manufacturing since Morris Motors was established in the city in 1910. The principal production site for Mini cars, now owned by BMW, is in the Oxford suburb of Cowley.
Publishing[link]
Oxford University Press, a department of the University of Oxford, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house. The city is also home to the UK operations of Wiley-Blackwell, and several smaller publishing houses.
Science and technology[link]
The presence of the university has given rise to many science and technology based businesses, including Oxford Instruments, Research Machines and Sophos. The university established Isis Innovation in 1987 to promote technology transfer. The Oxford Science Park was established in 1990, and the Begbroke Science Park, owned by the university, lies north of the city.
Brewing[link]
There is a long history of brewing in Oxford. Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, at Brasenose, survived until 1889. In the 16th century brewing and malting appear to have been the most popular trades in the city. There were breweries in Brewers Street and Paradise Street, near the Castle Mill Stream.
The development of Oxford's railway links after the 1840s and the rapid expansion of Oxford supported expansion of the brewing trade in Oxford.[16] As well as expanding the market for Oxford's brewers, railways enabled brewers further from the city to compete for a share of its market.[16] By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere.[16] The nine breweries were: Flowers & Co in Cowley Road, Hall's St Giles Brewery, Hall's Swan Brewery (see below), Hanley's City Brewery in Queen Street, Le Mills's Brewery in St. Ebbes, Morrell's Lion Brewery in St Thomas Street (see below), Simonds's Brewery in Queen Street, Weaving's Eagle Brewery (by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery) in Park End Street and Wootten and Cole's St. Clement's Brewery.[16]
The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in Paradise Street, and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall.[17] The brewery became known as Hall's Oxford Brewery, which acquired other local breweries. Hall's Brewery was acquired by Samuel Allsopp & Sons in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford.[18]
Morrell's, the Oxford based regional brewery was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney. He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners.[19] After an acrimonious family dispute this much-loved brewery was closed in 1998,[20] the beer brand names being taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery,[21] while the 132 tied pubs were bought by Michael Cannon, owner of the American hamburger chain Fuddruckers, through a new company, Morrells of Oxford.[22] The new owners sold most of the pubs on to Greene King in 2002.[23] The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002.[24]
Bellfounding[link]
The Taylor family of Loughborough had a bell-foundry in Oxford between 1786 and 1854.[25]
Shopping[link]
- Broad Street
- Clarendon Shopping Centre
- Cornmarket Street
- George Street
- Golden Cross
- The High Street
- Little Clarendon Street
- Queen Street, Oxford
- The Covered Market
- Turl Street
- Westgate Shopping Centre
- Oxford Castle
- Gloucester Green
Outside the City Centre:
- Banbury Road, Summertown, Oxford
- Botley Road, Oxford
- Cowley Retail Park, Cowley, Oxford
- Cowley Road, Oxford
- Iffley Road, Oxford
- London Road, Headington, Oxford
- North Parade, Oxford
- St Clement's, Oxford
- Templars Square shopping centre, Cowley, Oxford
- Walton Street, Jericho, Oxford
- New Botley
Theatres and cinemas[link]
- Burton Taylor Theatre, Gloucester Street
- New Theatre, George Street
- Odeon Cinema, George Street
- Odeon Cinema, Magdalen Street
- Old Fire Station Theatre, George Street
- Oxford Playhouse, Beaumont Street
- Pegasus Theatre, Magdalen Road
- O'Reilly Theatre, Blackhall Road
- Phoenix Picturehouse, Walton Street
- Ultimate Picture Palace, Cowley Road
- Vue Cinema, Grenoble Road
Landmarks[link]
Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to Carfax Tower and the University Church of St Mary the Virgin, both of which offer views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic Covered Market. In the summer punting on the Thames/Isis and the Cherwell is popular.
File:Blackwells Oxford 2.jpg
Blackwells Bookshop
The University of Oxford[link]
Main article: University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English speaking world[26] and one of the most famous and prestigious higher education institutions of the world, averaging five applications to every available place, and attracting 40% of its academic staff and 15% of undergraduates from overseas.[27] It is currently ranked as fifth-best university in the world, according to QS World Rankings,[28] behind its main UK rival, Cambridge, in first place.
Oxford is renowned for its tutorial-based method of teaching, with students attending an average of one one-hour tutorial a week.[27]
The city centre[link]
As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009),[29] Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres, and an ice rink. The historic buildings make this location a popular target for film and TV crews.
The city centre is relatively small, and is centred on Carfax, a cross-roads which forms the junction of Cornmarket Street (pedestrianised), Queen Street (semi-pedestrianised), St Aldate's and The High. Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford's various chain stores, as well as a small number of independent retailers, one of the longest established of which is Boswells, which was founded in 1738.[30] St Aldate's has few shops but has several local government buildings, including the Town Hall, the city police station and local council offices. The High (the word street is traditionally omitted) is the longest of the four streets and has a number of independent and high-end chain stores, but mostly University and College buildings.
There are two small shopping centres in the city centre: The Clarendon Centre[31] and The Westgate Centre.[32] The Westgate Centre is named for the original West Gate in the city wall, and is located at the west end of Queen Street. It is quite small and contains a number of chain stores and a supermarket. The Westgate Shopping Centre is to undergo a large and controversial refurbishment; the plans involve tripling the size of the centre to 750,000 sq ft (70,000 m2), a new 1,335 space underground car park and 90 new shops and bars, including a 230,000 sq ft (21,000 m2) John Lewis department store. There is to be a new and improved transport system, a complete refurbishment of the existing centre and the surrounding Bonn Square area. The development plans include a number of new homes, and completion is expected in 2011, although this is being delayed due to the current financial climate.
Blackwell's Bookshop is a large bookshop which claims the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe, the cavernous Norrington Room (10,000 sq ft).
Other attractions[link]
- Ashmolean Museum
- Bodleian Library
- Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
- The Headington Shark
- Modern Art Oxford
- Museum of the History of Science
- Oxford Botanic Garden
- Pitt Rivers Museum
- Sheldonian Theatre
- St. Mary The Virgin Church
Parks and nature walks[link]
Oxford is a very green city, with several parks and nature walks within the ring road, as well as several sites just outside the ring road. In total, 28 Nature Reserves exist within or just outside of Oxford ring road, including:
- University Parks
- Mesopotamia
- Rock Edge Nature Reserve
- Lye Valley
- South Parks
- C. S. Lewis Nature Reserve
- Shotover Nature Reserve
- Port Meadow
Urban redevelopment[link]
The Westgate redevelopment is just part of a wider scheme proposed by the city council. This scheme includes a total redesign of the centre of Oxford to "pedestrianise" the city. The scheme, entitled Transform Oxford, is only a blueprint for public consultation at this stage, but county council officials are confident it will go ahead.
One of the key elements is the pedestrianisation of Queen Street, with bus stops removed next summer to make way for the eventual complete removal of buses from the street.
Pedestrianisation schemes in George Street and Magdalen Street should follow in the summer of 2010, with the removal of traffic from Broad Street the same year a possibility.
In 2011, highways engineers plan to remodel the Frideswide Square junctions near the railway station, removing traffic lights and introducing roundabouts to improve the traffic flow.
Transport[link]
Air[link]
In addition to the larger airports in the region, Oxford is served by nearby London Oxford Airport, in Kidlington. The airport is also home to Oxford Aviation Academy, an airline pilot flight training centre, and several private jet companies.
Buses[link]
The bus services are mainly provided by the Oxford Bus Company and Stagecoach Oxfordshire. Other operators include Thames Travel, Arriva Shires & Essex and several smaller companies.
Oxford has 5 park and ride sites with bus links to the city centre:
- Pear Tree (bus 300)
- Redbridge (bus 300)
- Seacourt (bus 400)
- Thornhill (bus 400)
- Water Eaton (bus 500)
There are also bus services to the John Radcliffe Hospital (from Thornhill/Water Eaton) and to the Churchill and Nuffield Hospitals (from Thornhill).
Hybrid buses, which use battery power with a small diesel generator, began to be used in Oxford on 15 July 2010, on Stagecoach Oxfordshire's Route 1 (Cowley, Blackbird Leys), followed by other routes.[33]
Coach[link]
The Oxford to London coach route offers a frequent coach service to London. The X90 (formerly the Oxford Espress [sic]) is operated by the Oxford Bus Company. The Oxford Tube is operated by Stagecoach Oxfordshire. The Oxford Bus Company also runs the Airline services to Heathrow and Gatwick airports.
There is a bus station at Gloucester Green, used mainly by the London and airport buses, National Express coaches, and other long-distance buses including route X5 to Milton Keynes and Cambridge.
Rail[link]
In 1844, the Great Western Railway linked Oxford with London (Paddington) via Didcot and Reading;[8][9] in 1851, the London and North Western Railway opened their own route from Oxford to London (Euston), via Bicester, Bletchley and Watford;[34] and in 1864 a third route, also to Paddington, running via Thame, High Wycombe and Maidenhead, was provided;[35] this was shortened in 1906 by the opening of a direct route between High Wycombe and London (Paddington) via Denham.[36] The distance from Oxford to London was 78 miles (125.5 km) via Bletchley; 63.5 miles (102.2 km) via Didcot and Reading; 63.25 miles (101.8 km) via Thame and Maidenhead;[37] and 55.75 miles (89.7 km) via Denham.[36] Of these, only the original route via Didcot is still in use for its full length, although portions of each of the others remain.
There were also routes to the north and west. The line to Banbury was opened in 1850,[38] and was extended to Birmingham in 1852;[39] a route to Worcester opened in 1853.[40] A branch to Witney was opened in 1862,[41] which was extended to Fairford in 1873.[42] The line to Witney and Fairford closed in 1962, but the others remain open.
Oxford has had three main railway stations. The first was opened at Grandpont in 1844,[43] but this was a terminus, inconvenient for routes to the north;[38] it was replaced by the present station on Park End Street in 1852 with the opening of the Birmingham route.[39] Another terminus, at Rewley Road, was opened in 1851 to serve the Bletchley route;[44] this station closed in 1951.[45] There have also been a number of local railway stations, all of which are now closed.
Oxford railway station is half a mile (about 1 km) west of the city centre. The station is served by numerous routes, including CrossCountry services to as far away as Manchester and Edinburgh, First Great Western (who operate the station) services to London Paddington and other destinations such as Worcester and occasional Chiltern Railways services to Birmingham. The present station opened in 1852. Oxford is the junction for a short branch line to Bicester, which is being extended to form the East-West Rail Link to Milton Keynes, providing a passenger route avoiding London. The Varsity Line between Oxford and Cambridge is planned to link Bedford with a short gap to be reconstructed to Sandy then a rail link between the two cities will be restored via Hitchin.
River and canal[link]
Oxford was historically an important port on the River Thames, with this section of the river being called The Isis; the Oxford-Burcot Commission in the 17th century attempted to improve navigation to Oxford.[46] Iffley Lock and Osney Lock lie within the bounds of the city. In the eighteenth century the Oxford Canal was built to connect Oxford with the Midlands.[47]
Commercial traffic has given way to recreational use of the river and canal. Oxford was the original base of Salters Steamers and there is a regular service from Folly Bridge downstream to Abingdon and beyond.
A roads[link]
The city has a ring road that consists of the A34, the A40, A4142 and the A423. It is mostly dual carriageway and was completed in 1966.
The main roads that lead out of Oxford are:
- A34 – which leads to Bicester, the M40 north, Birmingham and Manchester to the north (although since the M40's completion it has disappeared north of Oxford and only re-emerged some 50 miles (80 km) northwards at Solihull), and Didcot, Newbury and Winchester to the south. Since the completion of the Newbury by-pass in 1998, the A34 has been entirely grade separated dual carriageway all the way from Bicester to Winchester.
- A40 – which leads to London and High Wycombe (as well as the M40 motorway south) to the east, and Cheltenham, Gloucester and south Wales to the west.
- A44 – which begins in Oxford and leads to Worcester, Hereford and Aberystwyth.
- A420 – which also begins in Oxford and leads to Bristol passing Swindon and Chippenham.
Motorway[link]
The city is served by the M40 motorway, which connects London to Birmingham. The M40 approached Oxford in 1974 (the first section through Buckinghamshire opened in 1967) and went from London to Waterstock where the A40 continued to Oxford. When the M40 extension to Birmingham was completed in January 1991, a mile of the old motorway became a spur as the extension curved sharply north. The M40 comes no closer than 10 miles (16 km) away from the city centre, curving to the east of Otmoor. The M40 meets the A34 to the north of Oxford, the latter now being in two parts, the A34 restarting near Solihull, while the A41 (which previous passed through Banbury and Warwick) restarts in the same area.
Education[link]
Schools[link]
Main article: List of schools in Oxfordshire
Oxford is home to wide range of schools many of which receive pupils from around the world. There are two University choral foundation schools, Christ Church Cathedral School and New College School, established to educate the boy choristers of the chapel choirs, and have kept the tradition of single sex education. Magdalen College School was also a school for choristers but later became a grammar school and then independent school. St Edward's is another leading independent HMC member school and is the one of the few fully co-educational public schools in the county. Other independent schools in Oxford include Oxford High School, Rye St Antony School and Headington School (all girls only), St. Clare's, Oxford (co-ed, international school), Greene's Tutorial College (post-GCSE) and two prep schools, Dragon School and Emmanuel Christian School.
Examination results in state-run Oxford schools are consistently below the national average and regional average. However, results in the city are improving with 44% of pupils gaining 5 grades A*-C in 2006.[48] The city and its suburbs are served by two academies, three state schools and a voluntary-aided Catholic school.
Tertiary[link]
There are two universities in Oxford, the University of Oxford and Oxford Brookes University, as well as the further education institution Ruskin College. Oxford is also now home to the international headquarters of the SAE Institute, the world's largest creative media college.
Media[link]
As well as the BBC national radio stations, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including BBC Oxford, Heart Thames Valley, Glide FM and Jack FM on 106.8 along with Oxide: Oxford Student Radio[49] (which went on terrestrial radio at 87.7 MHz FM in late May 2005). A local TV station, Six TV: The Oxford Channel was also available but closed in April 2009.[50] The city is home to a BBC TV newsroom which produces an opt-out from the main South Today programme broadcast from Southampton.
Popular local papers include The Oxford Times (compact; weekly), its sister papers The Oxford Mail (tabloid; daily) and The Oxford Star (tabloid; free and delivered), and Oxford Journal (tabloid; weekly free pick-up). Oxford is also home to several advertising agencies.
Daily Information (known locally as Daily Info) is an events and advertising news sheet which has been published since 1964 and now provides a connected website.
Nightshift is a monthly local free magazine that has covered the Oxford music scene since 1991.[51]
In 2003 DIY grassroots non-corporate media has begun to spread.[52] Independent and community newspapers include the Jericho Echo[53] and Oxford Prospect.[54]
Culture[link]
Literature and film[link]
Main articles: Literature in Oxford and List of films shot in Oxford
Well-known Oxford-based authors include:
- Oscar Wilde a nineteenth century poet and author who attended Oxford from 1874 to 1878.
- John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir attended Brasenose College. Best known for his The Thirty-nine Steps, authored 32 novels and many more volumes of history, poetry and essays.
- Susan Cooper who is best known for her The Dark Is Rising Sequence
- Lewis Carroll (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), Student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church.
- Colin Dexter who wrote and set his Inspector Morse detective novels in Oxford. Colin Dexter still lives in Oxford.
- John Donaldson (d.1989), a poet resident in Oxford in later life.
- Siobhan Dowd Oxford resident; who was an undergraduate at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
- Kenneth Grahame educated at St. Edward's School, Oxford
- Michael Innes (J. I. M. Stewart), of Christ Church.
- P. D. James who lives part-time in Oxford.
- T. E. Lawrence, "Lawrence of Arabia", Oxford resident, undergraduate at Jesus, postgraduate at Magdalen.
- C. S. Lewis, student at University College and Fellow of Magdalen.
- Alex Ryan, formerly an Oxford resident for many years.
- Iris Murdoch, Fellow of St Anne's.
- Iain Pears, undergraduate at Wadham and Oxford resident, whose novel An Instance of the Fingerpost is set in the city.
- Philip Pullman who was an undergraduate at Exeter.
- Dorothy L. Sayers who was an undergraduate at Somerville.
- J. R. R. Tolkien, undergraduate at Exeter and later professor of English at Merton
- John Wain, undergraduate at St John's and later Professor of Poetry at Oxford University 1973–78
- Charles Williams, editor at Oxford University Press.
- Brian Aldiss who lives in Oxford.
Oxford appears in the following works:
- "The Scarlet Pimpernel"
- "Harry Potter" (all the films to date)
- The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica by James A. Owen
- Jude the Obscure (1895) by Thomas Hardy (in which Oxford is thinly disguised as "Christminster").
- Zuleika Dobson (1911) by Max Beerbohm.
- Gaudy Night (1935) by Dorothy L. Sayers.
- Brideshead Revisited (1945) by Evelyn Waugh.
- A Question of Upbringing (1951 ) by Anthony Powell
- Second Generation (1964 novel) by Raymond Williams
- Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) by Steven Spielberg
- Where The Rivers Meet (1988) trilogy set in Oxford by John Wain
- All Souls (1989) by Javier Marías
- The Children of Men (1992) by P. D. James.
- Doomsday Book (1992) by Connie Willis
- His Dark Materials (1995 onwards) by Philip Pullman
- "Tomorrow Never Dies" (1997)
- "The Saint" (1997)
- "102 Dalmatians" (2000)
- Endymion Spring (2006) by Matthew Skelton
- The Oxford Murders (2008)
- The Oxford Virus (2010) by Adam Kolczynski
- Mr. Nice (2010) The story of Howard Marks
- X-Men: First Class (2011)
Music[link]
Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages, have produced many successful bands and musicians. The most notable Oxford act is Radiohead, who hail from nearby Abingdon, though other well known local bands include Supergrass, Ride, Swervedriver, Talulah Gosh and more recently, Young Knives, Foals and Stornoway. These and many other bands from over 30 years of the Oxford music scene's history feature in the documentary film Anyone Can Play Guitar.
In 1997, Oxford played host to Radio 1's Sound City, with acts such as Bentley Rhythm Ace, Embrace, Spiritualized and DJ Shadow playing in various venues around the city.[55]
Sport[link]
The town's leading football club, Oxford United, are currently in League Two, the fourth tier of league football, and have enjoyed great success in the past in the upper reaches of the football league. They were elected to the Football League in 1962, reached the Third Division after three years and the Second Division after six, and most notably reached the First Division in 1985 – a mere 23 years after joining the Football League. They spent three seasons in the top flight, winning the Football League Cup a year after promotion. The next 18 years that followed relegation in 1988 saw their fortunes decline gradually, though a brief respite in 1996 saw them win promotion to the new (post Premier League) Division One in 1996 and stay there for three years. They suffered relegation to the Football Conference in 2006, staying there for four seasons before returning to the Football League in 2010. They play at the Kassam Stadium (named after former chairman Firoz Kassam), which is situated near the Blackbird Leys housing estate and has been their home since relocation from the Manor Ground in 2001. The club's notable former managers include Ian Greaves, Jim Smith, Maurice Evans, Brian Horton and Denis Smith. Notable former players include John Aldridge, Ray Houghton, Tommy Caton, Matt Elliott, Nigel Jemson and Dean Whitehead.
Oxford City F.C. is a semi-professional football club, separate from Oxford United. It plays in the Southern Football League Premier Division. Oxford City Nomads F.C. are another semi-professional football club, who ground share with Oxford City F.C. and play in the Hellenic league. Oxford Harlequins RFC is the city's main rugby team and plays in the National 3 South West league.
Oxford Cheetahs motorcycle speedway team has raced at Cowley Stadium on and off since 1939. The Cheetahs competed in the Speedway Elite League and then the Speedway Conference League until 2007, when stadium landlords Greyhound Racing Association apparently doubled the rent.[citation needed] Speedway is not currently running in Oxford.
There are several field hockey clubs based in Oxford. The Oxford Hockey Club (formed after a merger of City of Oxford HC and Rover Oxford HC in 2011) plays most of its home games on the pitch at Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, and also uses the pitches at Headington Girls' School and Iffley Road. Oxford Hawks has two astroturf pitches at Banbury Road North, by Cutteslowe Park to the north of the city.
Oxford City Stars is the local Ice Hockey Team which plays at Oxford Ice Rink. There is a senior/adults’ team[56] and a junior/children’s team.[57]
Oxford is also home to the Oxford City Rowing Club which is situated near Donnington Bridge.
International relations[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012) |
Oxford is twinned with:
- Bonn, Germany
- Grenoble, France[58]
- Leiden, Netherlands
- León, Nicaragua
- Perm, Russia
- Umeå, Sweden
- Saskatoon, Canada
See also[link]
Gallery[link]
-
The Sheldonian Theatre in 2009
-
Keble College, one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford
-
Night view of High Street with Christmas lights - one of Oxford's main streets
-
Floral display in Oxford city centre in 2001
-
All Souls College looking east up the High Street from St Mary's Church
-
The Bridge of Sighs links sections of Hertford College as seen from Catte Street leading into New College Lane.
-
The University Church of St Mary the Virgin as seen from Radcliffe Square.
-
A view of Broad Street, Oxford, showing the main entrances to Trinity and Balliol Colleges, and obliquely, the frontage of Exeter College from the Sheldonian Theatre.
-
Carfax Tower at Carfax, the confluence of the High Street, Cornmarket and St Aldate's streets in what is considered by many to be the centre of the city.
-
The High Street as viewed from St Mary's, looking east, with Magdalen College in the distant background.
-
Merton College as viewed from the Oriel Square entrance to Merton Street.
References[link]
- Notes
- ^ Upton, Clive, et al, ed. (2001). The Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 734. ISBN 978-0-19-863156-9.
- ^ Sager 2005, p. 36.
- ^ "A Handy Guide to Oxford, ch. 2". Penelope.uchicago.edu. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Great_Britain/England/Oxfordshire/Oxford/_Texts/FLEOXF/2*.html#hijinks. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ Chris Andrews, David Huelin; Oxford. Introduction & Guide; Oxford 1986
- ^ "Oxford charter 1191". whatdotheyknow.com. http://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/oxford_charter_1191#incoming-2650. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ The Sweating Sickness[dead link]. Story of London.
- ^ Cockayne, Emily (2007). Hubbub: Filth Noise & Stench in England. Yale University Press. pp. 134–136. ISBN 978-0-300-13756-9.
- ^ a b Simpson 1997, p. 59.
- ^ a b Simpson 2001, p. 9.
- ^ Oxford City Council[dead link].
- ^ Neighbourhood Statistics. "ONS Population Estimates 2005". Neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/instanceSelection.do?JSAllowed=true&Function=&24ph=60_61&CurrentPageId=61&step=2&datasetFamilyId=1809&instanceSelection=121810&Next.x=4&Next.y=4. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Department for Work and Pensions". Dwp.gov.uk. http://www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd1/niall/nino_allocation.asp. Retrieved 17 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Radcliffe Meteorological Station". http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
- ^ "Summary of Long Period of Obsevations". http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/rms/summary.html. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
- ^ "Economic Profile of Oxford". Oxford City Council. http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decB/Economic_Profile_of_Oxford_occw.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
- ^ a b c d Woolley, Liz (2010). "Industrial Architecture in Oxford, 1870 to 1914". Oxoniensia (Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society) LXXV: 78. ISSN 0308-5562.
- ^ Page, W.H., ed. (1907). A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 2: Industries: Malting and Brewing. Victoria County History. Archibald Constable & Co. pp. 225–277. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=101945#s12.
- ^ Richmond, Lesley; Turton, Alison (1990). The Brewing industry: a guide to historical records. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-7190-3032-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=NB8NAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq.
- ^ "History of Headington, Oxford". Headington.org.uk. 19 April 2009. http://www.headington.org.uk/history/famous_people/morrellfamily.htm. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Morrells Brewery up for sale". Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk. http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/1998/7/9/85120.html. Retrieved 17 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ www.quaffale.org.uk (22 September 2001). "Morrells Brewery Ltd". Quaffale.org.uk. http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/brewery/479. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Jericho Echo". Pstalker.com. http://www.pstalker.com/echo/f_45a.html. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "England | Brewer buys pub chain for £67m". BBC News. 18 June 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/2051362.stm. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Brewery site plan nears final hurdle". Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk. 19 February 2001. http://archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/2001/2/19/69009.html. Retrieved 17 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Bell Founders". Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers. http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/founders.php. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ A brief history of the University - University of Oxford
- ^ a b Facts and Figures - University of Oxford
- ^ QS World University Rankings - Topuniversities
- ^ Hearn, Dan (19 August 2009). "Oxford tourism suffers triple whammy". Oxford Mail. http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/4555044.Oxford_tourism_suffers_triple_whammy/. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ "About Boswells". Boswells-online.co.uk. http://www.boswells-online.co.uk//mall/infopageviewer.cfm/Boswells/AboutUs. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
- ^ "Clarendon Shopping Centre". Clarendoncentre.co.uk. http://www.clarendoncentre.co.uk/. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
- ^ "Visit Oxford's premier shopping centre — the Westgate Shopping Centre". Oxfordcity.co.uk. 18 May 2009. http://www.oxfordcity.co.uk/shops/westgate/. Retrieved 10 January 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Little, Reg (15 July 2010). "Transport revolution". The Oxford Times (Oxford: Newsquest (Oxfordshire) Ltd): pp. 1–2. http://www.oxfordtimes.co.uk/news/8272347.Green_revolution_on_buses/. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ^ Simpson 1997, p. 101.
- ^ Simpson 2001, p. 57.
- ^ a b MacDermot 1931, p. 432.
- ^ Cooke 1960, p. 70.
- ^ a b MacDermot 1927, p. 300.
- ^ a b MacDermot 1927, p. 327.
- ^ MacDermot 1927, p. 498.
- ^ MacDermot 1927, p. 551.
- ^ MacDermot 1931, p. 27.
- ^ MacDermot 1927, pp. 180–181.
- ^ Mitchell & Smith 2005, Historical Background.
- ^ Mitchell & Smith 2005, fig. 8.
- ^ Thacker, Fred. S. (1968) [1920]. The Thames Highway: Volume II Locks and Weirs. Newton Abbot: David and Charles.
- ^ Compton, Hugh J (1976). The Oxford Canal. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. OCLC 76-54077.
- ^ DfES Pupil Annual School Level Census 2006 see Neighbourhood Renewal Unit floor target results[dead link]
- ^ "Oxford Student Radio". oxideradio.co.uk. http://www.oxideradio.co.uk/. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
- ^ "Milestone Group". Milestone Group. http://www.milestonegroup.co.uk/310309.pdf. Retrieved 17 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Preview: Nightshift night", "Oxford Mail", 6 July 2000
- ^ "UK Indymedia – Oxford indymedia". Indymedia.org.uk. http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/regions/oxford/. Retrieved 17 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Jericho Echo". Jericho Echo. http://www.jerichoecho.org.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Oxford Prospect". Oxford Prospect. http://www.oxfordprospect.co.uk. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^ "Discography for NME Compilation Cassette for Oxford Sound City". http://www.discogs.com/Various-NME-Presents-Radio-1-Sound-City-Oxford-97/release/694954.
- ^ Oxford Stars senior/adults’ team
- ^ Oxford Stars junior/children’s team
- ^ Jérôme Steffenino, Marguerite Masson. "Ville de Grenoble – Coopérations et villes jumelles". Grenoble.fr. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071014074034/http://www.grenoble.fr/jsp/site/Portal.jsp?page_id=92. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
|
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010) |
- Bibliography
- Cooke, B.W.C., ed. (January 1960). "The Why and the Wherefore: Distances from London to Oxford". The Railway Magazine (Westminster: Tothill Press) 106 (705).
- MacDermot, E.T. (1927). History of the Great Western Railway, vol. I: 1833–1863. Paddington: Great Western Railway.
- MacDermot, E.T. (1931). History of the Great Western Railway, vol. II: 1863–1921. Paddington: Great Western Railway.
- Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (July 2005). Oxford to Bletchley. Country Railway Routes. Middleton Press. ISBN 1-904474-57-8.
- Sager, Peter (2005). Oxford & Cambridge: An Uncommon History. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-51249-3.
- Saint, Andrew (1970). "Three Oxford Architects". Oxonensia (Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society) XXXV. http://www.oahs.org.uk/oxo/vol%2035/Saint.doc.
- Simpson, Bill (1997). A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire. Part 1: The North. Banbury and Witney: Lamplight. ISBN 1-899246-02-9.
- Simpson, Bill (2001). A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire. Part 2: The South. Banbury and Witney: Lamplight. ISBN 1-899246-06-1.
- Further reading
- Aston, Michael; Bond, James (1976). The Landscape of Towns. Archaeology in the Field Series. London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-460-04194-0.
- Attlee, James (2007). Isolarion: A Different Oxford Journey. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-03093-7.
- Curl, James Stevens (1977). The Erosion of Oxford. Oxford Illustrated Press Ltd. ISBN 0-902280-40-6.
- Dale, Lawrence (1944). Towards a Plan for Oxford City. London: Faber and Faber.
- Gordon, Anne (22 June 2008). "History, learning, beauty reign over Oxford". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/europe/articles/2008/06/22/history_learning_beauty_reign_over_oxford/.
- Morris, Jan (2001). Oxford. Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-19-280136-4.
- Sharp, Thomas (1948). Oxford Replanned. London: The Architectural Press.
- Tyack, Geoffrey (1998). Oxford An Architectural Guide. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-817423-3.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Oxford |
- Oxford – 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article
- Oxford City Council official website
- School of Architecture website
- Oxford From Above BBC program
- Oxford travel guide from Wikitravel
- Oxford at the Open Directory Project
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| Daw Aung San Suu Kyi  MP AC |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Chairman of the National League for Democracy | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 27 September 1988 |
|
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Member of the Pyithu Hluttaw for Kawhmu |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 2 May 2012 |
|
| Preceded by | Soe Tint |
| Majority | 46,730 (71.38%)[1] |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1945-06-19) 19 June 1945 (age 67) Rangoon, British Burma (now Yangon) |
| Political party | National League for Democracy |
| Spouse(s) | Michael Aris (1972–1999) |
| Relations | Aung San (father) Khin Kyi (mother) |
| Children | Alexander Kim |
| Alma mater | University of Delhi St Hugh's College, Oxford University of London |
| Religion | Theravada Buddhism |
| Awards | Rafto Prize Nobel Peace Prize Jawaharlal Nehru Award International Simón Bolívar Prize Olof Palme Prize Bhagwan Mahavir World Peace |
 |
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script. |
Aung San Suu Kyi MP AC (Burmese: ; MLCTS: aung hcan: cu. krany, IPA: [ʔàʊɴ sʰáɴ sṵ tɕì]; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and General Secretary of the National League for Democracy (NLD) in Burma. In the 1990 general election, the NLD won 59% of the national votes and 81% (392 of 485) of the seats in Parliament.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest in Burma for almost 15 of the 21 years from 20 July 1989 until her most recent release on 13 November 2010,[9] becoming one of the world's most prominent (now former) political prisoners.[10]
Suu Kyi received the Rafto Prize and the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. In 1992 she was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding by the government of India and the International Simón Bolívar Prize from the government of Venezuela. In 2007, the Government of Canada made her an honorary citizen of that country;[11] at the time, she was one of only four people ever to receive the honor.[12] In 2011, she was awarded the Wallenberg Medal.[13]
On 1 April 2012, her opposition party, the National League for Democracy, announced that she was elected to the Pyithu Hluttaw, the lower house of the Burmese parliament, representing the constituency of Kawhmu;[14] her party also won 43 of the 45 vacant seats in the lower house.[15] The election results were confirmed by the official electoral commission the following day.[16]
Suu Kyi is the third child and only daughter of Aung San, considered to be the father of modern-day Burma.
Contents |
Name[link]
Aung San Suu Kyi derives her name from three relatives: "Aung San" from her father, "Suu" from her paternal grandmother and "Kyi" from her mother Khin Kyi.[17] She is frequently called Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Daw is not part of her name, but is an honorific, similar to madame, for older, revered women, literally meaning "aunt."[18] She is also often referred to as Daw Suu by the Burmese (or Amay Suu, lit. "Mother Suu," by some followers),[19][20] or "Aunty Suu", and as Dr. Suu Kyi,[21] Ms. Suu Kyi, or Mrs. Suu Kyi by the foreign media. However, like other Burmese, she has no surname (see Burmese names). The pronunciation of her name is approximated as "Awn Sahn Sue Chee," although the "ch" in "Chee" is unaspirated.[22]
Personal life[link]
| Part of a series on the |
| Democracy movements in Burma |
|---|
The fighting peacock flag
|
| Background |
| Post-independence Burma |
| Internal conflict in Burma |
| Burmese Way to Socialism |
| State Peace and Development Council |
| Mass protests |
| 8888 Uprising · Protests of 2007 |
| Concessions and reforms |
| Roadmap to democracy New constitution Reforms of 2011 |
| Elections |
| 1990 · 2010 · 2012 |
| Organizations |
| National League for Democracy · 88 Generation Students Group · Burma Campaign UK · Free Burma Coalition · U.S. Campaign for Burma · Generation Wave · All Burma Students' Democratic Front · The Irrawaddy · Democratic Voice of Burma · Mizzima News |
| Figures |
| U Nu · Aung Gyi · Tin Oo · Aung San Suu Kyi · Min Ko Naing · Thein Sein |
| Related topics |
| Human rights in Burma · Politics of Burma · Foreign relations of Burma |
Aung San Suu Kyi was born in Rangoon (now named Yangon).[23] Her father, Aung San, founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Burma's independence from the British Empire in 1947; he was assassinated by his rivals in the same year. She grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo, in Rangoon. Aung San Lin died at age eight, when he drowned in an ornamental lake on the grounds of the house.[17] Her elder brother emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a United States citizen.[17] After Aung San Lin's death, the family moved to a house by Inya Lake where Suu Kyi met people of very different backgrounds, political views and religions.[24] She was educated in Methodist English High School (now Basic Education High School No. 1 Dagon) for much of her childhood in Burma, where she was noted as having a talent for learning languages.[25] She is a Theravada Buddhist.
Suu Kyi's mother, Khin Kyi, gained prominence as a political figure in the newly formed Burmese government. She was appointed Burmese ambassador to India and Nepal in 1960, and Aung San Suu Kyi followed her there, she studied in the Convent of Jesus and Mary School, New Delhi and graduated from Lady Shri Ram College in New Delhi with a degree in politics in 1964.[26][27] Suu Kyi continued her education at St Hugh's College, Oxford, obtaining a B.A. degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1969. During her time in Oxford, she fell in love with a Pakistani man but the relationship ended in tears.[28] After graduating, she lived in New York City with a family friend who was once a popular Burmese pop singer.[28] She worked at the UN for three years, primarily on budget matters, writing daily to her future husband, Dr. Michael Aris.[29] In 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi married Aris, a scholar of Tibetan culture, living abroad in Bhutan.[26] The following year she gave birth to their first son, Alexander Aris, in London; their second son, Kim, was born in 1977. Subsequently, she earned a PhD at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London in 1985. She was elected as an Honorary Fellow in 1990.[26] For two years she was a Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies (IIAS) in Shimla, India. She also worked for the government of the Union of Burma.
In 1988 Suu Kyi returned to Burma, at first to tend for her ailing mother but later to lead the pro-democracy movement. Aris' visit in Christmas 1995 turned out to be the last time that he and Suu Kyi met, as Suu Kyi remained in Burma and the Burmese dictatorship denied him any further entry visas.[26] Aris was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1997 which was later found to be terminal. Despite appeals from prominent figures and organizations, including the United States, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Pope John Paul II, the Burmese government would not grant Aris a visa, saying that they did not have the facilities to care for him, and instead urged Aung San Suu Kyi to leave the country to visit him. She was at that time temporarily free from house arrest but was unwilling to depart, fearing that she would be refused re-entry if she left, as she did not trust the military junta's assurance that she could return.[30]
Aris died on his 53rd birthday on 27 March 1999. Since 1989, when his wife was first placed under house arrest, he had seen her only five times, the last of which was for Christmas in 1995. She was also separated from her children, who live in the United Kingdom, but starting in 2011, they have visited her in Burma.[31]
On 2 May 2008, after Cyclone Nargis hit Burma, Suu Kyi lost the roof of her house and lived in virtual darkness after losing electricity in her dilapidated lakeside residence. She used candles at night as she was not provided any generator set.[32] Plans to renovate and repair the house were announced in August 2009.[33] Suu Kyi was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[34]
Political beginnings[link]
Coincident with Aung San Suu Kyi's return to Burma in 1988, the long-time military leader of Burma and head of the ruling party, General Ne Win, stepped down. Mass demonstrations for democracy followed that event on 8 August 1988 (8–8–88, a day seen as auspicious), which were violently suppressed in what came to be known as the 8888 Uprising. On 26 August 1988, she addressed half a million people at a mass rally in front of the Shwedagon Pagoda in the capital, calling for a democratic government.[26] However in September, a new military junta took power.
Influenced[35] by both Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence[36][37] and more specifically by Buddhist concepts,[38] Aung San Suu Kyi entered politics to work for democratization, helped found the National League for Democracy on 27 September 1988,[39] but was put under house arrest on 20 July 1989. Offered freedom if she left the country, she refused.
One of her most famous speeches was "Freedom From Fear", which began: "It is not power that corrupts, but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it."
She also believes fear spurs many world leaders to lose sight of their purpose. "Government leaders are amazing", she once said. "So often it seems they are the last to know what the people want."[40]
Political career[link]
1990 general election[link]
In 1990, the military junta called a general election, in which the National League for Democracy (NLD) received 59% of the votes, guaranteeing NLD 80% of the parliament seats. Some claim that Aung San Suu Kyi would have assumed the office of Prime Minister;[41] in fact, however, as she wasn't permitted, she did not stand as a candidate in the elections (although being a MP isn't a strict prerequisite for becoming PM in most parliamentary systems). Instead, the results were nullified and the military refused to hand over power, resulting in an international outcry. Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest at her home on University Avenue (16°49′32″N 96°9′1″E / 16.82556°N 96.15028°E / 16.82556; 96.15028) in Rangoon, during which time she was awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990, and the Nobel Peace Prize the year after. Her sons Alexander and Kim accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on her behalf. Aung San Suu Kyi used the Nobel Peace Prize's 1.3 million USD prize money to establish a health and education trust for the Burmese people.[42] Around this time, Suu Kyi chose non-violence as an expedient political tactic, stating in 2007, "I do not hold to non-violence for moral reasons, but for political and practical reasons,"[43] however, nonviolent action as well as civil resistance in lieu of armed conflict are also political tactics in keeping with the overall philosophy of her Theravada Buddhist religion.
1996 attack[link]
On 9 November 1996, the motorcade that she was traveling in with other National League for Democracy leaders Tin Oo and U Kyi Maung, was attacked in Yangon. About 200 men swooped down on the motorcade, wielding metal chains, metal batons, stones and other weapons. The car that Aung San Suu Kyi was in had its rear window smashed, and the car with Tin Oo and U Kyi Maung had its rear window and two backdoor windows shattered. It is believed the offenders were members of the Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) who were allegedly paid 500 kyats (@ USD $0.5) each to participate. The NLD lodged an official complaint with the police, and according to reports the government launched an investigation, but no action was taken. (Amnesty International 120297)[44]
House arrest[link]
Aung San Suu Kyi has been placed under house arrest for 15 of the past 21 years, on different occasions, since she began her political career,[45] during which time she was prevented from meeting her party supporters and international visitors. In an interview, Suu Kyi said that while under house arrest she spent her time reading philosophy, politics and biographies that her husband had sent her.[46] She also passed the time playing the piano, and was occasionally allowed visits from foreign diplomats as well as from her personal physician.[47]
The media were also prevented from visiting Suu Kyi, as occurred in 1998 when journalist Maurizio Giuliano, after photographing her, was stopped by customs officials who then confiscated all his films, tapes and some notes.[48] In contrast, Suu Kyi did have visits from government representatives, such as during her autumn 1994 house arrest when she met the leader of Burma, General Than Shwe and General Khin Nyunt on 20 September in the first meeting since she had been placed in detention.[26] On several occasions during Suu Kyi's house arrest, she had periods of poor health and as a result was hospitalized.[49]
The Burmese government detained and kept Suu Kyi imprisoned because it viewed her as someone "likely to undermine the community peace and stability" of the country, and used both Article 10(a) and 10(b) of the 1975 State Protection Act (granting the government the power to imprison people for up to five years without a trial),[50] and Section 22 of the "Law to Safeguard the State Against the Dangers of Those Desiring to Cause Subversive Acts" as legal tools against her.[51] She continuously appealed her detention,[52] and many nations and figures continued to call for her release and that of 2,100 other political prisoners in the country.[53][54] On 12 November 2010, days after the junta-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) won elections conducted after a gap of almost 20 years, the junta finally agreed to sign orders allowing Suu Kyi's release,[55] and Suu Kyi's house arrest term came to an end on 13 November 2010.
UN involvement[link]
The UN has attempted to facilitate dialogue between the junta and Suu Kyi.[56] On 6 May 2002, following secret confidence-building negotiations led by the UN, the government released her; a government spokesman said that she was free to move "because we are confident that we can trust each other". Aung San Suu Kyi proclaimed "a new dawn for the country". However on 30 May 2003 in an incident similar to the 1996 attack on her, a government-sponsored mob attacked her caravan in the northern village of Depayin, murdering and wounding many of her supporters.[57] Aung San Suu Kyi fled the scene with the help of her driver, Ko Kyaw Soe Lin, but was arrested upon reaching Ye-U. The government imprisoned her at Insein Prison in Rangoon. After she underwent a hysterectomy in September 2003,[58] the government again placed her under house arrest in Rangoon.
The results from the UN facilitation have been mixed; Razali Ismail, UN special envoy to Burma, met with Aung San Suu Kyi. Ismail resigned from his post the following year, partly because he was denied re-entry to Burma on several occasions.[59] Several years later in 2006, Ibrahim Gambari, UN Undersecretary-General (USG) of Department of Political Affairs, met with Aung San Suu Kyi, the first visit by a foreign official since 2004.[60] He also met with Suu Kyi later the same year.[61] On 2 October 2007 Gambari returned to talk to her again after seeing Than Shwe and other members of the senior leadership in Naypyidaw.[62] State television broadcast Suu Kyi with Gambari, stating that they had met twice. This was Suu Kyi's first appearance in state media in the four years since her current detention began.[63]
The United Nations Working Group for Arbitrary Detention published an Opinion that Aung San Suu Kyi's deprivation of liberty was arbitrary and in contravention of Article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, and requested that the authorities in Burma set her free, but the authorities ignored the request at that time.[64] The U.N. report said that according to the Burmese Government’s reply, "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi has not been arrested, but has only been taken into protective custody, for her own safety", and while "it could have instituted legal action against her under the country’s domestic legislation ... it has preferred to adopt a magnanimous attitude, and is providing her with protection in her own interests."[64]
Such claims were rejected by Brig-General Khin Yi, Chief of Myanmar Police Force (MPF). On 18 January 2007, the state-run paper New Light of Myanmar accused Suu Kyi of tax evasion for spending her Nobel Prize money outside of the country. The accusation followed the defeat of a US-sponsored United Nations Security Council resolution condemning Burma as a threat to international security; the resolution was defeated because of strong opposition from China, which has strong ties with the military junta (China later voted against the resolution, along with Russia and South Africa).[65]
In November 2007, it was reported that Suu Kyi would meet her political allies National League for Democracy along with a government minister. The ruling junta made the official announcement on state TV and radio just hours after UN special envoy Ibrahim Gambari ended his second visit to Burma. The NLD confirmed that it had received the invitation to hold talks with Suu Kyi.[66] However, the process delivered few concrete results.
On 3 July 2009, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon went to Burma to pressure the junta into releasing Suu Kyi and to institute democratic reform. However, on departing from Burma, Ban Ki-moon said he was "disappointed" with the visit after junta leader Than Shwe refused permission for him to visit Suu Kyi, citing her ongoing trial. Ban said he was "deeply disappointed that they have missed a very important opportunity."[67]
Periods under detention[link]
- 20 July 1989: Placed under house arrest in Rangoon under martial law that allows for detention without charge or trial for three years.[56]
- 10 July 1995: Released from house arrest.[17]
- 23 September 2000: Placed under house arrest.[45]
- 6 May 2002: Released after 19 months.[45]
- 30 May 2003: Arrested following the Depayin massacre, she was held in secret detention for more than three months before being returned to house arrest.[68]
- 25 May 2007: House arrest extended by one year despite a direct appeal from U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan to General Than Shwe.[69]
- 24 October 2007: Reached 12 years under house arrest, solidarity protests held at 12 cities around the world.[70]
- 27 May 2008: House arrest extended for another year, which is illegal under both international law and Burma's own law.[71]
- 11 August 2009: House arrest extended for 18 more months because of "violation" arising from the May 2009 trespass incident.
- 13 November 2010: Released from house arrest.[72]
2007 anti-government protests[link]
Main article: 2007 Burmese anti-government protests
Protests led by Buddhist monks began on 19 August 2007 following steep fuel price increases, and continued each day, despite the threat of a crackdown by the military.[73]
On 22 September 2007, although still under house arrest, Suu Kyi made a brief public appearance at the gate of her residence in Yangon to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks who were marching in support of human rights.[74] It was reported that she had been moved the following day to Insein Prison (where she had been detained in 2003),[75][76][77][78] but meetings with UN envoy Ibrahim Gambari near her Rangoon home on 30 September and 2 October established that she remained under house arrest.[79][80]
2009 trespass incident[link]
Main article: Suu Kyi trespasser incidents
On 3 May 2009, an American man, identified as John Yettaw, swam across Inya Lake to her house uninvited and was arrested when he made his return trip three days later.[81] He had attempted to make a similar trip two years earlier, but for unknown reasons was turned away.[82] He later claimed at trial that he was motivated by a divine vision requiring him to notify her of an impending terrorist assassination attempt.[83] On 13 May, Suu Kyi was arrested for violating the terms of her house arrest because the swimmer, who pleaded exhaustion, was allowed to stay in her house for two days before he attempted the swim back. Suu Kyi was later taken to Insein Prison, where she could have faced up to five years confinement for the intrusion.[84] The trial of Suu Kyi and her two maids began on 18 May and a small number of protesters gathered outside.[85][86] Diplomats and journalists were barred from attending the trial; however, on one occasion, several diplomats from Russia, Thailand and Singapore and journalists were allowed to meet Suu Kyi.[87] The prosecution had originally planned to call 22 witnesses.[88] It also accused John Yettaw of embarrassing the country.[89] During the ongoing defence case, Suu Kyi said she was innocent. The defence was allowed to call only one witness (out of four), while the prosecution was permitted to call 14 witnesses. The court rejected two character witnesses, NLD members Tin Oo and Win Tin, and permitted the defense to call only a legal expert.[90] According to one unconfirmed report, the junta was planning to, once again, place her in detention, this time in a military base outside the city.[91] In a separate trial, Yettaw said he swam to Suu Kyi's house to warn her that her life was "in danger".[92] The national police chief later confirmed that Yettaw was the "main culprit" in the case filed against Suu Kyi.[93] According to aides, Suu Kyi spent her 64th birthday in jail sharing biryani rice and chocolate cake with her guards.[94]
Her arrest and subsequent trial received worldwide condemnation by the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations Security Council,[95] Western governments,[96] South Africa,[97] Japan[98] and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, of which Burma is a member.[99] The Burmese government strongly condemned the statement, as it created an "unsound tradition"[100] and criticised Thailand for meddling in its internal affairs.[101] The Burmese Foreign Minister Nyan Win was quoted in the state-run newspaper New Light of Myanmar as saying that the incident "was trumped up to intensify international pressure on Burma by internal and external anti-government elements who do not wish to see the positive changes in those countries' policies toward Burma".[89] Ban responded to an international campaign[102] by flying to Burma to negotiate, but Than Shwe rejected all of his requests.[103]
On 11 August 2009 the trial concluded with Suu Kyi being sentenced to imprisonment for three years with hard labour. This sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of 18 months.[104] On 14 August, U.S. Senator Jim Webb visited Burma, visiting with junta leader Gen. Than Shwe and later with Suu Kyi. During the visit, Webb negotiated Yettaw's release and deportation from Burma.[105] Following the verdict of the trial, lawyers of Suu Kyi said they would appeal against the 18-month sentence.[106] On 18 August, United States President Barack Obama asked the country's military leadership to set free all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi.[107] In her appeal, Aung San Suu Kyi had argued that the conviction was unwarranted. However, her appeal against the August sentence was rejected by a Burmese court on 2 October 2009. Although the court accepted the argument that the 1974 constitution, under which she had been charged, was null and void, it also said the provisions of the 1975 security law, under which she has been kept under house arrest, remained in force. The verdict effectively meant that she would be unable to participate in the elections scheduled to take place in 2010 – the first in Burma in two decades. Her lawyer stated that her legal team would pursue a new appeal within 60 days.[108]
2009: International pressure for release, and Burmese general election 2010[link]
It was announced prior to the Burmese general election that Aung San Suu Kyi may be released "so she can organize her party,"[109] However, Suu Kyi was not allowed to run.[110] On 1 October 2010 the government announced that she would be released on 13 November 2010.[111]
Burma's relaxing stance, such as releasing political prisoners, was influenced in the wake of successful recent diplomatic visits by the US and other democratic governments, urging or encouraging the Burmese towards democratic reform. U.S. President Barack Obama personally advocated for the release of all political prisoners, especially Aung San Suu Kyi, during the US-ASEAN Summit of 2009.[112]
Democratic governments[which?] hoped that successful general elections would be an optimistic indicator of the Burmese government's sincerity towards eventual democracy.[113] The Hatoyama government which spent 2.82 billion yen in 2008, has promised more Japanese foreign aid to encourage Burma to release Aung San Suu Kyi in time for the elections; and to continue moving towards democracy and the rule of law.[113][114]
In a personal letter to Suu Kyi, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown cautioned the Burmese government of the potential consequences of rigging elections as "condemning Burma to more years of diplomatic isolation and economic stagnation".[115]
The Burmese government has been granting Suu Kyi varying degrees of freedom throughout late 2009, in response to international pressure. She has met with many heads of state, and opened a dialog with the Minister of Labor Aung Kyi (not to be confused with Aung San Suu Kyi).[116]
Suu Kyi was allowed to meet with senior members of her NLD party at the State House,[117] however these meeting took place under close supervision.
2010 release[link]
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On the evening of 13 November 2010, Suu Kyi was released from house arrest.[118] This was the date her detention had been set to expire according to a court ruling in August 2009[119] and came six days after a widely criticized general election. She appeared in front of a crowd of her supporters, who rushed to her house in Rangoon when nearby barricades were removed by the security forces. The Nobel Peace Prize laureate had been detained for 15 of the past 21 years.[120] The government newspaper New Light of Myanmar reported the release positively,[121] saying she had been granted a pardon after serving her sentence "in good conduct".[122] The New York Times suggested that the military government may have released Suu Kyi because it felt it was in a confident position to control her supporters after the election.[121] The role that Suu Kyi will play in the future of democracy in Burma remains a subject of much debate.
Her son Kim Aris was granted a visa in November 2010 to see his mother shortly after her release, for the first time in 10 years.[123] He visited again in 5 July 2011, to accompany her on a trip to Bagan, her first trip outside Yangon since 2003.[124] Her son visited again in 8 August 2011, to accompany her on a trip to Pegu, her second trip.[125]
Discussions were held between Suu Kyi and the Burmese government during 2011, which led to a number of official gestures to meet her demands. In October, around a tenth of Burma's political prisoners were freed in an amnesty and trade unions were legalised.[126][127]
In November 2011, following a meeting of its leaders, the NLD announced its intention to re-register as a political party in order contend 48 by-elections necessitated by the promotion of parliamentarians to ministerial rank.[128] Following the decision, Suu Kyi held a telephone conference with U.S. President Barack Obama, in which it was agreed that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton would make a visit to Burma, a move received with caution by Burma's ally China.[129] On 1 December 2011, Suu Kyi met with Hillary Clinton at the residence of the top-ranking US diplomat in Yangon.[130]
On 21 December 2011, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra met Suu Kyi in Yangoon, becoming Suu Kyi's "first-ever meeting with the leader of a foreign country".[131]
On 5 January 2012, British Foreign Minister William Hague met Aung San Suu Kyi and his Burmese counterpart. This represented a significant visit for Suu Kyi and Burma. Suu Kyi studied in the UK and maintains many ties there, whilst Britain is Burma's largest bilateral donor.
2012 by-elections[link]
In December 2011, there was speculation that Suu Kyi would run in the 2012 national by-elections to fill vacant seats.[132] On 18 January 2012, Suu Kyi formally registered to contest a Pyithu Hluttaw (lower house) seat in the Kawhmu Township constituency in special parliamentary elections to be held on 1 April 2012.[133][134] The seat was previously held by Soe Tint, who vacated it after being appointed Construction Deputy Minister, in the 2010 election.[135] She ran against Union Solidarity and Development Party candidate Soe Min, a retired army physician and native of Twante Township.[136]
On 3 March 2012, at a large campaign rally in Mandalay, Suu Kyi unexpectedly left after 15 minutes, because of exhaustion and airsickness.[137]
In an official campaign speech broadcast on Burmese state television's MRTV on 14 March 2012, Suu Kyi publicly campaigned for reform of the 2008 Constitution, removal of restrictive laws, more adequate protections for people's democratic rights, and establishment of an independent judiciary.[138] The speech was leaked online a day before it was broadcast.[139] A paragraph in the speech, focusing on the Tatmadaw's repression by means of law, was censored by authorities.[140]
Suu Kyi has also called for international media to monitor the upcoming by-elections, while publicly pointing out irregularities in official voter lists, which include deceased individuals and exclude other eligible voters in the contested constituencies.[141][142] On 21 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are continuing and we can even say they are increasing."[143]
When asked whether she would assume a ministerial post if given the opportunity, she said the following:[144]
I can tell you one thing – that under the present constitution, if you become a member of the government you have to vacate your seat in the national assembly. And I am not working so hard to get into parliament simply to vacate my seat.
On 26 March 2012, Suu Kyi suspended her nationwide campaign tour early, after a campaign rally in Myeik (Mergui), a coastal town in the south, citing health problems due to exhaustion and hot weather.[145]
On 1 April 2012, the NLD announced that Suu Kyi had won the vote for a seat in Parliament.[146] A news broadcast on state-run MRTV, reading the announcements of the Union Election Commission, confirmed her victory, as well as her party's victory in 43 of the 45 contested seats, officially making Suu Kyi the Leader of the Opposition in the lower house.[147]
Although she and other MP-elects were expected to take office on 23 April when the Hluttaws resume session, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Suu Kyi, said they might not take their oaths because of its wording; in its present form, parliamentarians must vow to "safeguard" the constitution.[148][149] In an address on Radio Free Asia, she said "We don't mean we will not attend the parliament, we mean we will attend only after taking the oath... Changing that wording in the oath is also in conformity with the Constitution. I don't expect there will be any difficulty in doing it."[150]
On 2 May 2012, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Aung San Suu Kyi, took their oaths and took office, though the wording of the oath was not changed. [151] According to the Los Angeles Times, "Suu Kyi and her colleagues decided they could do more by joining as lawmakers than maintaining their boycott on principle." [152]
International support[link]
File:Aung san suu kyi libera italy.jpg
May 2009 demonstration for Aung San Suu Kyi in Rome, Italy
File:Burmeseireland.jpg
The 2009 celebration of Aung San Suu Kyi's birthday in Dublin, Ireland
Aung San Suu Kyi has received vocal support from Western nations in Europe,[153] Australia[153] and North[154] and South America, as well as India,[4] Israel,[155] Japan[156] the Philippines and South Korea.[157] In December 2007, the US House of Representatives voted unanimously 400–0 to award Aung San Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal; the Senate concurred on 25 April 2008.[158] On 6 May 2008, President George Bush signed legislation awarding Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal.[159] She is the first recipient in American history to receive the prize while imprisoned. More recently, there has been growing criticism of her detention by Burma's neighbours in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, particularly from Indonesia,[160] Thailand,[161] the Philippines[162][163] and Singapore.[164] At one point Malaysia warned Burma that it faced expulsion from ASEAN as a result of the detention of Suu Kyi.[165] Other nations including South Africa,[166] Bangladesh[167] and the Maldives[168] also called for her release. The United Nations has urged the country to move towards inclusive national reconciliation, the restoration of democracy, and full respect for human rights.[169] In December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the human rights situation in Burma and calling for Suu Kyi's release—80 countries voting for the resolution, 25 against and 45 abstentions.[170] Other nations, such as China and Russia, are less critical of the regime and prefer to cooperate only on economic matters.[171] Indonesia has urged China to push Burma for reforms.[172] However, Samak Sundaravej, former Prime Minister of Thailand, criticised the amount of support for Suu Kyi, saying that "Europe uses Aung San Suu Kyi as a tool. If it's not related to Aung San Suu Kyi, you can have deeper discussions with Myanmar."[173]
Vietnam, however, did not support calls by other ASEAN member states for Myanmar to free Aung San Suu Kyi, state media reported Friday, 14 August 2009.[174] The state-run Việt Nam News said Vietnam had no criticism of Myanmar's decision 11 August 2009 to place Suu Kyi under house arrest for the next 18 months, effectively barring her from elections scheduled for 2010. "It is our view that the Aung San Suu Kyi trial is an internal affair of Myanmar", Vietnamese government spokesman Le Dung stated on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In contrast with other ASEAN member states, Dung said Vietnam has always supported Myanmar and hopes it will continue to implement the "roadmap to democracy" outlined by its government.[175]
Nobel Peace Prize[link]
Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. The decision of the Nobel Committee mentions:[176]
The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar (Burma) for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights....Suu Kyi's struggle is one of the most extraordinary examples of civil courage in Asia in recent decades. She has become an important symbol in the struggle against oppression...
...In awarding the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wishes to honour this woman for her unflagging efforts and to show its support for the many people throughout the world who are striving to attain democracy, human rights and ethnic conciliation by peaceful means.—Oslo, 14 October 1991
Nobel Peace Prize winners (Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the Dalai Lama, Shirin Ebadi, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Mairead Corrigan, Rigoberta Menchú, Prof. Elie Wiesel, U.S. President Barack Obama, Betty Williams, Jody Williams and former U.S. President Jimmy Carter) called for the rulers of Burma to release Suu Kyi in order to "create the necessary conditions for a genuine dialogue with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and all concerned parties and ethnic groups in order to achieve an inclusive national reconciliation with the direct support of the United Nations."[56] Some of the money she received as part of the award helps fund London-based charity Prospect Burma, which provides higher education grants to Burmese students.[177]
On May 21, 2012, it was announced that Aung San Suu Kyi would finally deliver her traditional Nobel lecture at Oslo's City Hall, two decades after receiving the peace prize.[178]
Organizations[link]
- Freedom Now, a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit organization, was retained in 2006 by a member of her family to help secure Aung San Suu Kyi's release from house arrest. The organization secured several opinions from the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention that her detention was in violation of international law; engaged in political advocacy such as spearheading a letter from 112 former Presidents and Prime Ministers to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urging him to go to Burma to seek her release, which he did six weeks later; and published numerous opeds and spoke widely to the media about her ongoing detention. Its representation of her ended when she was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[179]
- Aung San Suu Kyi has been an honorary board member of International IDEA and ARTICLE 19 since her detention, and has received support from these organisations.
- The Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Université catholique de Louvain, both located in Belgium, granted her the title of Doctor Honoris Causa.[180]
- In 2003, the Freedom Forum recognized Suu Kyi's efforts to promote democracy peacefully with the Al Neuharth Free Spirit of the Year Award, in which she was presented over satellite because she was under house arrest. She was awarded one million dollars.[181]
- In June of each year, the U.S. Campaign for Burma organizes hundreds of "Arrest Yourself" house parties around the world in support of Aung San Suu Kyi. At these parties, the organizers keep themselves under house arrest for 24 hours, invite their friends, and learn more about Burma and Aung San Suu Kyi.[182]
- The Freedom Campaign, a joint effort between the Human Rights Action Center and US Campaign for Burma, looks to raise worldwide attention to the struggles of Aung San Suu Kyi and the people of Burma.
- The Burma Campaign UK is a UK based NGO (Non Governmental Organisation) that aims to raise awareness of Burma's struggles and follow the guidelines established by the NLD and Aung San Suu Kyi.
- St. Hugh's College, Oxford, where she studied, had a Burmese theme for their annual ball in support of her in 2006.[183]
- Aung San Suu Kyi is the official patron of The Rafto Human Rights House in Bergen, Norway. She received the Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize in 1990.
- She was made an honorary free person of the City of Dublin, Ireland in November 1999, although a space had been left on the roll of signatures to symbolize her continued detention.
- In November 2005 the human rights group Equality Now proposed Aung Sun Suu Kyi as a potential candidate, among other qualifying women, for the position of U.N. Secretary General.[184] In the proposed list of qualified women Suu Kyi is recognised by Equality Now as the Prime Minister-Elect of Burma.[3]
- The UN' special envoy to Myanmar, Ibrahim Gambari, met Aung San Suu Kyi on 10 March 2008 before wrapping up his trip to the military-ruled country.[185]
- Aung San Suu Kyi is an honorary member of The Elders, a group of eminent global leaders brought together by Nelson Mandela.[186] Her ongoing detention means that she is unable to take an active role in the group, so The Elders place an empty chair for her at their meetings.[187] The Elders have consistently called for the release of all political prisoners in Burma.[188]
- In 2008, Burma’s devoted human rights leader and Nobel Peace Prize, was welcomed as Club of Madrid Honorary Member.
- In 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi was named the Guest Director of the 45th Brighton Festival.[citation needed]
- In June 2011, the BBC announced that Aung San Suu Kyi was to deliver the 2011 Reith Lectures. The BBC covertly recorded two lectures with Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma, which were then smuggled out of the country and brought back to London.[189] The lectures were broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service on 28 June 2011 and 5 July 2011.
- In November 2011, Suu Kyi received Francois Zimeray, France's Ambassador for Human Rights.
- March 8, 2012, Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird presented Aung San Suu Kyi a certificate of honorary Canadian citizenship and an informal invitation to visit Canada.
- In April 2012, British Prime Minister David Cameron became the first leader of a major world power to visit Aung San Su Kyi and the first of a British prime minister since the 1950s. In his visit, Cameron invited San Su Kyi to Britain where she would be able to visit her 'beloved' Oxford, an invitation which she later accepted; no specifec date has been confirmed but the month is thought to be June 2012.
- In May 2012, Suu Kyi received the inaugural Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent of the Human Rights Foundation.[190]
- 29 May 2012 PM Manmohan Singh of India visited Aung San Suu Kyi. In his visit, PM invited San Suu Kyi to India as well.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ "Myanmar election commission announces NLD wins overwhelmingly in by-elections". Xinhua. 2 April 2012. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-04/02/c_131504585.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ Aung San Suu Kyi should lead Burma, Pravda Online. 25 September 2007
- ^ a b The Next United Nations Secretary-General: Time for a Woman. Equality Now.org. November 2005.
- ^ a b MPs to Suu Kyi: You are the real PM of Burma. The Times of India. 13 June 2007
- ^ Walsh, John. (February 2006). Letters from Burma. Shinawatra International University.
- ^ Deutsche Welle Article: Sentence for Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi sparks outrage and cautious hope Quote: The NLD won a convincing majority in elections in 1990, the last remotely fair vote in Burma. That would have made Suu Kyi the prime minister, but the military leadership immediately nullified the result. Now her party must decide whether to take part in a poll that shows little prospect of being just.
- ^ The Hon. PENNY SHARPE Speech: In 1990, Suu Kyi stood as the National League for Democracy's candidate for Prime Minister in the Burmese general election. The NLD won in a landslide but the military junta refused to hand over power. Page: 52
- ^ twist in Aung San Suu Kyi's fate Article: How a Missouri Mormon may have thwarted democracy in Myanmar. By Patrick Winn — GlobalPost Quote: "Suu Kyi has mostly lived under house arrest since 1990, when the country's military junta refused her election to the prime minister's seat. The Nobel Peace Laureate remains backed by a pro-democracy movement-in-exile, many of them also voted into a Myanmar parliament that never was." Published: 21 May 2009 00:48 ETBANGKOK, Thailand
- ^ Burma releases Aung San Suu Kyi. BBC News, 13 November 2010.
- ^ Aye Aye Win, Myanmar's Suu Kyi Released From Hospital, Associated Press (via the Washington Post, 10 June 2006.
- ^ "Canada makes Myanmar's Suu Kyi an honorary citizen". Reuters. 17 October 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN17350334. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ "Update: Mawlana Hazar Imam is made an honorary citizen of Canada". The Ismaili. 19 June 2009. http://www.theismaili.org/cms/732/Update-Mawlana-Hazar-Imam-is-made-an-honorary-citizen-of-Canada. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ Recipients of the Wallenberg Medal. Wallenberg.umich.edu. Retrieved on 2 April 2012.
- ^ Fuller, Thomas, Democracy Advocate Elected to Myanmar’s Parliament, Her Party Says, The New York Times, 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Burmese Parliamentary Elections". Voice of America News. 5 April 2012. http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials/Burmese-Parliamentary-Elections-146265885.html. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
- ^ NLD Claims Suu Kyi Victory, The Irrawaddy, 4 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d Aung San Suu Kyi – Biography. Nobel Prize Foundation.
- ^ "Myanmar Family Roles and Social Relationships". Government of Myanmar. http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp1997/9-97/fam9-97.htm. Retrieved 24 September 2007.
- ^ Min Lwin (28 May 2009). "Suu Kyi Protester Arrested". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=15761. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ "ဒေါ်အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်ကို "အမေစု"ဟု အော်ဟစ် နှုတ်ဆက်" (in Burmese). ဧရာဝတီ. 13 November 2010. http://www.irrawaddy.org/bur/index.php/news/2010-11-12-10-25-42/4848-2010-11-13-11-54-29. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ "City honours democracy campaigner". BBC. 4 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7923425.stm. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ Beech, Hannah (29 November 2010). "The Lady Walks Free Again". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2031990,00.html.
- ^ A biography of Aung San Suu Kyi. Burma Campaign.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
- ^ Stewart (1997), p. 31
- ^ Stewart (1997), p. 32
- ^ a b c d e f A biography of Aung San Suu Kyi. Burma Campaign.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
- ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi — Biography". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1991/kyi-bio.html. Retrieved 4 May 2006.
- ^ a b Phadnis, Aditi. "Much warmth, some restraint at Manmohan's meeting with Suu Kyi". Business Standard. http://business-standard.com/india/news/much-warmth-some-restraint-at-manmohans-meetingsuu-kyi/475788/. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ Staff reporter (18 June 2009). Before the storm: Aung San Suu Kyi photograph peels back the years. The Guardian.
- ^ Suu Kyi rejects UK visit offer. BBC News. 26 March 1999.
- ^ "Obituary: A courageous and patient man". London: BBC News. 27 March 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/305487.stm. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
- ^ Official: UN plane lands in Myanmar with aid after cyclone[dead link], Associated Press. 2 May 2008.
- ^ Aung San Suu Kyi’s home to be renovated. Mizzima. 10 August 2009.
- ^ Ba Kaung (13 November 2010). "Suu Kyi Freed at Last". The Irrawaddy. http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=20068. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ Silverstein, Josef. "The idea of freedom in Burma and the political thought of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi." Pacific Affairs 69, no. 2 (Summer96 1996): 152. Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost . Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ^ "Profile: Aung San Suu Kyi". London: BBC News. 25 May 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1950505.stm. Retrieved 26 May 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1991 Presentation Speech". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1991/presentation-speech.html. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
- ^ Houtman, Gustaaf, Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series), 1999. ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6. See also Buddhism in Burma.
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Bibliography[link]
- Miller, J. E. (2001). Who's who in contemporary women's writing. Routledge.
- Reid, R., Grosberg, M. (2005). Myanmar (Burma). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-695-4.
- Stewart, Whitney (1997). Aung San Suu Kyi: fearless voice of Burma. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-4931-4.
Further reading[link]
- Aung San Suu Kyi (Modern Peacemakers) (2007) by Judy L. Hasday, ISBN 978-0-7910-9435-8
- The Lady: Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Laureate and Burma's Prisoner (2002) by Barbara Victor, ISBN 978-0-571-21177-7, or 1998 hardcover: ISBN 978-0-571-19944-0
- Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2007) by Justin Wintle, ISBN 978-0-09-179681-5
- Tyrants: The World's 20 Worst Living Dictators (2006) by David Wallechinsky, ISBN 978-0-06-059004-8
- Aung San Suu Kyi (Trailblazers of the Modern World) (2004) by William Thomas, ISBN 978-0-8368-5263-9
- No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs (2002) by Naomi Klein ISBN 978-0-312-42143-4
- Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series) (1999) by Gustaaf Houtman, ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6
- Hidden Agendas (1998) by John Pilger, ISBN 978-0-09-974151-0
- Aung San Suu Kyi: Standing Up for Democracy in Burma (Women Changing the World) (1998) by Bettina Ling ISBN 978-1-55861-197-9
- Prisoner for Peace: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy (Champions of Freedom Series) (1994) by John Parenteau, ISBN 978-1-883846-05-3
- Des femmes prix Nobel de Marie Curie à Aung San Suu Kyi, 1903–1991 (1992) by Charlotte Kerner, Nicole Casanova, Gidske Anderson, ISBN 978-2-7210-0427-7
- Aung San Suu Kyi, towards a new freedom (1998) by Chin Geok Ang ISBN 978-981-4024-30-3
- Aung San Suu Kyi's struggle: Its principles and strategy (1997) by Mikio Oishi ISBN 978-983-9861-06-8
- Finding George Orwell in Burma (2004) by Emma Larkin ISBN 0-14-303711-0
- Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember (2005) by John McCain, Mark Salter. Random House ISBN 978-1-4000-6412-0
- The Political Thought of Aung San Suu Kyi by Josef Siverstein (1996)
- Under the Dragon: A Journey Through Burma (1998/2010) by Rory MacLean ISBN 978-1-84511-622-4
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aung San Suu Kyi |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Aung San Suu Kyi |
- Aung San Suu Kyi at the Open Directory Project
- Aung San Suu Kyi's website via the Internet Archive
- Nobel Peace Prize 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi at NobelPrize.org
- Aung San Suu Kyi – Summary, biography, excerpts from books
- Works by Aung San Suu Kyi on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- Works by or about Aung San Suu Kyi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Burma's Suu Kyi, Free at Last – slideshow by Der Spiegel
- Peace Prize 2012 from India by Sarhad organization PUNE City
| Party political offices | ||
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| New political party | Leader of the National League for Democracy 1988–present |
Incumbent |
| Assembly seats | ||
| Preceded by Soe Tint |
Member of the Burmese House of Representatives for Kawhmu 2012–present |
Incumbent |
| Awards and achievements | ||
| Preceded by Mikhail Gorbachev |
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate 1991 |
Succeeded by Rigoberta Menchú |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Aung San Suu Kyi |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | nonviolent pro-democracy activist |
| Date of birth | (1945-06-19) 19 June 1945 (age 67) |
| Place of birth | Rangoon, Myanmar |
| Date of death | living |
| Place of death | |
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| Roger Penrose | |
|---|---|
| 230px Roger Penrose |
|
| Born | (1931-08-08) 8 August 1931 (age 80) Colchester, Essex, England |
| Residence | United Kingdom Canada (During WWII) |
| Nationality | British |
| Fields | Mathematical physics Mathematical sciences |
| Institutions | Bedford College, London St John's College, Cambridge Princeton University Syracuse University King’s College, London Birkbeck, University of London University of Oxford |
| Alma mater | University of Cambridge University College London University College School |
| Doctoral advisor | John A. Todd |
| Other academic advisors | William Hodge |
| Doctoral students | Tristan Needham Richard Jozsa Richard S. Ward Andrew Hodges Asghar Qadir George Burnett-Stuart Matthew Ginsberg Adam Helfer Lane P. Hughston Peter Law Claude LeBrun Ross Moore Duncan Stone Tim Poston George Sparling K. Paul Tod |
| Known for |
Twistor theory Newman-Penrose formalism Penrose tiling Penrose stairs Penrose graphical notation Schrödinger–Newton equations |
| Influences | Dennis W. Sciama |
| Influenced | Michael Atiyah Stuart Hameroff |
| Notable awards | Wolf Prize (1988) Dirac Medal (1989) Copley Medal (2008) |
|
Notes
He is the brother of Jonathan Penrose and Oliver Penrose, and son of Lionel Penrose. He is the nephew of Roland Penrose. |
|
Sir Roger Penrose OM, FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College. He has received a number of prizes and awards, including the 1988 Wolf Prize for physics which he shared with Stephen Hawking for their contribution to our understanding of the universe.[1] He is renowned for his work in mathematical physics, in particular his contributions to general relativity and cosmology. He is also a recreational mathematician and philosopher.
Contents |
Career[link]
He was born in Colchester, Essex, England, Roger Penrose is a son of Lionel S. Penrose and Margaret Leathes.[2] Penrose is the brother of mathematician Oliver Penrose and of chess Grandmaster Jonathan Penrose. Penrose attended University College School and University College, London, where he graduated with a first class degree in mathematics. In 1955, while still a student, Penrose reintroduced the E. H. Moore generalized matrix inverse, also known as the Moore–Penrose inverse[3], after it had been reinvented by Arne Bjerhammar (1951). Penrose earned his Ph.D. at Cambridge (St John's College) in 1958, writing a thesis on "tensor methods in algebraic geometry" under algebraist and geometer John A. Todd. He devised and popularised the Penrose triangle in the 1950s, describing it as "impossibility in its purest form" and exchanged material with the artist M. C. Escher, whose earlier depictions of impossible objects partly inspired it. Escher's Waterfall, and Ascending and Descending were in turn inspired by Penrose. As reviewer Manjit Kumar puts it:
As a student in 1954, Penrose was attending a conference in Amsterdam when by chance he came across an exhibition of Escher's work. Soon he was trying to conjure up impossible figures of his own and discovered the tri-bar – a triangle that looks like a real, solid three-dimensional object, but isn't. Together with his father, a physicist and mathematician, Penrose went on to design a staircase that simultaneously loops up and down. An article followed and a copy was sent to Escher. Completing a cyclical flow of creativity, the Dutch master of geometrical illusions was inspired to produce his two masterpieces.[4]
In 1965, at Cambridge, Penrose proved that singularities (such as black holes) could be formed from the gravitational collapse of immense, dying stars.[5] This work was extended by Hawking to prove the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems.
In 1967, Penrose invented the twistor theory which maps geometric objects in Minkowski space into the 4-dimensional complex space with the metric signature (2,2). In 1969, he conjectured the cosmic censorship hypothesis. This proposes (rather informally) that the universe protects us from the inherent unpredictability of singularities (such as the one in the centre of a black hole) by hiding them from our view behind an event horizon. This form is now known as the "weak censorship hypothesis"; in 1979, Penrose formulated a stronger version called the "strong censorship hypothesis". Together with the BKL conjecture and issues of nonlinear stability, settling the censorship conjectures is one of the most important outstanding problems in general relativity. Also from 1979 dates Penrose's influential Weyl curvature hypothesis on the initial conditions of the observable part of the Universe and the origin of the second law of thermodynamics.[6] Penrose and James Terrell independently realized that objects travelling near the speed of light will appear to undergo a peculiar skewing or rotation. This effect has come to be called the Terrell rotation or Penrose–Terrell rotation.[7][8]
Penrose is well known for his 1974 discovery of Penrose tilings, which are formed from two tiles that can only tile the plane nonperiodically, and are the first tilings to exhibit fivefold rotational symmetry. Penrose developed these ideas based on the article Deux types fondamentaux de distribution statistique[9] (1938; an English translation Two Basic Types of Statistical Distribution) by Czech geographer, demographer and statistician Jaromír Korčák. In 1984, such patterns were observed in the arrangement of atoms in quasicrystals.[10] Another noteworthy contribution is his 1971 invention of spin networks, which later came to form the geometry of spacetime in loop quantum gravity. He was influential in popularizing what are commonly known as Penrose diagrams (causal diagrams). In 2004 Penrose released The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, a 1,099-page book aimed at giving a comprehensive guide to the laws of physics. He has proposed a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics.[11] In 2010, Penrose reported possible evidence, based on concentric circles found in WMAP data of the CMB sky, of an earlier universe existing before the Big Bang of our own present universe.[12]
Penrose is the Francis and Helen Pentz Distinguished (visiting) Professor of Physics and Mathematics at Pennsylvania State University.[13] Penrose is married to Vanessa Thomas, head of mathematics at Abingdon School,[14][15] with whom he has one son.[14] He has three sons from a previous marriage to American Joan Isabel Wedge, whom he married in 1959.
Physics and consciousness[link]
Penrose has written books on the connection between fundamental physics and human (or animal) consciousness. In The Emperor's New Mind (1989), he argues that known laws of physics are inadequate to explain the phenomenon of consciousness. Penrose proposes the characteristics this new physics may have and specifies the requirements for a bridge between classical and quantum mechanics (what he calls correct quantum gravity). Penrose uses a variant of Turing's halting theorem to demonstrate that a system can be deterministic without being algorithmic. (E.g., imagine a system with only two states, ON and OFF. The system's state is ON if a given Turing machine halts, and OFF if the Turing machine does not halt, then the system's state is completely determined by the Turing machine, however there is no algorithmic way to determine whether the Turing machine stops.) Penrose believes that such deterministic non-algorithmic processes may come in play in the quantum mechanical wave function reduction, and may be harnessed by the brain. He argues that the present computer is unable to have intelligence because it is an algorithmically deterministic system. He argues against the viewpoint that the rational processes of the mind are completely algorithmic and can thus be duplicated by a sufficiently complex computer. This contrasts with supporters of strong artificial intelligence, who contend that thought can be simulated algorithmically. He bases this on claims that consciousness transcends formal logic because things such as the insolubility of the halting problem and Gödel's incompleteness theorem prevent an algorithmically based system of logic from reproducing such traits of human intelligence as mathematical insight. These claims were originally espoused by the philosopher John Lucas of Merton College, Oxford. The Penrose/Lucas argument about the implications of Gödel's incompleteness theorem for computational theories of human intelligence has been widely criticized by mathematicians, computer scientists and philosophers, and the consensus among experts in these fields seems to be that the argument fails, though different authors may choose different aspects of the argument to attack.[16] Marvin Minsky, a leading proponent of artificial intelligence, was particularly critical, stating that Penrose "tries to show, in chapter after chapter, that human thought cannot be based on any known scientific principle." Minsky's position is exactly the opposite - he believes that humans are, in fact, machines, whose functioning, although complex, is fully explainable by current physics. Minsky maintains that "one can carry that quest [for scientific explanation] too far by only seeking new basic principles instead of attacking the real detail. This is what I see in Penrose's quest for a new basic principle of physics that will account for consciousness."[17]
Penrose responded to criticism of The Emperor's New Mind with his follow up 1994 book Shadows of the Mind, and in 1997 with The Large, the Small and the Human Mind. In those works, he also combined his observations with that of anesthesiologist Stuart Hameroff.
Penrose and Hameroff have argued that consciousness is the result of quantum gravity effects in microtubules, which they dubbed Orch-OR (orchestrated objective reduction). Max Tegmark, in a paper in Physical Review E,[18] calculated that the time scale of neuron firing and excitations in microtubules is slower than the decoherence time by a factor of at least 10,000,000,000. The reception of the paper is summed up by this statement in Tegmark's support: "Physicists outside the fray, such as IBM's John A. Smolin, say the calculations confirm what they had suspected all along. 'We're not working with a brain that's near absolute zero. It's reasonably unlikely that the brain evolved quantum behavior'".[19] Tegmark's paper has been widely cited by critics of the Penrose–Hameroff position.
In their reply to Tegmark's paper, also published in Physical Review E, the physicists Scott Hagan, Jack Tuszynski and Hameroff[20][21] claimed that Tegmark did not address the Orch-OR model, but instead a model of his own construction. This involved superpositions of quanta separated by 24 nm rather than the much smaller separations stipulated for Orch-OR. As a result, Hameroff's group claimed a decoherence time seven orders of magnitude greater than Tegmark's, but still well short of the 25 ms required if the quantum processing in the theory was to be linked to the 40 Hz gamma synchrony, as Orch-OR suggested. To bridge this gap, the group made a series of proposals. It was supposed that the interiors of neurons could alternate between liquid and gel states. In the gel state, it was further hypothesized that the water electrical dipoles are oriented in the same direction, along the outer edge of the microtubule tubulin subunits. Hameroff et al. proposed that this ordered water could screen any quantum coherence within the tubulin of the microtubules from the environment of the rest of the brain. Each tubulin also has a tail extending out from the microtubules, which is negatively charged, and therefore attracts positively charged ions. It is suggested that this could provide further screening. Further to this, there was a suggestion that the microtubules could be pumped into a coherent state by biochemical energy.
Finally, it is suggested that the configuration of the microtubule lattice might be suitable for quantum error correction, a means of holding together quantum coherence in the face of environmental interaction. In the last decade, some researchers who are sympathetic to Penrose's ideas have proposed an alternative scheme for quantum processing in microtubules based on the interaction of tubulin tails with microtubule-associated proteins, motor proteins and presynaptic scaffold proteins. These proposed alternative processes have the advantage of taking place within Tegmark's time to decoherence.
Hameroff, in a lecture in part of a Google Tech talks series exploring Quantum biology, gave an overview of current research in the area, and responded to subsequent criticisms of the Orch-OR model.[22] In addition to this, a recent 2011 paper by Roger Penrose and Stuart Hameroff gives an updated model of their Orch-OR theory, in light of criticisms, and discusses the place of consciousness within the universe.[23]
Phillip Tetlow, although himself supportive of Penrose's views, acknowledges that Penrose's ideas about the human thought process are at present a minority view in scientific circles, citing Minsky's criticisms and quoting science journalist Charles Seife's description of Penrose as "one of a handful of scientists" who believe that the nature of consciousness suggests a quantum process.[19]
Religious views[link]
Penrose does not hold to any religious doctrine,[24] and refers to himself as an atheist.[25] In the film A Brief History of Time, he said, "I think I would say that the universe has a purpose, it's not somehow just there by chance ... some people, I think, take the view that the universe is just there and it runs along–it's a bit like it just sort of computes, and we happen somehow by accident to find ourselves in this thing. But I don't think that's a very fruitful or helpful way of looking at the universe, I think that there is something much deeper about it."[26] Penrose is a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association.
Awards and honours[link]
Penrose has been awarded many prizes for his contributions to science. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1972. In 1975, Stephen Hawking and Penrose were jointly awarded the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1985, he was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal. Along with Stephen Hawking, he was awarded the prestigious Wolf Foundation Prize for Physics in 1988. In 1989 he was awarded the Dirac Medal and Prize of the British Institute of Physics. In 1990 Penrose was awarded the Albert Einstein Medal for outstanding work related to the work of Albert Einstein by the Albert Einstein Society. In 1991, he was awarded the Naylor Prize of the London Mathematical Society. From 1992 to 1995 he served as President of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation. In 1994, Penrose was knighted for services to science.[27] In the same year he was also awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) by the University of Bath.[28] In 1998, he was elected Foreign Associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 2000 he was appointed to the Order of Merit. In 2004 he was awarded the De Morgan Medal for his wide and original contributions to mathematical physics. To quote the citation from the London Mathematical Society:
- His deep work on General Relativity has been a major factor in our understanding of black holes. His development of Twistor Theory has produced a beautiful and productive approach to the classical equations of mathematical physics. His tilings of the plane underlie the newly discovered quasi-crystals.
In 2005 Penrose was awarded an honorary doctorate (Honoris Causa) by Warsaw University and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium), and in 2006 by the University of York. In 2008 Penrose was awarded the Copley Medal. He is also a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association and one of the patrons of the Oxford University Scientific Society. In 2011, Penrose was awarded the Fonseca prize by the University of Santiago de Compostela. In 2012 Penrose was awarded the Richard R. Ernst Medal by ETHZ for his contributions to science and strengthening the connection between science and society.
Works[link]
- Techniques of Differential Topology in Relativity (1972, ISBN 0-89871-005-7)
- Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 1, Two-Spinor Calculus and Relativistic Fields (with Wolfgang Rindler, 1987) ISBN 0-521-33707-0 (paperback)
- Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 2, Spinor and Twistor Methods in Space-Time Geometry (with Wolfgang Rindler, 1988) (reprint), ISBN 0-521-34786-6 (paperback)
- The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics (1989, ISBN 0-14-014534-6 (paperback); it received the Rhone-Poulenc science book prize in 1990)
- Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness (1994, ISBN 0-19-853978-9 (hardback))
- The Nature of Space and Time (with Stephen Hawking, 1996, ISBN 0-691-03791-4 (hardback), ISBN 0-691-05084-8 (paperback))
- The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind (with Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Stephen Hawking, 1997, ISBN 0-521-56330-5 (hardback), ISBN 0-521-65538-2 (paperback), Canto edition: ISBN 0-521-78572-3)
- White Mars or, The Mind Set Free (with Brian W. Aldiss, 1999, ISBN 978-0-316-85243-2 (hardback))
- The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe (2004, ISBN 0-224-04447-8 (hardcover), ISBN 0-09-944068-7 (paperback))
- Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe (Bodley Head (23 Sep 2010) ISBN 978-0-224-08036-1)
Penrose also wrote forewords to Quantum Aspects of Life and Zee's book Fearful Symmetry.
See also[link]
- Conformal Cyclic Cosmology
- Orch-OR
- Quantum mind
- Multiverse
- Quantum Aspects of Life (book)
- Illumination problem
References[link]
- ^ Penrose, R (2005). The Road to Reality: A Complete guide to the Laws of the Universe. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-09-944068-7
- ^ Penrose and his father shared mathematical concepts with Dutch graphic artist M. C. Escher which were incorporated into a lot of pieces, including Waterfall, which is based on the 'Penrose triangle', and Up and Down.
- ^ Penrose, R. "A Generalized Inverse for Matrices" Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 51, 406–413, 1955)
- ^ Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe by Roger Penrose – review | Books | The Guardian
- ^ Ferguson, 1991: 66
- ^ R. Penrose (1979). "Singularities and Time-Asymmetry". In S. W. Hawking and W. Israel. General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey. Cambridge University Press. pp. 581–638.
- ^ Terrell, James (1959). "Invisibility of the Lorentz Contraction". Physical Review 116 (4): 1041–1045. Bibcode 1959PhRv..116.1041T. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.116.1041 .
- ^ Penrose, Roger (1959). "The Apparent Shape of a Relativistically Moving Sphere". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 55: 137–139. Bibcode 1959PCPS...55..137P. DOI:10.1017/S0305004100033776 .
- ^ Jaromír Korčák (1938): Deux types fondamentaux de distribution statistique. Prague, Comité d’organisation, Bull. de l'Institute Int'l de Statistique, vol. 3, pp. 295–299.
- ^ Steinhardt, Paul (1996). "New perspectives on forbidden symmetries, quasicrystals, and Penrose tilings". PNAS 93 (25): 14267–14270. Bibcode 1996PNAS...9314267S. DOI:10.1073/pnas.93.25.14267. PMC 34472. PMID 8962037. http://www.pnas.org/content/93/25/14267.full .
- ^ "If an Electron Can Be in Two Places at once, Why Can't You?". http://discovermagazine.com/2005/jun/cover/article_view?b_start:int=0&-C=. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ Gurzadyan, V.G.; Penrose, R. (2010). "Concentric circles in WMAP data may provide evidence of violent pre-Big-Bang activity". arXiv:1011.3706 [astro-ph.CO].
- ^ "Dr. Roger Penrose at Penn State University". http://www.phys.psu.edu/people/display/index.html?person_id=233&mode=contact.. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
- ^ a b http://www.gruberprizes.org/SelectingRecipients/SelectionAdvisoryBoard_Bio.php?id=4
- ^ http://www.abingdon.org.uk/vanessa_penrose/
- ^ Criticism of the Lucas/Penrose argument that intelligence can not be entirely algorithmic:
- MindPapers: 6.1b. Godelian arguments
- References for Criticisms of the Gödelian Argument*
- Boolos, George, et al. 1990. An Open Peer Commentary on The Emperor's New Mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (4) 655.
- Davis, Martin 1993. How subtle is Gödel's theorem? More on Roger Penrose. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 611-612. Online version at Davis' faculty page at http://cs.nyu.edu/cs/faculty/davism/
- Feferman, Solomon 1996. Penrose's Gödelian argument. PSYCHE 2, 21–32.
- Krajewski, Stanislaw 2007. On Gödel's Theorem and Mechanism: Inconsistency or Unsoundness is Unavoidable in any Attempt to 'Out-Gödel' the Mechanist. Fundamenta Informaticae 81, 173–181. Reprinted in Topics in Logic, Philosophy and Foundations of Mathematics and Computer Science:In Recognition of Professor Andrzej Grzegorczyk (2008), p. 173
- LaForte, Geoffrey, Patrick J. Hayes, and Kenneth M. Ford 1998. Why Gödel's Theorem Cannot Refute Computationalism. Artificial Intelligence, 104:265–286.
- Lewis, David K. 1969. Lucas against mechanism. Philosophy 44 231–233.
- Putnam, Hilary 1995. Review of Shadows of the Mind. In Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 32, 370–373 (also see Putnam's less technical criticisms in his New York Times review)
- Bringsford, S. and Xiao, H. 2000. A Refutation of Penrose's Gödelian Case Against Artificial Intelligence. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 12: 307–329. The authors write that it is "generally agreed" that Penrose "failed to destroy the computational conception of mind."
- In an article at http://www.mth.kcl.ac.uk/~llandau/Homepage/Math/penrose.html L.J. Landau at the Mathematics Department of King's College London writes that "Penrose's argument, its basis and implications, is rejected by experts in the fields which it touches."
- Princeton Philosophy professor John Burgess writes in On the Outside Looking In: A Caution about Conservativeness (published in Kurt Gödel: Essays for his Centennial, with the following comments found on pp. 131–132) that "the consensus view of logicians today seems to be that the Lucas–Penrose argument is fallacious, though as I have said elsewhere, there is at least this much to be said for Lucas and Penrose, that logicians are not unanimously agreed as to where precisely the fallacy in their argument lies. There are at least three points at which the argument may be attacked."
- Dershowitz, Nachum 2005. The Four Sons of Penrose, in Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Logic Programming for Artificial Intelligence and Reasoning (LPAR; Jamaica), G. Sutcliffe and A. Voronkov, eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3835, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 125–138.
- ^ Marvin Minsky. "Conscious Machines." Machinery of Consciousness, Proceedings, National Research Council of Canada, 75th Anniversary Symposium on Science in Society, June 1991.
- ^ Tegmark, Max. 2000. "The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes". Physical Review E. vol 61. pp. 4194–4206.
- ^ a b Tetlow, Philip (2007). The Web's Awake: An Introduction to the Field of Web Science and the Concept of Web Life. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-470-13794-9. http://books.google.com/?id=3mPI9rUuhJ8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=penrose+%22thought+process%22&q=penrose%20.
- ^ Hagan, S., Hameroff, S., and Tuszyński, J. (2002). "Quantum Computation in Brain Microtubules? Decoherence and Biological Feasibility". Physical Review E 65: 061901. arXiv:quant-ph/0005025. Bibcode 2002PhRvE..65f1901H. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.65.061901.
- ^ Hameroff, S. (2006). "Consciousness, Neurobiology and Quantum Mechanics". In Tuszynski, Jack. The Emerging Physics of Consciousness. Springer. pp. 193–253
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXFFbxoHp3s
- ^ [1]
- ^ Harris, Sam. "Letter to A Christian Nation". SamHarrisOrg. http://www.samharris.org/site/book_letter_to_christian_nation/. Retrieved 5 June 2010. Quoting Penrose's blurb for Harris's book Letter to a Christian Nation.
- ^ "Big Bang follows Big Bang follows Big Bang". BBC News. 25 September 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9032000/9032626.stm. Retrieved 1 Dec 2010. .
- ^ See A Brief History of Time, quote starts at about 1:12:43 in the video.
- ^ Official announcement knighthood. The London Gazette 11 June 1994.
- ^ "Honorary Graduates 1989 to present". bath.ac.uk. University of Bath. http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
Further reading[link]
- Ferguson, Kitty (1991). Stephen Hawking: Quest For A Theory of Everything. Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-553-29895-X.
- Misner, Charles; Thorne, Kip S. & Wheeler, John Archibald (1973). Gravitation. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0344-0. ; see Box 34.2.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Roger Penrose |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Roger Penrose |
- Dangerous Knowledge – Penrose was one of the principal interviewees in a BBC documentary about the mathematics of infinity directed by David Malone
- Penrose's new theory "Aeons Before the Big Bang?":
- Original 2005 lecture: "Before the Big Bang? A new perspective on the Weyl curvature hypothesis" (Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, Nov 11, 2005).
- Original publication: "Before the Big Bang: an outrageous new perspective and its implications for particle physics". Proceedings of EPAC 2006. Edinburgh. 2759–2762 (cf. also Hill, C.D. & Nurowski, P. (2007) "On Penrose's 'Before the Big Bang' ideas". Ithaca)
- Revised 2009 lecture: "Aeons Before the Big Bang?" (Georgia Institute of Technology, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics)
- BBC interview on the new theory
- Roger Penrose on The Forum
- Penrose on sidestepping reason
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Roger Penrose", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Penrose.html .
- Shaking Up Foundations of Math: Roger Penrose on Kurt Gödel's Groundbreaking Work
- Hilary Putnam's review of Penrose's 'Shadows of the Mind' claiming that Penrose's use of Godel's Incompleteness Theorem is fallacious
- Penrose Tiling found in Islamic Architecture
- Two theories for the formation of quasicrystals resembling Penrose tilings
- Tegmark, Max. 2000. "The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes". Physical Review E. vol 61. pp. 4194–4206.
- "Biological feasibility of quantum states in the brain" – (a disputation of Tegmark's result by Hagan, Hameroff, and Tuszyński)
- "Toilet Paper Plagiarism" – D. Trull about Penrose's lawsuit concerning the use of his Penrose tilings on toilet paper
- Roger Penrose: A Knight on the tiles (Plus magazine)
- Penrose's Gifford Lecture biography
- Quantum-Mind
- Audio: Roger Penrose in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Penrose, Roger |
| Alternative names | Penrose, Sir Roger |
| Short description | British mathematician and writer |
| Date of birth | 8 August 1931 |
| Place of birth | Colchester, Essex, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Norman Foster, see Norman Foster (disambiguation).
| The Lord Foster of Thames Bank | |
|---|---|
| File:Norman Foster.jpg | |
| Born | (1935-06-01) 1 June 1935 (age 77) Manchester,[1] Lancs, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Awards | Stirling Prize, Pritzker Architecture Prize, Minerva Medal, Prince of Asturias Award |
| Work | |
| Practice | Foster + Partners |
| Buildings |
30 St Mary Axe, London Wembley Stadium |
| Projects | American Air Museum at the Imperial War Museum Duxford |
Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank, OM Kt. (born 1 June 1935) is a British architect whose company maintains an international design practice, Foster + Partners.
Foster was raised in Manchester in a working-class family and was intrigued by design and engineering from a young age. His years observing Mancunian architecture subsequently influenced his works, and was inspired to pursue a career in architecture after a treasurer clerk noticed his sketches and interest in Manchester's buildings while he worked at Manchester Town Hall.[2]
Foster gained an internship at a local architect's office before submitting a portfolio and winning a place at the University of Manchester School of Architecture. He subsequently won a scholarship to study at the Yale School of Architecture in the United States of America.
Foster returned to the United Kingdom in 1963 and set up a practice, Team 4 which became Foster + Partners. His breakthrough building was arguably the Willis Building in Ipswich in 1975 and he has since designed landmark structures such as Wembley Stadium and 30 St Mary Axe. He is one of Britain's most prolific architects of his generation.[3] In 1999 he was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize, often referred to as the Nobel Prize of architecture. [4] In 2009 Foster was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award in the Arts category.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life in Manchester[link]
Foster was born to Robert Foster and Lilian Smith[5] in 1935 in Reddish (now part of Greater Manchester), Stockport. Foster has no recollection of Reddish[5] as his parents rented a terraced house, 4 Crescent Grove in Levenshulme for fourteen-shillings a week soon after his birth.[6]
Foster's parents were diligent, hard workers - so diligent that Foster, an only child, felt their heavy workload restricted his relationship with them and he was often looked after by neighbours or other family members.[7] He attended Burnage Grammar School (now Burnage High School) in Burnage. He said he always felt 'different' at school and was bullied.[8] He retired into the world of books and was quiet and awkward in his early years making faux pas.[9]
Manchester was 'one of the workshops of the world'[8] during his childhood, and 'the embodiment of a great city'.[10] His father, Robert, worked at Metropolitan Vickers at Trafford Park which fuelled his interest in engineering and design.[8] As a youngster, he was fascinated with engineering and the process of designing which caused him to pursue a career designing buildings.[11] Specific interests included aircraft, a hobby he maintains today;[11] and trains, generated by viewing passing trains on the railway outside his terraced home during his childhood.[11] Foster was not keen on sports, but frequently cycled to the Lake District from Manchester and back the same day.[12]
Foster's father convinced him to take the entrance exam for Manchester Town Hall's trainee scheme[13] which he passed in 1951 and took a job as an office junior in the Treasurer's Department.[13] His parents were pleased, but he was disappointed. Bored with office work, he ventured into the city to observe buildings during his lunch breaks and sketched designs while at his desk. A clerk, Mr Cobb became aware of Foster's interests. Cobb's son was studying architecture and his interest led to Foster considering a career in architecture.[14] After working in the Manchester City Treasurer's office Foster completed his National Service in 1953 serving in the Royal Air Force, a choice inspired by his passion for aircraft.[15]
Foster returned to Manchester, not wanting to return to the town hall as his parents wished and unsure of which path to follow.[16] With 7 O-levels, he applied for a job at a duplicating office machine company and when asked by the interviewer why he applied, Foster replied: 'mainly because it offered the prospect of a company car, and a £1,000 salary.'[17] Foster was searching for a world away from his working-class roots which led the alienation of his parents.[18]
Education[link]
After failing to gain a job, Foster was led to John Beardstow, a local architect in Manchester. After a successful interview, he gained a job as an assistant to a contract manager at the practice.[19] Foster was unsure how to become an architect, and if it was even possible coming from a working class background where money for tuition was slim. Nevertheless, he queried colleagues at the architecture practice for advice on how to become an architect. Advised to create a portfolio to hand to an architecture school, he took various drawings, such as perspective and shop drawings from Beardstow's practice as inspiration.[20] Foster intended to submit this portfolio to an architectural school in the hope of gaining, however inadvertently Beardstow was so impressed with the drawings he promoted the young Foster to the drawing department of the practice.[21] However after trying to convince Foster to stay and learn his trade as an architect at Beardstow's, Foster declined and wanted to pursue a place at an architecture school.
After he was discharged, in 1956 Foster won a place at the University of Manchester School of Architecture and City Planning. Foster failed to get a grant to help fund his studies, and being from a working-class background money was at a minimum. He took up a number of part time jobs to fund his studies in Architecture.[22] His jobs in his teenage years included being an ice-cream salesman, night-club bouncer[22] and working night shifts at the local bakery to make crumpets.[8] He combined these with self-tuition via visits to the local library in Levenshulme.[23] Foster took a keen interest in the works of Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer and graduated from Manchester in 1961.[1]
Foster won the Henry Fellowship to the Yale School of Architecture, where he met future business partner Richard Rogers and earned his Master's degree. Vincent Scully encouraged Foster and Rogers to travel in America for a year.[24] After returning to the UK in 1963 he set up an architectural practice as Team 4 with Rogers and the sisters Georgie and Wendy Cheesman. Georgie (later Wolton) was the only one of the team that had passed her RIBA exams allowing them to set up in practice on their own. Team 4 quickly earned a reputation for high-tech industrial design.
Foster and Partners[link]
After Team 4 went their separate ways, Foster and Wendy Cheesman founded Foster Associates, which later became Foster and Partners in 1967. A long period of collaboration with American architect Richard Buckminster Fuller began in 1968 and continued until Fuller's death in 1983. They collaborated on several projects that became catalysts in the development of an environmentally sensitive approach to design – including the Samuel Beckett Theatre project.
Originally they concentrated on industrial buildings. The turning point was the 1969 administrative and leisure center for Fred Olsen, in London, where workers and managers are not separated any more.[24] Foster and Partners' breakthrough building in the UK was the Willis Faber & Dumas headquarters in Ipswich, of 1974. The client was a family run insurance company which wanted to restore a sense of community to the workplace. Foster created open-plan office floors long before open-plan became the norm. In a town not over-endowed with public facilities, the roof gardens, 25 metre swimming pool and gymnasium enhanced the quality of life for the company's 1200 employees.[25] The building has a full-height glass facade moulded to the medieval street plan and contributes drama, subtly shifting from opaque, reflective black to a glowing backlit transparency as the sun sets. The design was inspired by the Daily Express Building in Manchester a work Foster admired in his youth. The building is now Grade One listed.
Foster gained a reputation for designing office buildings. In the 1980s he designed the HSBC Main Building in Hong Kong for HSBC. The building is marked by its high level of light transparency, as all 3500 workers have a view to Victoria Peak or Hong Kong bay and the Chinese mainland.[26] Foster said that if the firm had not won the contract it would probably have been bankrupted. Foster believes that attracting young talent is essential, and is proud that the average age of people working for Foster and Partners is 32, just like it was in 1967.[24]
Present day[link]
Foster was assigned the brief for a development on the site of the Baltic Exchange in the 1990s. The Exchange was damaged beyond repair by a bomb left by the IRA. Foster + Partners submitted a plan for a 385 metre tall skyscraper, the London Millenium Tower, but its height was seen as excessive for London's skyline.[27] The proposal was scrapped and instead Foster proposed 30 St Mary Axe, "the gherkin" due to its design which alluded to its shape. Foster worked with engineers to integrate complex computer systems with the most basic physical laws, such as convection. Green, sustainable energy ideas include the complex facade which lets in air for passive cooling and vents it as it warms and rises.
Foster's earlier designs reflected a sophisticated, machine-influenced high-tech vision. His style has evolved into a more sharp-edged modernity. In 2004, Foster designed the tallest bridge in the world, the Millau Viaduct in southern France, with the Millau Mayor Jacques Godfrain stating; "The architect, Norman Foster, gave us a model of art."[28]
In January 2007, The Sunday Times reported that Foster had called in Catalyst, a corporate finance house, to find buyers for Foster + Partners. Foster does not intend to retire, but sell his 80–90% holding in the company valued at £300M to £500M.[29]
In 2007, he worked with Philippe Starck and Sir Richard Branson of the Virgin Group for the Virgin Galactic plans.[30]
Foster currently sits on the Board of Trustees at architectural charity Article 25 who design, construct and manage innovative, safe, sustainable buildings in some of the most inhospitable and unstable regions of the world. He has also been on the Board of Trustees of The Architecture Foundation.
Recognition[link]
In 1986, he was awarded an honorary degree (Doctor of Science) from the University of Bath.[31]
Foster was knighted in 1990 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1997. In 1999, he was created a life peer, as Baron Foster of Thames Bank, of Reddish in the County of Greater Manchester.[32] As a resident of Switzerland, in 2010 he stepped down from his seat in the House of Lords in order to maintain his non-domiciled status, and so be able to avoid paying UK residents' taxes on income earned abroad.[33][34] Foster was criticised by some in the architecture world for not advocating the importance of high standards of architecture and planning whilst a member of the House of Lords.[35] Foster last spoke in the Lords in 2003 before his resignation in 2010.[35]
He is the second British architect to win the Stirling Prize twice: the first time for the American Air Museum at the Imperial War Museum Duxford in 1998, and the second for 30 St Mary Axe in 2004. In consideration of his whole portfolio, Foster was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1999. He is a Fellow of the Chartered Society of Designers and winner of the Minerva Medal, its highest award. Foster is a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council.[36]
Foster received the The Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat in 2007 to honor his contributions to the advancement of tall buildings.[37]
In Germany, Foster received the Order Pour le Mérite; in Malaysia he was awarded the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, for the University of Technology Petronas.[38][39] and in 2008 he was granted an honorary degree from the Dundee School of Architecture at the University of Dundee. In 2009 he received the Prince of Asturias Award in the category Arts.
Personal life[link]
[2] Foster married business partner Wendy Cheesman who died from cancer in 1989, leaving him with four sons. He was divorced from Sabiha Rumani Malik in 1998 and married Elena Ochoa Foster, Lady Foster of Thames Bank.
A qualified pilot, Foster flies his private jet and helicopter between his home above the London offices of Foster + Partners to his homes in France and Switzerland.[29] In 2007, Foster bought the Château de Vincy in Gilly, Switzerland from the German industrialist Charles Grohe. It became his home from late 2008.[40]
Selected projects[link]
Main article: List of Norman Foster works
Foster has established an extremely prolific career in the span of four decades. The following are some of his major constructions:
Completed[link]
- 1970–1971, IBM Pilot Head Office, Cosham, Portsmouth, UK
- 1971–1975, Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters, Ipswich, UK
- 1973-1977, Beanhill Housing Estate, Milton Keynes, UK[41]
- 1974–1978, Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK[41]
- 1983, Renault Distribution Centre, Swindon, United Kingdom
- 1979–1986, HSBC Main Building, Hong Kong
- 1981–1991, Terminal building at London Stansted Airport, UK
- 1992, Torre de Collserola, Barcelona, Spain
- 1984–1993, Carré d'Art, Nîmes, France
- 1993, Kings Norton Library, Cranfield University, UK
- 1993, Lycée Albert Camus, Fréjus, France
- 1994, Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska
- 1988–1995, Metro of Bilbao, Spain
- 1995, Faculty of Law, Cambridge
- 1995–1997, The Clyde Auditorium, part of the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in Glasgow, Scotland
- 1996, National Sea Life Centre, Birmingham. UK
- 1991–1997, Commerzbank Tower, Frankfurt, Germany
- 1992–1998, Hong Kong International Airport, Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong
- 1993–1998, Valencia Congress Centre, Valencia, Spain
- 1999, Redevelopment of the Great Court of the British Museum, London, United Kingdom
- 1999, Social Sciences Division, Manor Road Building, University of Oxford, UK
- 1999, Reichstag restoration, Berlin, Germany
- 2000, Greater London Authority Building (London City Hall), London, United Kingdom
- 1996–2000, Millennium Bridge, London, United Kingdom
- 2000, Center for Clinical Science Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
- 2001, Expo MRT Station, Singapore
- 2001, Al Faisaliyah Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 2001, La Poterie metro station, Rennes, France
- 2001, J Sainsbury headquarters, Holborn Circus, London
- 1999–2001, Lionel Robbins Building renovation, British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom
- 2002, 8 Canada Square (HSBC Group Head Office), London
- 1997–2003, Metropolitan Building in Warsaw
- 2003, Clark Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
- 2003, Universiti Teknologi Petronas main campus, Malaysia
- 2003, Capital City Academy, London UK
- 1997–2004, 30 St Mary Axe, Swiss Re London headquarters, London, United Kingdom
- 2004, The Sage Gateshead, Gateshead, UK
- 2004, McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, United Kingdom
- 2004, Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London
- 2004, The Millau Viaduct, near Millau, France
- 2005, Supreme Court Building, Singapore
- 2005, Western Årsta Bridge, Stockholm, Sweden
- 2005, 40 luxury apartments, St. Moritz, Switzerland
- 2005, National Police Memorial, The Mall, London, United Kingdom
- 2005, The Philological Library at the Free University of Berlin, Germany
- 2005, Deutsche Bank Place, Sydney, Australia (the first Sir Norman Foster building in the Southern Hemisphere)
- 2002–2006, Dresden Hauptbahnhof reconstruction, Dresden, Germany
- 2006, Hearst Tower,[42] New York City, United States
- 2006, The Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building[43] at the University of Toronto, Canada
- 2006, Palace of Peace and Reconciliation,[44] Astana, Kazakhstan
- 2002–2007, Wembley Stadium, London, United Kingdom
- 2004–2007, The Willis Building, City of London, United Kingdom
- 2005–2007, Thomas Deacon Academy
- 2004–2007, Kogod Courtyard, Center for American Art and Portraiture at the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC[45]
- 2007, International Terminal, Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing, China
- 2006–2008, Lumiere residences, Regent Place, Sydney, Australia
- 2006–2008, John Spoor Broome Library, California State University Channel Islands.
- 2007–2008, New Elephant House, Copenhagen Zoo, Copenhagen, Denmark
- 2004–2008, Torre Caja Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- 2010, Art of the Americas Wing at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, US
Proposed or under construction[link]
_08a.jpg)
- Florence TAV Station, Florence, Italy (2003–2010)
- York University subway station- Toronto, Canada (Opening 2015)
- Palmer Tompkinson Building, Longslade 2012
- South Beach, Singapore, Singapore, 2012
- Centro Cultural, Bogota, Colombia (2013)
- APIIC Tower, Hyderabad, India (2007–2020)
- Black Sea Gardens, Byala, Bulgaria (2008)
- Tower, Cork, Republic of Ireland, (2008–2011)
- Culture and Leisure Centre, Ciudad del Motor de Aragón[3], Alcañiz, Spain (2007) (competition won)
- Tivoli Hotel, Copenhagen, Denmark (2010) (competition won)
- Museum of Aviation, Getafe, Spain (currently in design phase)
- 200 Greenwich Street, Tower 2 of the planned reconstruction of the World Trade Center in New York City, United States (under construction)
- Reconstruction of New Holland Island, Saint Petersburg, Russia (ongoing)
- U2 Tower, Dublin, Ireland (2008–2011) (competition won) (construction postponed)
- Spinningfield Square, Manchester, UK (2005–2010)
- 1 Hardman Square, Manchester, UK (2011–2014)[46]
- Dallas Center for the Performing Arts, Dallas, United States (2009)
- The Bow, Calgary, Canada (2007–2011)
- Jameson House, Vancouver, Canada
- The Troika [4], Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2004–2009)
- Queen's Dock, Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre, Glasgow, Scotland (2004–2007)
- Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, Middlesex Guildhall, London, United Kingdom (2009)
- Khan Shatyry in Astana, Kazakhstan.
- Masdar City, Abu Dhabi (2007–2023)
- New Yale School of Management campus, New Haven, CT (announced 4 September 2007)
- Crystal Island, Moscow, Russia[47][48]
- Zagreb Airport, Zagreb, Croatia[49]
- Hermitage Plaza, Paris (La Défense), France (2010–2014)
- Dubai Towers, Melbourne (TBD)
- Future Apple Campus in Cupertino, California.[50]
Non-architectural projects[link]
Foster's other design work has included the Nomos desk system for Italian manufacturer Tecno,[51] and the motor yacht Izanami (later Ronin) for Lürssen Yachts.[52]
See also[link]
References[link]
- Footnotes
- ^ a b "Norman Foster". Foster+Partners. http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Team/SeniorPartners/11/Default.aspx. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
- ^ Sudjic, Deyan (2010). Norman Foster: A life in architecture. Weidenfeld. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-297-85868-3.
- ^ Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Press,2006
- ^ Goldberger, Paul (May 28, 1988). "Architecture View; What Pritzker Winners Tell Us About the Prize". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/29/arts/architecture-view-what-pritzker-winners-tell-us-about-the-prize.html.
- ^ a b Sudjic. p. 11.
- ^ Moore, Rowan (23 May 2010). "Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture by Deyan Sudjic". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/may/23/norman-foster-biography-book-review. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
- ^ Sudjic. p. 19.
- ^ a b c d "The Guardian Profile: Sir Norman Foster: The master builder". The Guardian (London). 2 January 1999. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/1999/jan/02/books.guardianreview10. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
- ^ "Book review: Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture". scotsman.com. 13 June 2010. http://www.scotsman.com/features/Book-review-Norman-Foster-A.6357545.jp. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
- ^ Sudjic. p. 32.
- ^ a b c "Taller, higher, bigger, Foster". The Guardian (London). 24 October 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2005/oct/24/architecture. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ Glancey, Jonathan (29 June 2010). "Norman Foster at 75: Norman's conquests". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2010/jun/29/norman-foster-interview. Retrieved 2012-03-04.
- ^ a b Sudjic. p. 27.
- ^ Sudjic. p. 30.
- ^ Sudjic. p. 34.
- ^ Sudjic. p. 35.
- ^ Sujic. p. 36.
- ^ Sudjic. p. 37.
- ^ Sudjic. p. 36.
- ^ Sudjic. p. 39.
- ^ Sudjic. p. 40.
- ^ a b "Norman Foster: Building the future". BBC News. 9 May 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/742087.stm. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ Thistlethwaite, Laura (30 October 2008). "Architect's Levenshulme inpsiration". Manchester Evening News (M.E.N. Media). http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1076763_architects_levenshulme_inpsiration. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^ a b c How much does your building weigh, Mr. Foster?, Sternstunde Kultur, Schweizer Fernsehen, 4 December 2011.
- ^ "Lord Norman Foster portrait". The Telegraph (London: Telegraph Media Group). 24 June 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/nationaltreasures/2188199/Lord-Norman-Foster-portrait.html. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ Treiber, Daniel (1995). Norman Foster. E & FN Spon. p. 76.
- ^ "London Millenium Tower". Emporis. http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=102960. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ "France shows off tallest bridge". BBC News. 14 December 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4091813.stm. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ a b Hamilton, Fiona (21 January 2007). "Foster puts £500m firm up for sale". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0,,176-2559000,00.html.
- ^ Carré d'Art, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Ed., 2008, p. 134
- ^ "Honorary Graduates 1989 to present". bath.ac.uk. University of Bath. http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
- ^ Minute Office, House of Lords. "Announcement of Foster's introduction at the House of Lords". Publications.parliament.uk. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199899/minutes/991103/ldminute.htm. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ Glancey, Jonathan (12 July 2010). "Norman Foster in the Lords: what might have been". guardian.co.uk (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2010/jul/12/norman-foster-house-of-lords. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
- ^ "Tory donor Lord Ashcroft gives up non-dom tax status". BBC News. 7 July 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/politics/10535852.stm.
- ^ a b Glancey, Jonathan (12 July 2010). "Norman Foster in the Lords: what might have been". guardian.co.uk (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2010/jul/12/norman-foster-house-of-lords. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
- ^ Design Futures Council Senior Fellows http://www.di.net/about/senior_fellows/
- ^ "2007 Lynn S. Beedle Award Winner". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. http://www.ctbuh.org/Awards/AllPastWinners/07_LordNormanFoster/tabid/1050/language/en-GB/Default.aspx. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- ^ "The Tenth Award Cycle 2005–2007". The Aga Khan Development Network. http://www.akdn.org/akaa_award10.asp. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
- ^ "Petronas University of Technology receives 2007 Aga Khan Award for Architecture". Foster + Partners. 9 April 2007. http://www.fosterandpartners.com/News/302/Default.aspx. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
- ^ Die Reichsten und ihre Schlösser: Burgherren, bilanz.ch, 2009-12-04
- ^ a b "10 things tourists should know about Milton Keynes". BBC News. 18 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8418263.stm.
- ^ Hearst Tower, New York City
- ^ University of Toronto Capital Projects
- ^ By YURI ZARAKHOVICH (25 September 2006). "TIME Europe magazine". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/article/0,13005,901061002-1538845,00.html. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "1 Hardman Square". skyscrapernews.com. http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=215. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ Gourlay, Chris; Watts, Robert (23 December 2007). "Foster plans worlds biggest building". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3087365.ece. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ "World’s Biggest Building Coming to Moscow: Crystal Island". Inhabitat. http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/12/26/tallest-skyscraper-in-the-world-coming-to-moscow/. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ "The results of the international urban-architectural competition for the new passenger terminal airport Zagreb". D-a-z.hr. http://www.d-a-z.hr/?sec=natjecajirezultat&id=37. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ "TNorman Foster trabaja en el diseño de la nueva 'Ciudad de Apple' en Cupertino". Eleconomista.es. 29 November 2010. http://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/2639712/11/10/Norman-Foster-trabaja-en-el-diseno-de-la-nueva-Ciudad-de-Apple-en-Cupertino.html. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ "Foster + Partners". Fosterandpartners.com. http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0350/Default.aspx. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ "Foster + Partners". Fosterandpartners.com. http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0555/Default.aspx. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- Bibliography
- Sudjic, Deyan (2010). Norman Foster: A life in architecture. Weidenfeld. ISBN 978-0-297-85868-3.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Foster and Partners |
- Foster and Partners
- Bio at the Pritzker Prize
- Lord Norman Robert Foster information at Structurae
- Interview with Norman Foster(video)
- Foster's projects on the map, Guardian gallery of 16 projects
- Building "The Gherkin" (film)
- A (video) tour of the Clark Center
- Norman Foster's building Valencia Conference Centre
- Foster and Partners Projects in the Middle East
- TED Talks: Norman Foster's green agenda at TED in 2007
- Foster chosen for iconic redevelopment Mikhail Bode, Russia Beyond the Headlines 18 December 2007
- "Driven designer constructs a global empire," Financial Times, 30 January 2011
- "Norman Foster" (Review of Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture, by Deyan Sudjic), Financial Times, 5 June 2010
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Foster, Norman |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1 June 1935 |
| Place of birth | Stockport, Cheshire, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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