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Braunschweig
Braunschweig
Coordinates	52°16′N 10°31′E / 52.26667°N 10.51667°E / 52.26667; 10.51667Coordinates: 52°16′N 10°31′E / 52.26667°N 10.51667°E / 52.26667; 10.51667
Administration
Country	Germany
State	Lower Saxony
District	Urban district
City subdivisions	20 boroughs
Lord Mayor	Gert Hoffmann (CDU)
Governing parties	CDU / FDP
Basic statistics
Area	192.13 km2 (74.18 sq mi)
Elevation	75 m  (246 ft)
Population	248,867 (31 December 2010)[1]
- Density	1,295 /km2 (3,355 /sq mi)
Founded	9th century
Other information
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate	BS
Postal codes	38100–38126
Area codes	0531, 05307, 05309
Website	www.braunschweig.de

Braunschweig (German pronunciation: [ˈbʁaʊnʃvaɪç]; Low German: Brunswiek [ˈbrɔˑnsviːk]; English: Brunswick^[2]), is a city of 247,400 people,^[3] located in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river, which connects to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser.

History[link]

Braunschweig around 1900.

Dankwarderode Castle

The date and circumstances of the town's foundation are unknown. Tradition maintains that Braunschweig was created through the merger of two settlements, one founded by Bruno II, a Saxon count who died before 1017 on one side of the river Oker – the legend gives the year 861 for the foundation – and the other the settlement of a legendary Count Dankward, after whom Dankwarderode Castle (Dankward's clearing), which was reconstructed in the 19th century, is named. The town's original name of Brunswik is a combination of the name Bruno and Low German wik, a place where merchants rested and stored their goods. The town's name therefore indicates an ideal resting-place, as it lay by a ford across the Oker River. Another explanation of the city's name is that it comes from Brand, or burning, indicating a place which developed after the landscape was cleared through burning. The city was first mentioned in documents from the St. Magni Church from 1031, which give the city's name as Brunesguik.

In the 12th century Duke Henry the Lion made Braunschweig the capital of his state and built the Cathedral of St. Blasius. He became so powerful that he dared to refuse military aid to the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, which led to his condemnation and fall.

Braunschweig was a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th century to the middle of the 17th century. In the 18th century Braunschweig was not only a political, but also a cultural centre. Emilia Galotti by Lessing and Goethe's Faust were performed for the first time in Braunschweig.

Braunschweig was at times one of the residences of the rulers of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, which was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806 and of the German Empire from 1871. At the end of World War I the Duchy became the Free State of Brunswick within the Weimar Republic.

Rizzi-Haus

Schloss Richmond (Richmond Palace)

State Theatre

Pedestrian zone in the city centre

During World War II thousands of forced Eastern workers were brought to the city. During the years 1943–1945 at least 360 children taken away from the workers died in the Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen.

In World War II, Braunschweig was a Sub-area Headquarters (Untergebiet Hauptquartier) of Military District (Wehrkreis) XI. It was also the garrison city of the 31st Infanterie Division, which took part in the invasions of Poland, Belgium, France, and Russia, and was largely destroyed during the German withdrawal from Russia. The city was severely damaged by Anglo-American aerial attacks. The air raid on October 15, 1944 destroyed most of the Altstadt (old town), which had been the largest ensemble of half-timbered houses in Germany, as well as most of the churches. The cathedral, which had been converted to a national shrine (German: Nationale Weihestätte) by the Nazi government, still stood.

After the war, Braunschweig ceased to be a capital when the Free State of Brunswick was dissolved by the Allied occupying authorities (most of its lands were incorporated in the newly formed state of Lower Saxony). The cathedral was restored to its function as a Protestant church. The rebuilding of the city was intended to make it modern and automobile-oriented. A small section of the Altstadt survived the bombing and remains quite distinctive. In the 1990s efforts increased to reconstruct historic buildings that had been destroyed in the air raid. Buildings such as the "Alte Waage" (originally built in 1534) now stand again in their pre-war glory.

Main sights[link]

• The Burgplatz (Castle Square), comprising a group of buildings of great historical and cultural significance: the Cathedral (St. Blasius, built at the end of the 12th century), the Burg Dankwarderode (a 19th-century reconstruction of the old castle of Henry the Lion), the Neo-Gothic Town Hall (built in 1893–1900), as well as some picturesque half-timbered houses, such as the Gildehaus (Guild House), today the seat of the Craftsman's Association. In the centre of the square stands a copy of the Burglöwe, a Romanesque statue of a Lion, cast in bronze in 1166. The original statue can be seen in the museum of Dankwarderode Castle. Today the lion has become the true symbol of Braunschweig.
• The Altstadtmarkt ("old town market"), surrounded by the old town hall (built between the 13th and the 15th centuries in Gothic style), and the Martinikirche (church of Saint Martin, from 1195).
• The Kohlmarkt ("coal market"), a market with many historical houses and a fountain from 1869.
• The Magniviertel (St Magnus' Quarter), a remainder of ancient Braunschweig, lined with cobblestoned streets, little shops and cafés, centred around the 13th-century Magnikirche (St Magnus' Church). Here is also the Rizzi-Haus, a highly distinctive, cartoonish office building designed by architect James Rizzi for the Expo 2000.
• The Romanesque and Gothic Andreaskirche (church of Saint Andrew), built mainly between the 13th and 16th centuries with stained glass by Charles Crodel.
• The Gothic Aegidienkirche (church of Saint Giles), built in the 13th century, with an adjoining monastery, which is today a museum.
• The "Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum", a well known art museum and the oldest public museum in Germany (founded 1754). (Closed for renovation until 2014)
• The Staatstheater (State Theatre), newly built in the 19th century, goes back to the first standing public theatre in Germany, founded in 1690 by Duke Anton Ulrich.
• The royal palace of Braunschweig was bombed in World War II and demolished in 1960. The exterior was rebuilt to contain a palace museum and shopping centre, which opened in 2007.
• The State Museum of Brunswick (Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum) houses a permanent collection documenting the history of the Brunswick area ranging from its early history to the present.

• 

  Brunswick Cathedral, St. Blasius, with Lion statue.

• 

  Andreaskirche

• 

  Church of St. Aegidien

Transport[link]

Automobile[link]

Two main autobahns serve Braunschweig, the A2 (Berlin—Hannover—Dortmund) and the A39 (Salzgitter—Wolfsburg). City roads are generally wide, built after World War II to support the anticipated use of the automobile. There are several car parks in the city.

Bicycle[link]

Many residents travel around town by bicycle using an extensive system of bicycle-only lanes. The main train station includes a bicycle parking area.

Train[link]

The city is on the main rail line between Frankfurt and Berlin. Deutsche Bahn (German Railways) serves the city with local, inter-city and high-speed InterCityExpress (ICE) trains, with frequent stops at the Hauptbahnhof (main train station).

Tram[link]

The city has an inexpensive and extensive 35 km electric tram system. First opened in 1897, it has been modernized, including a 3.2 km extension in 2007.^[4] The system is unique as the only European railway or tram system to use the 1100 mm gauge, this being supplemented in stages with a 1435 mm third rail, to allow future connections to the main railway network.

Tram lines:

M1: Wenden – Stöckheim M2: Siegfriedviertel – Heidberg M3: Volkmarode – Weststadt Weserstraße M4: Radeklint – Helmstedter Straße M5: Hauptbahnhof – Broitzem

International relations[link]

Braunschweig has 8 sister cities:^[5]

• Bandung, Indonesia (since 1960)
• Nîmes, France (since 1962)
• Bath, England, United Kingdom (since 1971)
• Sousse, Tunisia (since 1980)
• Qiryat Tivon, Israel (since 1985/1986)
• Magdeburg, Germany (since 1987)
• Kazan, Russian Federation (since 1988)
• Omaha, Nebraska, United States (since 1992)

Name[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009)

The German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation

Many other geographical locations are named after Braunschweig such as New Brunswick in Canada due to the personal union of the Duchy of Hanover with Great Britain from 1714 to 1837 (see House of Hanover, also referred to as the House of Brunswick, Hanover line). For a list of places named after Braunschweig see Brunswick (disambiguation).

Government offices[link]

The offices of the German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation (BFU) are located in Braunschweig.^[6]

Research and science[link]

Braunschweig has been an important industrial area. Today it is known for its University and research institutes, mainly the Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, until the end of 2007 named Federal Agricultural Research Centre, and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). The PTB Braunschweig maintains the atomic clock responsible for the DCF77 time signal and the official German time. The region of Braunschweig is the most R&D-intensive area in the whole European Economic Area investing 7.1% of its GDP for research & technology.^[7] Braunschweig was named Germany's City of Science 2007 (German: Stadt der Wissenschaft 2007).

Education[link]

Also located in Braunschweig is the "Martino-Katharineum", a secondary school founded in 1415. It had such famous pupils as Carl Friedrich Gauss, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Richard Dedekind and Louis Spohr. Since 2005, Braunschweig has an international school.
Lower Saxony's only university of art, founded in 1963, can be found in Braunschweig. Its German name is "Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig".^[8]

Economy[link]

Braunschweig is the home of two piano companies, both known worldwide for the high quality of their instruments: Schimmel and Grotrian-Steinweg. Both companies were founded in the 19th century.

Culture[link]

Piëta, by Menashe Kadishman, Braunschweig

Braunschweig is famous for Till Eulenspiegel, a medieval jester who played many practical jokes on its citizens. It also had — and still has — many breweries, and still a very peculiar kind of beer is made called Mumme (see de:Braunschweiger Mumme), first quoted in 1390, a malt-extract that was shipped all over the world.

Near Braunschweig at Cremlingen-Abbenrode, there is a large medium wave transmitter, which transmits the program of "Deutschlandfunk" on 756 kHz, the Cremlingen transmitter.

The Braunschweig Airport (BWE / EDVE) is located north of the city at 52°19′N 10°33′E / 52.317°N 10.55°E / 52.317; 10.55, elev. 295 ft (90 m)

Braunschweiger liverwurst is named after the city.

Music[link]

The Braunschweig Classix Festival was an annual classical music festival. It is the largest promoter of classical music in the region and one of the most prominent music festivals in Lower Saxony.

Sandberg Guitars and Schimmel Pianos headquarter is in Braunschweig.

Sports[link]

Braunschweig's local football team is Eintracht Braunschweig. Founded in 1895, the club can look back on a long and chequered history. It won the German football championship in 1967. Despite playing the German 2nd Soccer division now (2011-2012 season), the club still attracts a large number of supporters.

The Braunschweig Lions is the city's American football team, seven times German Bowl Defender and two times Eurobowl champion.

See also[link]

• Metropolitan region Hannover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg

References[link]

External links[link]

Find more about Braunschweig on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

• Official website (English)
• Braunschweig – 360° Panoramas
• International School Braunschweig-Wolfsburg
• Daily newspaper Braunschweiger Zeitung
• Braunschweig travel guide from Wikitravel

v t e Members of the Hanseatic League by Quarter Chief cities are highlighted; Free Imperial Cities of the Holy Roman Empire are shown in italics. Wendish Quarter Lübeck Anklam · Demmin · Greifswald · Hamburg · Kolberg (Kołobrzeg) · Lüneburg · Rostock · Rügenwalde (Darłowo) · Stettin (Szczecin) · Stolp (Słupsk) · Stockholm · Stralsund · Visby · Wismar Saxon Quarter Brunswick Berlin · Bremen · Erfurt · Frankfurt an der Oder · Goslar · Magdeburg Baltic Quarter Danzig (Gdańsk) Breslau (Wrocław) · Dorpat (Tartu) · Elbing (Elbląg) · Königsberg (Kaliningrad) · Kraków · Reval (Tallinn) · Rīga · Thorn (Toruń) Westphalian Quarter Cologne* Dortmund* Deventer · Groningen · Kampen · Münster · Osnabrück · Soest Principal Kontore Bryggen (Bergen) · Hanzekantoor (Bruges, Antwerp†) · Steelyard (London) · Peterhof (Novgorod) Subsidiary Kontore Bishop's Lynn · Falsterbo · Ipswich · Kovno (Kaunas) · Malmö · Polotsk · Pskov Other cities Bristol · Boston · Damme · Leith · Herford · Hull · Newcastle · Stargard · Yarmouth · York * Cologne and Dortmund were both capital of the Westphalian Quarter at different times. † Antwerp gained importance once Bruges became inaccessible due to the silting of the Zwin channel.

v t e Urban and rural districts in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany Region Hanover Urban districts Braunschweig Delmenhorst Emden Oldenburg Osnabrück Salzgitter Wilhelmshaven Wolfsburg Rural districts Ammerland Aurich Bentheim Celle Cloppenburg Cuxhaven Diepholz Emsland Friesland Gifhorn Goslar Göttingen Hamelin-Pyrmont Harburg Heidekreis Helmstedt Hildesheim Holzminden Leer Lüchow-Dannenberg Lüneburg Nienburg Northeim Oldenburg Osnabrück Osterholz Osterode Peine Rotenburg Schaumburg Stade Uelzen Vechta Verden Wesermarsch Wittmund Wolfenbüttel