Tang Jiyao
General Tang Jiyao
Military Governor of Guizhou
In office 1912–1913
Succeeded by	Liu Xianshi
Military Governor of Yunnan
In office 1913–1927
Preceded by	Cai E
Succeeded by	Long Yun
Personal details
Born	1883
Died	November 1927 (aged 1921–1922)
Nationality	Han chinese
Political party	Kuomintang
Alma mater	Imperial Japanese Army Academy
Military service
Allegiance	Republic of China
Years of service	1911-1927
Rank	general
Battles/wars	National Protection War, Northern Expedition

Tang Jiyao (simplified Chinese: 唐继尧; traditional Chinese: 唐繼堯; pinyin: Táng Jìyáo; Wade–Giles: T'ang Chi-yao) (1883 – May 23, 1927) was a Chinese general and warlord of Yunnan during the Warlord Era of Republican China. Tang Jiyao was military governor of Yunnan from 1913-1927.

Life[link]

Tang was born in Huize county(會澤縣) in 1883 in nowadays Qujing, Yunnan province. Along with Cai E, Tang Jiyao originally took the civil examinations, but when influenced by republicanism, he decided to become a military man. He became a revolutionary warrior in southwestern China after he finished his military studies in Japan.^[1]

During the Xinhai Revolution, Tang attacked the revolutionary government of Guizhou with his Yunnan army, and conquered the province, becoming military governor of Guizhou.^[2] Liu Xianshi succeeded Tang as Guizhou Governor when Tang returned to Yunnan to succeed Cai E as military governor of Yunnan.^[3] Tang Jiyao replaced Cai E as military Governor of Yunnan in 1913.^[4] Tang agreed with Cai E that the military was the most important institution in China and should play a major role in government, leading to the Yunnan army persisting as a major force.^[5]

When Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself as the emperor of China in the December of 1915, Tang announced the independence of Yunnan with Cai E (Tsai Ao), Li Jiejun and others. He was also a leader of the army which fought successfully against the army of Yuan Shikai in the National Protection War. Tang became military leader of the National Protection movement.^[6]

Tang was a notable figure because of his federalist, anti-Communist ideology and pro-Sun Yat-sen policies. After Cai E died in 1916, Tang helped Sun set up the Constitutional Protection Movement in 1917 and started his own party, the People's Party (民治党) while remaining a member of Sun's KMT. He assisted Sun in defeating the Old Guangxi Clique and later Chen Jiongming's rebellion.

Tang Jiyao had a cousin, Tang Jiyu, who was also a General. Tang Jiyao sought to use propaganda to gain publicity for himself on the national stage in China.^[7] He smuggled confiscated opium to Shanghai, but the local Green Gang ratted them out to the British authorities, and much of the opium ended up on the black market.^[8] Tang Jiyu avoided Shanghai during the trial against officials involved in the opium deal in 1916.^[9]

Tang Jiyao set up an opium trafficking scheme in Yunnan, with monopolies, taxes, and licenses, and succeeded in producing large amounts of opium from poppy plants, which were suited to Yunnan's climate.^[10] He transported opium via Indochina to Haiphong, which was a port, and then it was sent to China via the coast.^[11]

Some of General Tang Jiyao's behaviour and actions are described in colourful ways in two books by the French journalist and novelist Lucien Bodard, i.e. "Monsieur le consul" (The French Consul, 1973) and "Le fils du consul" (The Consul's Son, 1975), based on his souvenirs when he was a child and his father, Albert Bodard, was Consul of France, successively in Chengdu, Sechuan, and in Yunnanfu, later called Kunming, in Yunnan. In these two books, there are chapters with extensive descriptions of General Tang Jiyao dealings with French authorities in China and Hanoi, Vietnam, as part of his efforts to develop his drug trade to finance weapons purchase for his army, while France was trying to build a railroad from Hanoi to Kunming and further to Chengdu, to expand their economic and political interests in Southern China, from their French Indochina colony. There are also descriptions of Tang Jiyao's relations, alliances and conflicts with other Chinese generals.

When Sun Yat-sen was appointed as Grand Marshal of the military government in Guangzhou, Tang Jiyao was promoted to Marshal.^[12]

The Guangxi Clique tried to seize the Yunnan Army and remove Tang as its leader in 1920.^[13]

Downfall[link]

Six days after Sun's death in 1925, Tang claimed to be Sun's successor and head of the Kuomintang, the party flatly rejected his claims. Upset, he invaded Guangdong and Guangxi but was defeated by Li Zongren in the Yunnan-Guangxi War. Tang's claim to military leadership may have been a pretext, since what he really wanted was opium routes through Guangxi.^[14][15] He later became vice premier of Chen Jiongming's China Public Interest Party. He died in 1927 in Kunming, one month after he was ousted by Hu Ruoyu and Long Yun in a military coup, which made him lose all of his power in Yunnan. Long Yun then supported Chiang Kai-shek's Nanjing government, dissolved the People's Party, and expelled Chen's party.

References[link]

Stephy Tang
Stephy Tang in January 2007
Chinese name	鄧麗欣 (Traditional)
Chinese name	邓丽欣 (Simplified)
Pinyin	Dèng Lìxīn (Mandarin)
Jyutping	Dang6 Lai6-jan1 (Cantonese)
Ancestry	Dongguan, Guangdong, China
Born	(1983-10-15) 15 October 1983 (age 28) Hong Kong
Occupation	Singer, actress
Genre(s)	Cantopop
Label(s)	Gold Label (2002-2011), Neway Star (2011-present)
Years active	2002 - present
Associated acts	Cookies (previously)

Stephy Tang (born 15 October 1983) is a Hong Kong Cantopop singer and actress. She was formerly the lead singer of the pop group Cookies.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Tang graduated from Buddhist Sum Heung Lam Memorial College and the Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education's Department of Fashion Design. In 2002, she joined Hong Kong music group Cookies and became the lead singer. She sang with Alex Fong in 「好心好報」, 「好好戀愛」, 「十分．愛(合唱版)」 (which won a Jade Solid Gold Award for the best duet in 2006), 「我的最愛」, 「重愛」 and 「七年」. She also appeared on TVB's variety show Beautiful Cooking.

Music career[link]

Tang started her singing career in the music group Cookies. The main style of music from Cookies was teen pop. When Tang started her solo singing career, her record company, EMI, wanted a change to a more grown-up look and style. Some songs on her first album, Coloring Stephy, had a more mature and soft jazz influence than her previous music in Cookies. Generally, the album was widely heard and was popular, and it was certified Gold by IFPI Hong Kong.

Tang's second solo album was Fantasy. The album had a total of five editions. One was a deluxe edition which contains a DVD featuring her music videos from this album. The only difference between the other four was the color themes of the album covers: red, yellow, blue, and green, which were four different themes for photo shoots.

Her third album is Dating Stephy. This album also features different covers, and a special edition was released three months after the original release. The album also sold as well as her previous two. There was no official announcement of the certification, as Gold Label Entertainment Ltd and EMI Music Hong Kong did not participate in IFPI Hong Kong. However, the newspapers announced that Dating Stephy has sold over 30,000 in one month, and it was at least Gold certified.^[1]

In 2007, she performed at the S.U.C.C.E.S.S. Charity Gala at Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada with many other artists.

Tang performed her first headline solo concert, called "Stephy, See Thru Live 2007". It was held from 7–9 December 2007 at the Star Hall in Hong Kong. A live album was released featuring songs performed at this concert.

She also did a Mandarin version of "Breaking Free" from High School Musical with Anson Hu.

Tang released her new album The Red Album in November 2008. Some tracks in this album, such as "女兒紅", have led to media attention on the improvement in Tang's voice.

In July 2009, Tang published her first romance novel, Running Alongside Me (陪著我走). The book takes the form of a diary about a girl who has recently broken up with her lover. She goes on a cruise and writes about the things she sees and does. This book also includes 100+ pages of photos, making it a photo book as well.

In December 2009, Tang released her collection of "Greatest Hits" plus "New Songs" songs in a 2CD+ DVD Collection called 'Music Cafe' which includes four new songs, including Running Alongside Me, which served as the same name as her novel. The collectors edition comes with a mousepad featuring Tang's face that is available in two designs.

In 2011, Tang left her previous record company Gold Typhoon and signed to Neway Star as her new record label.

Discography[link]

Cookies[link]

Cantonese Album (EP)

1. Happy Birthday (2002)
2. Merry Christmas (2002)
3. All the Best (2003) - first album as Mini-Cookies
4. 4 Play (2004)
5. 4 in Love (2004)

Karaoke Album

1. Holidays (2002)
2. Channel Cookies (2003)

Mini Concert Album

• 903 California Red: Eleven Fires Concert (2004)

Solo[link]

Cantonese Album

1. Coloring Stephy (2005 August 5，2nd ver：2005 September 28) (Certified Gold 25,000 units shipped in September)
2. Stephy Fantasy (2006 March 28，2nd ver：2006 June 5) (has sold 20,000 copies)
3. Dating Stephy (2007 February 14，2nd ver：2007 May 10) (has sold 35,000 copies in May)
4. Stephilosophy (2007 December 21) (Certified Gold 20,000 units shipped in December)
5. The Red Album (2008 November 27)
6. Music Cafe (2009 December 23)
7. No One Knows (2010 July 15)

Other Albums

• 17 May 2006 - All About Women (金牌女兒紅) - Track 05 - Let It Flow, and Track 08 - 偏愛 (with Kary Ng (吳雨霏))
• 14 June 2007 - Another Chivas Music Experience Concert Live - Track 10. 愛與痛的邊緣

Filmography[link]

Films[link]

^{[2] [3]}

Books[link]

• 2002 - Delicious Cookies
• 2006July 18 - 不要忘記 (Bat Yiu Mong Gei)
• 2007March 19 - Stephy & Alex 十分愛
• 2008March 13 - 我的最愛Stephy & Alex電影寫真
• 2008July - 內衣少女電影小說 (La Lingerie Movie Novel)
• 2009July 22 - 陪著我走 Visual Diary (Pui Jeuk Ngo Zau)
• 2009December 18 - Heart Sweet 心甜

References[link]

Zhi Yao (Chinese: 支曜; pinyin: Zhī Yào) was a Kushan Buddhist monk from modern day Kabul, Afghanistan of Yuezhi ethnicity. He was involved with the translation of Buddhist texts into Chinese around 185 CE. His origin is described in his adopted Chinese surname Zhi^[1], abbreviation of Yuezhi^[2].

Zhi Yao was a student of Lokaksema. He translated the Mahayana text: The Sutra on the Completion of Brightness ^[3] into Chinese.

See also[link]

• Silk Road transmission of Buddhism

References[link]

External links[link]

• Texts associated with Zhi Yao