![[Part3] Arch Linux: Hostname](http://web.archive.org./web/20120217172659im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/qfkpqaB7hs4/0.jpg "[Part3] Arch Linux: Hostname")
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Hostnames that include DNS domains are often stored in the Domain Name System together with IP addresses of the host they represent for the purpose of mapping the hostname to an address, or the reverse process.
Host names are typically used in an administrative capacity and may appear in computer browser lists, active directory lists, IP address to hostname resolutions, email headers, etc. They are human-readable nicknames that correspond to a network address.
Any domain name can also be a hostname, as long as the restrictions mentioned below are followed. So, for example, both ''en.wikipedia.org'' and ''wikipedia.org'' are hostnames because they both have IP addresses assigned to them. The domain name ''pmtpa.wikimedia.org'' is not a hostname since it does not have an IP address, but ''rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org'' is a hostname. A hostname may be a domain name, if it is properly organized into the domain name system. A domain name may be a hostname if it has been assigned to an Internet host and associated with the host's IP address.
The Internet standards (Request for Comments) for protocols mandate that component hostname labels may contain only the ASCII letters 'a' through 'z' (in a case-insensitive manner), the digits '0' through '9', and the hyphen ('-'). The original specification of hostnames in RFC 952, mandated that labels could not start with a digit or with a hyphen, and must not end with a hyphen. However, a subsequent specification (RFC 1123) permitted hostname labels to start with digits. No other symbols, punctuation characters, or white space are permitted.
While a hostname may not contain other characters, such as the underscore character (''_''), other DNS names may contain the underscore. Systems such as DomainKeys and service records use the underscore as a means to assure that their special character is not confused with hostnames. For example, _http._sctp.www.example.com specifies a service pointer for an SCTP capable webserver host (www) in the domain example.com.
A notable example of non-compliance with this specification, Microsoft Windows systems often use underscores in hostnames. Since some systems will reject invalid hostnames while others will not, the use of invalid hostname characters may cause subtle problems in systems that connect to standards-based services. For example, RFC-compliant mail servers will refuse to deliver mail for MS Windows computers with names containing underscores.
The hostname ''en.wikipedia.org'' is composed of the DNS labels ''en'' (hostname or leaf domain), ''wikipedia'' (second-level domain) and ''org'' (top-level domain). Labels such as ''2600'' and ''3abc'' may be used in hostnames, but ''-hi-'' and ''*hi*'' are invalid.
A hostname is considered to be a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) if all the labels up to and including the top-level domain name (TLD) are specified. The hostname en.wikipedia.org terminates with the top-level domain org and is thus fully-qualified. Depending on the operating system DNS software implementation, an unqualified hostname such as ''csail'' or ''wikipedia'' may be automatically combined with default domain names configured into the system, in order to determine the fully qualified domain name. As an example, a student at MIT may be able to send mail to "joe@csail" and have it automatically qualified by the mail system to be sent to ''joe@csail.mit.edu''.
General guidelines on choosing good hostnames are outlined in RFC 1178.
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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