US Air Force AC 130 Aircraft Armed with Air to Ground Missiles
The
Lockheed AC-130 gunship is a heavily armed, long-endurance ground-attack variant of the
C-130 Hercules transport aircraft. It carries a wide array of anti-ground oriented weapons that are integrated with sophisticated sensors, navigation, and fire control systems. Unlike other military fixed-wing aircraft, the
AC-130 relies on visual targeting. Because its large profile and low operating altitudes (around 7,
000 ft) make it an easy target, it usually flies close air support missions at night.[2]
The airframe is manufactured by
Lockheed Martin, while Boeing is responsible for the conversion into a gunship and for aircraft support.[3]
Developed during the
Vietnam War as '
Project Gunship II', the AC-130 replaced the
Douglas AC-47 Spooky, or '
Gunship I'. The sole
operator is the
United States Air Force, which uses the
AC-130U Spooky and
AC-130W Stinger II[4] variants for close air support, air interdiction, and force protection, with the
AC-130J Ghostrider in development.
Close air support roles include supporting ground troops, escorting convoys, and urban operations.
Air interdiction missions are conducted against planned targets and targets of opportunity.
Force protection missions include defending air bases and other facilities. AC-130Us are based at
Hurlburt Field, Florida, while AC-130Ws are based at
Cannon AFB, New Mexico; gunships can be deployed worldwide.[5] The squadrons are part of the
Air Force Special Operations Command (
AFSOC), a component of the
United States Special Operations Command (
SOCOM).[6]
The AC-130 has a non-pressurised cabin, with the weaponry mounted to fire from the port side of the fuselage. During an attack, the gunship performs a pylon turn, flying in a large circle around the target, therefore being able to fire at it for far longer than in a conventional strafing attack. The
AC-130H Spectre was armed with two
20 mm M61 Vulcan cannons, one
Bofors 40 mm autocannon, and one 105 mm
M102 cannon; after
1994, the 20 mm cannons were removed for most missions. The upgraded AC-130U Spooky has a single 25 mm
GAU-12 Equalizer in place of the
Spectre's twin 20 mm cannons, an improved fire control system, and increased ammunition capacity. New AC-130Js based on the
MC-130J Combat Shadow II special operations tanker were planned as of
2012. The AC-130W is armed with one
30 mm Bushmaster cannon,
AGM-176 Griffin missiles, and
GBU-39 Small Diameter Bombs.[7]
Development[edit]
Origins[edit]
During the Vietnam War, the C-130 Hercules was selected to replace the Douglas AC-47 Spooky gunship (
Project Gunship I) in order to improve mission endurance and increase capacity to carry munitions. Capable of flying faster than helicopters and at high altitudes with excellent loiter time, the use of the pylon turn allowed the
AC-47 to deliver continuous accurate fire to a single
point on the ground.[8][9]
In
1967, JC-130A
USAF 54-1626 was selected for conversion into the prototype AC-130A gunship (Project Gunship II). The modifications were done at
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base by the
Aeronautical Systems Division. A direct view night vision telescope was installed in the forward door, an early forward looking infrared (
FLIR) in the forward part of the left wheel well, and
Gatling guns fixed facing down and aft along the left side. The analog fire control computer prototype was handcrafted by
RAF Wing Commander Tom Pinkerton at the USAF Avionics Laboratory at
Wright-Patterson AFB.
Flight testing of the prototype was performed primarily at
Eglin Air Force Base, followed by further testing and modifications. By
September 1967, the aircraft was certified ready for combat testing
and was flown to Nha Trang Air Base,
South Vietnam for a 90-day test program.[8] The AC-130 was later supplemented by the
AC-119 Shadow (
Project Gunship III), which later proved to be underpowered.
Seven more warplanes were converted to the "
Plain Jane" configuration like the AC-130 prototype in
1968,[10] and one aircraft received the "
Surprise Package" equipment in
1969.[11] Surprise Package included the latest 20 mm rotary cannons and
40 mm Bofors cannon but no
7.62 mm close support armament. Surprise Package served as a test bed for the avionic systems and armament for the AC-130E.
In
1970, ten more AC-130As were acquired under the "
Pave Pronto" project.[12]
In the summer of
1971, Surprise Package equipped AC-130s were converted to the Pave Pronto configuration and assumed their new nickname '
Thor'.
Conversion of C-130Es into AC-130Es for the "
PAVE Spectre" project followed.[13][14]
Regardless of their project names the aircraft were more commonly referred to by the squadron's call
sign 'Spectre'.
Recent and planned upgrades[edit]
AC-130U armed with two 30 mm Bushmasters,
2007
In 2007, Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) initiated a program to upgrade the armament of AC-130s. The test program planned for the 25 mm
GAU-12/U and 40 mm Bofors cannon on the AC-130U gunships to be replaced with two 30 mm Mk 44.