Walker, Texas Ranger

Sunday, 16 December 2012

walker texas ranger trial by fire part 1

Conan OBrien - Most random Walker Texas Ranger moment ever

Fights of Walker Texas Ranger season 4 ep. 69

walker texas ranger trial by fire part 2

Sleeping With Sirens - Dead Walker Texas Ranger

Walker Texas Ranger - 9x01 Home of the Brave

Talladega Nights Walker and Texas Ranger

Walker Texas Ranger - Special Witness Final Fight

Guile's Theme Goes with Everything (Walker Texas Ranger)

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Fort Worth, Texas
Fort Worth is the 16th-largest city in the United States of America and the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas. Located in North Central Texas, just southeast of the Texas Panhandle, the city is a cultural gateway into the American West and covers nearly 300 square miles (780 km²) in Tarrant, Denton, and Wise counties, serving as the seat for Tarrant County. According to the 2010 Census, Fort Worth had a population of 741,206. It has been estimated that by 2030 it will have 1,211,665 residents. The city is the second most populous in the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area.
The city was established in 1849 as an Army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River. Today Fort Worth still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design.USS Fort Worth (LCS-3) is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city.
Major General William Jenkins Worth (1794–1849) was second in command to General Zachary Taylor at the opening of the Mexican–American War in 1846. After the war, Worth was placed in command of the Department of Texas in 1849. In January 1849 Worth proposed a line of ten forts to mark the western Texas frontier from Eagle Pass to the confluence of the West Fork and Clear Fork of the Trinity River. One month later Worth died from cholera. General William S. Harney assumed command of the Department of Texas and ordered Major Ripley A. Arnold to find a new fort site near the West Fork and Clear Fork. On June 6, 1849, Arnold established a camp on the bank of the Trinity River and named the post Camp Worth in honor of the late General Worth. In August 1849 Arnold moved the camp to the north-facing bluff which overlooked the mouth of the Clear Fork of the Trinity River.

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Albert S. Ruddy
Albert S. Ruddy is a Canadian-born producer. Ruddy was born March 28, 1930 in Montreal and raised in New York City with his mother. Ruddy attended Brooklyn Technical High School before earning a scholarship to allow him to study chemical engineering at City College of New York. He graduated from the School of Architecture at the University of Southern California and then he worked in the construction industry on the East Coast.
After a short stint at Warner Brothers, brought about by a chance meeting with Jack Warner, Ruddy moved on to become a programmer trainee at the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, California. Returning to entertainment, Ruddy was a television writer at Universal Studios, but left when Marlon Brando Sr., father of the legendary actor, hired him to produce Wild Seed in 1965.
With this one film completed, Ruddy co-created Hogan's Heroes (CBS, 1965–1971), and when the show's five-year run was over, Ruddy produced his second film, Making It (1970), about a sexually triumphant high school student who beds the gerontophobic wife of his gym teacher. In 1972, he produced The Godfather and won his first of two Oscars for Best Picture. In 1974, Ruddy produced The Longest Yard, which was also successful.

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Barbara Mandrell
Barbara Ann Mandrell (born December 25, 1948) is an American country music singer best known for a 1970s–1980s series of Top 10 hits and TV shows that helped her become one of country's most successful female vocalists of the 1970s and 1980s. She was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2009.
She was the first performer and is currently one of two females in country music history to win the Country Music Association's "Entertainer of the Year" award twice (the other being Taylor Swift). She also won the Country Music Association's "Female Vocalist of the Year" twice in 1979 and 1981.
Mandrell's first No. 1 hit was 1978's "Sleeping Single in a Double Bed", immediately followed by "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" in early 1979. In 1980, "Years" also reached No. 1. She added one more chart topper in each of the next three years. "I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool" (her signature song), then "'Till You're Gone" and "One of a Kind, Pair of Fools"— all hit number one between 1981 and 1983, a period during which Mandrell also received numerous industry awards and accolades.

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Burt Young
Gerald Tommaso DeLouise (born April 30, 1940) better known as Burt Young, is an American actor, painter and author. He is best known for his Academy Award-nominated role as Sylvester Stallone's brother-in-law and friend Paulie in the Rocky film series.
Young was born in Queens, New York, the son of Josephine and Michael. He was trained by Lee Strasberg at the Actor's Studio. Young is widowed and has one daughter, Anne Morea.
Young made his name playing rough-edged working class Italian-American characters, the best-known example being his signature role as Sylvester Stallone's brother-in-law Paulie in Rocky (1976), for which he received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor. He is one of three actors (the other two being Stallone and Tony Burton) who have appeared in every Rocky film.
He has played similar roles in Chinatown, Convoy, Back to School, The Pope of Greenwich Village, Once Upon a Time in America, Last Exit to Brooklyn, Downtown: A Street Tale, and even a brutal and darker role in Amityville II: The Possession. Young has also appeared in many television programs, including The Rockford Files, Baretta, Law & Order, Walker, Texas Ranger, M*A*S*H, guest-starred in a Miami Vice episode, and made an appearance on The Sopranos ("Another Toothpick") as Bobby Baccalieri's father, who is dying of cancer and comes out of retirement to execute a hit on his godson.

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Carlos Bernard
Carlos Bernard (born October 12, 1962) is an American actor, best known for his role as Tony Almeida in 24.
Bernard received a Master of Fine Arts degree from American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco after attending Illinois State University.
He performed in A.C.T. stage productions:
At the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, he performed in Scenes From an Execution, with Frank Langella.
Bernard has made guest appearances on Walker, Texas Ranger, F/X: The Series, Babylon 5, and Silk Stalkings and appeared as a regular on the daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless. He has appeared in the feature films Alien Raiders,Vegas, City of Dreams, The Killing Jar, and the short film The Colonel's Last Flight.
He is best known for his role as Tony Almeida on 24 which he played from 2001 to 2006, and then reprised again in 2009.
Bernard was born Carlos Bernard Papierski in Evanston, Illinois. He is of Polish and Spanish descent. His mother is originally from Madrid. He also speaks fluent Spanish, Russian, and German.^{[citation needed]} He is the youngest of three brothers. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois and graduated from New Trier High School. He showed signs of interest in acting while in high school. He went to Illinois State University and shortly after received his fine arts degree in San Francisco in the American Conservatory Theatre. Bernard started out on stage but quickly progressed to television.

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Carlos Machado
Carlos Machado is a former world master's champion in Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He is the eldest of the five Machado Brothers, known for BJJ, that also includes Roger, Rigan, Jean Jacques and John. He currently runs BJJ schools across the United States.
Carlos started martial arts at the age of four. His main instructor throughout his life was his cousin Carlos Gracie, Jr. but he has also trained with Helio Gracie, Carlson Gracie, Rolls Gracie, Rickson Gracie, Crolin Gracie, Rillion Gracie and his brothers. While in Brazil, he has successfully competed in several tournaments at state and national level.
In April 1990 he moved to Los Angeles, California. There he met martial arts movie star Chuck Norris, who was instrumental in promoting Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and the Machado family. Since then, Mr. Norris has been one of the greatest advocates of Machado Brazilian Jiu Jitsu. Carlos lived in Los Angeles until the end of 1995, when he moved to the city of Dallas, Texas. There he taught Brazilian jiu-jitsu out of the same building in which Chuck Norris's television show "Walker, Texas Ranger" was filmed. That allowed Machado not only to teach at his studio, but also to take part in many episodes of that popular show. He often assisted on choreographing fight scenes with Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.

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Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa (田川洋行, Tagawa Hiroyuki^?, born September 27, 1950) is a Japanese-American actor and martial artist.
In addition to his extensive film work, he has appeared on television in Star Trek: The Next Generation - "Encounter at Farpoint" (1987), Thunder in Paradise (1995), Nash Bridges (1996), Baywatch: Hawaiian Wedding (2003), and Heroes (2007). He also provided the voice of Sin Tzu for the video game Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu. He played the part of Earth Alliance security officer Morishi in Babylon 5 - "Convictions". He played a soul-stealing sorcerer Shang Tsung in a film adaptation of the video game Mortal Kombat, and more recently the evil mastermind Heihachi Mishima in the Tekken movie.
He was born in Tokyo, Japan, the son of a Japanese actress and a Japanese-American father who served in the United States Army who was stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Fort Polk, Louisiana, and Fort Hood, Texas. He is able to speak both English and Japanese. He was raised in various cities. He and his family finally settled in Southern California where he began acting in high school while attending Duarte High School in Southern California. He attended the University of Southern California, and was an exchange student in Japan.

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Christopher Franke
Christopher Franke (b. 6 April 1953, Berlin) is a German musician and composer. From 1971 to 1988 he was a member of the electronic group Tangerine Dream. Initially a drummer with The Agitation, later renamed Agitation Free, his primary focus eventually shifted to keyboards and synthesizers as the group moved away from its psychedelic rock origins. While he was not the first musician to use an analog sequencer, he was probably the first to turn it into a live performance instrument, thus laying the rhythmic foundation for classic Tangerine Dream pieces and indeed for the whole Berlin school sound.
After his departure from the group, he founded the Sonic Images record label, a New Age music label called Earthtone and the Berlin Symphonic Film Orchestra, and produced a number of solo music works. After leaving Tangerine Dream, his only live concert was on Oct 9, 1991 at the Royal Apollo Theatre in London. He performed on stage with Edgar Rothermich (aka Richard E. Roth) who is also his producer and engineer on all his solo projects and film music after 1990.

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Clifton Collins Jr.
Clifton Craig Collins, Jr. (born June 16, 1970) is an American actor.
Clifton Craig Collins, Jr. was born in Los Angeles, of half Mexican descent and the grandson of actor Pedro Gonzalez-Gonzalez. He has sometimes been credited as Clifton Gonzalez-Gonzalez to honor his grandfather. He first broke through the mainstream in 1997 with a performance as gang thug César Sánchez in the film One Eight Seven. In 1998, he enchanted and amused small screen audiences in Ray Bradbury's cult film The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit. He next portrayed a gay hitman, named Frankie Flowers, for the Mexican drug cartels in the 2000 ensemble drama Traffic. In 2002 he played the role of Buddy in the film Confessions of an American Girl. In 2005, Collins, Jr. won rave reviews for his subtle portrayal of killer Perry Smith in the fact-based film Capote. He starred in the 2005 film Dirty alongside Oscar winner Cuba Gooding, Jr. Collins, Jr. starred on FX Networks' show Thief. Collins, Jr. also played a supporting role on FX Networks' show The Shield, as undercover ICE agent Hernan. He also has a small role in 2006's Babel, directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu.

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Collin Raye
Floyd Collin Wray (born August 22, 1959 or 1960, in De Queen, Arkansas) is an American country music singer, known professionally as Collin Raye. He made his debut on the American country music scene in 1991 with the release of his debut album All I Can Be, which produced his first Number One hit in "Love, Me". All I Can Be was the first of four consecutive albums released by Raye to achieve platinum certification in the United States for sales of one million copies each.
He maintained several Top Ten hits throughout the rest of the decade and into 2000. 2001's Can't Back Down was his first album that did not produce a Top 40 country hit, and he was dropped by his record label soon afterward. He did not record another studio album until 2005's Twenty Years and Change, released on an independent label.
Between 1991 and 2007, Raye charted 30 singles on the U.S. country charts; he has also charted twice on the Adult Contemporary format as a duet partner on two Jim Brickman songs. Four of Raye's singles have reached Number One on the Billboard country music charts: 1992's "Love, Me" and "In This Life", 1994's "My Kind of Girl", and 1998's "I Can Still Feel You". He has also recorded a total of eleven studio albums, counting a Christmas album and a compilation of lullabies, in addition to releasing a Greatest Hits compilation, a live album, and a live CD/DVD package. His most recent album, Never Going Back, was released via Saguaro Road Records on April 28, 2009.

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Craig Huxley
Craig Huxley (Born on November 22, 1954 in Sherman Oaks, California, as Craig Hundley) is a Grammy nominee and Emmy Award-winning musician and producer who has been involved in a wide variety of entertainment-related projects since childhood. He began his career as a child actor, starring in hundreds of TV shows; perhaps his most notable roles were those of Captain James T. Kirk’s nephew Peter Kirk on the "Operation: Annihilate!" episode of the original Star Trek television series and Tommy Starnes on the ST:TOS episode "And The Children Shall Lead." At the age of 14, Huxley led the successful and very youthful jazz band The Craig Hundley Trio, while concurrently making a name as an accomplished concert pianist, composing or revising a number of his own unique pieces. He also appeared in an episode of The Brady Bunch as a musician. Later he garnered starring roles in Gene Roddenberry’s Planet Earth, as well as in Ron Howard’s first film.

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Dan Lauria
Daniel Joseph "Dan" Lauria (born April 12, 1947) is an American television and film actor.
Lauria, an Italian-American, was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Carmela (née Luongo) and Joseph J. Lauria. He also lived in Lindenhurst, New York. He graduated from Lindenhurst High School in 1965 as a varsity football player, and he briefly taught physical education at Lindenhurst High School. A Vietnam War veteran, Lauria served as an officer in the US Marine Corps in the early 1970s, at the same point in his life that Jack Arnold, his character in The Wonder Years did during the Korean War. He got his start in acting while attending Southern Connecticut State University in New Haven, CT, on a football scholarship.
Lauria is best known for his portrayal of Jack Arnold, the intimidating and money conscious father on the TV series The Wonder Years, that ran from 1988 to 1993. He also played James Webb in the 1998 TV miniseries From the Earth to the Moon and Commanding Officer, USA in 1996's Independence Day. More recently he has appeared in a War Veterans public service announcement and as Police Commissioner Eustace Dolan in The Spirit. He appeared as Coach Hamstrung in The Three Stooges N.Y.U.K. on AMC in 2000. Lauria appeared on stage in New York in the summer of 2006 in an Off Broadway production of "A Stone Carver" by William Mastrosimone with Jim Iorio and Elizabeth Rossa. Lauria also had a small role in a Season two episode of Army Wives, as well as a season one episode of The Mentalist. In 2009, Dan has appeared as General Lee Whitworth, M.D. on T.V. series Criminal Minds Season 4. He's also appeared in an episode of Boy Meets World, starring Ben Savage, the younger brother of The Wonder Years's Fred Savage. In late 2009, Lauria returned to the Off Broadway stage, appearing as Jimmy Hoffa in Brian Lee Franklin's Good Bobby, a fictionalized account of Robert Kennedy's rise.

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Danica McKellar
Danica Mae McKellar (born January 3, 1975) is an American actress, academic, and education advocate. She is best known for her role as Winnie Cooper in the television show The Wonder Years, and later as author of three popular non-fiction books: Math Doesn't Suck, Kiss My Math, and Hot X: Algebra Exposed, which encourage middle-school girls to have confidence and succeed in mathematics.
Born in La Jolla, California, McKellar moved with her family to Los Angeles when she was eight. Her mother Mahalia is a homemaker; her father Christopher is a real estate developer. Her family is "a big mix of Western Europe": Her mother's ancestry is Portuguese (via the Azores and Madeira islands); her father's ancestry is Scottish, Irish, French, German and Dutch. McKellar and her sister Crystal McKellar (who is loosely named after their dad) both maintained professional acting careers as children, but with a strong emphasis on education as a priority. As a result, Crystal became a corporate lawyer (her family nicknamed her "Legally Blonde" because of her hair color), while Danica majored in mathematics. Danica and Crystal also have two half-brothers, Chris Junior and Connor McKellar.

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Danny Trejo
Dan "Danny" Trejo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtɾexo]; born May 16, 1944) is an American actor who has appeared in numerous Hollywood films, most notably in "tough guy" roles as a villain or an anti-hero.
Born Dan Trejo in the Echo Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, Trejo is the son of Alice Rivera and Dan Trejo, a construction worker. He is of Mexican descent. He is a second cousin of filmmaker Robert Rodriguez, though the two were unaware that they were related until the filming of Desperado. As a youth, he roamed the streets around his home area, committing various petty crimes with his uncle, and eventually became addicted to heroin. He was arrested numerous times as an adolescent.^{[citation needed]}
While on the streets, Trejo developed talent as a boxer and considered taking it up as a profession. That ambition was dashed by a lengthy prison sentence. He served 11 years for drug and robbery charges in the Holmesburg Prison^{[citation needed]}. While in Holmesburg, he became the Pennsylvania state prison champion in both the lightweight and welterweight divisions. During this time Trejo became a member of a twelve-step program which he credits with his success in overcoming drug addiction. He also served time in Folsom State Prison. Trejo was released in 1972.

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David Keith
David Lemuel Keith (born May 8, 1954) is an American actor and director. He received Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actor and New Star of the Year – Actor for his performance in An Officer and a Gentleman.
Keith had an early supporting role in the prison film Brubaker. He had supporting roles in The Rose, starring Bette Midler, and An Officer and a Gentleman, with Richard Gere. Keith played a local thug in The Great Santini, starred in The Lords of Discipline and White of the Eye, and held a prominent supporting role in U-571 opposite Matthew McConaughey. He played opposite child-star Drew Barrymore in the 1984 hit Firestarter and Brooke Shields in 1992's Running Wild.
Keith played Elvis Presley in the 1988 film Heartbreak Hotel. He directed The Curse and The Further Adventures of Tennessee Buck (in which he also starred). He appeared in the 1995 film The Indian in the Cupboard as the cowboy "Boo-Hoo" Boone. He played the leading role of Nate Springfield in the 2003 film Hangman's Curse. He also co-starred in The Class, an American sitcom, as Yonk Allen, a retired professional football player. Other roles include parts in Daredevil and the 2002 television film Carrie. He appeared in the 2004 film Raise Your Voice starring Hilary Duff, and the 2006 film Expiration Date.

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Dean Norris
Dean Joseph Norris is an American actor currently starring as DEA agent Hank Schrader, the brother-in-law of main character Walter White in the AMC series Breaking Bad, which premiered on January 20, 2008.
Norris was born in South Bend, Indiana to Jack (a furniture store owner) and Rosie Norris. He has two sisters. Dean graduated from Clay High School and attended Harvard College, from which he graduated in 1985. Prior to Breaking Bad, Norris starred in Tremors: The Series as W.D. Twitchell. He has also had guest spots on shows such as The X-Files, The West Wing, Las Vegas, 24, Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, Eagleheart, True Blood, Bones, Grey's Anatomy, Lost, Nash Bridges, NCIS, Six Feet Under, Medium and Charmed and appeared in movies such as Gattaca, The Negotiator, The Lawnmower Man, Little Miss Sunshine (along with Bryan Cranston), Evan Almighty, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lethal Weapon 2, Total Recall, Lakota Woman, The Cell, Hard to Kill, 3 Strikes, American Gun and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. He also played the commanding officer at the military training camp in the film Starship Troopers.

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Deion Sanders
Deion Luwynn Sanders (pronounced /ˈdiːɒn/; born August 9, 1967), nicknamed "Prime Time" and "Neon Deion", is a former National Football League cornerback and Major League Baseball outfielder who currently works as an NFL Network analyst. He was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 6, 2011.
Sanders is considered one of the most versatile athletes in sporting history because he played two sports at multiple positions. In the NFL, he played primarily at cornerback, but also occasionally as a running back, wide receiver, kick returner, and punt returner. He played for the Atlanta Falcons, the San Francisco 49ers, the Dallas Cowboys, the Washington Redskins, and the Baltimore Ravens, winning the Super Bowl with both the 49ers and the Cowboys. In baseball, he played for the New York Yankees, the Atlanta Braves, the Cincinnati Reds, and the San Francisco Giants. He attended Florida State University, where he excelled at both football and baseball.
Sanders was born in Fort Myers, Florida. He attended North Fort Myers High School in North Fort Myers, Florida, and was a letterman and credited All-State in football, basketball, and baseball. He was an All-State honoree in all three sports. In 1985, Sanders was named to the Florida High School Association All-Century Team which selected the Top 33 players in the 100 year history of high school football in the state of Florida.

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Deron McBee
Deron Michael McBee (born August 23, 1961) is an American actor, sportsman known for playing Motaro and Garret Bodine in the films Mortal Kombat: Annihilation and The Killing Zone respectively.
Deron McBee toured the professional racquetball circuit for three years. He was also an original Gladiator on American Gladiators, performing under the name Malibu, serving for one season on the show before returning several years later for the live tour. McBee is known for his muscular frame and athleticism, and, as Malibu, his blond hair, tanned skin, and surfer persona. In addition, McBee has trained in karate at the Billy Blanks World Karate Studio, and hand-to-hand combat and swordsmanship with Anthony De Longis.
As an actor McBee has generally been cast in action movies, usually in roles which allow him to use his fighting skills to portray a villain. For example, in Enter the Blood Ring, he portrays the wrestler Gregor. His karate training was showcased in T-Force as the character Zeus. In The Killing Zone (1991) he tells Slade that there are "no laws, no rules."

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Dirk Benedict
Dirk Benedict (born March 1, 1945) is an American movie, television and stage actor, perhaps best known for playing the characters Lieutenant Templeton "Faceman" Peck in The A-Team television series and Lieutenant Starbuck in the original Battlestar Galactica film and television series.
Benedict was born Dirk Niewoehner in Helena, Montana, the son of Pricilla Mella (née Metzger), an accountant, and George Edward Niewoehner, a lawyer. He grew up in White Sulphur Springs, Montana. He graduated from Whitman College in 1967.
Benedict's film debut was in the 1972 film Georgia, Georgia. When the New York run for Butterflies Are Free ended, he received an offer to repeat his performance in Hawaii, opposite Barbara Rush. While there, he appeared as a guest lead on Hawaii Five-O. The producers of a horror film called Ssssss saw Benedict's performance in Hawaii Five-O and promptly cast him as the lead in that movie. He next played the psychotic wife-beating husband of Twiggy in her American film debut, W. Benedict starred in the television series Chopper One which aired for one season in 1974. He also made an appearance in Charlie's Angels.

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Doris Roberts
Doris Roberts (born November 4, 1930) is an American character actress of film, stage and television.
She has received five Emmy Awards during her acting career, which began in 1952. She is perhaps best known for her role as Marie Barone on Everybody Loves Raymond from 1996 to 2005.
Doris Roberts was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Her mother, Ann Meltzer, raised Roberts in the Jewish faith in the New York City borough of The Bronx with the assistance of her own parents, after her husband, whose name may have been Larry Meltzer or Larry Green, deserted the family. Doris' stepfather, whose surname she took as her own, was Chester H. Roberts. Chester and Ann Roberts operated the Z.L. Rosenfield Agency, a stenographic service catering to playwrights and actors.
Roberts' acting career began in 1952 with a role on the TV series Studio One. She appeared in episodes of The Naked City (1958–63), Way Out (1961), Ben Casey (1963), and The Defenders (1962–63).
In 1961, she made her film debut in Something Wild. She appeared in such 1960s and 1970s cult films as A Lovely Way to Die, No Way to Treat a Lady, The Honeymoon Killers, Such Good Friends, Little Murders, A New Leaf and The Taking of Pelham One Two Three. In 1978, she appeared in a film about John F. Kennedy's assassination, Ruby and Oswald, in which she played Jack Ruby's sister. She also appeared very briefly in The Rose, as the mother of the title character (played by Bette Midler).

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Francis Capra
Francis Capra (born April 22, 1983) is an American actor. Some of his best known roles are a young Calogero Anello in A Bronx Tale, Max Connor in Kazaam, and Eli "Weevil" Navarro in the TV series Veronica Mars.
Capra was born in the Bronx, New York City, New York to a Dominican father & Italian mother.^{[citation needed]} Capra was raised in the Bronx and attended public school at PS71 until the 5th grade. He then attended Our Lady of the Assumption catholic school right down the block from PS71. He currently lives in Los Angeles, California. His father was killed in 2003. He gave this message in honor of his father:
"I never knew my father and when I did, it was very briefly. He was incarcerated for most of my life and he was killed two years ago; he was shot."^{[citation needed]}
"I think that even though my father wasn’t there, in his death and in his memory...he has been a mentor to me in my manhood because my mom couldn’t teach me how to be a man."^{[citation needed]}
Capra has upwards of 18 tattoos, of which the most visible are dollar and cents signs at the corners of his eyes and a crown with the word "Familia" on the left side of his neck. His arm tattoos include a tribute to his late father (the name Capra inside a cross surrounded by the words "Fallen Angel"), the names of his younger siblings, symbols of the Muses Thalia and Melpomene, the words "Seize Cash" and the Christian phrase "The Good Must Suffer." His favorite tattoos are the ones of his family's names. His most recent tattoos are the words "Forsaken" and "Forgiven" on the back of his hands.^{[citation needed]} Capra has stated publicly his interest in ESports and is also a longtime player of both World of Warcraft and StarCraft. He claims to be quite talented at both.

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Frank Shamrock
Frank Shamrock (born Frank Alisio Juarez, III; December 8, 1972) is a retired mixed martial arts fighter. Shamrock was the first to hold the UFC Middleweight Championship (later renamed the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship) and retired as the four-time defending undefeated champion. Shamrock was the #1 ranked pound for pound fighter in the world during his reign as the UFC Middleweight Champion. Shamrock has won numerous titles in other martial arts organizations, including the interim King of Pancrase title, the WEC Light Heavyweight Championship and the Strikeforce Middleweight Championship.
He was named "Fighter of the Decade" for the 1990s by the Wrestling Observer, "Best Full Contact Fighter" by Black Belt magazine (1998), and three time "Fighter of the Year" by Full Contact Fighter Magazine. He is a 7th degree black belt in submission fighting, awarded by O-Sensei Philip S. Porter of the United States Martial Arts Association. He is the adopted brother of former UFC champion Ken Shamrock. He holds notable wins over Bas Rutten, Tito Ortiz, Jeremy Horn, Tsuyoshi Kohsaka, Kevin Jackson and Phil Baroni. He is also the only man to defeat Cesar Gracie. He holds the Guinness World Records for Fastest UFC Title Fight Victory by Submission in 16 seconds over Kevin Jackson at UFC Japan in Yokohama Japan. An author, entrepreneur, philanthropist and social activist, he is a color commentator for Showtime Networks and a brand spokesman for Strikeforce.

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Frank Stallone
Frank P. Stallone, Jr. (born July 30, 1950) is an American actor, singer/guitarist and Golden Globe and Grammy Award-nominated songwriter. He has appeared in many Hollywood films and television. He is the younger brother of Sylvester Stallone.
Stallone was born in New York City. He is the younger brother of Sylvester Stallone and the son of Jacqueline "Jackie" Stallone (née Labofish), an astrologer, former dancer, and promoter of women's wrestling, and Frank Stallone, Sr., a hairdresser and an immigrant from Castellammare del Golfo (province of Trapani, Sicilia, Italy).
In his teen years he went to Lincoln High School in Northeast Philadelphia.^{[citation needed]} Frank Started his career around the time of high school singing on street corners and making money with his guitar.
Stallone has worked as a singer in the tradition of American big band jazz and popular music, in a vocal style reminiscent of his idol Frank Sinatra. He tours with his own orchestra under conductor Paul Vesco, and has also worked with conductors Sammy Nestico and Billy May. Stallone has released a number of albums, including Day In Day Out with Sammy Nestico (1991; A1 Records: FSTCD1) and "Close Your Eyes" with Billy May (1996; Coolnote).

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Gailard Sartain
Gailard Sartain (born September 18, 1946) is an American comedic and serious actor, often playing characters with roots in the South. He is also an accomplished and successful painter and illustrator.
Sartain was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the son of a Tulsa fire chief. He attended Cascia Hall Preparatory School, is a 1963 graduate of Will Rogers High School in Tulsa and was a member of the Epsilon Mu chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity at the University of Tulsa, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. In 1968, Gailard moved to New York City, where he worked as an assistant to illustrator Paul Davis.
Sartain's entry into entertainment was launched in Tulsa. Working originally as a cameraman at a local television station, he gained notoriety through the creation of a late night off-the-wall comedy program entitled The Uncanny Film Festival and Camp Meeting. Dressed as a wizard, wearing a dark blue robe and pointed wizard's cap, Sartain hosted the program as "Dr. Mazeppa Pompazoidi". Other cast members included fellow Tulsans Gary Busey and Jim Millaway. The program was broadcast on the Tulsa CBS affiliate KOTV and later the ABC affiliate KTUL. It featured B-movies, with skits written and performed by Sartain, Busey and company between the movie segments.

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Gary Busey
William Gary Busey (born June 29, 1944) is an American film and stage actor, and artist. He has appeared in a large variety of films, as well as making regular appearances on Gunsmoke, Walker, Texas Ranger, Law & Order, and Entourage. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in 1978 for his role in The Buddy Holly Story.
Busey was born William Gareth Jacob Busey in Goose Creek (now Baytown), Texas, the son of Sadie Virginia (née Arnett), a homemaker, and Delmer Lloyd Busey, a construction design manager. He graduated from Nathan Hale High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1962. While attending Pittsburg State University in Pittsburg (located in southeastern Kansas) on a football scholarship, he became interested in acting. He then transferred to Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, where he quit school just one class short of graduation.
Busey began his show-business career as a drummer in The Rubber Band.^{[citation needed]} He appears on several Leon Russell recordings, credited as playing drums under the names "Teddy Jack Eddy" and "Sprunk",^{[citation needed]} a character he created when he was a cast member of a local television comedy show in Tulsa, Oklahoma, called The Uncanny Film Festival and Camp Meeting on station KTUL (which starred fellow Tulsan Gailard Sartain as "Dr. Mazeppa Pompazoidi"). For his skits on Uncanny Film Festival, Busey drew on his American Hero, belligerent, know-it-all character. When he told Gailard Sartain his characer needed a name, Sartain replied, "Take three: Teddy, Jack and Eddy."

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Giovanni Ribisi
Giovanni Ribisi (born December 17, 1974) is an American actor. His film credits include Gone in 60 Seconds, Boiler Room, Saving Private Ryan, The Mod Squad, The Gift, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, Lost in Translation and more recently, Public Enemies and Avatar. He is credited as having a voiceover role in The Virgin Suicides as the unnamed narrator. He is also known for his role as Phoebe Buffay's brother Frank on the sitcom Friends. He also appeared in music videos for "Crystal Ball" by Keane and "Talk About the Blues" by The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion.
Ribisi was born Antonino Giovanni Ribisi in Los Angeles. His mother, Gay (née Landrum), is a manager of actors and writers, and his father, Albert Anthony Ribisi, is a musician who had been the keyboard player in People! (a band whose cover version of "I Love You" reached No. 14 on Billboard's Hot 100, in the spring of 1968). Ribisi is the twin brother of actress Marissa Ribisi, and the brother of Gina Ribisi, a voice actress. Ribisi is of Italian origin (from his paternal grandfather), German, and English descent.

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Gwen Verdon
Gwenyth Evelyn “Gwen” Verdon (January 13, 1925 – October 18, 2000) was an actress and dancer who won four Tony awards for her musical comedy performances. With flaming red hair and an endearing quaver in her voice, Verdon was a critically acclaimed dancer on Broadway in the 1950s and 1960s. She is also strongly identified with her second husband, director–choreographer Bob Fosse, remembered as the dancer–collaborator–muse for whom he choreographed much of his work and as the guardian of his legacy after his death.
Verdon was born in Culver City, California, the second child of Gertrude Lilian (née Standring; October 24, 1896 – October 16, 1956) and Joseph William Verdon (December 31, 1896 – June 23, 1978), who were British immigrants to the United States by way of Canada. Her brother was William Farrell Verdon (August 1, 1923 – June 10, 1991). The Verdon family could be described as "showpeople." Her father was an electrician at MGM Studios, and her mother was a former vaudevillian of the Denishawn dance troupe, as well as a dance teacher.

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Haley Joel Osment
Haley Joel Osment (born April 10, 1988) is an American actor. After a series of roles in television and film during the 1990s, including a small part in Forrest Gump playing Tom Hanks' title character’s son, Osment rose to fame with his performance as Cole Sear in M. Night Shyamalan's thriller film, The Sixth Sense, which earned him a nomination for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He subsequently appeared in leading roles in several high-profile Hollywood films including Steven Spielberg's A.I. Artificial Intelligence and Mimi Leder's Pay it Forward. He made his Broadway debut in 2008 in a short-lived revival of David Mamet's play, American Buffalo, starring John Leguizamo and Cedric the Entertainer.
Osment was born in Los Angeles, California; the son of Theresa Osment (née Seifert), a teacher, and Michael Eugene Osment, a theater and film actor, both natives of Alabama. Osment was raised Roman Catholic. He has one sibling, a sister, actress and singer-songwriter Emily Osment, who is almost four years his junior. Osment's parents described his childhood as a “good old-fashioned Southern upbringing”. His father said that when Osment was learning to speak, he deliberately avoided using baby talk when communicating with his son.

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Hulk Hogan
Terry Gene Bollea (born August 11, 1953), better known by his ring name Hulk Hogan, is an American professional wrestler, actor, television personality, and musician signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
Hogan enjoyed mainstream popularity in the mid 1980s through the early 1990s as the all-American character Hulk Hogan in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF—now WWE), and was notable in the mid-to-late 1990s as Hollywood Hogan, the villainous nWo leader, in World Championship Wrestling (WCW). Following the closure of WCW, he made a brief return to WWE in the early 2000s before revising his heroic character by combining elements of his two most famous personas.
Hogan was later inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2005. He is a 12-time world champion being a six-time WWF/WWE Champion, six-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion, as well as a former WWE World Tag Team Champion with Edge. He won the Royal Rumble in 1990 and 1991, making him the first to win two consecutive Royal Rumbles. He was also the first WWE wrestler to win the WWE Championship three times. In his first reign as WCW World Heavyweight Champion, Hogan held the title for 469 days from July 17, 1994 to October 29, 1995—the longest ever reign for this championship.

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James Reasoner
American author James Reasoner specializes in historical military novels, westerns, and mysteries. He also writes under the pseudonyms "Mike Jameson" and "Dana Fuller Ross." He has written more than 40 novels. His spouse, Livia Washburn Reasoner, is also a prolific writer of westerns, mysteries, and romances. The Reasoners were each raised in Texas, and currently live near Azle, Texas.
Perhaps Reasoner's best known work is the ten-volume James Reasoner Civil War Series, which features the fictional Brannon family. The series is set in the town and county of Culpeper, Virginia, a major Confederate supply depot in central northern Virginia north of the Rapidan River.
Reasoner has another series of novels set in the American Civil War era, "The Palmetto Trilogy." This series is set in South Carolina and revolves around the Tyler and Gilmore families.
In addition to authoring the Walker, Texas Ranger books, he has written several volumes in the Wagons West series, a frontier series starting with the first wagon train heading to Oregon in 1837, and continuing on with their descendants up through 1941.

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James Remar
James Remar (born December 31, 1953) is an American actor and voice artist. He has appeared in movies, video games, and TV shows. He played Richard, the on-off tycoon boyfriend of Kim Cattrall's character in Sex and the City, as Ajax in The Warriors, as the homicidal maniac Albert Ganz in the 1982 comedy/thriller 48 Hrs., Dutch Shultz in The Cotton Club, Lord Raiden in Mortal Kombat: Annihilation and more recently as Harry Morgan in Dexter.
Remar was born William James Remar in Boston, Massachusetts. He has spent the majority of his film career playing villains. He is known for his roles as the aggressively sexual and violent character Ajax in the 1979 cult film The Warriors and as the murdering sociopath Albert Ganz in the 1982 hit 48 Hrs. (both films were directed by Walter Hill and co-starred David Patrick Kelly, who, coincidentally, is named Luther in both). Remar played real-life '30s-era gangster Dutch Schultz in the 1984 film The Cotton Club. He starred in the 1980 film Windwalker as the young Windwalker. He also portrayed a gay man in the 1980 film Cruising. In 1996, he played Quill, one of the main villains in The Phantom.

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James Wlcek
James 'Jimmy' Wlcek (born February 22, 1964) is an American actor born in New York.
He began his acting career in 1986 with an episode of Tales from the Darkside. In 1987, he auditioned for a part on All My Children; however he did not get the part because he was not old enough.^{[citation needed]} After his audition tape was sent to the producers of Ryan's Hope, he landed the role of Ben Shelby. He was working for Keebler Cookies at the time, in the warehouse loading trucks on the graveyard shift. Wlcek was nominated for Outstanding Male Newcomer Daytime for his role as Ben Shelby on Ryan's Hope in 1988.
During the time he spent on Ryan's Hope he acted in the play Liars by Elliot Meyers directed by Shellen Lubin at the Producers Club Theatre. Eight months later, he was cast as Linc Lafferty on As the World Turns. He stayed there for the next two years. A year after he left As the World Turns, he came out to Los Angeles and acted in several commercials. In 1997 he got the role of Trent Malloy in a two hour Walker, Texas Ranger movie called Sons of Thunder. The role became a recurring one for Jimmy who went on to guest star in several more episodes of the long running series. In 1999, a spin-off series called Sons of Thunder was created with Jimmy in one of the lead roles. Despite ratings higher than those of the show it replaced, the show was canceled after five episodes because CBS felt it was too expensive.^{[citation needed]}

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Jerrold Immel
Jerrold Immel (born 9 September 1936 in Los Angeles, California) is a United States television music composer, whose most famous works are the theme tune to the soap opera Dallas and to a lesser extent, Voyagers!.
Before moving into scoring, Immel worked as a music copyist at CBS, before getting his break into television scoring on Gunsmoke. Other programs which he has contributed music to include How the West Was Won (TV series), Hawaii Five-O, Logan's Run, Walker, Texas Ranger (through 1995 season), and Knots Landing, "Legend of the Golden Gun"
"Episode(s)" denotes the listing may be incomplete.

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John Amos
John Amos (born December 27, 1939) is an American actor and former football player best known for his role as James Evans Sr on the hit television series Good Times . His television work includes roles in The Mary Tyler Moore Show, the miniseries Roots, and a recurring role in The West Wing. He has also appeared on Broadway and in numerous motion pictures in a career that spans four decades. He has received nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and NAACP Image Award.
Amos was born John Amos, Jr. in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Annabelle P. and John A. Amos, Sr., who was an auto mechanic. He graduated from East Orange (NJ) High School in 1958. He enrolled at Long Beach City College and graduated from Colorado State University with a degree in sociology. Amos also played on the Colorado State Rams football team. Amos was a Golden Gloves boxing champion. In 1964, he signed a free agent contract with the American Football League's Denver Broncos. Unable to run the 40 yard dash because of a pulled hamstring, he was released on the second day of training camp. He then played with Joliet Explorers of the United Football League. In 1965 he played with the Norfolk Neptunes and Wheeling Ironmen of the Continental Football League. In 1966 he played with the Jersey City Jets and Waterbury Orbits of the Atlantic Coast Football League. In 1967, he had signed a free agent contract with the American Football League's Kansas City Chiefs. Coach Hank Stram told John "you're not a football player, you're a man who is trying to play football." John approached Coach Stram with a poem he wrote about the mythical creature that passed the door of all players who are cut from the team. He read it to the team and received a standing ovation from all the players and coaches. Amos said Coach Stram pushed him in the direction of writing after he was released from training camp. He returned to the Continental League where he played that year with the Victoria Steelers.

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John E. Davis
John Edward Davis (April 18, 1913 – May 12, 1990) was a North Dakota politician who served as the 25th Governor of North Dakota. He was elected in 1956, and served one term before losing the election to William L. Guy in 1960. Davis died in 1990 at the age of 77.
John E. Davis was born in Goodrich, North Dakota. After attending several years of high school in Fargo, Davis graduated from Bismarck High School in 1931. Later that fall, Davis enrolled at the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks. While at the University, Davis pledged for Beta Theta Pi, and was active in the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC). He was the ranking officer in Scabbard and Blade, an organization of select Senior ROTC cadet officers. He graduated from UND with a Bachelor of Science degree in Commerce in 1935. Davis returned to Goodrich and took over management of his family's ranch and farm.
In May 1941, he was draftedinto the United States Army. He reported first to Fort Snelling, Minnesota, before being sent to Camp Robinson, Arkansas, where he became commander of Company C, 1st Battalion, 134th Infantry. He saw extensive combat duty in the European Theater, and was awarded a Purple Heart, Bronze Star, and Silver Star. He separated from the United States Army on July 31, 1945, from Camp McCoy, Wisconsin.

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Josh Holloway
Joshua Lee "Josh" Holloway (born July 20, 1969) is an American actor and model from Free Home, Georgia. He is best known for his role as James "Sawyer" Ford on the American television show Lost.
Holloway was born in San Jose, California, the second of four boys of a nurse mother and a surveyor father. His family moved to the Blue Ridge Mountains of Georgia when he was two. In addition to his immediate family, Holloway has a large extended family that includes Baptist preacher Dr. Dale Holloway and author and World War II prisoner-of-war Carl Holloway. Holloway grew up in the small North Georgia town of Free Home and attended Cherokee High School in Canton, Georgia. He developed an interest in movies at a very young age. He studied at the University of Georgia for a year, but left to pursue a career as a model.
Holloway's ambition for acting led him to Los Angeles, where he landed a role in the comedy Doctor Benny. He followed up with lead roles in the movies Mi Amigo, Moving August, and Cold Heart. Following these roles, he gained recognition for his lead role in the Sci-Fi Channel movie Sabretooth with David Keith and John Rhys-Davies. He also made appearances in Good Girls Don't episode, "Addicted to love"; NCIS episode, "My other left foot"; The Lyon's Den episode, "Separation Anxiety"; Walker, Texas Ranger episode, "Medieval Crimes"; CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, episode "Assume Nothing"; and Angel episode, "City of." Holloway appeared in the Aerosmith video for the song "Cryin'" as a thief who tries to steal Alicia Silverstone's purse from a diner. In the video, she catches him and beats him up. Holloway also appears in English songwriter/singer Billie Myers's 1998 music video "Tell Me." He is seen as a patron sitting at the bar in a burlesque club and then as Myers's playboy in a S&M fantasy.

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Judith Hoag
Judith Hoag (born June 29, 1968) is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for portraying April O'Neil in the first Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film (1990). She has also co-starred as Gwen Cromwell Piper in the Disney Channel Halloweentown television films.
Hoag was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts.
Since 1986, Hoag has acted professionally. She has guest starred in Quantum Leap, Roseanne, The Nanny, Murder, She Wrote, The X-Files, Ghost Whisperer, NYPD Blue, Grey's Anatomy, Private Practice, CSI: NY, Criminal Minds, Grimm and among other notable television series.
Hoag also appeared in the films Armageddon (1998), Sexting in Suburbia (2011) and I Am Number Four (2011).

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Judson Mills
Judson Mills (born May 10, 1969 in Washington, DC) is an American actor. His nickname is J The Kid. He is perhaps best known for the role as Francis Gage on Walker, Texas Ranger from 1999 to 2001. On the show, he had a partner named Sydney Cooke (Nia Peeples); each had a crush on the other, but they never showed their love on the show. From 1991 to 1993, he played Alexander "Hutch" Hutchinson on As the World Turns. He also appeared on the X-files and had a small role in Disney's Mighty Joe Young as an Impatient Driver.
Mills was born in D.C., but he grew up in northern Virginia. The house that he lived in was built by George Washington. Judson's house is considered as a national landmark.^{[citation needed]}
Mills's hobbies include hunting, fishing, and football. Judson didn't originally plan on acting, but when he got older he started involving himself in the theater. During his high school years he went to a private school called High Mowing School, which is where he first got the acting bug. Judson also appeared on episodes on Saving Grace as Hams brother as a Marine.

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Judy Herrera
Judy Herrera is an American actress. She graduated from the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in Manhattan.

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Lane Smith
Walter Lane Smith III (April 29, 1936 – June 13, 2005) was an American actor. Some of his well known roles included portraying collaborator entrepreneur Nathan Bates in the NBC television series V, Mayor Bates in the film Red Dawn, newspaper editor Perry White in the ABC series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, district attorney Jim Trotter III in My Cousin Vinny and American President Richard Nixon in The Final Days, for which he received a Golden Globe award nomination.
Lane Smith was born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1936. He graduated from The Leelanau School, a boarding school in Glen Arbor, Michigan where he is enshrined in the school's Hall of Fame, and spent one year boarding at The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania before going off to study at the Actors Studio in the late 1950s and early 1960s along with Dustin Hoffman and Al Pacino.
After his graduation, he found steady work in New York theater before making his film debut in Maidstone in 1970. During the 1970s, he regularly made appearances in small film roles including Rooster Cogburn in 1975 and Network in 1976. He also acted on television, notably playing a U.S. Marine in Vietnam in the made for television miniseries A Rumor of War.

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Lee Majors
Lee Majors (born Harvey Lee Yeary on April 23, 1939) is an American television, film and voice actor, best known for his roles as Heath Barkley in the TV series The Big Valley (1965 - 1969), as Colonel Steve Austin in The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–1978) and as Colt Seavers in The Fall Guy (1981–1986).
He is also known as Owen Marshall's law partner/friend, Jess Brandon, in the 1971–1974 series Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law. In the late 1980s and 1990s he reprised the role of Steve Austin in a number of TV movies, and appeared in a number of supporting, recurring and cameo roles in feature films and TV series, and lent his voice to a number of animated TV series and video games.
Majors was born in the Detroit suburb of Wyandotte, Michigan. Parents Carl & Alice Yeary were both killed in separate car accidents (prior to his birth and when he was one year old respectively) and at age two, Majors was adopted by an uncle and aunt, Harvey and Mildred Yeary, and moved with them, and their biological son, Bill, to Middlesboro, Kentucky.^{[citation needed]}

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Lila McCann
Lila Elaine McCann (born December 4, 1981) is an American country music singer who made her debut at age sixteen with the single "Down Came a Blackbird." Reaching a peak of #28 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, the song was the first release from her 1997 album Lila, which became the highest-selling album for a debut country music act in all of 1997 and was certified platinum in the United States.
McCann played Kelly Wyman, an aspiring country singer in Walker, Texas Ranger, "Eyes of a Ranger" 1998 episode. She sang USA national anthem a cappella for an opening to a rodeo sequence in the episode, and serenaded the main character, Walker (Chuck Norris), singing "Eyes of a Ranger".
McCann followed Lila with two more albums: 1999's gold-certified Something in the Air and 2001's Complete, before being dropped by her label in 2001. She signed to the independent Broken Bow Records label in 2005, releasing five singles for the label before being dropped in 2008. Overall, she has charted twelve singles on the Billboard country charts, with the highest-peaking being 1998's "I Wanna Fall in Love" at #3. Her second-highest peaking single, 1999's "With You", which reached #9 on the country charts and #41 on the Billboard Hot 100, is her only entry on the latter chart.

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Luis Guzmán
Luis Guzmán (born August 28, 1956) is a Puerto Rican-born American actor, who is known for his character work. For much of his Guzmán's career, he has played character roles largely as sidekicks, thugs, or policemen.
He is a favorite of director Steven Soderbergh, who cast him in Out of Sight, The Limey, and Traffic, and Paul Thomas Anderson, who cast him in Boogie Nights, Magnolia and Punch-Drunk Love. He also voiced Ricardo Diaz in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories. He recently starred in the HBO original series How to Make It in America.
Guzmán was born in Cayey, Puerto Rico and was raised in New York City's Greenwich Village and the surrounding Lower East Side neighborhood. His mother, Rosa, was a hospital worker, and his stepfather, Benjamin Cardona, was a TV repairman. A graduate of City College of New York, he began his career not as an actor but as a social worker and moonlighted as an actor, eventually becoming heavily involved in street theater and independent films.

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Mackenzie Phillips
Mackenzie Phillips (born November 10, 1959) is an American actress and singer best known for her roles in American Graffiti and as rebellious teenager Julie Cooper Horvath on the sitcom One Day at a Time. She's also known for her role in the Disney Channel science fiction show So Weird.
Born Laura Mackenzie Phillips in Alexandria, Virginia, she is the daughter of John Phillips, singer of The Mamas & the Papas, and his first wife, Susan Adams. She is the sister of Jeffrey Phillips and a half-sister of Tamerlane Phillips, actress Bijou Phillips, and singer Chynna Phillips.
Phillips attended Highland Hall Waldorf School in Northridge, California. At age 12, Phillips formed a band with three of her classmates and was spotted by a casting agent during one of their performances. She was given an audition for a role in the 1973 hit film American Graffiti, which she won.
Phillips was 12 when the filming of American Graffiti began, and 14 when the movie was released. She was cast as Carol Morrison, a young girl accidentally picked up by hot rodding teenager John Milner. Because of California state law, producer Gary Kurtz became Phillips' legal guardian during the filming.

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Mako (actor)
Mako Iwamatsu (岩松マコ, Iwamatsu Mako^?), born (December 10, 1933 – July 21, 2006), was an Oscar- and Tony-nominated Japanese-born American actor. Many of his acting roles credited him simply as Mako, omitting his surname. Mako is known for his acting role as Akiro the Wizard in Conan the Barbarian and Conan the Destroyer. His voice roles include Aku from Samurai Jack and Iroh from Avatar: The Last Airbender.
Mako was born in Kobe, Japan, the son of noted children's book author and illustrator Taro Yashima. His parents moved to the United States when he was a small child. He joined them there after World War II, in 1949, joining the military in the 1950s. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1956. When Mako first joined his parents in the USA, he studied architecture. During his military service, he discovered his theatrical talent, and trained at the Pasadena Community Playhouse.
Mako's first cinema role was in the 1959 film Never So Few. In 1965, frustrated by the limited roles available to himself and other Asian American actors, Mako and six others formed the East West Players theatre company, first performing out of a church basement. The company is one of the earliest Asian American theatre organizations, and not only provided a venue for Asian American actors to train and perform, but nurtured many Asian American playwrights. Mako remained artistic director of the company until 1989.

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Marco Sanchez
Marco Sanchez (born January 9, 1970) is an American actor, producer, and writer.
The son of Cuban immigrants, and the youngest of 4 siblings, Marco Sanchez was raised in Palm Desert, California. Having studied theater throughout junior high and high school, he entered the UCLA School of Theater, Film, and Television in 1988. In the summer of 1989, he studied acting at the British-American Drama Academy in Oxford, England, and graduated with a B.A. in theater from UCLA in 1992. A year before, he co-founded Buffalo Nights Theater Company which has consistently produced vibrant theater in Los Angeles for over 15 years.
His television work includes series regular roles on Steven Spielberg's seaQuest DSV, and Walker, Texas Ranger, as well as numerous guest star appearances on shows such as 24, Desperate Housewives, ER, The Mentalist and most recently recurring as "Alejandro Rivera" on NCIS.
His film performances include Showtime's The Last Debate (directed by John Badham), Illusion (written and directed by Michael Goorjian), The Rookie (with Dennis Quaid), and Edison (with Kevin Spacey and Morgan Freeman). He appeared in Super 8 (directed by J.J. Abrams and produced by Steven Spielberg).

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Mark Cuban
Mark Cuban (born July 31, 1958) is an American business magnate. He is the owner of the National Basketball Association's Dallas Mavericks,Landmark Theatres, and Magnolia Pictures, and the chairman of the HDTV cable network HDNet. He is also a "shark" investor on the television series Shark Tank. In 2011, Cuban wrote an e-book, How to Win at the Sport of Business, in which he chronicles his life experiences in business and sports.
Cuban was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and grew up in the Pittsburgh suburb of Mt. Lebanon, in a Jewish working-class family. His last name was shortened from "Chabenisky" when his Russian grandparents landed on Ellis Island. Cuban's father Norton was an automobile upholsterer. Cuban's first step into the business world occurred at age 12, when he sold garbage bags to pay for a pair of expensive basketball shoes. While in school, he held a variety of jobs, including bartender, disco dancing instructor, and party promoter. He paid for college by collecting and selling stamps, and once gained about $1,100 from starting a chain letter.

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Mercedes McNab
Mercedes Alicia McNab (born March 14, 1980) is a Canadian-born actress perhaps best known for playing Harmony Kendall on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its spinoff Angel. She is also well known for her role as Misty in the horror films Hatchet and Hatchet 2.
An only child, McNab was born in Vancouver, British Columbia; her father is former English football player Bob McNab.
Before her television work, McNab played a Girl Scout selling cookies in the 1991 film The Addams Family. She enjoyed a more prominent role as a stuck-up summer camp resident in its 1993 sequel, Addams Family Values. In 1997, McNab won the role of Harmony Kendall in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. She appeared in 16 episodes over four years, and portrayed the same character in the spin off show Angel for 17 episodes. Other TV appearances include episodes for Supernatural, Reaper and Criminal Minds. In 2007, McNab starred in the slasher film Hatchet and later had a cameo in the sequel Hatchet 2. She also had roles in the horror movies Dark Reel, XII and Thirst which co-starred Lacey Chabert. McNab appeared in the TV movies Medium Raw: Night of the Wolf and Vipers alongside Tara Reid. Due to her many roles in the horror genre, McNab is considered a modern day Scream Queen.

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Michael Greyeyes
Michael Greyeyes is a Canadian actor. He was born June 4, 1967. He is Plains Cree from the Muskeg Lake First Nation in Saskatchewan, Canada. His father is from the Muskeg Lake First Nation and his mother is from the Sweetgrass First Nation, both located in Saskatchewan, Canada.
He completed his Master's Degree in Fine Arts at the School of Theatre and Dance at Kent State University and graduated at the top of his class in May 2003. He is a graduate of The National Ballet School in 1984, he went on to apprentice with The National Ballet of Canada before joining the company as a full Corps de Ballet member in 1987. After three years, he left the National Ballet to join the company of choreographer Eliot Feld in New York City.
Michael's acting career started in 1993 when he was cast as "Juh" in TNT's "Geronimo", which led to numerous television appearances, including guest spots in "Promised Land", "Walker, Texas Ranger", "Dr Quinn Medicine Woman", "Magnificent Seven", "Millennium", and he co-hosted the 1999 Aboriginal Achievement Awards. In 1997 he won the title role in TNT's "Crazy Horse", and in 1998 starred in "Stolen Women, Captured Hearts", with Janine Turner and Patrick Bergen. He featured in the mini-series "Rough Riders", "Big Bear', and "True Woman". Films in which Michael has appeared are: "Dance Me Outside", "Smoke Signals", "The Minion" (also released as "Fallen Knight'), "Firestorm', "League of Old Men', and more recently, 'Skipped Parts", "Looking for Lost Bird", and 'Race Against Time". He worked on a film with Linda Fiorentino and Ben Kingsley "Till the End of Time", which has been put on hiatus.

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Michael Ironside
Michael Ironside (born Frederick Reginald Ironside, February 12, 1950) is a Canadian actor. He has also worked as a voice actor, producer, film director, and screenwriter in movie and television series in various Canadian and American productions. He is best known for playing villains and "tough guy" heroes, though he has also portrayed sympathetic characters. Ironside is a method actor, who stays in character between takes.
Ironside was born in Toronto, Ontario, the son of Robert Walter Ironside and Patricia June Passmore. His father was a street lighting technician, and his mother a homemaker.
Ironside attended the Ontario College of Art in Toronto and wrote a play at the age of 15, The Shelter, which won the first prize in a university contest. He also won the Senior writing award for Riverdale Collegiate Institute in 1967.
In a January 2010 interview, Ironside stated in response to a question about his many roles in science fiction movies that he has always been a big fan of science fiction and often received science fiction short story collections from his grandfather that he kept in a shoebox under his bed. He stated that his favourite science fiction novels are Dune by Frank Herbert and "anything involving adventure."

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Mila Kunis
Milena "Mila" Kunis (Russian: Милена "Mилa" Кунис; Ukrainian: Мілена "Miлa" Куніс; born August 14, 1983; /ˈmiːlə ˈkuːnɪs/) is an American actress. At the age of seven, she moved from Ukraine to Los Angeles, California with her family. After being enrolled in acting classes to help learn English, she was soon discovered by an agent. She appeared in TV shows and commercials, before her first significant role, playing Jackie Burkhart on the TV series That '70s Show. A year later, she was cast as the voice of Meg Griffin on the animated series Family Guy.
Her breakout film role came in 2008, playing Rachel Jansen in Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Subsequent film roles included Mona Sax in Max Payne, Solara in The Book of Eli, and Jamie in Friends with Benefits. Her performance as Lily in Black Swan gained her worldwide accolades, including receiving the Premio Marcello Mastroianni for Best Young Actor or Actress at the 67th Venice International Film Festival, and nominations for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role.

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Mitchel Musso
Mitchel Tate Musso (born July 9, 1991) is an American actor, singer-songwriter and musician. Musso is best known for his three Disney Channel roles as Oliver Oken in the Disney Channel sitcom, Hannah Montana, Jeremy Johnson in the Disney Channel animated series Phineas and Ferb and his role as King Brady in the Disney XD series Pair of Kings. He is also the host of Disney Channel's latest reality series, PrankStars.
In some of his other works, he provided his voice of DJ for the computer animated/motion capture film, Monster House and also starred as Raymond Figg in the Disney Channel Original Movie, Life Is Ruff, released in 2005. Musso's self-titled debut album was released on June 2, 2009 on Walt Disney Records. The album debuted at number 19 on the Billboard 200.
Musso was born in Garland, Texas, the son of Katherine (née Moore) and Samuel Musso, who were involved in community theater in Dallas, Texas. He has two siblings – Mason Musso, who sings lead vocals in the band Metro Station, and Marc Musso, an actor. He has a golden labrador named Stitch.

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Nia Peeples
Virenia Gwendolyn "Nia" Peeples (born December 10, 1961) is an American R&B and dance music singer and actress. She is perhaps best known for her role as Nicole Chapman on Fame. She is also known for her role as Karen Taylor Winters on The Young and the Restless and as Sydney Cooke on Walker, Texas Ranger.
Peeples was born in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Elizabeth Joan (née Rubic), a flamenco dancer, and Robert Eugene Peeples. She was raised in West Covina. Her maternal grandparents were immigrants from the Philippines, and were of Filipino, Spanish, French, and German descent. Her father, who was originally from Mississippi, was of Scottish, Irish, English, Native American, and Italian ancestry.
She attended UCLA on a music scholarship, during which time she performed as Liberace's opening act in Las Vegas on weekends.
Peeples started her career as part of the performance group The Young Americans.
In 1988 she hit #1 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart with "Trouble," which climbed to #35 on the Hot 100. Her most successful pop single is "Street Of Dreams," which hit #12 on the Hot 100 in 1991.

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Paul Gleason
Paul Xavier Gleason (May 4, 1939 – May 27, 2006) was an American film and television actor, known for his roles on TV series such as All My Children and films such as The Breakfast Club, Trading Places and Die Hard.
Gleason was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, the son of Eleanor (née Doyle), a registered nurse, and George L. Gleason, a restaurateur, professional boxer, iron worker, and roofing manufacturer. Gleason was raised in Uleta, Florida (which has since been annexed into the City of North Miami Beach). At the age of 16, he ran away from home and hitchhiked across the east coast, sleeping on beaches and playing baseball. He attended North Miami High School and Florida State University where he played football. He signed a professional baseball contract with the Cleveland Indians, but played just briefly in two minor league seasons between 1959 and 1960. Gleason later moved to New York City and eventually to Los Angeles.
Gleason starred in many movies, and became well-known initially as Dr. David Thornton on All My Children, playing the role from 1976 to 1978. He guest-starred in "The Trouble with Harry" and "Fire", two episodes of The A-Team. Gleason was known to Star Wars fans for his role as Jeremitt Towani in the 1985 made-for-TV film The Battle for Endor. He played the villainous Clarence Beeks, the Duke brothers' inside trader, in the 1983 comedy Trading Places starring Dan Aykroyd and Eddie Murphy. He also played Deputy Police Chief Dwayne T. Robinson, the blowhard police official in Die Hard.

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Paul Haggis
Paul Edward Haggis (born March 10, 1953) is a Canadian screenwriter, producer, and director. He spent his early career producing and directing various American and Canadian television network series.
Haggis was born on March 10, 1953, in London, Ontario, the son of Mary Yvonne (née Metcalf) and Edward H. Haggis. He was raised as a Catholic, but considered himself an atheist until joining the Church of Scientology. The Gallery Theatre in London, Ontario, was owned by his parents, and Haggis gained experience in the field through work at the theatre. He attended St. Thomas More Elementary School, and after being inspired by Alfred Hitchcock and Jean-Luc Godard, proceeded to study art at H. B. Beal Secondary School. After viewing Michelangelo Antonioni's 1966 film Blowup, he traveled to England with the intent of becoming a fashion photographer. Haggis later went back to Canada to pursue studies in cinematography at Fanshawe College. In 1975, Haggis moved to Los Angeles, California, to begin a career in writing in the entertainment industry.

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Randy Tallman
Randolph Tallman (December 2, 1939 – November 20, 2007) was an American voice actor who voiced characters for anime series at Funimation Entertainment. He provided voices for a number of English language versions of Japanese anime films and television shows.
Tallman was actually scheduled to play the role of Gan Fall in One Piece, but because of his death, he was replaced by John Swasey.
Tallman died on November 20, 2007 at the age of 67.

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Ray Wise
Raymond Nicolas "Ray" Wise (born August 20, 1947), an American actor. Some of his best-known roles include Leland Palmer in Twin Peaks, henchman Leon C. Nash in RoboCop, and the Devil in the CW television series Reaper.
Wise was born in Akron, Ohio, and attended Kent State University in Kent, Ohio. He is of Romanian descent on his mother's side. He grew up in a religious family, during his childhood he went to a Romanian Baptist church in Akron, OH, and later he moved to a Methodist church.
Wise has two children with wife Kass McClaskey: a son, Gannon (born 1985), and a daughter, Kyna aka DJ Kyna (born 1987). Wise resides in Glendale, California.
Best known for his role as the murdered Laura Palmer's father Leland in Twin Peaks. In the late sixties and seventies, Wise played attorney Jamie Rollins on the soap opera, Love of Life. He played the character of Dr. Alec Holland in the 1982 film Swamp Thing, directed by Wes Craven and based upon the comic book series of the same name. Dr. Holland is the man who becomes the titular character after his lab is destroyed and he is left for dead. The actual Swamp Thing character was played by Dick Durock. In 1985, Wise played Sol Gann, father to Natty Gann in The Journey of Natty Gann, directed by Jeremy Paul Kagan. In 1987, wise played Tom Gunther, Catherine Chandler's boyfriend, in the pilot episode of "Beauty and the Beast" TV series. In addition to Twin Peaks, Wise has played several roles in science fiction. He played the harried dad in the horror film Dead End. He made an appearance as Liko in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Who Watches the Watchers", and later played Arturis in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Hope and Fear".

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Rex Linn
Rex Maynard Linn (born November 13, 1956) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his role as Frank Tripp in the television series CSI: Miami.
Linn was born in Hansford County, Texas, the third child, and second son, of Darlene (née Deere) and James Paul Linn. In August 1969, his parents relocated the family to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, where his father practiced law. There he attended Heritage Hall and later Casady School, an independent school affiliated with the Episcopal Church, and was employed part-time at the Oklahoma City Zoo. It was in November 1975, after seeing Jack Nicholson in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, that Linn announced that he really wanted to be an actor.^{[citation needed]}
In his high school's production of Fiddler On The Roof, in which he very nearly demolished a set during a dance number, Linn was asked to leave the play by his drama coach. He was advised to direct his energy to some other field of endeavour, which effectively ended his high school acting career. He graduated from Oklahoma State University in 1980.

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Richard Band
Richard Howard Band is a composer of film music. He has scored more than 70 films, including From Beyond, which won the award for Best Original Soundtrack at the Catalonian International Film Festival in Sitges Spain. His score for Re-Animator was lauded by the magazine Music From the Movies, which said, "Band’s music is dark and direct, creating an intense and eerie atmosphere, but always with a humorous touch.... Surely, Richard Band is one of the most underrated composers in the film business."
Since 2000, Band has done few films, though he has scored episodes of such television shows as Stargate SG-1, Walker: Texas Ranger. He also developed the campaign music for many shows on the WB, such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Smallville.
Band is the son of the cult film director Albert Band, and the brother of director Charles Band. He has a nephew Alex Band, and a niece, Taryn Band.

wn.com/Richard_Band
Robert Mirabal
Robert Mirabal (born October 6.1966) is a Pueblo musician and Native American flute player and maker from Taos Pueblo, New Mexico.
His flutes are world renowned and have been displayed at the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of the American Indian. An award-winning musician and leading proponent of world music, Mirabal performs worldwide, sharing flute songs, tribal rock, dance, and storytelling.
Mirabal was twice named the Native American Music Awards' Artist of the Year, and received the Songwriter of the Year award three times. He was featured in Grammy Award winning album, Sacred Ground: A Tribute to Mother Earth in 2006 for Best Native American Music Album
Mirabal also published a book of storytelling poetry and prose in 1994 entitled Skeletons of a Bridge and is currently writing a second book, Running Alone in Photographs. Aside from his artistic talents, Mirabal is a father and a farmer, living in Taos Pueblo and participating in the traditional ways and rituals of his people.
Raised traditionally by his mother and grandparents on the pueblo, and born in 1966, Mirabal spoke Tiwa at home and began making flutes at the age of 19. In school, he had learned how to play clarinet, saxophone, piano, and drums, but found his true musical voice in the traditional Native American flute. He met the renowned Native American flute player R. Carlos Nakai as a young man and was greatly inspired by him.

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Rod Taylor (actor)
Rodney Sturt "Rod" Taylor (born 11 January 1930) is an Australian actor of film and television. He has appeared in over 50 films, and is well known for his roles in the science fiction film The Time Machine (1960), and in the Alfred Hitchcock horror movie The Birds (1963).
Taylor was Born on 11 January 1930 in Lidcombe, a suburb of Sydney, the only child of William Sturt Taylor, a steel construction contractor and commercial artist, and the former Mona Thompson, a writer of more than a hundred short stories and children's books. His middle name comes from his great-great grand uncle, Captain Charles Sturt, a British explorer of the Australian Outback in the 19th century.
Taylor attended Parramatta High School and later studied at the East Sydney Technical and Fine Arts College. For a time he worked as a commercial artist, but decided to become an actor after seeing Laurence Olivier in an Old Vic touring production in Australia.
Taylor acquired extensive radio and stage experience in Australia where his radio work included a period on Blue Hills and a role as Tarzan. Earlier in his career he had to support himself by working at Sydney's Mark Foys department store designing and painting window and other displays during the day. In 1951 he took part in a re-enactment of Charles Sturt's voyage down the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers, playing Sturt's offsider, George Macleay. A short documentary, Inland with Sturt (1951), was based on it. Taylor also appeared in a number of theatre productions for Australia's Mercury Theatre.

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Roddy Piper
Roderick "Roddy" George Toombs (born April 17, 1954), better known by his ring name "Rowdy" Roddy Piper, is a Canadian semi-retired professional wrestler and film actor who is currently signed to WWE. In professional wrestling, he is best known for his work with WWE. Although he is Canadian, due to his Scottish heritage, he was billed as coming from Glasgow in Scotland and was known for his signature kilt and bagpipe entrance music. He earned the nickname "Rowdy" by displaying his trademark "Scottish" rage, spontaneity and quick wit. Despite being a crowd favorite for his rockstar-like persona, he often played the villain. He was also nicknamed "Hot Rod". Never a world champion, he accumulated 34 championships in various promotions during his career. Piper was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2005.
Toombs was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He attended Windsor Park Collegiate. His father was an officer with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police while they lived in The Pas, Manitoba. After being expelled from junior high^{[citation needed]} and having a falling out with his father, Piper hit the road and stayed in youth hostels wherever he could find them.

wn.com/Roddy_Piper
RuPaul
RuPaul Andre Charles (born November 17, 1960), best known as simply RuPaul, is an American actor, drag queen, model, author, and singer-songwriter, who first became widely known in the 1990s when he appeared in a wide variety of television programs, films, and musical albums. Previously, he was a fixture on the Atlanta and New York City club scenes during the 1980s and early 90s. RuPaul has on occasion performed as a man in a number of roles, usually billed as RuPaul Charles. RuPaul is noted among famous drag queens for his indifference towards the gender-specific pronouns used to address him—both "he" and "she" have been deemed acceptable. "You can call me he. You can call me she. You can call me Regis and Kathie Lee; I don't care! Just as long as you call me." He hosted a short-running talk show on VH1, and currently hosts reality television shows called RuPaul's Drag Race and RuPaul's Drag U.
RuPaul was born in San Diego, California. His name was given to him by his mother, a Louisiana native. The Ru came from roux, an ingredient used in gumbo. RuPaul struggled as a musician and filmmaker in Atlanta, Georgia during the 1980s. He participated in underground cinema, helping create the low-budget film Star Booty, and an album by the same name. In Atlanta, RuPaul often performed at the Celebrity Club (managed by Larry Tee) as a bar dancer or with his band, Wee Wee Pole, which included the late Todd Butler. RuPaul's first prominent national exposure came with a featured role dancing in the video for "Love Shack" by the B-52s.

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Ryan Bittle
Ryan James Bittle (born March 21, 1976 in La Crescenta, California) is an American actor. He began appearing on television in 1994.
Ryan Bittle is the son of Kathy Homewood, a nurse and ICU director, and Jim Bittle, a retired Glendale Fire Captain. He has a younger brother Jeff, and an older brother Ron. Ryan attended Crescenta Valley High School (where he was an All-American water polo player), Pasadena City College, The London Academy of Dramatic Art, and The Juilliard School, Drama division (group 31), in New York City.
Ryan Bittle originally had plans to play NCAA water polo and then to attend medical school before he discovered acting. It was in his senior year of high school that he began to take an interest which led to him holding off on college for awhile to instead play a role in the television series Sweet Valley High. After two seasons, 1994–1996, he left the show to attend school. While studying at Pasadena City College, Ryan continued to work as an actor with guest starring roles in 1996 on the popular television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Boy Meets World, and The Parent Hood. Ryan also had a recurring role on 7th Heaven where he was Jessica Biel's early love interest. He also had supporting roles in the films Tear it Down, Devil in the Flesh and The Clown at Midnight. It was while working with Christopher Plummer on The Clown at Midnight in 1998 that Bittle decided he wanted to leave Hollywood for New York to spend some more time studying at The Juilliard School. It was in New York that Bittle was in numerous productions with actors Nathan Baesel, Jennifer Carpenter, Daniel Breaker and James Martinez.

wn.com/Ryan_Bittle
Sammo Hung
Sammo Hung (born Hung Kam Po, 7 January 1952) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film producer and director, known for his work in many martial arts films and Hong Kong action cinema. He has been a fight choreographer for, amongst others, Jackie Chan, King Hu, and John Woo.
Hung is one of the pivotal figures who spearheaded the Hong Kong New Wave movement of the 1980s, helped reinvent the martial arts genre and started the vampire-like Jiang Shi genre. He is widely credited with assisting many of his compatriots, giving them their starts in the Hong Kong film industry, by casting them in the films he produced, or giving them roles in the production crew.
In East Asia, it is common for people to address their elders or influential people with familial nouns as a sign of familiarity and respect. Jackie Chan, for example, is often addressed as "Dai Goh" (Chinese: 大哥; pinyin: dà gē), meaning Big Brother. Hung was also known as "Dai Goh", until the filming of Project A, which featured both actors. As Hung was the eldest of the kung fu "brothers", and the first to make a mark on the industry, he was given the nickname "Dai Goh Dai" (Chinese: 大哥大; Mandarin Pinyin: dà gē dà; Jyutping: daai6 go1 daai6), meaning, Big, Big Brother or Biggest Big Brother.

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Scott Weinger
Scott Eric Weinger (born October 5, 1975) is an American actor, television producer and writer, best known as the voice of Aladdin in Walt Disney's eponymous feature film. Weinger would reprise the role in two direct-to-video sequels, for the Disney Channel television series, and the Kingdom Hearts Series. He is also well known for playing D.J. Tanner's boyfriend "Steve" on Full House for two seasons. He is currently writing for television, and has written for both comedy and drama.
Weinger was born in New York, New York to Jewish parents Babs and Elliot Weinger. He spent the majority of his formative years in Hollywood, Florida. He moved to Los Angeles when his career began to take off.
Weinger first became interested in acting in the third grade, when an actor gave a presentation for Career Day. He pestered his parents to get him an agent until they finally realized that their son was serious about becoming an actor. Weinger's first job was a national television commercial for Ideal Toys.

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Selena Gomez
Selena Marie Gomez (born July 22, 1992) is an American actress and singer best known for portraying Alex Russo in the Emmy Award-winning Disney Channel television series Wizards of Waverly Place. She subsequently ventured into feature films and has starred in the television movies Another Cinderella Story, Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie, and Princess Protection Program. She made her starring theatrical film debut in Ramona and Beezus.
Her career has expanded into the music industry; Gomez is the lead singer and founder of the pop band Selena Gomez & the Scene, which has released three RIAA Gold certified studio albums, Kiss & Tell, A Year Without Rain, and When the Sun Goes Down, spawned three RIAA Platinum certified singles, "Naturally", "Who Says" and "Love You Like a Love Song" and charted four No. 1 Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. Gomez has also contributed to the soundtracks of Tinker Bell, Another Cinderella Story, Wizards of Waverly Place, and Shake It Up after signing a record deal with Hollywood Records.

wn.com/Selena_Gomez
T.J. Thyne
Thomas Joseph "T.J." Thyne (born March 7, 1975) is an American film and television actor. He was born in Boston to John J. Thyne II and Catherine Thyne, and has five siblings, John, Tone, Hazel, Katie and Shelly. He is best known for his work on Bones as Dr. Jack Hodgins, an entomologist.
T.J. Thyne attended East Ridge Middle School in Ridgefield, Connecticut, before moving south to attend high school in Plano, Texas. He went on to attend the University of Southern California's theatre program, graduating in 1997. In 2001, he co-founded Theatre Junkies, a group offering workshops and professional development for actors in the Greater Los Angeles Area. One of his brothers is television producer Tone Thyne; another is attorney John Thyne III, who ran for the Santa Barbara City Council in 2009.
Thyne is currently playing Dr. Hodgins on Bones. He has appeared on such TV shows as Friends, 24, The O.C., My Wife and Kids, CSI: NY, Huff, Boston Legal, Charmed, Home Improvement, Without a Trace, Jack & Bobby, Nip/Tuck, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, NCIS, Cold Case, Angel, Good Morning, Miami, Half & Half, Kenan & Kel, Grounded for Life, Dharma & Greg, That '80s Show, Titus, Just Shoot Me!, and Walker, Texas Ranger. and How High . He also starred in and co-produced the 2007 short film, Validation.

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Terry Kiser
Terry Kiser (born August 1, 1939) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of the dead title-character in the comedy Weekend at Bernie's, and its sequel, Weekend at Bernie's II.
Terry was a regular on the soap operas, The Secret Storm and The Doctors. In 1978, he starred on the short-lived sitcom The Roller Girls. It was during the 1970s and early 1980s that Kiser became a familiar face on episodic television, most notably Three's Company, The Love Boat, Night Court and The Golden Girls. One of his more memorable roles was on the TV drama Hill Street Blues, where he played comedian Vic Hitler (aka, Vic the Narcoleptic Comic). He was also a cast member on the syndicated sketch comedy show Off the Wall, as well as part of the ensemble on Carol Burnett's Carol and Company which aired in 1990.
His many film appearances include Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood, Mannequin Two: On the Move and Sideout. In the 1990s, he appeared on Walker, Texas Ranger, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman and Will & Grace.

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Tobin Bell
Tobin Bell (born Joseph H. Tobin, Jr.; August 7, 1942) is an American film and television character actor. After years of work doing stand-ins and background work on films, he got his first major acting job in Mississippi Burning (1988) and went on to star in made-for-television films and guest star in television shows throughout the 1990s.
Bell is best known as the villain John Kramer/Jigsaw of the Saw film series and is one of two actors to appear in all seven films, along with Shawnee Smith. He provided his voice in two video games based on the films, Saw and its sequel, Saw II: Flesh & Blood, in which he also provided his likeness. Bell's portrayal of Jigsaw has earned him five award nominations and two wins.
Bell was born in Queens, New York and raised in Weymouth, Massachusetts. His English-born mother, Eileen Bell Tobin, is an actress who worked at the Quincy Repertory Company. His father, Joseph H. Tobin (December 19, 1912—September 2, 1977), built and established the radio station WJDA in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1947 and once ran for mayor of Gloversville, New York. Bell has one sister and one brother. Bell studied liberal arts and journalism in college, with the intention of becoming a writer and entering the broadcasting field. He also has an interest in environmental matters, holding a master's degree in environmental science from Montclair State University as well as having worked for the New York Botanical Garden. He credits hearing a seminar by Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy at Boston University with inspiring him to begin an acting career.

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Tom Bosley
Thomas Edward "Tom" Bosley (October 1, 1927 – October 19, 2010) was an American actor. Bosley is best known for portraying Howard Cunningham on the long-running ABC sitcom Happy Days. He also was featured in recurring roles on Murder, She Wrote, and Father Dowling Mysteries. He originated the title role of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Broadway musical Fiorello!, earning the 1960 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical.
Bosley was born in Chicago, the son of Dora (née Heyman) and Benjamin Bosley. Although well known for playing a Catholic priest—and numerous Protestants—Bosley was actually Jewish. During World War II, Bosley served in the United States Navy. While attending DePaul University, in Chicago, in 1947, he made his stage debut in Our Town with the Canterbury Players at the Fine Arts Theatre. Bosley performed at the Woodstock Opera House in Woodstock, Illinois, in 1949 and 1950 alongside Paul Newman.
Bosley played the Knave of Hearts in a Hallmark Hall of Fame telecast of Eva Le Gallienne's production of Alice in Wonderland in 1955. But his breakthrough stage role was New York mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia in the long-running Broadway musical Fiorello! (1959), for which he won a Tony Award. In 1994, he originated the role of Maurice in the Broadway version of Disney's Beauty and the Beast. Bosley also toured as Cap'n Andy in Harold Prince's 1994 revival of Show Boat.

wn.com/Tom_Bosley
Tom Virtue
Thomas E. "Tom" Virtue (born November 19, 1957) is an American actor. He is best known for his co-starring role as Steve Stevens in the Disney Channel sitcom Even Stevens.
Virtue was born in Sherman, Texas. He then moved to Chicago where he graduated from Northwestern University. He is also an alum of The Second City theater group where he worked alongside Bonnie Hunt and Holly Wortell.
His other television credits include Roseanne, 7th Heaven, The Building, The Bonnie Hunt Show (aka 'Bonnie'), Malcolm in the Middle, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Star Trek: Voyager, Arrested Development, The Secret World of Alex Mack, Sabrina The Teenage Witch, Team Knight Rider, Entourage, Criminal Minds, Six Feet Under, Desperate Housewives, Drake & Josh, That's So Raven, Days of our Lives, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Shark, Mind of Mencia, The Secret Life of the American Teenager, Two and a half Men, Victorious, Nip/Tuck and among other series.
Some of Virtue's film credits include Return to Me (2000), Kicking & Screaming (2005) and Extract (2009). More recently, he played a hot-air balloon pilot in the final scene of The Ugly Truth (2009).

wn.com/Tom_Virtue
Tzi Ma
Tzi Ma (Chinese: 馬志; pinyin: Mǎ Zhì; born June 10, 1962) is a Chinese American actor who has made numerous appearances in American films and TV series.
Ma was born in Hong Kong, the first of eight children. His film career includes major roles in the films The Quiet American and the remake of The Ladykillers as well as appearances in Asian American independent films The Sensei, Red Doors, Catfish in Black Bean Sauce and Baby. He is recognized for his role as Consul Han in Rush Hour and in the third installment, Rush Hour 3, as Ambassador Han.
Tzi speaks English, Mandarin, and Cantonese.
He is also known for his role as Cheng Zhi, the head of security for the Chinese Consulate (Los Angeles), on the TV series 24. He appeared in two episodes of season 4 and made an uncredited surprise return at the end of the final episode of season 5. He reprised his role again in the season premiere and the last eight episodes of season 6. He also voiced Bàba Ling, Francine's adoptive father, in the animated TV series American Dad!.

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Velton Ray Bunch
Velton Ray Bunch (born 1948 in Goldsboro, North Carolina) is Emmy winner film and television composer. Sometimes credited as Ray Bunch. Bunch has been nominated for an Emmy three times for his work, and won the fourth time for his score to the Enterprise (TV series) episode "Similatude".
He's worked on dozens and dozens of television series and TV movies, as well as occasional film composition (including additional, uncredited, scoring on the film version of Lost in Space). He's studied and worked under famous television composer Mike Post ("Magnum, pi", "The Rockford Files", "Quantum Leap", "Hill Street Blues", much more), in various capacities, including ghostwriting for many popular series Post worked on, and taking over as main composer for Post on various series.
Credits include television series Quantum Leap, theme music for The Pretender (Emmy Nomination 2000), as well as the Action Pack theme music.
He resides currently in California, and there are no known upcoming projects for 2012. His last score was for the December TV movie, Silent Witness.

wn.com/Velton_Ray_Bunch
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist countries. The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a lightly armed South Vietnamese communist-controlled common front, largely fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region. The Vietnam People's Army (North Vietnamese Army) engaged in a more conventional war, at times committing large units into battle. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, and airstrikes.
The U.S. government viewed involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. The North Vietnamese government and Viet Cong viewed the conflict as a colonial war, fought initially against France, backed by the U.S., and later against South Vietnam, which it regarded as a U.S. puppet state. American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina beginning in 1950. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and tripling again in 1962. U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations spanned international borders, with Laos and Cambodia heavily bombed. American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, at the time of the Tet Offensive. After this, U.S. ground forces were gradually withdrawn as part of a policy known as Vietnamization. Despite the Paris Peace Accords, signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting continued.

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Walker Texas Ranger TV Intro

www.antlerdarts.blogspot.com Video Intro to Walker Texas Ranger...

published: 05 Feb 2006

author: djwohl

Walker Texas Ranger intro

In the eyes of a ranger, The unsuspecting stranger, Had better know the truth of wrong fro...

published: 01 Nov 2009

author: NIGGAST0LEMYBIKE

walker texas ranger trial by fire part 1

walker texas ranger trial by fire part 1. No copy right infringement intended....

published: 02 Jul 2009

author: bblahblah101

Conan OBrien - Most random Walker Texas Ranger moment ever

Walker told me I have Aids...

published: 18 Feb 2010

author: spacemonkey69

Fights of Walker Texas Ranger season 4 ep. 69 "The Avenger" with Chuck Norris and Celeb Hooks FBI

Fights of "Walker, Texas Ranger". Season 4 ep. 69 "The Avenger", with Chuck Norris and Cel...

published: 19 Feb 2012

author: bm2309

walker texas ranger trial by fire part 2

Walker Texas Ranger part 2. No copy right infringement intended....

published: 02 Jul 2009

author: bblahblah101

Sleeping With Sirens - Dead Walker Texas Ranger

iTUNES: itunes.apple.com MERCH: riserecords.merchnow.com A taste for blood won't hold them...

published: 22 Oct 2012

author: riserecords

Walker Texas Ranger - 9x01 Home of the Brave

Walker Texas Ranger 180 - Home of the Brave Fight Scenes...

published: 10 Mar 2011

author: WalkerFight

Talladega Nights Walker and Texas Ranger

Walker and Texas Ranger Bobby lines from Talladega Nights...

published: 08 Aug 2008

author: wareagle57

Walker Texas Ranger - Special Witness Final Fight

Dernier combat de l'épisode 7x13 Special Witness. Plus de combats sur walker-fight.spaces....

published: 01 Jan 2008

author: WalkerFight

Walker Texas Ranger TV Intro

Walker Texas Ranger TV Intro...

published: 29 Jul 2007

author: dodgeman132000

Guile's Theme Goes with Everything (Walker Texas Ranger)

All-American theme for an All-American man....

published: 20 May 2010

author: Synchronize11

Walker, Texas Ranger "Frères d'armes" 1ere partie

Walker, Texas Ranger Série américaine crée par Christopher Canaan , Leslie Greif , Paul Ha...

published: 01 May 2012

author: Lody75

Walker Texas Ranger - 9x03 White Buffalo

Walker Texas Ranger 182 - White Buffalo Fight Scenes...

published: 10 Mar 2011

author: WalkerFight

Russell Walker Texas Ranger

Here is video of our pal Russell Walker aka Walker Texas Ranger aka McRussell Pants. Russ...

published: 11 Dec 2009

author: Jersey Streets

Walker Texas Ranger Roosevelt

One of 5 short animations to promote the the Walker Texas Ranger Series on CBS Action in t...

published: 08 Nov 2010

author: Ivo Belohoubek

Walker Texas Ranger Watch

One of 5 short animations to promote the the Walker Texas Ranger Series on CBS Action in t...

published: 08 Nov 2010

author: Ivo Belohoubek

Walker Texas Ranger

published: 08 Jan 2010

author: Joon

Walker Texas Ranger - Walker vs Lazarus

Walker vs Lazarus. Extrait de l'épisode 9x06 Lazarus http://walker-fight.spaces.live.com...

published: 26 Mar 2012

author: TheOnlyLazuras

Walker Texas Ranger - 9x20 Without a Sound

Walker Texas Ranger 199 - Withoud a Sound Fight Scenes...

published: 26 Mar 2012

author: TheOnlyLazuras

Walker Texas Ranger - Fight or Die Final

La fin de l'épisode 8x09 Fight or Die. Retrouvez d'autres combats de WTR sur http://walker...

published: 26 Mar 2012

author: TheOnlyLazuras

Walker Texas Ranger - Black Dragons Final Fight

La dernière scène de combat de l'épisode 8x18 Black Dragons. Plus de combats de WTR sur ht...

published: 26 Mar 2012

author: TheOnlyLazuras

Walker Texas Ranger - Casa Diablo Final Fight

Combat final de l'épisode 8x22 Showdown at Casa Diablo Part 2 Plus de combats de Walker su...

published: 26 Mar 2012

author: TheOnlyLazuras

Walker Texas Ranger - Special Witness Final Fight

Dernier combat de l'épisode 7x13 Special Witness. Plus de combats sur http://walker-fight...

published: 26 Mar 2012

author: TheOnlyLazuras

Walker Texas Ranger - Survival Final Fight

http://walker-fight.spaces.live.com Dernière scène de combat de l'épisode 7x07 Survival...

published: 26 Mar 2012

author: TheOnlyLazuras

Walker Texas Ranger - The Avenging Angel Final Fight

Extrait de l'épisode 9x04 The Avenging Angel http://walker-fight.spaces.live.com...

published: 27 Mar 2012

author: TheOnlyLazuras

Walker Texas Ranger - The Final Anthology

Chuck Norris's Best Fight Scenes Sequences in All Series "Walker Texas Ranger"...

published: 27 Mar 2012

author: TheOnlyLazuras

Walker Texas Ranger - 9x16 6 Hours

Walker Texas Ranger 195 - 6 Hours Fight Scenes...

published: 31 Mar 2012

author: TheOnlyLazuras

Chuck Norris Vs. Attack Helicopter

An awesome clip from Walker: Texas Ranger. http://www.myspace.com/nextheband :)...

published: 26 May 2012

author: TheOnlyLazuras

Russell Walker Texas Ranger

Here is video of our pal Russell Walker aka Walker Texas Ranger aka McRussell Pants. Russ...

published: 11 Dec 2009

author: Jersey Streets

Walker Texas Ranger Roosevelt

One of 5 short animations to promote the the Walker Texas Ranger Series on CBS Action in t...

published: 08 Nov 2010

author: Ivo Belohoubek

Walker Texas Ranger Watch

One of 5 short animations to promote the the Walker Texas Ranger Series on CBS Action in t...

published: 08 Nov 2010

author: Ivo Belohoubek

Walker Texas Ranger

published: 08 Jan 2010

author: Joon

Cordell Walker Tribute

Tributo a Cordell Walker (Chuck Norris) di "Walker Texas Ranger"...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Walker / Alex [so small]

This is story about love Walker and Alex. --------------------------------------- show: W...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Alex / Walker [Inside Your Heaven]

This is story about love Walker and Alex. --------------------------------------- show: W...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Walker / Alex [Dreaming of You]

This is story about love Walker and Alex. --------------------------------------- show: W...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Walker and Alex

Do they have one more day?...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Cordell & Alex Walker- Where you are

Song by Jessica Simpson & Nick Lachey.... Where you are Walker texas ranger.... Chuck Norr...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Walker & Alex

Moments entre Walker et Alex dans les saisons 1 & 2 de a série Walker Texas Ranger....

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Walker & Alex Take my breath away

...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Alex & Walker

Une video sur le couple de la série =)...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Walker & Alex When a Man loves a Woman

Voila une nouvelle video sur Walker et Alex...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Walker & Alex You give me something

Nouvelle Vidéo sur Walker & Alex...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Cross My Heart

Walker & Alex video - made in 2001...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Your Guardian Angel

This is a walker/alex video. Enjoy!!...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Walker&Alex; Beginnin To End

Tho there is only sum clips from the beginning.. Its basically how they got started.. I kn...

published: 14 Sep 2010

author: yasthemidge114

Russell Walker Texas Ranger

Here is video of our pal Russell Walker aka Walker Texas Ranger aka McRussell Pants. Russ...

published: 11 Dec 2009

author: Jersey Streets

Walker Texas Ranger Roosevelt

One of 5 short animations to promote the the Walker Texas Ranger Series on CBS Action in t...

published: 08 Nov 2010

author: Ivo Belohoubek

Walker Texas Ranger Watch

One of 5 short animations to promote the the Walker Texas Ranger Series on CBS Action in t...

published: 08 Nov 2010

author: Ivo Belohoubek

Walker Texas Ranger

published: 08 Jan 2010

author: Joon

WTR_Team Cherokee_Part 1: 4

This is Walker Texas Ranger:Team Cherokee Part 4 of Part 1. All clips and characters are p...

published: 29 Jan 2010

author: abbasragamuffin

Russell Walker Texas Ranger

Here is video of our pal Russell Walker aka Walker Texas Ranger aka McRussell Pants. Russ...

published: 11 Dec 2009

author: Jersey Streets

Walker Texas Ranger Roosevelt

One of 5 short animations to promote the the Walker Texas Ranger Series on CBS Action in t...

published: 08 Nov 2010

author: Ivo Belohoubek

Walker Texas Ranger Watch

One of 5 short animations to promote the the Walker Texas Ranger Series on CBS Action in t...

published: 08 Nov 2010

author: Ivo Belohoubek

Walker Texas Ranger

published: 08 Jan 2010

author: Joon

Walker Lever Mashup: Volume 1 (New Clips)

recently, during the San Francisco shows, Conzie said that they had "run out of clips"... ...

published: 11 Mar 2009

author: BTuna1

Walker Lever Mashup: Volume 2 (All New Clips)

more NEVER SEEN Walker clips! Chip contends they are out of Walker clips. no way! Bring...

published: 11 Mar 2009

author: BTuna1

Walker Texas Ranger Lever Mashup: Volume 3

more NEW Walker. ...the truth is out there. you can't run out of clips!...

published: 11 Mar 2009

author: BTuna1

Walker Texas Ranger Lever Mashup: Volume 4

more BRAND NEW Walker clips. 'Breaker Breaker' clips, 'A Force of One' clips... thats go...

published: 11 Mar 2009

author: BTuna1

Walker Texas Ranger Lever Mashup: Volume 5

you can't run out of Walker clips. Vol. 5 of all new Walker Lever action....

published: 11 Mar 2009

author: BTuna1

Walker Texas Ranger - Wheelchair Scene (high quality)

"Ghost Rider" Season 5...

published: 11 Mar 2009

author: BTuna1

Russell Walker Texas Ranger

Here is video of our pal Russell Walker aka Walker Texas Ranger aka McRussell Pants. Russ...

published: 11 Dec 2009

author: Jersey Streets

Walker Texas Ranger Roosevelt

One of 5 short animations to promote the the Walker Texas Ranger Series on CBS Action in t...

published: 08 Nov 2010

author: Ivo Belohoubek

Walker Texas Ranger Watch

One of 5 short animations to promote the the Walker Texas Ranger Series on CBS Action in t...

published: 08 Nov 2010

author: Ivo Belohoubek

Walker Texas Ranger

published: 08 Jan 2010

author: Joon

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photo: AP / Nick Ut

File - Demonstrators are arrested by police after protesting outside a Walmart store Friday Nov. 23, 2012, in Paramount, Calif.

Walmart's horrific treatment of workers is too big to ignore

Al Jazeera

14 Dec 2012

Former President Bill Clinton, President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, and Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer, meet 55-year-old Martha Sellers. For the past nine years, Sellers has worked as a Walmart cashier in Paramount, California ... More than 10,000 community members joined more than 30 striking employees who walked off the job to demand better working conditions. . "It was wonderful ... That's not too much to ask for." ... 1698 ... ....(size: 23.6Kb)

photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks

In this photo provided by the Newtown Bee, police officers are on the scene outside Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., where authorities say a gunman opened fire, killing 26 people, including 20 children, Friday, Dec. 14, 2012.

No motive for attack by 'brilliant but remote' killer Adam Lanza in Connecticut

The Independent

15 Dec 2012

The massacre of 26 children and adults at an elementary school in the US state of Connecticut elicited horror and soul-searching around the world even as it raised more basic questions about why the gunman, a 20-year-old described as brilliant but remote, would have been driven to such a crime and how he chose his victims ... He paused for several seconds to keep his composure as he teared up and wiped an eye ... ... "I'm numb ... Yes, yeah....(size: 8.8Kb)

photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks

In this photo provided by the Newtown Bee, a police officer leads two women and a child from Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., where a gunman opened fire, killing 26 people, including 20 children, Friday, Dec. 14, 2012.

20 Schoolchildren, 8 Others Dead in Connecticut Massacre

Jakarta Globe

15 Dec 2012

Newtown, Conn. Twenty schoolchildren were slaughtered by a heavily armed gunman who opened fire at a suburban elementary school in Connecticut on Friday, ultimately killing at least 27 people including himself in the one of the worst mass shootings in US history ... Authorities found 18 children and seven adults, including the gunman, dead at the school, and two children were pronounced dead later after being taken to a hospital ... Reuters ....(size: 7.5Kb)

photo: AP / Manu Brabo

In this Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2012 photo, a Free Syrian Army fighter poses as he carries his weapon in the northern province of Aleppo, Syria. Syria's civil war has killed more than 40,000 people.

Russia says Syrian rebels might win

CNTV

14 Dec 2012

One of Syria's key allies has admitted for the first time the Assad regime is losing the 20-month ground war. Russia’s deputy foreign minister’s comments are significant because Russia has blocked action to stem the violence, supplied weapons to the Assad regime, and vetoed three UN resolutions -- even as other countries called for Assad to step down. The comments are expected to put new pressure on the Syrian leader ... Reporter ...   ... ....(size: 6.6Kb)

photo: AP / Jessica Hill

Parents leave a staging area after being reunited with their children following a shooting at the Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., about 60 miles (96 kilometers) northeast of New York City, Friday, Dec. 14, 2012.

27 People Dead, Mostly Children, at Connecticut Elementary School Shooting

ABC News

14 Dec 2012

More than two dozen people, mostly elementary school children, were shot and killed at a Newtown, Conn., elementary school this morning, federal and state sources tell ABC News. The massacre involved two gunmen at a Connecticut school this morning, prompting the town of Newtown to lock down all of its schools and draw SWAT teams to the school, authorities said today. State Police confirm that one shooter is dead ... at ABCNews.com ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)

timeline:
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Hamilton: Rangers missed chance to seal a deal (Texas Rangers)

noodls

16 Dec 2012

Texas Rangers) ... ARLINGTON -- Josh Hamilton said he wanted to stay in Texas. The Rangers were operating under the assumption they would get the last chance to at least talk to him. But on Saturday, Hamilton and his wife, Katie, expressed disappointment that the Rangers did not chase after him harder as a free agent ... 7 in Texas ... This noodl was issued by Texas Rangers and was initially posted at texas.rangers.mlb.com....(size: 7.1Kb)

Hamilton says Rangers didn't make him feel wanted

The Charlotte Observer

16 Dec 2012

Oh, the green Moreno will shell out through 2017 didn't hurt in luring Hamilton away from the Texas Rangers, but the love fest Saturday was just an extension of the affection the Angels used to overwhelm the five-time All-Star. It turns out that the Rangers' tactic of letting Hamilton test the market left him feeling unwanted ... Hamilton's agent, Mike Moye, informed the Rangers on Thursday that the Angels had won the bidding....(size: 5.8Kb)

Hamilton says Rangers didn't make him feel wanted - Wire Lifestyle - The Sacramento Bee ...

Sacramento Bee

16 Dec 2012

Josh Hamilton says Rangers didn't make him feel wanted

Star Telegram

16 Dec 2012

Hamilton: Rangers missed chance to seal a deal

MLB

16 Dec 2012

ARLINGTON -- Josh Hamilton said he wanted to stay in Texas. The Rangers were operating under the assumption they would get the last chance to sign him. But on Saturday, Hamilton and his wife, Katie, expressed disappointment that the Rangers did not chase after him harder as a free agent ... Hamilton agreed to a five-year, $125 million contract with the Angels last Wednesday, ending his five-year stay with the Rangers ... 7 in Texas....(size: 4.9Kb)

Hamilton: Rangers missed chance to seal a deal (Los Angeles Dodgers)

noodls

16 Dec 2012

ARLINGTON -- Josh Hamilton said he wanted to stay in Texas. The Rangers were operating under the assumption they would get the last chance to at least talk to him. But on Saturday, Hamilton and his wife, Katie, expressed disappointment that the Rangers did not chase after him harder as a free agent ... Hamilton agreed to a five-year, $125 million contract with the Angels last Wednesday, ending his five-year stay with the Rangers....(size: 7.1Kb)

Bill Plaschke: Signing of Josh Hamilton is another sign of Angels' drive to win

The News & Observer

16 Dec 2012

Hamilton: Rangers missed chance to seal a deal (MLB - Major League Baseball)

noodls

16 Dec 2012

Slugger Hamilton ready to begin new chapter with Angels

Japan Times

16 Dec 2012

ANAHEIM, California — Feeling "a little upset" that Texas didn't move quickly enough to re-sign him, free-agent outfielder Josh Hamilton donned a Los Angeles Angels jersey on Saturday after finalizing a $125 million, five-year contract that he called a new chapter in his life ... Rangers general manager Jon Daniels had hoped to re-sign Hamilton, who led Texas to consecutive World Series appearances in 2010 and 2011....(size: 3.7Kb)

Josh Hamilton, Angels finalize $125 million deal

Tulsa World

16 Dec 2012

Rangers general manager Jon Daniels had hoped to re-sign Hamilton, who led Texas to consecutive World Series appearances in 2010 and 2011. He said he was disappointed the Rangers never got a chance to match any offer during the process, as they had expected, or be contacted before Hamilton agreed with another team ...   Josh Hamilton leaves Texas Rangers and agrees to deal with Los Angeles Angels....(size: 3.4Kb)

Josh Hamilton gets clean start with Angels

Yahoo Daily News

16 Dec 2012

Yes, Josh Hamilton would leave the Texas Rangers, the organization that raised him as a major-league ballplayer, that guided him through relapses and stood by him during the fallout ... And Josh Hamilton, ultimately, chose to leave the Texas Rangers ... Josh Hamilton signing escalates Angels-Rangers rivalry] ... Yeah, Josh Hamilton left the Texas Rangers and whatever worked there....(size: 6.2Kb)

Josh Hamilton quotes: 'I enjoyed my time in Texas tremendously'

Star Telegram

16 Dec 2012

He said it. A look at the notable quotables from Josh Hamilton on Saturday as he was introduced as a member of the Anaheim Angels. On his five seasons with the Rangers. "I enjoyed my time in Texas tremendously ... On Dec. 7 meeting with Jon Daniels ... On the Rangers' negotiating approach ... I've lived in Texas this whole off-season, and people haven't worn me out ... -- Jeff Wilson ....(size: 1.6Kb)

Josh Hamilton now touched by the Angels

The Examiner

16 Dec 2012

Hamilton felt a little upset that the Texas Rangers weren't more directly involved in resigning the the free agent slugger to a new deal. Hamilton spoke on his time in Texas during the last five seasons, I gave them everything I had for five years ... Hamilton met with the Rangers GM Jon Daniels and basically told him, "I was feeling like it was time for me to move on in general....(size: 3.8Kb)

timeline:
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Walker, Texas Ranger
Grant Walker, Texas Ranger The Walker, Texas Ranger title card (from 2000) features star Chuck Norris.
Format	Crime drama/Action
Created by	Christopher Canaan Albert S. Ruddy Leslie Greif Paul Haggis
Starring	Chuck Norris Clarence Gilyard Sheree J. Wilson Noble Willingham Nia Peeples Judson Mills
Theme music composer	Tirk Wilder (Seasons 1, 2-8) Jerrold Immel (Season 2, last used on "Tiger's Eye")
Opening theme	"Eyes Of The Ranger" Performed by Chuck Norris (Mid season 2-8)
Composer(s)	Jeff Sturges John E. Davis Christopher Franke Velton Ray Bunch Jerrold Immel Craig Huxley (with Immel; uncredited) Peter Bernstein ("The Big Bingo Bamboozle") Christopher L. Stone Ron Ramin Kevin Kiner Gary S. Scott Larry Brown Richard Band
Country of origin	United States
Language(s)	English
No. of seasons	8
No. of episodes	203 (including TV movie).^[1]^[2] (List of episodes)
Production
Camera setup	Single-camera Super 16mm
Running time	42–46 minutes
Production company(s)	Cannon Television (1993) Top Kick Productions (1993-1998) Norris Brothers Entertainment (1998-2001) The Ruddy Greif Company (1993-2001) CBS Productions (now CBS Television Studios) (1993-2001)Columbia Pictures Television (1993-1996) Columbia TriStar Television (1996-2001)
Distributor	Columbia TriStar Television Distribution (1997-2002) Sony Pictures Television Distribution (2002-present)
Broadcast
Original channel	CBS^[3]
Audio format	Dolby Surround 2.0
Original run	April 21, 1993 (1993-04-21) – May 19, 2001 (2001-05-19)

Walker, Texas Ranger is an American television action crime drama series created by Leslie Greif and Paul Haggis, and starring Chuck Norris as a member of the Texas Ranger Division.^[4] The show aired on CBS in the spring of 1993, with the first season consisting of three pilot episodes. Eight full seasons followed from September 25, 1993 to May 19, 2001. It was broadcast in over 100 countries, and has since spawned a made-for-television movie, entitled Trial By Fire. The movie ended on a cliffhanger, which, as of 2012, has not yet been resolved. DVD sets of all seasons have been released (with the three pilots packaged with the first regular season). At various times since 1997, reruns of the show have aired, in syndication, on the USA Network and Action in Canada. As of September 13, 2010, the series is shown on WGN America.

The show was known for its moral values. For example, the characters refrained from the use of drugs, and they participated in community service. Martial arts were displayed prominently as the primary tool of law enforcement and occasionally as a tool for Walker and company to reach out to the community.^[5]^[6] The show has since become one of the most popular action shows in television history and has gained a cult following for its camp appeal.

1 Background
2 Cast & Characters
3 Nielsen Ratings
4 DVD releases
5 Spin-offs and merchandise
6 Notable guest stars
7 Companies
8 See also
9 Notes
10 External links

Background [link]

The show was initially developed by executive producer Allison Moore and supervising producer J. Michael Straczynski when the series was still being produced by Cannon Television. While Straczynski had to depart to get his new series Babylon 5 on the air, executive producer David Moessinger remained to finish developing the series. The show is centered on Cordell Walker (Norris), a Dallas-Fort Worth–based member of the Texas Rangers, a state-level bureau of investigation.^[7] Walker was raised by his paternal uncle, a Native American named Ray Firewalker (Floyd Red Crow Westerman). Cordell prior to joining the Rangers served in the Marines' elite recon unit during the Vietnam War. Both Cordell and Uncle Ray share the values characteristic of Wild West sheriffs.^[8]

His partner and best friend is James "Jimmy" Trivette (Clarence Gilyard), a former Dallas Cowboys player "Go Long T" who takes a more modern approach.^[9] Walker's young partner grew up in Baltimore and used football as his ticket to college education. He was dropped from the team after he tore up his shoulder in a major game, which led to his career in the Rangers (often making references to watching the "Lone Ranger" and how C.D. Parker mentored him as a Rookie Officer). Trivette also works inside the office using computers and cellular phones to collate information of the people who have been taken into custody. Walker also works closely (and shares a mutual attraction) with Alexandra "Alex" Cahill (Sheree J. Wilson), a Tarrant County Assistant District Attorney, who on occasion puts up a frown if Walker does not obtain results in time. He also gets advice on cases from C.D. Parker (Gailard Sartain (pilot season), Noble Willingham (seasons 1–7)), a veteran Ranger (later inducted into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame) who worked with Walker until retiring to operate a small restaurant and bar called "CD's Bar and Grill", a restaurant widely known in the series for its chili. In Season 7 two rookie Texas Rangers, Sydney Cooke (Nia Peeples) and Francis Gage (Judson Mills), are assigned under Walker and Trivette's command.

Cast & Characters [link]

Chuck Norris as Texas Ranger Sgt. Cordell Walker, a former Marine and a modern-day Ranger who believes in the Code of the Old West. He is a decorated vietnam vet and a martial arts expert. He is the show's main protagonist.
Clarence Gilyard as Texas Ranger Sgt. James "Jimmy" Trivette, Walker's partner and best friend.
Sheree J. Wilson as Tarrant County D.A. Alexandra "Alex" Cahill-Walker, whom Walker dates for a while and ends up marrying.
Noble Willingham as retired Texas Ranger Captain C.D. Parker, Walker's buddy and ex-partner who owns a bar/restaurant in Fort Worth, Texas.
Nia Peeples and Judson Mills as Texas Rangers Sydney "Syd" Cooke and Francis Gage, two rookie Rangers who join Walker in seasons 7 and 8.
Floyd Westerman as Ray Firewalker who raised Walker after his parents died.

Nielsen Ratings [link]

The show was quite successful in the ratings for the series run.

1993–94: 11.74 million No. 28
1994–95: 12.20 million No. 17
1995–96: 12.30 million No. 8
1996–97: 12.70 million No. 7
1997–98: 14.40 million No. 4
1998–99: 14.40 million No. 10
1999–00: 12.20 million No. 21
2000–01: 11.30 million No. 30

DVD releases [link]

CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released all seasons on DVD in Region 1, the last set being released on March 9, 2010.^[10] The final season was released first, followed seasons 1 through 7 in order. The Complete 1st Season contains the three pilot episodes and the first full season being labeled as just the first season. This has confused some fans, as the seasons are wrongly numbered. Seasons 1–6 have been released in regions 2 and 4.

DVD Name	Eps	Release dates
DVD Name	Eps	Region 1	Region 2	Region 4
The Complete 1st Season^[11]	26	June 13, 2006	October 2, 2006	October 12, 2006
The Complete 2nd Season	21	January 23, 2007	March 8, 2007	April 12, 2007
The Complete 3rd Season	26	June 12, 2007	December 4, 2007	January 10, 2008
The Complete 4th Season	26	February 19. 2008	May 28, 2008	July 31, 2008
The Complete 5th Season	25	July 1, 2008	October 21, 2008	October 2, 2008
The Complete 6th Season	23	January 13, 2009	February 19, 2009	March 5, 2009
The Complete 7th Season	25	March 9, 2010	N/A	March 3, 2011^[12]
The Complete Final Season	24	June 14, 2005	N/A	March 3, 2011^[13]
Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial By Fire	1	N/A	January 2, 2007	N/A

Spin-offs and merchandise [link]

Television movies [link]

CBS broadcast the television movie Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire, produced by Paramount Network Television (now CBS Television Studios), on October 16, 2005. Chuck Norris, Sheree J. Wilson and Judson Mills reprised their roles, and Clarence Gilyard shot a cameo for the movie but was not featured due to the filming's conflict with a long-planned family vacation. To fill the void, Judson Mills, who was not in the original script, returned to reprise the role of Francis Gage. Nia Peeples, who played the role of Sydney Cooke for Seasons 7 and 8, was also not featured in Walker's return to prime-time television. The explanation given was that producers decided not to follow much of the original Walker Texas Ranger series, as to give the movie a fresh look. Even the show's original opening credits with the theme "Eyes of a Ranger" performed by Chuck Norris, was absent from the TV movie.

Although the return of Walker Texas Ranger did not garner the ratings CBS had hoped for, indications were that CBS was green-lighting future Walker Texas Ranger "movie of the week" projects. But as of spring 2006, both CBS and the Norris camp have been silent as to the future of the franchise, leaving many to wonder if it will return. Trial by Fire ended with Sheree J. Wilson's character the victim of a courthouse shooting, leaving many viewers to believe that there would be a follow-up movie.

When they announced their fall 2006 prime-time schedule, CBS said that they would no longer be producing "Sunday Night Movie of the Week" projects, which severely impaired any hopes of Walker's return to television in the foreseeable future.^{[citation needed]}

On May 15, 2007, CBS announced its fall line-up, but this did not include the return of the "Sunday Night Movie of the Week."

[edit] Sons of Thunder

Main article: Sons of Thunder

Most episodes were based on true stories. A short-lived series, Sons of Thunder, featured recurring character Carlos Sandoval, who resigns from his post with the Dallas police and teams up with childhood friend Trent Malloy (a protégé of Walker's) to start a private investigation firm.^[14]

Novels [link]

Three Walker, Texas Ranger books, written by James Reasoner, were published by Berkley Publishing Group in 1999. The books are now out of print.

Walker, Texas Ranger (1998, ISBN 0-425-16815-8)
Hell's Half Acre (1999, ISBN 0-425-16972-3)
Siege on the Belle (1999, ISBN 0-425-17112-4)

Notable guest stars [link]

Year/s	Actor	Character/s played	Episode title	Year of appearance
1993	Luis Guzmán	Gomez	"Storm Warning"	1993
1993	Judith Hoag	Lainie Flanders	"Family Matters"	1993
1993	Brian Thompson	Leo Cale	"Family Matters"	1993
1993	M.C. Gainey	Tingley	"She'll Do to Ride the River With"	1993
2000	M.C. Gainey	Craig	"The Bachelor Party"	2000
1994	Giovanni Ribisi	Tony Kingston	"Something in the Shadows: Part 1", "Something in the Shadows: Part 2"	1994
1994	Tom Virtue	Peter Needham		1994
1994	Tobey Maguire	Duane Parsons	"The Prodigal Son"	1994
1994	Carli Coleman	Georgia Douglas	"Silk Dreams"	1994
1994	Jeff Daum	Hank	"Deadly Vision"	1994
1994	James Morrison	Ned Travis	"Mustangs"	1994
1994	Danica McKellar	Laurie Maston	"Stolen Lullaby"	1994
1994	Ray Wise	Garrett Carlson	"Stolen Lullaby"	1994
1995	Doris Roberts	Elaine Portugal	"The Big Bingo Bamboozle"	1995
1995	Marshall Colt	Lt. Lee Corbin (his last acting role)	"Whitewater, Part 1"	1995
1995	Dirk Benedict	Blair	"Case Closed"	1995
1996	Carlos Machado	Himself	"Rodeo"	1996
1997		Officer No. 1	"Sons of Thunder"	1997
1997		Orderly	"Forgotten People"	1997
1999		Rodgers	"Fight or Die"	1999
1996	Clifton Collins Jr.	Fito	"El Coyote: Part 1", "El Coyote: Part 2"	1996
1996	Robert Englund	Lyle Eckert	"Deadline"	1996
1996	Burt Young	Jack Belmont	"Lucky"	1996
1997	Burt Young	Jack Belmont	"Small Blessings"	1997
1996–1997	Rod Taylor	Gordon Cahill	"Redemption"	1996
1996–1997			"Texas vs. Cahill"	1997
2000			"Wedding Bells", Parts 1 and 2	2000
1997	Terry Kiser	Charlie Brooks	"Mayday" "Last Hope" "Iceman"	1997
1997	Terry Kiser	The Iceman	"Iceman"	1997
1997–1999	Marco Sanchez	Detective Carlos Sandoval
1997–1999	James Wlcek	Trent Malloy
1997	Mila Kunis	Pepper	"Last Hope"	1997
1997	John Amos	Pastor Roscoe Jones	"Sons of Thunder"	1997
1997	Haley Joel Osment	Lucas Simms	"Lucas: Part 1", "Lucas: Part 2"	1997
1997	Mackenzie Phillips	Ellen Simms	"Lucas: Part 1", "Lucas: Part 2"	1997
1997	Gwen Verdon	Maisie Whitman	"Forgotten People"	1997
1999	Gwen Verdon	Maisie Whitman	"Mind Games"	1999
1997	David Mitchell	Chad Morgan	"Brainchild"	1997
1997	Paul Gleason	Dr. Harold Payton	"Brainchild"	1997
1997	Randolph Mantooth	James Lee Crown	"Rainbow's End"	1997
1997	Dan Lauria	Salvatore Matacio	"A Father's Image"	1997
1997	Kyla Pratt	Kyla Jarvis	"The Neighborhood"	1997
1998	"Rowdy" Roddy Piper	Cody "The Crusader" Conway	"The Crusader"	1998
1998	Randy Tallman		"The Crusader"
1998	Paul Winfield	Pastor Roscoe Jones	"The Soul of Winter"	1998
1998	Collin Raye	Himself	"The Soul of Winter"	1998
1998	Danny Trejo	Joe Lopez	"Circle of Life"	1998
1999	Danny Trejo	Jose Rodriguez	"Rise to the Occasion"	1999
1998	Lila McCann	Kelly Wyman	"Eyes of a Ranger"	1998
1998	Michael Peterson	Himself	"Eyes of a Ranger"	1998
1998	Tobin Bell	Karl Storm	"The Wedding: Part 1 & 2"	1998
1998	RuPaul	Bob	"Royal Heist"	1998
1998	Dean Norris	Powell	"War Cry"	1998
1998	Camilla Belle	Cindy Morgan	"Code of the West"	1998
1998	Lee Majors	Sheriff Bell	"On the Border"	1998
1999	Deion Sanders	Himself	"Rise to the Occasion"	1999
	Deion Sanders	Himself	Special Witness
	Gary Busey	Donovan Riggs	"Special Witness"
1999	James Remar	Keith Bolt	"The Principal"	1999
1999	Judy Herrera	Rachel Falcon	"Team Cherokee: Part 1", "Team Cherokee: Part 2"	1999
1999	Michael Greyeyes	Brian Falcon	"Team Cherokee: Part 1", "Team Cherokee: Part 2"	1999
1999	Robert Mirabal	Tall Bear	"Team Cherokee: Part 1", "Team Cherokee: Part 2"	1999
1999	John Schneider	Jacob Crossland	"Jacob's Ladder"	1999
1999	Rex Linn	Leland Stahl/Lester Stahl	"Way of the Warrior"	1999
1999	Randy Savage	Whitelaw Lundren	"Fight or Die"	1999
1999	Frank Shamrock	The Hammer	"Fight or Die"	1999
1999	Lane Smith	Reverend Thornton Powers	"Power Angels"	1999
1999	Scott Weinger	Bradley Roberts	"Full Recovery"	1999
1999	Frank Stallone	B.J. Ronson, Frank Bishop	"Tall Cotton"	1999
2001	Frank Stallone	B.J. Ronson, Frank Bishop	"Saturday Night"	2001
2000	David Keith	Cliff Eagleton	"The Day of Cleansing"	2000
2000	Sammo Hung	Sammo Law	"The Day of Cleansing"	2000
2000	Deron McBee	Luke Warley	"Black Dragons"	2000
	Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa	Master Ko
	Mako	Edward Song
2000	Tzi Ma	General Nimh	"The General's Return"	2000
2000	Christopher B. Duncan	Defense Attorney Lime	"The Bachelor Party"	2000
2000	Mark Cuban	Groomsmen	"Wedding Bells: Part 1", "Wedding Bells: Part 2"	2000
2000	Tom Bosley	Minister	"Wedding Bells: Part 1", "Wedding Bells: Part 2"	2000
2000	Ernest Borgnine	Eddie Ryan	"The Avenging Angel"	2000
2000	Michael Ironside	The Chairman	"Winds of Change", "Lazarus", "Turning Point", "Retribution"	2000
2000	T.J. Thyne	Wallace 'The Wizard' Slausen		2000
2000	Dionne Warwick	Dionne Berry	"Faith"	2000
2000	Barbara Mandrell	Nicole Foley	"Showdown at Casa Diablo, Pt. 1"	2000
2000–2001	Robert Fuller	Ranger Wade Harper	"Matter of Principle"	2000
2000–2001	Robert Fuller	Ranger Wade Harper	"The Final Show/Down"	2001
2001	Hulk Hogan	Boomer Knight	"Division Street"	2001
2001	Francis Capra	Ace	"Division Street"	2001
2001	Ryan Bittle	Harley	"Reel Rangers"	2001
2001	Laura Bailey	Roberta	"Saturday Night"	2001
2001	Mercedes McNab	Heather Preston	"6 Hours"	2001
2001	Josh Holloway	Ben Wiley	"Medieval Crimes"	2001
2001	Sting	Grangus	"Unsafe Speed"	2001
2001	Carlos Bernard	Raoul 'Skull' Hidalgo	"Without a Sound"	2001
2005	Mitchel Musso	Josh Whitley	"Trial by Fire"	2005
2005	Selena Gomez	Julie	"Trial by Fire"	2005

Companies [link]

The series began with Cannon Television, but after the folding of Cannon, CBS assumed production responsibilities, and is the ancillary rights holder for this series. Other companies, as seen below, have also been involved with the series production and/or distribution.

Production Companies
Amadea Film Productions	–
Cannon Television	(1993)
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)	–
Columbia Pictures Television	(1993–1996)
Columbia TriStar Television	(1996-2001)
The Rudy Grief Company	–
Topkick Productions	(1993–1998)
Norris Brothers Entertainment	(1998–2005)
CBS Productions	(1995–2001)
CBS Entertainment Productions	(1993–1995)
CBS Broadcast International	–
Distributors
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)	(1993–2001) (USA) (TV) (original airing)
Columbia TriStar Domestic Television	(2001–2002)
FX	(????) (Italy) (TV)
Italia 1	(????) (Italy) (TV)
Paramount Home Entertainment	(2006–) (Germany) (DVD)
Paramount Home Entertainment	(2008) (USA) (DVD) (season 5)
Sony Pictures Television	(2002–)
TF1	(2004) (France) (TV)
TV2	(2000–2006) (Hungary) (TV)
UFA Film- und Fernseh GmbH	(1993) (Germany) (all media)
Other Companies
Redman Movies and Stories	grip and lighting equipment
Rex Post	additional adr recorded at

Notes [link]

^ Elder, Robert K (April 26, 2007). "Pop Cultural Timeline: Chuck Norris 'Facts'". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-04-26/features/0704250618_1_delta-force-norris-tears-cure-cancer-chuck-wagon. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
^ Farhi, Paul (January 2, 2006). "Tough Love: Norris Fans Board the Chuck Wagon". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/02/AR2006010200282.html. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
^ "Chuck Norris' `Walker' Doing Well For Cbs". Chicago Tribune. January 29, 1994. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-01-29/entertainment/9401290198_1_walker-dr-quinn-cbs-entertainment. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
^ Berkow, Ira (May 12, 1993). "AT DINNER WITH: Chuck Norris; When That 97-Pound Weakling Grows Up". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/12/garden/at-dinner-with-chuck-norris-when-that-97-pound-weakling-grows-up.html?scp=5&sq=chuck%20norris&st=cse. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
^ Weinstein, Steve (March 17, 1996). "Chuck Norris Proves To Cbs He's A 'Competitive Guy'". The Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1996-03-17/news/tv-47833_1_chuck-norris. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
^ Du Brow, Rick (May 14, 1994). "Walker Marks a Year of Fighting Injustice on CBS : Television: Despite controversy over TV violence, Chuck Norris' action series beat the competition in its time slot and helps the network ensure its top spot.". The Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1994-05-14/entertainment/ca-57729_1_chuck-norris. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
^ King, Susan (April 18, 1993). "At Home on a New Range : CHUCK NORRIS: KARATE CHAMP TURNED SERIES STAR?". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1993-04-18/news/tv-24102_1_chuck-norris. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
^ Smith, Steven Cole (April 21, 1993). "Lone Wolf Rides Again". Chicago Tribune. (Original: Fort Worth Star-Telegram). http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-04-21/features/9304210021_1_tv-crew-chuck-norris-walker. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
^ Jicha, Tom (21 April 1993). "Chuck Norris Plays Dirty In Tv Debut". Sun Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale, Florida). http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1993-04-21/features/9302070343_1_walker-violence-chuck-norris/2. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Walker-Texas-Ranger-Season-7/13114
^ This season DVD set is made up of the episodes from the pilot season in addition to the episodes of the first regular season, which has also been referred to as Season 2
^ http://www.ezydvd.com.au/item.zml/817759
^ http://www.ezydvd.com.au/item.zml/817760
^ Johnson, Steve (March 5, 1999). "STANDING IN PLACE FROM CHUCK NORRIS, ANOTHER MARTIAL ARTS BEAT-'EM-UP". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-03-05/features/9903050308_1_serial-killer-cop-chuck-norris. Retrieved 2010-12-15.

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Walker,_Texas_Ranger

http://it.wn.com/Walker Texas Ranger

http://cs.wn.com/Walker, Texas Ranger

http://es.wn.com/Walker, Texas Ranger

http://ru.wn.com/Крутой Уокер правосудие по-техасски

http://nl.wn.com/Walker, Texas Ranger

http://pt.wn.com/Walker, Texas Ranger

http://pl.wn.com/Strażnik Teksasu

http://fr.wn.com/Walker, Texas Ranger

http://de.wn.com/Walker, Texas Ranger

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Texas Rangers

2012 Texas Rangers season

Established

1961

Based in Arlington since 1972

100px Team logo	100px Cap insignia

Major league affiliations

American League (1961–present)
- West Division (1972–present)

Current uniform

275px

Retired numbers

26, 34, 42

Colors

Red, White, And Blue

Name

Texas Rangers (1972–present)

Washington Senators (1961–1971)

Other nicknames

The Blue Crew

Ballpark

Rangers Ballpark in Arlington (2006–present)

Ameriquest Field in Arlington (2004–2006)

The Ballpark in Arlington (1994–2004)

Major league titles

World Series titles

None

AL Pennants (2)

2010 • 2011

West Division titles (5) ^*

1996 • 1998 • 1999 • 2010 • 2011

Wild card berths (0)

None

* – In 1994, a players' strike wiped out the last eight weeks of the season and all post-season. Texas was in first place by two games in the West Division when play was stopped. No official titles were awarded in 1994.

Front office

Owner(s)

Rangers Baseball Express, LLC, Nolan Ryan, CEO & President

Manager

Ron Washington

General Manager

Jon Daniels

The Texas Rangers are a professional baseball team located in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, based in Arlington, Texas. The Rangers franchise are currently a member of the Western Division of Major League Baseball's American League, and are the reigning A.L. Western Division and A.L. Champions since 2010, although they lost consecutive World Series appearances against the San Francisco Giants in 2010 and the St. Louis Cardinals in 2011. Since 1994, the Rangers have played in Rangers Ballpark in Arlington in Arlington, Texas. The team's name is borrowed from the famous law enforcement agency of the same name.

The franchise was established in 1961 by the name of the Washington Senators, an expansion team awarded to Washington, D.C., after the city's first ballclub, the original Washington Senators, moved to Minnesota and became the Twins. After the 1971 season, the new Senators moved to Arlington, Texas, and debuted as the Rangers the following spring.

The Texas Rangers Baseball Club has made five appearances in the MLB postseason, all following division championships, in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2010, and 2011. In 2010, the Rangers advanced past the Division Series for the first time, defeating the Tampa Bay Rays. Texas then brought home their first American League Pennant after beating the New York Yankees in six games. In the 2010 World Series, the franchise's first, the Rangers fell to the San Francisco Giants in five games. Their lone victory made them the first Texas MLB team to win a World Series game, the Houston Astros having been swept in their 2005 World Series appearance. They repeated as American League champions the following year, then lost the 2011 World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games.

1 Franchise history
2 Season-by-season records
3 Baseball Hall of Famers
4 Mascot
5 Retired numbers
6 Texas Rangers Hall of Fame
- 6.1 Inductees
7 Current roster
8 Minor league affiliations
9 Franchise records and award winners
- 9.1 Season records
10 Radio and television
11 See also
12 References
13 External links

Franchise history [link]

Main article: History of the Texas Rangers (baseball)

This section has been split to History of the Texas Rangers (baseball). This section may need to be cleaned up or summarized

Washington Senators (1961–1971)[link]

When the original Washington Senators moved to Minnesota in 1960 as the Twins, Major League Baseball decided to expand a year earlier than planned to stave off threats of losing its exemption from the Sherman Antitrust Act. At the winter meetings that year, it awarded a new team to Los Angeles (the Angels, now the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim) as well as a new team in the nation's capital. This new team adopted the old Senators name, but was (and still is) considered an expansion team since the Twins retained the old Senators' records and history. The Senators and Angels began to fill their rosters with American League players in an expansion draft. The team played the 1961 season at old Griffith Stadium before moving to District of Columbia Stadium (now the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium).

For most of their existence, the new Senators were the definition of futility, losing an average of 90 games a season. The team's struggles led to a twist on a joke about the old Senators--"Washington: first in war, first in peace and still last in the American League." Frank Howard, known for his towering home runs, was the team's most accomplished player, winning two home run titles.

Ownership changed hands several times during the franchise's stay in Washington and was often plagued by poor decision-making and planning. Owner Elwood Richard Quesada once wondered why he needed to pay players who didn't belong in the majors and later agreed to a 10-year lease at D.C. Stadium — a move that would come back to haunt the Senators. In 1963, Quesada sold his stake in the club and resigned. Washington stockbrokers James Johnson and James Lemon owned the team briefly, suffering massive financial losses. Johnson died in 1967 and Lemon sold the team a year later to hotel and trucking executive Bob Short, who outbid a group headed by Bob Hope. Short named himself general manager and hired Hall of Famer Ted Williams as manager. Although Williams had never coached or managed at any level of baseball, he seemed to light a spark under the once-moribund Senators. Williams kept them in contention for most of the season; their 86–76 record would be its only winning season in Washington.

President Richard Nixon throwing out the first pitch of the Senators' season in April 1969 with manager Ted Williams (left) and owner Bob Short (right, partially obscured by Yankees manager Ralph Houk).

The success though was brief, as Short borrowed most of the $9.4 million he had use to pay for the team. As the Senators general manager, Short was forced to make many questionable trades to lower the debt and acquire amounts of the much-needed revenue. As a result, the team rapidly fell back into the American League's cellar position. Fans kept their distance from the Senators while the Baltimore Orioles, 45 miles (72 km) to the northeast, won four American League pennants and two World Series from the 1966 season through the 1971 season. By the end of the 1970 season, Short had issued an ultimatum: unless someone was willing to buy the Senators for $12 million (in comparison, the New York Yankees were sold in 1973 for $8.8 million), he would not proceed to renew the stadium lease and move the team elsewhere. When that season ended, Short dealt his best starting pitcher and the left side of his infield to the Detroit Tigers for erstwhile 30-game-winner Denny McLain, who had spent most of the 1970 campaign suspended because of gambling allegations. (Which is illegal in MLB) The deal—alleged by onetime Senators broadcaster Shelby Whitfield to have been made in order to secure the Tigers' vote in favor of the Senators' eventual move to Texas—turned Detroit back into contenders, while McLain was a monumental bust, losing an embarrassing league-worst of 22 games.

Short was especially receptive to an offer brought up by Arlington, Texas mayor Tom Vandergriff, who had been trying to obtain a Major League sports team to play in the Metroplex for over a decade. Years earlier, Charles O. Finley, the owner of the Kansas City Athletics, sought to relocate his baseball team to Dallas, Texas, but the idea was rebuffed and ultimately declined by the other A.L. team owners.

Arlington's hole card was Turnpike Stadium, a 10,000-seat park which had been built in 1965 to house the AA Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs of the Texas League. However, it had been built to Major League specifications and also located in a natural bowl, meaning only minor excavations would be necessary to expand the park to accommodate Major League crowds.

After Vandergriff offered a multi-million dollar down payment, Short decided make the move to Arlington. On September 21, 1971, by a vote of 10 to 2 (the Orioles' Jerold Hoffberger and John Allyn of the Chicago White Sox registered the dissenting votes), American League owners granted approval to move the franchise to Arlington, Texas for the 1972 season.^[1]

Senators fans were livid. Enmity came to a head at the club's last game in Washington. Thousands of fans simply walked in without paying after the security guards left early, swelling the paid attendance of 14,460 to around 25,000, while fans unfurled a banner reading "SHORT STINKS". With the Senators leading 7–5 and two outs in the top of the ninth inning, several hundred youths stormed the field, raiding it for souvenirs. One man grabbed first base and ran off with it. With no security in sight and only three bases, umpire crew chief Jim Honochick forfeited the game to the New York Yankees.^[2]^[3]

First years in Texas (1972–1984)[link]

File:Turnpike Stadium.JPG

Turnpike Stadium

During the off-season, improvements were made to Turnpike Stadium, which reopened as Arlington Stadium for the 1972 season. Meanwhile, ownership announced that the franchise would be renamed the Texas Rangers. The team played its first game on April 15, 1972, a 1–0 loss at the California Angels. The next day, the Rangers defeated the Angels 5–1 for the club's first victory. After the season Ted Williams retired as manager; he had made no secret of his displeasure with the franchise's new location. Whitey Herzog was named the new manager, but he was replaced before the end of the 1973 season by Billy Martin.

In 1974, the Rangers began to come into their own as a team. They finished the season second in the American League with an 84–76 record, behind the eventual World Series champion Oakland Athletics. The 1974 Rangers are still the only MLB team to finish above .500 after two consecutive 100-loss seasons. Mike Hargrove was awarded A.L. Rookie of the Year, Billy Martin was named Manager of the Year, Jeff Burroughs won American League MVP, and Ferguson Jenkins was named the Comeback Player of the Year after winning 25 games, a club record to this day. However, after a 44–51 start in 1975, Martin was fired as the Rangers' manager and was replaced by Frank Lucchesi.

After excellent seasons between 1977–79, the Rangers came very close to clinching a playoff spot in the first half of 1981. But when Texas lost its last game before the players' strike began, the Oakland A's won the A.L. West in the first half by a half-game. After 1981, the Rangers would not post a winning record for another five seasons. During this stretch, the Rangers made one of their most unpopular trades ever, sending multi-Gold Glove catcher and fan favorite Jim Sundberg to the Milwaukee Brewers for future Brewers' manager Ned Yost.

The Rangers faced an attendance problem for a few years after moving their team to Texas, in part due to the team's inconsistent performance and in part due to the oppressive heat and humidity that can swallow the area in the summer. Until the Florida Marlins arrived in 1993, Arlington Stadium was often the hottest stadium in the Majors, with temperatures frequently topping around 100 degrees throughout the months of summer. In part because of this, the Rangers began playing most of even their weekend games between May and September at night—a tradition that continues to this day. They usually get a waiver from ESPN to play Sunday night games.

The Valentine, Ryan, and Bush years (1985–1994)[link]

Bobby Valentine, (currently the Boston Red Sox manager) who would eventually become the Rangers' longest-serving manager at 1,186 games, became steward over an influx of splendid talent in the late 1980s and early 1990s. A winning season in 1986 was a shock to pundits and fans alike as the Rangers remained in the race for the American League pennant for the entire season. With a team consisting of many stellar young rookies such as Rubén Sierra, Pete Incaviglia, Mitch Williams, Bobby Witt, and Edwin Correa, the Rangers finished the season 2nd place with an outstanding 87–75 record, just five games behind the division champion California Angels. The season marked a dramatic 25-win improvement over the 1985 season, which resulted in a yet another last-place finish in the West. The signing of 41-year-old star pitcher Nolan Ryan prior to the 1989 season allowed Ryan to reach his 5,000th strikeout, 300th win, and sixth and seventh no-hitters with the Rangers. Coupled with powerful batters like Juan González, Rubén Sierra, Julio Franco, and Rafael Palmeiro and a pitching staff that also included Charlie Hough, Bobby Witt, Kevin Brown, and Kenny Rogers, fans held really high expectations for the Rangers upcoming season. However, the team never posted a finish higher than second place and Valentine was relieved of his duties during the 1992 season.

Nolan Ryan pitching against the Detroit Tigers at Arlington Stadium in 1992

In April 1989, Rangers owner and oil tycoon Eddie Chiles, sold the team to an investment group headed by George W. Bush, son of the President of the United States, George H. W. Bush. After hearing that Chiles planned to sell the team, Bush headed a group of investors that bought the team for $89 million. While his own equity in the team was a small one (approximately 1%), he was named Managing General Partner of the new ownership group. He increased his investment the following year.

During his tenure, the Rangers and the City of Arlington decided to replace the aging Arlington Stadium with a new publicly funded stadium, at a cost of $193 million, financed by Arlington residents, through a sales tax increase. Ground was broken on October 30, 1991 on what would become The Ballpark in Arlington (now named Rangers Ballpark in Arlington). The city, through the Arlington Sports Facilities Development Authority, also controversially authorized the seizure of 13 acres (53,000 m²) of land through eminent domain for the Rangers future development. Landowners filed lawsuits over the acquisition and eventually won settlements of $22.2 million which the Rangers failed to pay.

Bush left his position with the Rangers when he was elected Governor of Texas in 1994. Although Bush no longer has any ownership stake in the Rangers, he remains a fan of the team to this day and regularly attends the team's home games.^[4]

In 1993, Kevin Kennedy took over managerial duties, presiding over the team for two seasons, keeping the 1993 Rangers in the hunt for a playoff berth into mid-September. Kennedy was let go in 1994, although the team led the A.L. West prior to the players' strike. The strike prematurely ended what could have been the Rangers' first division championship when commissioner Bud Selig canceled the remainder of the season and the playoffs. Regardless of the unceremonious end to the 1994 season, Kenny Rogers pitched the 12th perfect game in Major League history on July 28.

First success (1995–2000)[link]

Rangers Ballpark in Arlington opened in 1994

The year 1995 saw the beginnings of promise for the Rangers. With a brand new ballpark that hosted its first All-Star Game that year, Johnny Oates was hired as the Rangers' manager. Oates and company promptly helped to bring home the 1996 A.L. Western Division Championship, the first division championship in franchise history. The first playoff series, 24 years after the franchise came to Texas, saw the Rangers lose to the New York Yankees, 3 games to 1. Oates was named A.L. Manager of the Year and Juan González was named A.L. MVP. The team featured a powerful lineup of hitters with Iván Rodríguez, Will Clark, Mark McLemore, Dean Palmer, Rusty Greer, Juan González, and Mickey Tettleton but continued to struggle with pitching – a common stereotype of Rangers teams – despite having Rick Helling, and Aaron Sele on their roster. Oates led the team to consecutive A.L. West championships in 1998 and 1999. Neither of Oates' last two playoff teams could win a single game, losing all 6 in back-to-back sweeps at the hands of the Yankees, a team that won 3 World Championships in the 1990s after defeating Rangers teams in the first round. The 1999 team would be the last playoff-bound team for over a decade, as the Rangers took a step backwards at the beginning of the new millennium. En route to a second straight last-place finish, Oates resigned his position 28 games into the 2001 season. The Rangers finished the decade going 1–9 in the postseason, without a single home win.

In 1998, venture capital billionaire Tom Hicks bought the team for $250 million. Hicks also agreed to pay the $22.2 million awarded in settlements in relation to the 1991 eminent domain litigation concerning the Ballpark in Arlington.^[5]

The lean years (2001–2004)[link]

2001–2003 [link]

Prior to the 2001 season, star free agent shortstop Alex Rodriguez, was signed by the Rangers in the most lucrative deal in baseball history: a 10-year, $252 million contract. The move was considered controversial and was frequently maligned by fans and writers who thought that owner Tom Hicks was placing too much emphasis on one player instead of utilizing team resources to acquire several players, especially for a team that lacked pitching talent. Club officials maintained that Rodriguez would be the cornerstone of future postseason success. Although Rodriguez's individual performance was outstanding, the Rangers continued to struggle and manager Jerry Narron was fired following the 2002 season. He was replaced by seasoned manager Buck Showalter.

The 2003 season signified the fourth straight last-place finish, and after a post-season fallout between Rodriguez and club management, the reigning A.L. MVP and newly-appointed Rangers captain was traded to the New York Yankees for second baseman Alfonso Soriano and infielder prospect Joaquin Arias.

In the spring of 2009, Rodriguez admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs during his time with the Rangers. During the investigations into PED use earlier in the decade, several other former Rangers players were criticized for possible use of performance-enhancers. These included notable '90s sluggers Jose Canseco, Iván Rodríguez, Juan González, and Rafael Palmeiro.

2004 [link]

Michael Young

Prior to the 2004 season, little hope was held out for the Rangers to improve on their losing ways. However, the Rangers battled with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and Oakland Athletics for first place in the A.L. West for much of the season. Mark Teixeira, Alfonso Soriano, Michael Young, and Hank Blalock became some of the best-hitting infielders in the league, with Young, Blalock, and Soriano were named to the 2004 All-Star Game. Soriano was named the All-Star MVP after going 2 for 3 with a three-run home run. Late in September, the Oakland A's visited Arlington for a 3-game series. After taking the first two games of the series, the Rangers trailed 4–2, in the bottom of the ninth. A loss would have dropped them to four games behind the Athletics. A home run by Hank Blalock and a dramatic two-out, two-run double by David Dellucci (known amongst fans as the "Dellucci Double") gave the Rangers a 5–4 win, one of the most memorable in club history. It also allowed the Rangers to sweep the first-place Athletics and leave them just two games behind with 10 to play. Unfortunately, the Rangers ended up losing six of the final ten games and another turnaround season came up short. The club finished in third place behind the Angels and A's, a mere 3 games out of first place.

2005–2009 [link]

In 2005 the Rangers again struggled to find consistency amid controversy and injuries, notwithstanding that the team swept an entire homestand for the first time in its history. Frank Francisco and Carlos Almanzar, two key members of the bullpen, were sidelined for Tommy John surgery. Kenny Rogers, the team's ace pitcher, received a 20-game suspension from commissioner Bud Selig for attacking a cameraman at Ameriquest Field prior to a game. Management later placed opening day starter Ryan Drese on waivers, where he was claimed by the Washington Nationals. After Drese's release and Rogers' suspension, the Rangers' performance on the mound faltered, and a disastrous 1–12 August road trip all but sealed the squad's fate.

On October 4, 2005, the Rangers announced that John Hart would step down as general manager and that Jon Daniels was being promoted from assistant general manager to replace him. Daniels, at 28 years and one month, would become the youngest general manager in Major League history.

Daniels and the Rangers front office were very active in the 2005–2006 offseason. Alfonso Soriano, who had often been mentioned in trade speculation, was finally dealt to the Nationals for outfielders Brad Wilkerson and Terrmel Sledge. The Rangers then began making moves to acquire pitching talent. The Rangers gained enigmatic starter Vicente Padilla from the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for Ricardo Rodriguez and acquired San Diego Padres pitchers Adam Eaton and Akinori Otsuka in exchange for Chris Young, Adrian Gonzalez, and Sledge. Finally, they signed free agent starter Kevin Millwood to a five-year contract worth $60 million.

2006 [link]

The Rangers 2006 season ended with a disappointing 80–82 record and a third-place finish in the West. Though the club showed strength in the early going, the team proved unable to keep pace with the surging Oakland Athletics in the second half and fell out of contention in September. To some extent the Rangers were the victims of bad luck, as their win-loss record was worse than their +51 run differential for the season would normally indicate. However, the element that the club continued to lack was a solid pitching staff, whose combined ERA ranked 9th in the A.L. at the season's end. The Rangers were represented in the 2006 All-Star game by center fielder Gary Matthews, Jr. and shortstop Michael Young, who was named the MVP for his game-winning two-run triple in the ninth inning.

Significant player moves in-season included a July 28 deal acquiring outfielders Carlos Lee and Nelson Cruz from the Milwaukee Brewers in exchange for Kevin Mench, Francisco Cordero, and Laynce Nix.

On October 4 after two attempts to replicate the success of the 2004 team, the Rangers dismissed Buck Showalter as manager with three years left on his contract. A month later, the team announced that Oakland Athletics third base coach Ron Washington had accepted their offer to manage the team.^[6] A change at manager would be the first of several moves to strengthen the team in yet another busy off-season.

Gary Matthews, Jr., Mark DeRosa, Carlos Lee, and Adam Eaton all signed with other clubs as free agents. Vicente Padilla accepted a three-year, $33 million offer with an option for a fourth year at $12 million.^[7] The Rangers also signed 1B/OF Frank Catalanotto to a multi-year deal. The Rangers later added reliever Éric Gagné and veteran outfielders Kenny Lofton and Sammy Sosa on short-term deals. In a sign that GM Jon Daniels was looking for results in 2007, the Rangers' top pitching prospect John Danks was traded to the Chicago White Sox along with reliever Nick Masset for 23-year-old starter Brandon McCarthy.^[8] The Danks trade caused quite a stir amongst fans, many of which had followed the minor league careers of the highly-touted "DVD" trio of pitchers that included Danks, Edinson Volquez, and Thomas Diamond. All three pitchers would eventually reach the majors, with varying degrees of success, while McCarthy's career became marred by injury.

Building the brand [link]

Home Plate Entrance at the Rangers Ballpark in Arlington

The Rangers previously negotiated a 30-year, $75 million stadium naming rights agreement with Ameriquest Mortgage Company in 2004, renaming the Ballpark "Ameriquest Field". Under the Ameriquest moniker, the Ballpark featured a replica of the Liberty Bell in the stands above the Diamond Club (representing Ameriquest's logo) that rang after home runs. In 2007, though, the Rangers announced the termination of the agreement with Ameriquest, and changed the name to Rangers Ballpark in Arlington. Club president Jeff Cogen cited that the team was more concerned about getting their name back on the ballpark than Ameriquest's public financial troubles. "It's all about the brand," Cogen said. The Rangers lost a reported $2.5 million per year from the lack of naming rights but regained advertising space given over to Ameriquest in the naming rights deal.^[9] Regardless of Cogen's comments, Ameriquest dissolved within months after the naming rights were terminated, and the company ended most business operations in September 2007.

2007–2009 [link]

Wikinews has related news: MLB: Rangers score 30 runs against Orioles in first game of doubleheader

The Rangers struggled offensively early in the season, despite playing in a notoriously hitter-friendly park. On June 20, Sammy Sosa hit his 600th career home run against the Chicago Cubs at the Rangers Ballpark in Arlington. Hank Blalock, the starting 3rd baseman who had been enjoying a good season, was placed on the 60-day disabled list on the May 19th due to thoracic outlet syndrome, and Mark Teixeira followed him onto the disabled list on June 9 (for the first time in his career) with a strained left quadriceps muscle. With a record of 46–59 at the July 31st trade deadline, the team traded Mark Teixeira and Ron Mahay to the Atlanta Braves in a deal that would eventually bring 5 prospects to the Rangers organization, including four of Atlanta's top prospects Jarrod Saltalamacchia, Elvis Andrus, Matt Harrison, and Neftali Feliz. The team also traded closer Éric Gagné to the Boston Red Sox for left-hander Kason Gabbard and Minor League outfielders David Murphy and Engel Beltre. These moves were the beginnings of a rebuilding project headed by Jon Daniels with a focus on the acquisition and development of young players. In the coming years, more club resources would be dedicated to improving the quality of the farm system and scouting departments, most notably in Latin America and the Far East. The objective of Daniels' plan was to field a legitimately competitive team by the 2010 season.

The 2007 season remains notable in the minds of baseball fans for two inexplicable oddities. On August 19 at the Metrodome, the Minnesota Twins logged 19 strikeouts against the Rangers, one short of the Major League record. Three days later, the 22nd, in the first game of a doubleheader at Oriole Park at Camden Yards, the Rangers' bats came alive with a modern record for runs by one team, defeating the Baltimore Orioles 30–3. Their 27-run margin of victory is also a modern day MLB record. Wes Littleton gained probably the easiest save in Major League history – entering the game in the bottom of the seventh, with his team already ahead 14–3, he pitched three innings finishing the game, and gave up just two hits and a walk.

The Rangers began the 2008 season red hot, headlined by newcomer Josh Hamilton who looked to be a threat to win the Triple Crown, before fading off as the season wore on. During the All-Star festivities at Yankee Stadium, Hamilton crushed a first round home run record in the 2008 Home Run Derby with 28. Hamilton hit another four in the second round and three during the final round, for a total of 35 home runs, but lost to the Twins' Justin Morneau. Four Rangers played in the All Star Game: Josh Hamilton, Ian Kinsler, Milton Bradley, and Michael Young, who would repeat his 2006 All-Star Game feat by driving in the winning run via a sac fly.

The Rangers would finish the season with yet another sub-.500 record (79–83), yet ended the season second in the West, the club's best finish since 1999. The off-season saw perennial All-Star shortstop Michael Young ask for a trade when the team told him he would be moving to third base to make room for rookie Elvis Andrus.^[10] After speaking with club president Nolan Ryan and his agent, Young later rescinded his trade request, and agreed to move to third base.^[11] The offseason also saw the departure of mercurial outfielder/DH Milton Bradley to free agency.

Scott Feldman

Derek Holland is considered the best pitching prospect drafted by the Rangers since the departure of John Danks

The 2009 season saw the Rangers soar into playoff contention for the first time since 2004. Despite injuries to Josh Hamilton and Ian Kinsler, the Rangers held first place in their division for long stretches of the summer before fading after September 1, losing the division to the Los Angeles Angels. The Rangers finished the season at 87–75, their first winning season since 2004 and good enough for second place in the A.L. West. Michael Young responded to his move to third base by posting one his best offensive seasons ever while committing just nine errors and earning a sixth straight All-Star appearance.^[12] Josh Hamilton and Nelson Cruz were also named 2009 A.L. All-Stars. Several young stars with the club broke out including the debuts of highly-rated rookies Elvis Andrus, Derek Holland, and Neftali Feliz. Second baseman Ian Kinsler hit for the cycle in April, while having a 30–30 season in home runs and stolen bases. Starting pitcher Scott Feldman posted a fantastic season as well in 2009, finishing 3rd in the A.L in wins with 17.

Financial troubles and new ownership [link]

While the 2009 season was strong on the field, club owner Tom Hicks became the focus of several reports indicating serious financial problems with his holding group, Hicks Sports Group, which also owned the Dallas Stars, the Frisco Roughriders (the Rangers AA-farm club), 1/2 of Liverpool F.C. (sold in mid-October 2010 to New England Sports Ventures, owners of the Boston Red Sox), and the Mesquite Championship Rodeo (later sold by HSG).

HSG was reported to have gone into default on a $525 million loan.^[13]

In April 2009, Hicks announced he would be willing to sell a minority interest in the team. Only one month later, Hicks announced he would be willing to sell majority control of the Rangers.^[14]

In July 2009, it was reported that Hicks borrowed money from Major League Baseball to meet the team's payroll.^[15]

After the 2009 season, Hicks began scouting prospective buyers and in December entered into exclusive negotiating rights for sale of the Rangers with a consortium headed by Pittsburgh sports lawyer Chuck Greenberg and Rangers team president Nolan Ryan.

On January 22, 2010, Hicks Sports Group officially reached a formal agreement to sell the Texas Rangers to the group headed by Greenberg and Ryan (later called Rangers Baseball Express) for approximately $570 million.^[16] Under the provisions of the deal, former owner Hicks stayed on as a limited minority partner, but was not allowed to retain a seat on the board of governors. Co-lead investors Dallas businessmen Ray Davis, and Ft. Worth Bob R. Simpson were named co-chairmen.^[16] Hicks also sold much of the land surrounding Rangers Ballpark to Rangers Baseball Express in a separate deal.

The deal was subject to approval by the other MLB owners (a 3/4 vote is required) and completed by April 1. However, one of HSG's principal lenders (Monarch Alternative Capital) opposed the sale on grounds that the proceeds would not fully repay the defaulted HSG notes.^[17] On April 21, Major League Baseball issued a statement declaring the Rangers' sale to be under the control of the Commissioner to expedite the process.^[18]^[19] Because of public comments made by Hicks deemed detrimental to the process, MLB also stripped Hicks of any responsibility regarding the sale of the team.^[20] On May 13, MLB threatened to seize control of the rest of the team's operations if a deal was not completed by the deadline set by the Commissioner.^[21]

As the stalemate between HSG and its creditors continued, on May 24, 2010 the Texas Rangers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.^[22]^[23] As of that date, the Rangers and HSG had an estimated debt of $575 million.^[23] Much of the unsecured debt was owed in back salary. Officially, New York Yankees third baseman Alex Rodriguez topped the list of unsecured creditors with an estimated $24.9 million owed by the Rangers.^[23] Additionally, the Rangers also owed Baltimore Orioles pitcher Kevin Millwood $12.9 million, and current Rangers third baseman Michael Young $3.9 million.^[23] At a press conference, the Greenberg-Ryan group proposed to buy the team for $575 million.^[23] The sale would repay all the team’s creditors, including players owed back salary.^[23]

After several attempts to resolve the deal fell through, the bankruptcy court ordered a public auction to be held on August 4. The Greenberg/Ryan bid would be the opening bid, and other offers (subject to MLB approval) would have to be submitted by the prior day in order to be considered. At the auction, only one other MLB-approved group submitted an offer – Radical Baseball LLC, a group formed by Houston businessman Jim Crane (who was previously unsuccessful in buying the Houston Astros, and ultimately bought that team in 2011) and Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban (who was previously unsuccessful in buying the Chicago Cubs). The auction lasted until the early morning of August 5, with the winning bid submitted by Greenberg/Ryan. The bankruptcy court approved the bid later that morning and the bankruptcy case closed. The sale to the Greenberg/Ryan was approved by all 30 MLB owners at the owners meeting in Minneapolis on Thursday August 12.

"I'll be the managing partner and CEO. If you like what's going on or you don't like what's going on, I take responsibility for that. When it comes to baseball, I'm not going to interject my opinions. If Nolan and [Jon Daniels] want to discuss something with me, they can, but I have complete faith and trust in the decisions that they make. I'll be as involved as they wish me to be, but with complete faith and confidence in them. What I'm going to focus on, particularly since the baseball side is in great shape, is the business side. How do we connect with the community? How do we create a higher tempo of energy in the front office? How can we do a better job of filling the stands and make an impact on people's lives? If we succeed on the business side and continue on path on the baseball side and combine it with a dynamic market like this is, we can be and should be one of the powerhouse franchises in baseball.^[24]"

—Chuck Greenberg

The new ownership group, which included Chuck Greenberg and Nolan Ryan, was called Rangers Baseball Express, LLC and had Greenberg serving as managing general partner and Ryan as club president.^[25] Again, co-lead investors Ray Davis and Bob R. Simpson were named co-chairmen.^[26] In March 2011 Greenberg resigned as Chief Executive and Managing General Partner and sold his interest in the Club following a "falling out" with his partners.^[27] Following Greenberg's resignation, Nolan Ryan was named Chief Executive Officer in addition to his continuing role as Team President.^[26] Ryan was subsequently designated the Controlling Owner of the Club by a unanimous vote of the 30 owners of Major League Baseball on May 12, 2011.^[27] Co-Chairmen Simpson and Davis stated they would not be involved in day-to-day operations.^[28]

2010-present: Rise to Contention [link]

Main article: 2010 Texas Rangers season

Offseason moves made by the Rangers sent Kevin Millwood to the Baltimore Orioles and acquired free agents Rich Harden, Colby Lewis, and Vladimir Guerrero. With the new influx of talent and success in 2009, the Rangers entered the season with expecting to compete for the division and achieve the front office's goals of 2007. During the offseason, Texas Rangers' team President Nolan Ryan spoke about the Rangers' chances in the upcoming season by saying,

“	My expectations today are that we're going to be extremely competitive and if we don't win our division, I'll be disappointed.	”
—Nolan Ryan, ESPNDallas.com: January 26, 2010.^[29]

Ian Kinsler

After stumbling out of the gates with a sub-.500 start in April, the Rangers took the division lead with a franchise-best month of June, going 21–6. The Rangers would never relinquish first place after an 11 game winning streak. On July 9, the club dealt one of its top prospects, Justin Smoak, with two other minor leaguers to the Seattle Mariners for former Cy Young Award winner Cliff Lee and Mark Lowe. The Rangers also made moves to acquire veterans Bengie Molina, Jorge Cantu, Cristian Guzman, and Jeff Francouer. In the 2010 All-Star Game, the team was represented by Lee, Guerrero, Ian Kinsler, Josh Hamilton, Elvis Andrus, and Neftali Feliz. After the All-Star Game, came the debut of the claw and antler hand gestures, which gained much popularity, especially after the release of various apparel and souvenir options for the fans. Foam claws and helmets with deer antlers became quite commonplace in the ballpark as the Rangers played further into the fall. The Rangers won the A.L. West on September 25, advancing to the postseason for the first time since 1999.^[30]

2010 postseason [link]

Main articles: 2010 American League Division Series, 2010 American League Championship Series, and 2010 World Series

After winning the AL West with a 90–72 record, the Rangers entered the playoffs for the first time since 1999, and faced the Tampa Bay Rays for the first round, which ultimately resulted in a 3–2 series victory and marked the first postseason series victory in the 50-year history of the Rangers/Washington Senators franchise. Facing the Rangers in the American League Championship Series were the defending World Champion New York Yankees, the team the Rangers failed against three separate times in the 1990s. In the playoffs, the Rangers record against the Yankees was 1–9. In a 6-game series, the Texas Rangers came out victorious, winning the first Pennant in franchise history in front of an ecstatic home crowd.^[31] Josh Hamilton was awarded ALCS MVP after setting a series record for intentional walks. The Texas Rangers faced the San Francisco Giants in the 2010 World Series. The Rangers offense struggled against the Giants' young pitching and eventually lost the Series 4–1, the lone win coming in Arlington on October 30. For the first time, the Rangers ended their season in the month of November.

2011: Repeat AL Champions [link]

Main articles: 2011 Texas Rangers season, 2011 American League Division Series, 2011 American League Championship Series, and 2011 World Series

The Rangers successfully defended their AL West Division title in 2011, making the club's second straight division title and postseason appearance and fifth division title and postseason appearance overall. The Rangers set records for best record (96-66 with a .592 winning percentage) and home attendance (2,946,949). On October 15, they went back to the World Series, beating the Detroit Tigers 15-5 in Game 6 of the ALCS.^[32] The series featured Nelson Cruz hitting 6 home runs, the most home runs by one player in a playoff series in MLB history. In game 2 Cruz also became the first player in postseason history to win a game with a walk-off grand slam as the Rangers defeated the Tigers 7-3 in 11 innings. However, they would proceed to lose the World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games.

Season-by-season records [link]

Main article: List of Texas Rangers seasons

Through the 2010 season, the Rangers have won 3,758 games and lost 4,240 over their history, equating to a .472 lifetime winning percentage. Before the 2011 World Series, the team is 16–20 in individual playoff games, and 4–4 overall for postseason series.

Baseball Hall of Famers [link]

Main article: National Baseball Hall of Fame

Texas Rangers Hall of Famers

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Washington Senators, Texas Rangers

Ted Williams

Texas Rangers

Bert Blyleven

Goose Gossage

Whitey Herzog
Ferguson Jenkins

Gaylord Perry
Jon Miller

Nolan Ryan

Players listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Rangers or Senators cap insignia.

* Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia.

Chuck Hinton and Frank Howard, who played for the franchise in Washington (although Howard played for the Rangers in 1972), are listed on the Washington Hall of Stars display at Nationals Park in Washington. So are Gil Hodges and Mickey Vernon, who managed the "New Senators". Vernon also played for the "Old Senators", who became the Minnesota Twins.

Mascot [link]

Rangers Captain is the mascot for the Texas Rangers. Introduced in 2002, he is a palomino-style horse, dressed in the team's uniform. He wears the uniform number "72" in honor of 1972, the year the Rangers relocated to Arlington.

The mascot also has multiple uniforms to match each of the variants the team has. Rangers Captain's chosen uniform for the game matches the uniform choice made by the team for that particular game. Captain's outfits sometimes match a theme the team is promoting; on Apr 24, 2010, he was dressed up like Elvis as part of an Elvis Presley themed night.

Retired numbers [link]

File:RangersRet 26.PNG Johnny Oates MGR	File:RangersRet 34.PNG Nolan Ryan P	File:RangersRet 42.PNG Jackie Robinson Retired by MLB

Texas Rangers Hall of Fame [link]

The Texas Rangers Hall of Fame was created in 2003 to honor the careers of former Texas Rangers players, managers, executives and broadcasters. There are currently thirteen members.

The Hall is located in Rangers Ballpark in Arlington, behind right field.^[33] The Hall's two levels contain 13,000 square feet, a 235-seat theater, and various plaques, photos, and memorabilia. It can accommodate up to 600 people.^[34]

Inductees [link]

Nolan Ryan's Hall of Fame plaque

2003

2004

2005
- Mark Holtz
- John Wetteland

2007
- Rusty Greer

2009
- Toby Harrah
- Rubén Sierra

2010
- Tom Grieve

2011
- Kenny Rogers

Current roster [link]

Texas Rangers roster

Active roster

Inactive roster

Coaches/Other

Pitchers

Starting rotation

Bullpen

Closer

36 Joe Nathan

Catchers

25 Mike Napoli
8 Yorvit Torrealba

Infielders

Outfielders

Designated hitters

None specified

Pitchers

Catchers

15 Luis Martinez

Outfielders

Manager

38 Ron Washington

Coaches

16 Dave Anderson (third base)
12 Scott Coolbaugh (hitting)
66 Josh Frasier (bullpen catcher)
40 Andy Hawkins (bullpen)
31 Mike Maddux (pitching)
4 Jackie Moore (bench)
24 Gary Pettis (first base)

25 Active, 15 Inactive

7- or 15-day disabled list
^† Suspended list
^# Personal leave
Roster updated May 24, 2012
Transactions • Depth chart
→ All MLB rosters

Minor league affiliations [link]

Level	Team	League	Location
AAA	Round Rock Express	Pacific Coast League	Round Rock, TX
AA	Frisco RoughRiders	Texas League	Frisco, TX
Advanced A	Myrtle Beach Pelicans	Carolina League	Myrtle Beach, SC
A	Hickory Crawdads	South Atlantic League	Hickory, NC
Short Season A	Spokane Indians	Northwest League	Spokane, WA
Rookie	AZL Rangers	Arizona League	Surprise, AZ
Rookie	DSL Rangers	Dominican Summer League	Dominican Republic

Franchise records and award winners [link]

Main articles: Texas Rangers team records and Texas Rangers award winners and league leaders

Radio and television [link]

Radio [link]

KESN 103.3 FM
KSKY 660 AM - broadcasts Rangers games when Rangers and Dallas Mavericks games occur at the same time
KZMP 1540 AM (Spanish)

Eric Nadel is the play-by-play announcer and from 2009 until May 26, 2011, Dave Barnett was the color analyst for the English radio affiliates. On May 26 Barnett was moved to cover the TV broadcasts fulltime. Replacing him on radio broadcasts will be a rotation between Steve Busby and Bryan Dolgin.^[35] Eleno Ornelas is the play-by-play announcer and Jerry Romo is the color analyst for the Spanish radio affiliate.

Television [link]

Fox Sports Southwest (cable/satellite)
KTXA (over-the-air)- Friday Night Baseball

On May 26, 2011, John Rhadigan was announced as the play-by-play announcer, replacing Josh Lewin. On May 26, FSN Southwest felt a change needed to be made. Dave Barnett was named the new announcer fulltime, a job he had been doing for TV day games for the past two seasons in place of Lewin and Rhadigan.^[35] Tom Grieve is still the color analyst. Rhadigan was reassigned to cover the Rangers Pregame and Postgame shows, a responsibility he has held for the previous 20 years. Jim Knox is the field reporter for Rangers home games.

Due to the Rangers having to play many of their Sunday home games at night, the team has been featured frequently on ESPN's Sunday Night Baseball during the summer months. Rangers games can also be seen on MLB on Fox and TBS.

Ford C. Frick Award recipients [link]

Texas Rangers Ford C. Frick Award recipients

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Jon Miller

Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Rangers.

References [link]

^ Minot Jr., George (September 22, 1971). "Short Takes Senators to Texas". The Washington Post.
^ McPherson, Myra; Huth, Tom (October 1, 1971). "Rowdy Fans Hand Senators Final Loss". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/redskins/history/rfk/articles/baseball.htm.
^ Kalinsky, George; Shannon, Bill (1975). The Ballparks. New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc.
^ ^{[dead link]}http://www.argus-press.com/sports/national/baseball/image_951db82b-ad3d-5ebd-9147-fc8e22351221.html
^ George W. Bush and the Texas Rangers, Espn.com. Retrieved on 2009-03-04.
^ Sullivan, T.R. (2006-11-06). "Rangers select Washington to manage". MLB.com. http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20061105&content_id=1733731&vkey=news_tex&fext=.jsp&c_id=tex. Retrieved 2006-05-30.
^ Sullivan, T.R. (2006-12-04). "Rangers come to terms with Padilla". MLB.com. http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20061204&content_id=1750675&vkey=news_tex&fext=.jsp&c_id=tex. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
^ Sullivan, T.R. (2006-12-23). "Rangers acquire McCarthy from Sox". MLB.com. http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20061223&content_id=1767476&vkey=news_tex&fext=.jsp&c_id=tex. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
^ Sullivan, T.R. (2007-03-19). "It's now Rangers Ballpark in Arlington". MLB.com. http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070319&content_id=1850374&vkey=news_tex&fext=.jsp&c_id=tex. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
^ Rangers exploring SS Michael Young's trade demand - ESPN
^ Young will shift to third base | texasrangers.com: News
^ Michael Young Stats - Texas Rangers - ESPN
^ Tom Hicks’ Sports Group Defaults On $525 Million In Loans | FINalternatives
^ Tom Hicks might sell MLB's Texas Rangers, not NHL's Dallas Stars - ESPN
^ Rangers borrow money from MLB - MLB - Yahoo! Sports
^ ^a ^b Hicks' sale of Rangers finalized MLB.com
^ Brown: Time for MLB to Play Hardball on the Texas Rangers Sale
^ MLB statement on Rangers sale | Texas Rangers Blog | Sports News | News for Dallas, Texas | The Dallas Morning News
^ Foul Territory: MLB says it's in control of sale
^ Rangers owner Tom Hicks: I'm concerned about the sale | Texas Rangers Blog | Sports News | News for Dallas, Texas | The Dallas Morning News
^ Selig Sets Deadline on Stalled Texas Rangers Sale
^ Madden, Bill; Siemaszko, Corky (May 24, 2010). "A-Rod takes a hit: Texas Rangers file for bankruptcy, could cost Yankees' Alex Rodriguez $25 million". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/2010/05/24/2010-05-24_arod_takes_a_hit_texas_rangers_file_for_bankrupcty_could_cost_yankees_alex_rodri.html.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Morath, Eric (May 24, 2010). "Texas Rangers Owe Alex Rodriguez $24.9 Million". The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/bankruptcy/2010/05/24/texas-rangers-owe-alex-rodriguez-249-million/.
^ Q-and-A with new Texas Rangers owner Chuck Greenberg - ESPN Dallas
^ Rangers go to Greenberg-Ryan in auction | texasrangers.com: News
^ ^a ^b Club release on Chuck Greenberg's exit - Dallas Texas Rangers Blog - ESPN Dallas
^ ^a ^b Nolan Ryan approved by MLB as controlling owner of Texas Rangers | texasrangers.com: News
^ "Davis, Simpson to continue as low-key counsel - Board co-chairmen's roles will remain behind the scenes". mlb.com. March 11, 2011. http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20110311&content_id=16905240&vkey=news_tex&c_id=tex. Retrieved Oct 14, 2011.
^ Richard Durrett (January 26, 2010). "Ryan expects restrictions to be lifted". ESPNDallas.com. sports.espn.go.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/dallas/mlb/news/story?id=4860343. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
^ With Cantu's help, Rangers clinch AL West
^ "Pennant vanquishes Rangers' ghosts". ESPN. 2010-10-22. http://sports.espn.go.com/dallas/mlb/columns/story?columnist=reeves_jim&id=5717024. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
^ MLB.com Gameday | texasrangers.com: Gameday
^ The word "Baseball" is often inserted after "Rangers", to distinguish the Hall from the law-enforcement Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum. Texas Rangers Baseball Hall of Fame. TexasRangers.com MLB Adbanced Media, L.P. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
^ Texas Rangers Baseball Hall of Fame. TexasRangers.com MLB Adbanced Media, L.P. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
^ ^a ^b "Rangers dismiss TV Play-by-Play Announcer John Rhadigan and replace him with Dave Barnett". texasrangers.com. 2011-05-26. http://texas.rangers.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20110526&content_id=19603584&vkey=news_tex&c_id=tex. Retrieved 2011-05-26.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Texas Rangers

Texas Rangers

Formerly the Washington Senators • Based in Arlington, Texas (Dallas–Ft. Worth)

The Franchise

Expansion Draft • History (as Washington Senators) • Seasons • Team Records • No-hitters • Awards & League Leaders • Broadcasters • Owners and executives • Managers • Players • Roster • Captain • First-round draft picks • Kenny Rogers' perfect game • Continental League

Ballparks

Griffith Stadium • RFK Stadium • Arlington Stadium • Rangers Ballpark in Arlington
Spring Training: Pompano Beach Municipal Park • Ranger Stadium • Surprise Stadium

Retired Numbers

26 • 34 • 42

Key Personnel

CEO: Nolan Ryan • General Manager: Jon Daniels • Manager: Ron Washington • Team Captain: Michael Young

Texas Rangers
Hall of Fame

Buddy Bell • Rusty Greer • Tom Grieve • Toby Harrah • Mark Holtz • Charlie Hough • Ferguson Jenkins • Johnny Oates • Kenny Rogers • Nolan Ryan • Rubén Sierra • Jim Sundberg • Tom Vandergriff • John Wetteland

Division Titles

Western: 1996 • 1998 • 1999 • 2010 • 2011 • Wild Card: none

American League Championships

2010 • 2011

Rivalries

Houston Astros

Minors

AAA: Round Rock Express | AA: Frisco RoughRiders | A: Myrtle Beach Pelicans • Hickory Crawdads • Spokane Indians | Rookie: AZL Rangers • DSL Rangers

Seasons (52)

1960s	1960 • 1961 • 1962 • 1963 • 1964 • 1965 • 1966 • 1967 • 1968 • 1969

1970s	1970 • 1971 • 1972 • 1973 • 1974 • 1975 • 1976 • 1977 • 1978 • 1979

1980s	1980 • 1981 • 1982 • 1983 • 1984 • 1985 • 1986 • 1987 • 1988 • 1989

1990s	1990 • 1991 • 1992 • 1993 • 1994 • 1995 • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999

2000s	2000 • 2001 • 2002 • 2003 • 2004 • 2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008 • 2009

2010s	2010 • 2011 • 2012

Links to related articles

v t e Texas Rangers managers

Washington Senators (1961–1971)	Vernon Yost Hodges Lemon Williams

Texas Rangers (1972–present)	Williams Herzog Wilber Martin Lucchesi Stanky Ryan Hunter Corrales Zimmer Johnson Rader Valentine Harrah Kennedy Oates Narron Showalter Washington

v t e Texas Rangers retired numbers

#26 Johnny Oates #34 Nolan Ryan

v t e Texas Rangers franchise
Triple-A	Double-A	Class A	Rookie
Round Rock Express	Frisco RoughRiders	Myrtle Beach Pelicans Hickory Crawdads Spokane Indians	AZL Rangers DSL Rangers

v t e Major League Baseball (2012)
AL	East	Central	West
	Baltimore Orioles	Chicago White Sox	Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
	Boston Red Sox	Cleveland Indians	Oakland Athletics
	New York Yankees	Detroit Tigers	Seattle Mariners
	Tampa Bay Rays	Kansas City Royals	Texas Rangers
	Toronto Blue Jays	Minnesota Twins
NL	East	Central	West
	Atlanta Braves	Chicago Cubs	Arizona Diamondbacks
	Miami Marlins	Cincinnati Reds	Colorado Rockies
	New York Mets	Houston Astros	Los Angeles Dodgers
	Philadelphia Phillies	Milwaukee Brewers	San Diego Padres
	Washington Nationals	Pittsburgh Pirates	San Francisco Giants
		St. Louis Cardinals
Postseason: World Series (Champions) · ALCS · NLCS · ALDS · NLDS
All-Star Game · World Baseball Classic · Records · MLB awards · Hall of Fame · MLB Draft (First year player · Rule 5) · MLBPA · TV contracts · Highest paid players · MLB logo · Seasons · Minor leagues · History (NL · AL) · Tie-breakers · Rivalries · Interleague play · Schedule · Stadiums · Civil Rights Game · Spring training · Cheerleading Timeline of Major League Baseball · Dead-ball era · Live-ball era · Relocation of the 1950s–1960s · Expansion (1993 · 1998)
Commissioner: Bud Selig · League Presidents (NL · AL)

v t e Major League Baseball owners by team
American League
East Division Peter Angelos (Baltimore Orioles) John W. Henry (Boston Red Sox) Hal Steinbrenner (New York Yankees) Stuart Sternberg (Tampa Bay Rays) Rogers Communications (Toronto Blue Jays)	Central Division Jerry Reinsdorf (Chicago White Sox) Larry Dolan (Cleveland Indians) Mike Ilitch (Detroit Tigers) David Glass (Kansas City Royals) Jim Pohlad (Minnesota Twins)	West Division Arte Moreno (Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim) Lewis Wolff (Oakland Athletics) Nintendo of America (Seattle Mariners) Nolan Ryan (Texas Rangers)
National League
East Division Liberty Media (Atlanta Braves) Jeffrey Loria (Miami Marlins) Fred Wilpon (New York Mets) David Montgomery (Philadelphia Phillies) Ted Lerner (Washington Nationals)	Central Division Thomas S. Ricketts (Chicago Cubs) Robert Castellini (Cincinnati Reds) Jim Crane (Houston Astros) Mark Attanasio (Milwaukee Brewers) Robert Nutting (Pittsburgh Pirates) William DeWitt, Jr. (St. Louis Cardinals)	West Division Ken Kendrick (Arizona Diamondbacks) Monfort brothers (Colorado Rockies) Guggenheim Baseball Management (Los Angeles Dodgers) John Moores (San Diego Padres) Larry Baer (San Francisco Giants)

v t e Cactus League

Arizona Diamondbacks • Chicago Cubs • Chicago White Sox • Cincinnati Reds • Cleveland Indians • Colorado Rockies • Kansas City Royals • Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim • Los Angeles Dodgers • Milwaukee Brewers • Oakland Athletics • San Diego Padres • San Francisco Giants • Seattle Mariners • Texas Rangers

v t e Sports teams based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex

Baseball	MLB: Texas Rangers, TL: Frisco RoughRiders, AA: Grand Prairie AirHogs, NAL: Fort Worth Cats

Basketball	NBA: Dallas Mavericks, D-League: Texas Legends, ABA: Dallas Impact • North Dallas Vandals • North Texas Fresh, UBL: Texas Wranglers

Football	NFL: Dallas Cowboys, IFL: Allen Wranglers, LSFL: Mesquite Bandits, WFA: Dallas Diamonds • Lone Star Mustangs, IWFL: Arlington Impact, WSFL: North Texas Knockouts

Hockey	NHL: Dallas Stars, CHL: Allen Americans • Texas Brahmas, NAHL: Texas Tornado

Roller derby	WFTDA: Assassination City Roller Derby

Rugby	RSL: Dallas Harlequins • USARL: Dallas Dragons

Soccer	MLS: FC Dallas • PASL-pro: Dallas Sidekicks • NTPSA: Legends FC • Dallas Roma F.C.

NCAA Div-I	North Texas Mean Green • SMU Mustangs • TCU Horned Frogs • Texas–Arlington Mavericks

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This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation).

State of Texas


Flag	Seal

Nickname(s): The Lone Star State

Motto(s): Friendship

Official language(s)

No official language
(see Languages spoken in Texas)

Spoken language(s)

English 68.7%
Spanish 27.0%^[1]

Demonym

Texan
Texian (archaic)
Tejano

Capital

Austin

Largest city

Houston

Largest metro area

Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex^[2]

Area

Ranked 2nd in the U.S.

- Total

268,581^[3] sq mi
(696,241 km²)

- Width

773^[4] miles (1,244 km)

- Length

790 miles (1,270 km)

- % water

2.5

- Latitude

25° 50′ N to 36° 30′ N

- Longitude

93° 31′ W to 106° 39′ W

Population

Ranked 2nd in the U.S.

- Total

25,674,681 (2011 est)^[5]

- Density

98.1/sq mi (37.9/km²)
Ranked 26th in the U.S.

Elevation

- Highest point

Guadalupe Peak^[6]^[7]^[8]
8,751 ft (2667.4 m)

- Mean

1,700 ft (520 m)

- Lowest point

Gulf of Mexico^[7]
sea level

Before statehood

Republic of Texas

Admission to Union

December 29, 1845 (28th)

Governor

Rick Perry (R)

Lieutenant Governor

David Dewhurst (R)

Legislature

Texas Legislature

- Upper house

Senate

- Lower house

House of Representatives

U.S. Senators

Kay Bailey Hutchison (R)
John Cornyn (R)

U.S. House delegation

23 Republicans, 9 Democrats (list)

Time zones

- most of state

- tip of West Texas

Abbreviations

Website

Texas (ⁱ/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ^[9]) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas.^[10] Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km²), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.^[11]

During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas.^[12] Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.

Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth-largest in the United States, while San Antonio is the second largest in the state and seventh largest in the United States. Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest United States metropolitan areas, respectively. Other major cities include El Paso and Austin—the state capital. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify Texas as a former independent republic and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The "Lone Star" can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal today.^[13]

Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, Texas contains diverse landscapes that resemble both the American South and Southwest.^[14] Although Texas is popularly associated with the Southwestern deserts, less than 10% of the land area is desert.^[15] Most of the population centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests, and the coastline. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend.

The term "six flags over Texas" came from the several nations that had ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas. France held a short-lived colony in Texas. Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845 it joined the United States as the 28th state. The state's annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state, Texas declared its secession from the United States in early 1861, joining the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. After the war and its restoration to the Union, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation.

One Texas industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle. Due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The state's economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated an economic boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry in the mid-20th century. As of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57.^[16] With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace, and biomedical sciences. It leads the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product.

Geography [link]

Main article: Geography of Texas

Guadalupe Mountains

Texas is the second largest U.S. state, behind Alaska, with an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km²). It is 10% larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, though it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were a country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile and Zambia.

Texas is in the south-central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers. The Rio Grande river forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south. The Red River forms a natural border with Oklahoma and Arkansas to the north. The Sabine River forms a natural border with Louisiana to the east. The Texas Panhandle has an eastern border with Oklahoma at 100° W, a northern border with Oklahoma at 36°30' N and a western border with New Mexico at 103° W. El Paso lies on the state's western tip at 32° N and the Rio Grande.^[17]

Hill Country

With 10 climatic regions, 14 soil regions, and 11 distinct ecological regions, regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities.^[18] One classification system divides Texas, in order from southeast to west, into the following: Gulf Coastal Plains, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, and Basin and Range Province. The Gulf Coastal Plains region wraps around the Gulf of Mexico on the southeast section of the state. Vegetation in this region consists of thick piney woods. The Interior Lowlands region consists of gently rolling to hilly forested land and is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest. The Great Plains region in central Texas is located in spans through the state's panhandle and Llano Estacado to the state's hill country near Austin. This region is dominated by prairie and steppe. "Far West Texas" or the "Trans-Pecos" region is the state's Basin and Range Province. The most varied of the regions, this area includes Sand Hills, the Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands.

File:Lake Alan Henry.jpg

Lake Alan Henry

Texas has 3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers.^[19]^[20] The largest of these rivers is the Rio Grande. Other major rivers include the Pecos, the Brazos, Colorado, and Red River, which forms the border with Oklahoma. While Texas has few natural lakes, Texans have built over 100 artificial reservoirs.^[21]

The size and unique history of Texas make its regional affiliation debatable: it can be fairly considered a Southern or a Southwestern state, or both. The vast geographic, economic, and cultural diversity within the state itself prohibits easy categorization of the whole state into a recognized region of the United States. Notable extremes range from East Texas which is often considered an extension of the Deep South, to Far West Texas which is generally acknowledged to be part of the interior Southwest.

Geology [link]

Main article: Geology of Texas

Shaded Relief Map of the Llano Estacado

Texas is the southernmost part of the Great Plains, which ends in the south against the folded Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. The continental crust forms a stable Mesoproterozoic craton which changes across a broad continental margin and transitional crust into true oceanic crust of the Gulf of Mexico. The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old. These Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks underlie most of the state, and are exposed in three places: Llano uplift, Van Horn, and the Franklin Mountains, near El Paso. Sedimentary rocks overlay most of these ancient rocks. The oldest sediments were deposited on the flanks of a rifted continental margin, or passive margin that developed during Cambrian time. This margin existed until Laurasia and Gondwana collided in the Pennsylvanian subperiod to form Pangea. This is the buried crest of the Appalachian Mountains–Ouachita Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian continental collision. This orogenic crest is today buried beneath the Dallas–Waco—Austin–San Antonio trend.

The late Paleozoic mountains collapsed as rifting in the Jurassic period began to open the Gulf of Mexico. Pangea began to break up in the Triassic, but seafloor spreading to form the Gulf of Mexico occurred only in the mid and late Jurassic. The shoreline shifted again to the eastern margin of the state and the Gulf of Mexico passive margin began to form.

Palo Duro Canyon

Today 9 miles (14 km) to 12 miles (19 km) of sediments are buried beneath the Texas continental shelf and a large proportion of remaining US oil reserves are located here. At the start of its formation, the incipient Gulf of Mexico basin was restricted and seawater often evaporated completely to form thick evaporite deposits of Jurassic age. These salt deposits formed salt dome diapirs, and are found in East Texas along the Gulf coast.^[22]

East Texas outcrops consist of Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments which contain important deposits of Eocene lignite. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sediments in the north; Permian sediments in the west; and Cretaceous sediments in the east, along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas continental shelf contain oil. Oligocene volcanic rocks are found in far west Texas in the Big Bend area. A blanket of Miocene sediments known as the Ogallala formation in the western high plains region is an important aquifer.^[23] Located far from an active plate tectonic boundary, Texas has no volcanoes and few earthquakes.^[24]

Climate [link]

Main article: Climate of Texas

File:Map of Texas precipitations.jpg

Average annual precipitation in Texas

File:Map of Texas temperatures.jpg

Average annual temperature in Texas

Damage from the 1915 Galveston hurricane.

The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages 8.7 inches (220 mm) of annual rainfall,^[25] while parts of southeast Texas average as much as 64 inches (1,600 mm) per year.^[26] Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate 37 inches (940 mm) per year.

Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas, once or twice a year in North Texas, and once every few years in Central and East Texas. Snow rarely falls south of San Antonio or on the coast except in rare circumstances. Of note is the 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm, when 6 inches (150 mm) of snow fell as far south as Kingsville, where the average high temperature in December is 65 °F.^[27]

Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 80s °F (26 °C) in the mountains of West Texas and on Galveston Island to around 100 °F (38 °C) in the Rio Grande Valley, but most areas of Texas see consistent summer high temperatures in the 90 °F (32 °C) range.

Night-time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s °F (14 °C) in the West Texas mountains^[28] to 80 °F (27 °C) in Galveston.^[29]

Thunderstorms strike Texas often, especially the eastern and northern portions of the state. Tornado Alley covers the northern section of Texas. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the United States, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle.^[30] Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in the months of April, May, and June.^[31]

Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas. A hurricane in 1875 killed approximately 400 people in Indianola, followed by another hurricane in 1886 that destroyed the town. These events allowed Galveston to take over as the chief port city. The Galveston hurricane of 1900 subsequently devastated that city, killing approximately 8,000 people (possibly as many as 12,000), making it the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history. Other devastating Texas hurricanes include the 1915 Galveston Hurricane, Hurricane Audrey in 1957 which killed over 600 people, Hurricane Carla in 1961, Hurricane Beulah in 1967, Hurricane Alicia in 1983, Hurricane Rita in 2005, and Hurricane Ike in 2008.^[32] Tropical storms have also caused their share of damage: Allison in 1989 and again during 2001, and Claudette in 1979 among them.

Texas emits the most greenhouse gases in the U.S.^[33]^[34]^[35] The state emits nearly 1.5 trillion pounds (680 billion kg) of carbon dioxide annually. As an independent nation, Texas would rank as the world's seventh-largest producer of greenhouse gases.^[34] Causes of the state's vast greenhouse gas emissions include the state's large number of coal power plants and the state's refining and manufacturing industries.^[34]

History [link]

Main article: History of Texas

History of Texas
This article is part of a series
Timeline
French Texas (1684–1689)
Spanish Texas (1690–1821)
Mexican Texas (1821–1836)
Republic of Texas (1836–1845)
Statehood (1845–1860)
Civil War Era (1861–1865)
Reconstruction and Gilded Age (1865–1899)
State of Texas
Texas Portal v t e

Pre-European era [link]

Further information: Pre-Columbian Mexico

Texas lies between two major cultural spheres of Pre-Columbian North America: the Southwestern and the Plains areas. Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this territory, and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. These were:^[36]

the Pueblo from the upper Rio Grande region, centered west of Texas;
the Mississippian culture, also known as Mound Builder, which extended along the Mississippi River Valley east of Texas; and
the civilizations of Mesoamerica, centered south of Texas. Influence of Teotihuacan in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined over the 8th to 10th centuries.

No culture was dominant in the present-day Texas region, and many peoples inhabited the area.^[36] Native American tribes that lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the Alabama, Apache, Atakapan, Bidai, Caddo, Coahuiltecan, Comanche, Choctaw, Coushatta, Hasinai, Jumano, Karankawa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Tonkawa, and Wichita.^[37]^[38] The name Texas derives from táyshaʔ, a word in the Caddoan language of the Hasinai, which means "friends" or "allies".^[3]^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]

Whether a Native American tribe was friendly or warlike was critical to the fates of European explorers and settlers in that land.^[43] Friendly tribes taught newcomers how to grow indigenous crops, prepare foods, and hunt wild game. Warlike tribes made life difficult and dangerous for Europeans through their attacks and resistance to the newcomers.^[44]

Colonization [link]

Flag of the six nations that have had sovereignty over some or all of the current territory of Texas

Main articles: French colonization of Texas, Spanish Texas, and Mexican Texas

Texas in 1718, Guillaume de L'Isle map, approximate state area highlighted, northern areas indefinite

Stephen F. Austin was the first American empresario given permission to operate a colony within Mexican Texas.

The first historical document related to Texas was a map of the Gulf Coast, created in 1519 by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda.^[45]^[46] Nine years later, shipwrecked Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his cohort became the first Europeans in Texas.^[47]^[48] Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in Texas, “half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us.”^[49] European powers ignored Texas until accidentally settling there in 1685. Miscalculations by René Robert Cavelier de La Salle resulted in his establishing the colony of Fort Saint Louis at Matagorda Bay rather than along the Mississippi River.^[50] The colony lasted only four years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives.^[51]

In 1690 Spanish authorities, concerned that France posed competitive threat, constructed several missions in East Texas.^[52] After Native American resistance, the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico.^[53] When France began settling Louisiana, mostly in the southern part of the state, in 1716 Spanish authorities responded by founding a new series of missions in East Texas.^[54]^[55] Two years later, they created San Antonio as the first Spanish civilian settlement in Texas.^[56]

Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to Texas. It was one of New Spain's least populated provinces.^[57] In 1749, the Spanish peace treaty with the Lipan Apache^[58] angered many tribes, including the Comanche, Tonkawa, and Hasinai.^[59] The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785^[60] and later helped to defeat the Lipan Apache and Karankawa tribes.^[61]^[62] With more numerous missions being established, priests led a peaceful conversion of most tribes. By the end of the 18th century only a few nomadic tribes had not converted to Christianity.^[63]

When the United States purchased Louisiana from France in 1803, American authorities insisted that the agreement also included Texas. The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the Sabine River in 1819.^[64] Eager for new land, many United States settlers refused to recognize the agreement. Several filibusters raised armies to invade Texas.^[65] In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence included the Texas territory, which became part of Mexico.^[66] Due to its low population, Mexico made the area part of the state of Coahuila y Tejas.^[67]

Hoping that more settlers would reduce the near-constant Comanche raids, Mexican Texas liberalized its immigration policies to permit immigrants from outside Mexico and Spain.^[68] Under the Mexican immigration system, large swathes of land were allotted to empresarios, who recruited settlers from the United States, Europe, and the Mexican interior. The first grant, to Moses Austin, was passed to his son Stephen F. Austin after his death.

Austin's settlers, the Old Three Hundred, made places along the Brazos River in 1822.^[69] Twenty-three other empresarios brought settlers to the state, the majority of whom were from the United States.^[69]^[70] The population of Texas grew rapidly. In 1825, Texas had a population of approximately 3,500, with most of Mexican descent.^[71] By 1834, Texas had grown to approximately 37,800 people, with only 7,800 of Mexican descent.^[72]

Many immigrants openly flouted Mexican law, especially the prohibition against slavery. Combined with United States' attempts to purchase Texas, Mexican authorities decided in 1830 to prohibit continued immigration from the United States.^[73] New laws also called for the enforcement of customs duties angering both native Mexican citizens (Tejanos) and recent immigrants.^[74]

The Anahuac Disturbances in 1832 were the first open revolt against Mexican rule and they coincided with a revolt in Mexico against the nation's president.^[75] Texians sided with the federalists against the current government and drove all Mexican soldiers out of East Texas.^[76] They took advantage of the lack of oversight to agitate for more political freedom. Texians met at the Convention of 1832 to discuss requesting independent statehood, among other issues.^[77] The following year, Texians reiterated their demands at the Convention of 1833.

Republic [link]

Main articles: Texas Revolution and Republic of Texas

Republic of Texas. The present-day outlines of the U.S. states superimposed on the boundaries of 1836–1845

The surrender of Mexican General Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto

Proposals of 1850 for Texas northwestern boundary

Within Mexico, tensions continued between federalists and centralists. In early 1835, wary Texians formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety.^[78] The unrest erupted into armed conflict in late 1835 at the Battle of Gonzales.^[79] This launched the Texas Revolution, and over the next two months, the Texians successfully defeated all Mexican troops in the region.^[80] Texians elected delegates to the Consultation, which created a provisional government.^[81] The provisional government soon collapsed from infighting, and Texas was without clear governance for the first two months of 1836.^[82]^[83]

During this time of political turmoil, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna personally led an army to end the revolt.^[84] The Mexican expedition was initially successful. General Jose de Urrea defeated all the Texian resistance along the coast culminating in the Goliad Massacre.^[85] Santa Anna's forces, after a thirteen-day siege, overwhelmed Texian defenders at the Battle of the Alamo. News of the defeats sparked panic amongst Texas settlers.^[86] The newly elected Texian delegates to the Convention of 1836 quickly signed a Declaration of Independence on March 2, forming the Republic of Texas. After electing interim officers, the Convention disbanded.^[87] The new government joined the other settlers in Texas in the Runaway Scrape, fleeing from the approaching Mexican army.^[86] After several weeks of retreat, the Texian Army commanded by Sam Houston attacked and defeated Santa Anna's forces at the Battle of San Jacinto.^[88] Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign the Treaties of Velasco, ending the war.^[89]

While Texas had won their independence, political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic. The nationalist faction, led by Mirabeau B. Lamar, advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans, and the expansion of the Republic to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co-existence with Native Americans. The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the Texas Archive War.^[90] Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in 1842. The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the Dawson Massacre. Despite these successes, Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas, and the republic survived.^[91] The republic's inability to defend itself added momentum to Texas's eventual annexation into the United States.

Statehood [link]

Main articles: Texas Annexation and Mexican American War

As early as 1837, the Republic made several attempts to negotiate annexation with the United States.^[92] Opposition within the republic from the nationalist faction, along with strong abolitionist opposition within the United States, slowed Texas's admission into the Union. Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of 1844.^[93] On December 29, 1845, Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent state of the Union.^[94]

After Texas's annexation, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. While the United States claimed that Texas's border stretched to the Rio Grande, Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River. While the former Republic of Texas could not enforce its border claims, the United States had the military strength and the political will to do so. President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor south to the Rio Grande on January 13, 1846. A few months later Mexican troops routed an American cavalry patrol in the disputed area in the Thornton Affair starting the Mexican-American War. The first battles of the war were fought in Texas: the Siege of Fort Texas, Battle of Palo Alto and Battle of Resaca de la Palma. After these decisive victories, the United States invaded Mexican territory ending the fighting in Texas.^[95]

After a series of United States victories, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the two year war. In return, for US$18,250,000, Mexico gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, ceded the Mexican Cession in 1848, most of which today is called the American Southwest, and Texas's borders were established at the Rio Grande.^[95]

The Compromise of 1850 set Texas's boundaries at their present form. Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present day New Mexico, a third of Colorado, and small portions of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming to the federal government, in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic's debt.^[17] Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.^[96]

Civil War and Reconstruction [link]

Main article: Texas in the American Civil War

Civil war monument in Galveston, Texas

Texas was at war again after the election of 1860. Abraham Lincoln's election triggered South Carolina's declaration of secession from the Union, which was quickly followed by that of five other Lower South states. A State Convention considering secession opened in Austin on January 28, 1861. On February 1, by a vote of 166–8, the Convention adopted an Ordinance of Secession from the United States. Texas voters approved this Ordinance on February 23, 1861. Texas joined the Confederate States of America, ratifying the permanent C.S. Constitution on March 23, 1861.^[3]^[97] Not all Texans favored secession initially, although many of the same would later support the Southern cause. Texas's most notable unionist was the state Governor, Sam Houston. Not wanting to aggravate the situation, Houston refused two offers from President Lincoln for Union troops to keep him in office. After refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, Houston was deposed as governor.^[98]

While far from the major battlefields of the American Civil War, Texas contributed large numbers of men and equipment to the rest of the Confederacy.^[99] Union troops briefly occupied the state's primary port, Galveston. Texas's border with Mexico was known as the "backdoor of the Confederacy" because trade occurred at the border, bypassing the Union blockade.^[100] The Confederacy repulsed all Union attempts to shut down this route,^[99] but Texas's role as a supply state was marginalized in mid-1863 after the Union capture of the Mississippi River. The final battle of the Civil War was fought near Brownsville, Texas at Palmito Ranch^[101] with a Confederate victory.

Texas descended into anarchy for two months between the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia and the assumption of authority by Union General Gordon Granger. Violence marked the early months of Reconstruction.^[102] Juneteenth commemorates the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Galveston by General Gordon Granger, over two and a half years after the original announcement.^[103]^[104] President Johnson, in 1866, declared the civilian government restored in Texas.^[105] Despite not meeting reconstruction requirements, Congress readmitted Texas into the Union in 1870. Social volatility continued as the state struggled with agricultural depression and labor issues.^[106]

20th century to present [link]

Spindletop

On January 10, 1901, the first major oil well in Texas, Spindletop, was found south of Beaumont. Other fields were later discovered nearby in East Texas, West Texas, and under the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting "Oil Boom" transformed Texas.^[107] Oil production eventually averaged three million barrels per day at its peak in 1972.^[108]

The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl dealt a double blow to the state's economy, which had significantly improved since the Civil War. Migrants abandoned the worst hit sections of Texas during the Dust Bowl years. Especially from this period on, blacks left Texas in the Great Migration to get work in the Northern United States or California and to escape the oppression of segregation.^[109] In 1940, Texas was 74% Anglo, 14.4% black, and 11.5% Hispanic.^[110]

World War II had a dramatic impact on Texas, as federal money poured in to build military bases, munitions factories, POW detention camps and Army hospitals; 750,000 young men left for service; the cities exploded with new industry; the colleges took on new roles; and hundreds of thousands of poor farmers left for much better paying war jobs, never to return to agriculture.^[111]^[112]

Texas modernized and expanded its system of higher education through the 1960s. The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education, funded in large part by oil revenues, and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently. These changes helped Texas universities receive federal research funds.^[113]

On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.^[114]

Government and politics [link]

The current Texas Constitution was adopted in 1876. Like many states, it explicitly provides for a separation of powers. The state's Bill of Rights is much larger than its federal counterpart, and has provisions unique to Texas.^[115]

State government [link]

Main article: Government of Texas

Politics [link]

Main article: Politics of Texas

Further information: Political party strength in Texas

**Texas Presidential elections results**
Year	Republican	Democratic
2008	55.48% 4,467,748	43.72% 3,521,164
2004	61.09% 4,526,917	38.30% 2,832,704
2000	59.30% 3,799,639	38.11% 2,433,746
1996	48.80% 2,736,166	43.81% 2,459,683
1992	40.61% 2,496,071	37.11% 2,281,815
1988	56.01% 3,036,829	43.41% 2,352,748
1984	63.58% 3,433,428	36.18% 1,949,276
1980	55.30% 2,510,705	41.51% 1,881,148

Lyndon B. Johnson, Texan and 36th president of the United States

As in other "Solid South" states, whites resented the Republican Party after the American Civil War, and the Democratic Party dominated Texas politics from the end of Reconstruction until the late 20th century. The state has since become a Republican stronghold.^[121]

The Texas political atmosphere leans towards fiscal and social conservatism.^[122]^[123] Since 1980, most Texas voters have supported Republican presidential candidates. In 2000 and 2004, Republican George W. Bush won Texas with 60.1% of the vote, partly due to his "favorite son" status as a former Governor of the state. John McCain won the state in 2008, but with a smaller margin of victory compared to Bush at 55% of the vote. Austin consistently leans Democratic in both local and statewide elections. Counties along the Rio Grande generally vote for Democrats, while most rural and suburban areas of Texas vote Republican.^[124]^[125]

The 2003 Texas redistricting of Congressional districts led by the Republican Tom Delay, was called by the New York Times "an extreme case of partisan gerrymandering".^[126] A group of Democratic legislators, the "Texas Eleven", fled the state in a quorum-busting effort.^[127] Despite these efforts, the legislature passed a map heavily in favor of Republicans. Protests of the redistricting reached the national Supreme Court in the case League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, but the ruling went in the Republicans' favor.^[128]

As of the general elections of 2010, a large majority of the members of Texas's U.S. House delegation are Republican, along with both U.S. Senators. In the 112th United States Congress, of the 32 Congressional districts in Texas, 23 are held by Republicans and 9 by Democrats. Texas's Senators are Kay Bailey Hutchison and John Cornyn. Since 1994, Texans have not elected a Democrat to a statewide office. The state's Democratic presence comes primarily from some minority groups in East Texas and South Texas as well as urban voters, particularly in Beaumont, El Paso, Austin, San Antonio, Dallas, and Houston.

Administrative divisions [link]

Economy [link]

Main article: Economy of Texas

Astronaut training at the Johnson Space Center in Houston.

As of 2010, Texas had a gross state product (GSP) of $1.207 trillion, the second highest in the U.S.^[131] Its GSP is comparable to the GDP of India or Canada, which are the world's 12th- and 11th-largest economies, respectively. Texas' economy is the fourth-largest of any country subdivision globally, behind England (as part of the UK), California, and Tokyo Prefecture. Its Per Capita personal income in 2009 was $36,484, ranking 29th in the nation. Texas's large population, abundance of natural resources, thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy. Since oil was discovered, the state's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry. In recent times, urban centers of the state have increased in size, containing two-thirds of the population in 2005. The state's economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms.^[132]

As of November 2011, the state's unemployment rate is 8.1%.^[133]

Texas has a "low taxes, low services" reputation.^[122] According to the Tax Foundation, Texans' state and local tax burdens rank among the lowest in the nation, 7th lowest nationally; state and local taxes cost $3,580 per capita, or 8.4% of resident incomes.^[134] Texas is one of seven states that lack a state income tax.^[134]^[135] Instead, the state collects revenue from a state property tax and sales tax, which is charged at the rate of 6.25%,^[134]^[136] but local taxing jurisdictions (cities, counties, special purpose districts, and transit authorities) may also impose sales and use tax up to 2% for a total maximum combined rate of 8.25%.^[137] Texas is a "tax donor state"; in 2005, for every dollar Texans paid to the federal government in federal income taxes, the state received approximately $0.94 in benefits.^[134]

In 2010, Site Selection Magazine ranked Texas as the most business-friendly state in the nation, in part because of the state's three-billion-dollar Texas Enterprise Fund.^[138] Texas has the joint-highest number of Fortune 500 company headquarters in the United States, along with California.^[139]^[140]

In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in Texas, constituting the second-largest population of millionaires in the nation.^[141]^[142]

Agriculture and mining [link]

File:West Texas Cotton.jpg

Cotton modules after being harvested in West Texas

An oil well

Brazos Wind Farm in the plains of West Texas

Electronic Data Systems headquarters in Plano

Texas has the most farms and the highest acreage in the United States.^[143] Texas leads the nation in livestock production.^[143] Cattle is the state's most valuable agricultural product, and the state leads nationally in production of sheep and goat products. Texas leads the nation in production of cotton.^[143] The state grows significant amounts of cereal crops and produce.^[143] Texas has a large commercial fishing industry. With mineral resources, Texas leads in creating cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel.^[143]

Energy [link]

Ever since the discovery of oil at Spindletop, energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state.^[144] According to the Energy Information Administration, Texans consume the most energy in the nation per capita and as a whole.^[145] Unlike the rest of the nation, most of Texas is on its own alternating current power grid, the Texas Interconnection. Texas has a deregulated electric service.

The Railroad Commission of Texas, contrary to its name, regulates the state's oil and gas industry, gas utilities, pipeline safety, safety in the liquefied petroleum gas industry, and surface coal and uranium mining. Until the 1970s, the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas's oil reserves. The founders of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control.^[146]

Texas has known petroleum deposits of about 5 billion barrels (790,000,000 m³), which makes up approximately one-fourth of the known U.S. reserves.^[145] The state's refineries can process 4.6 million barrels (730,000 m³) of oil a day.^[145] The Baytown Refinery in the Houston area is the largest refinery in America.^[145] Texas also leads in natural gas production, producing one-fourth of the nation's supply.^[145] Several petroleum companies are based in Texas such as: Conoco-Phillips, Exxon-Mobil, Halliburton, Valero, and Marathon Oil.

The state is a leader in renewable energy sources; it produces the most wind power in the nation.^[145]^[147] The Roscoe Wind Farm in Roscoe, Texas, is the world's largest wind farm as of October 2009 with a 781.5 megawatt (MW) capacity.^[148] The Energy Information Administration states that the state's large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount biomass for use in biofuels. The state also has the highest solar power potential for development in the nation.^[145]

Technology [link]

With large universities systems coupled with initiatives like the Texas Enterprise Fund and the Texas Emerging Technology Fund, a wide array of different high tech industries have developed in Texas. The Austin area is nicknamed the "Silicon Hills" and the north Dallas area the "Silicon Prairie". Texas has the headquarters of many high technology companies, such as Dell, Inc., Texas Instruments, Perot Systems, Rackspace and AT&T.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (NASA JSC) located in Southeast Houston, sits as the crown jewel of Texas's aeronautics industry. Fort Worth hosts both Lockheed Martin's Aeronautics division and Bell Helicopter Textron.^[149]^[150] Lockheed builds the F-16 Fighting Falcon, the largest Western fighter program, and its successor, the F-35 Lightning II in Fort Worth.^[151]

Commerce [link]

Texas's affluence stimulates a strong commercial sector consisting of retail, wholesale, banking and insurance, and construction industries. Examples of Fortune 500 companies not based on Texas traditional industries are AT&T, Kimberly-Clark, Blockbuster, J. C. Penney, Whole Foods Market, and Tenet Healthcare.^[152] Nationally, the Dallas–Fort Worth area, home to the second shopping mall in the United States, has the most shopping malls per capita of any American metropolitan area.^[153]

Mexico, the state's largest trading partner, imports a third of the state's exports because of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA has encouraged the formation of controversial maquiladoras on the Texas/Mexico border.^[154]

Demographics [link]

Main article: Demographics of Texas

Texas population density map

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Texas was 25,674,681 on July 1, 2011, a 2.10% increase since the 2010 United States Census.^[5] The state's rate of natural increase (births and deaths) since the last census was 1,389,275 people, immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 801,576 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 451,910 people.^[3] As of 2004, the state had 3.5 million foreign-born residents (15.6 percent of the state population), of which an estimated 1.2 million are illegal aliens. Texas from 2000–2006 had the fastest growing illegal immigration rate in the nation.^[155] In 2010, illegal aliens constituted an estimated 6.0% of the population. This was the fifth highest percentage of any state in the country.^[156]^[157]

Texas's population density is 34.8 persons/km² which is slightly higher than the average population density of the US as a whole, at 31 persons/km². In contrast, while Texas and France are similarly sized geographically, the European country has a population density of 116 persons/km².

Two-thirds of all Texans live in a major metropolitan area such as Houston. The Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area is the largest in Texas. While Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth largest city in the United States, the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area is considerably larger than that of Houston.

Historical populations
Census	Pop.	%±
1850	212,592	—
1860	604,215	184.2%
1870	818,579	35.5%
1880	1,591,749	94.5%
1890	2,235,527	40.4%
1900	3,048,710	36.4%
1910	3,896,542	27.8%
1920	4,663,228	19.7%
1930	5,824,715	24.9%
1940	6,414,824	10.1%
1950	7,711,194	20.2%
1960	9,579,677	24.2%
1970	11,196,730	16.9%
1980	14,229,191	27.1%
1990	16,986,510	19.4%
2000	20,851,820	22.8%
2010	25,145,561	20.6%

Race and ethnicity [link]

According to the 2010 United States census, the racial and ethnic composition of Texas was the following:

White: 70.4% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 45.3%)
Black or African American: 11.8%
Native American: 0.7%
Asian: 3.8% (1.0% Indian, 0.8% Vietnamese, 0.6% Chinese, 0.4% Filipino, 0.3% Korean, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.07% Japanese, 0.05% Laotian, 0.05% Cambodian)
Pacific Islander: 0.1% (0.02% Guamanian, 0.01% Samoan, 0.01% Tongan, 0.01% Native Hawaiian)
Some other race: 10.5%
Two or more races: 2.7%

Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 37.6% (31.6% Mexican, 0.5% Puerto Rican, 0.2% Cuban)

White Americans are the racial majority in Texas. However, non-Hispanic whites represent roughly 48% of the population; therefore, Texas is a minority-majority state. Just over 17,020,000 Texans are white (both non-Hispanic and Hispanic), and roughly 11.4 million are non-Hispanic whites. German, Irish, and English Americans are the three largest European ancestry groups in Texas. German Americans make up 11.3% of the population, and number over 2.7 million members. Irish Americans make up 8.2% of the population, and number over 1.9 million members. There are roughly 600,000 French Americans and 472,000 Italian Americans residing in Texas; these two ethnic groups make up 2.5% and 2.0% of the population respectively. In the 1980 United States census the largest ancestry group reported in Texas was English with 3,083,323 Texans citing that they were of English or mostly English ancestry making them 27% of the state at the time.^[158] Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and for this reason many of them today simply claim "American" ancestry, though they are of predominately English stock.

Black Americans are the largest racial minority in Texas. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin make up 11.5% of the population; blacks of non-Hispanic origin form 11.3% of the populace. Black Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin number at roughly 2.7 million individuals.

Native Americans are a smaller minority in the state. Native Americans make up 0.5% of Texas' population, and number over 118,000 individuals. Native Americans of non-Hispanic origin make up 0.3% of the population, and number over 75,000 individuals. Cherokee Indians made up 0.1% of the population, and numbered over 19,400 members. In contrast, only 583 were identified as Chippewa.

Asian Americans are a sizable minority group in Texas. Americans of Asian descent form 3.8% of the population, with those of non-Hispanic descent making up 3.7% of the populace. Altogether, they number over 808,000 individuals. Non-Hispanic Asians number over 795,000. Just over 200,000 Indians make Texas their home. Texas is also home to over 187,000 Vietnamese and 136,000 Chinese. In addition to 92,000 Filipinos and 62,000 Koreans, there are 18,000 Japanese Americans living in the state. Lastly, over 111,000 people are of other Asian ancestry groups, such as Cambodian, Thai, and Hmong. Sugar Land, a city within the Houston metropolitan area, and Plano, located within the Dallas metropolitan area, both have high concentrations of Chinese and Korean residents. The Houston and Dallas areas, and to a lesser extent, the Austin metropolitan area, all contain substantial Vietnamese communities.

Americans with origins from the Pacific are the smallest minority in Texas. According to the survey, only 18,000 Texans are Pacific Islanders; 16,400 are of non-Hispanic descent. There are roughly 5,400 Native Hawaiians, 5,300 Guamanians, and 6,400 people from other groups. Samoan Americans were very scant; only 2,920 people were from this group. The city of Euless, a suburb of Fort Worth, contains a sizable population of Tongan Americans, at nearly 900 people, over one percent of the city's population. Killeen has a sufficient population of Samoans and Guamanian, and people of Pacific Islander descent surpass one percent of the city's population.

Multiracial individuals are also a visible minority in Texas. People of multiracial heritage form 1.9% of the population, and number over 448,000 people. Almost 80,000 Texans claim European and African heritage, and make up 0.3% of the population. People of European and Native American heritage number over 108,800 (close to the number of Native Americans), and make up 0.5% of the population. People of European and Asian heritage number over 57,600, and form just 0.2% of the population. People of African and Native American heritage were even smaller in number (15,300), and make up just 0.1% of the total population.

Hispanics and Latinos are the second largest group in Texas after non-Hispanic European Americans. Over 8.5 million people claim Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This group forms 36% of Texas' population. People of Mexican descent alone number over 7.3 million, and make up 30.7% of the population. Over 104,000 Puerto Ricans live in the state. Roughly 38,000 Cubans reside in the state. Over 1.1 million people (4.7% of the population) are of varying Hispanic and Latino ancestries, such as Costa Rican, Venezuelan, and Argentine.^[159]^[160]

German descendants inhabit much of central and southeast-central Texas. Over one-third of Texas residents are of Hispanic origin;^[161] while many have recently arrived, some Tejanos have ancestors with multi-generational ties to 18th century Texas. In addition to the descendants of the state's former slave population, many African American college graduates have come to the state for work recently in the New Great Migration.^[162] Recently, the Asian population in Texas has grown—primarily in Houston and Dallas. Other communities with a significantly growing Asian American population is in Austin, Corpus Christi, and the Sharyland area next McAllen, Texas. Currently, three federally recognized Native American tribes reside in Texas: the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe, the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe, and the Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo.^[38]

In 2010, 49% of all births were Hispanics; 35% were non-Hispanic whites; 11.5% were non-Hispanic blacks, and 4.3% were Asians/Pacific Islanders.^[163] Based on Census Bureau data released at Medio February 2011, for the first time in recent history, Texas' white population is below 50 percent (45 percent) and Hispanics grew to 38 percent. Between 2000 and 2010, the total population growth by 20.6 percent, but Hispanics growth by 65 percent, whereas non-Hispanic whites only grew by 4.2 percent.^[164]

Cities and towns [link]

The state has three cities with populations exceeding one million: Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas.^[165] These three rank among the 10 most populous cities of the United States. As of 2000, six Texas cities had populations greater than 500,000 people. Austin, Fort Worth, and El Paso are among the 25 largest U.S. cities. Texas has four metropolitan areas with populations greater than a million: Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, San Antonio–New Braunfels, and Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos. The Dallas–Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas number about 6.3 million and 5.7 million residents, respectively. Three interstate highways—I-35 to the west (Dallas–Fort Worth to San Antonio, with Austin in between), I-45 to the east (Dallas to Houston), and I-10 to the south (San Antonio to Houston) define the Texas Urban Triangle region. The region of 60,000 square miles (160,000 km²) contains most of the state's largest cities and metropolitan areas as well as 17 million people, nearly 75 percent of Texas's total population.^[166] Houston and Dallas have been recognized as beta world cities.^[167] These cities are spread out amongst the state. Texas has 254 counties, which is more than any state by 95 (Georgia).^[168]

In contrast to the cities, unincorporated rural settlements known as colonias often lack basic infrastructure and are marked by poverty.^[169] As of 2007, Texas had at least 2,294 colonias, located primarily along the state's 1,248-mile (2,008 km) border with Mexico.^[169] Texas has the largest concentration of people, approximately 400,000, living in colonias.

v t e Largest cities or towns of Texas Source:^[170]
	Rank	City name	County	Pop.
Houston San Antonio San Antonio	1	Houston	Harris	2,099,451	Dallas Austin
	2	San Antonio	Bexar	1,327,407
	3	Dallas	Dallas	1,197,816
	4	Austin	Travis	790,390
	5	Fort Worth	Tarrant	741,206
	6	El Paso	El Paso	649,121
	7	Arlington	Tarrant	365,438
	8	Corpus Christi	Nuences	305,215
	9	Plano	Collin	259,841
	10	Laredo	Webb	236,091

Religion [link]

Religion^[171]
Roman Catholic	28%
Baptist	21%
No religion	11%
Methodist	8%
Christian—Others	7%
Lutheran	3%
Pentecostal	3%
Presbyterian	2%
Non-denominational	2%
Mormon	2%
Episcopalian	1%
Islam	1%
Jehovah's Witnesses	1%
Assemblies of God	1%
Church of God	1%
Other	2%

The Lakewood Church in Houston is the largest church in the United States.

The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the Roman Catholic Church with 4,368,969; the Southern Baptist Convention with 3,519,459; and the United Methodist Church with 1,022,342.^[172]

Known as the buckle of the Bible Belt, East Texas is socially conservative.^[173] Dallas-Fort Worth is home to three major evangelical seminaries and a host of monasteries. Lakewood Church in Houston, boasts the largest attendance in the nation averaging more than 43,000 weekly.^[174] Lubbock, according to local lore, has the most churches per capita in the nation.^[173]

Adherents of many non-Christian religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas. In 1990, the Islamic population stood at approximately 140,000 with more recent figures putting the current population of Muslims between 350,000 to 400,000.^[175] The Jewish population stands at around 128,000.^[176] Approximately 146,000 adherents of non-Abrahamic religions such as Hinduism and Sikhism live in Texas.^[177]

Culture [link]

Main article: Culture of Texas

The Alamo is one of the most recognized symbols of Texas.

Historically, the whole of Texas culture comes from a blend of Southern (Dixie), Western (frontier), and Southwestern (Mexican/Anglo fusion) influences, varying in degrees of such from one intrastate region to another. A popular food item, the breakfast burrito, draws from all three, having a soft flour tortilla wrapped around bacon and scrambled eggs or other hot, cooked fillings. Adding to Texas's traditional culture, established in the 18th and 19th centuries, immigration has made Texas a melting pot of cultures from around the world.

Arts [link]

Further information: Music of Texas

Big Tex has presided over every Texas State Fair since 1952

Houston is one of only five American cities with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing arts disciplines: the Houston Grand Opera, the Houston Symphony Orchestra, the Houston Ballet, and The Alley Theatre.^[178] Known for the vibrancy of its visual and performing arts, the Houston Theatre District—a 17-block area in the heart of Downtown Houston— ranks second in the country in the number of theater seats in a concentrated downtown area, with 12,948 seats for live performances and 1,480 movie seats.^[178]

Founded in 1892, Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, also called "The Modern", is Texas's oldest art museum. Fort Worth also has the Kimbell Art Museum, the Amon Carter Museum, the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame, the Will Rogers Memorial Center, and the Bass Performance Hall downtown. The Arts District of Downtown Dallas has arts venues such as the Dallas Museum of Art, the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center, the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House, the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art, and the Nasher Sculpture Center.^[179]

The Deep Ellum district within Dallas became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime jazz and blues hotspot in the Southern United States. The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing "Deep Elm" as "Deep Ellum".^[180] Artists such as Blind Lemon Jefferson, Robert Johnson, Huddie "Leadbelly" Ledbetter, and Bessie Smith played in early Deep Ellum clubs.^[181]

Austin, The Live Music Capital of the World, boasts "more live music venues per capita than such music hotbeds as Nashville, Memphis, Los Angeles, Las Vegas or New York City."^[182] The city's music revolves around the nightclubs on 6th Street; events like the film, music, and multimedia festival South by Southwest; the longest-running concert music program on American television, Austin City Limits; and the Austin City Limits Music Festival held in Zilker Park.^[183]

Since 1980, San Antonio has evolved into the "The Tejano Music Capital Of The World."^[184] The Tejano Music Awards have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for Tejano music and culture.^[185]

Education [link]

Main article: Education in Texas

The second president of the Republic of Texas, Mirabeau B. Lamar, is the Father of Texas Education. During his term, the state set aside three leagues of land in each county for equipping public schools. An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the state's Permanent University Fund.^[186] Lamar's actions set the foundation for a Texas-wide public school system.^[187] Texas ranked 29th in the American Legislative Exchange Council's Report Card on American Education. Texas students ranked higher than average in mathematics, but lower in reading. Between 2006–2007, Texas spent $7,275 per pupil ranking it below the national average of $9,389. The pupil/teacher ratio was 14.9, below the national average of 15.3. Texas paid instructors $41,744, below the national average of $46,593. The state provided 88.0% of the funding for education, the federal government 12.0%.^[188]

The Texas Education Agency (TEA) administers the state's public school systems. Texas has over 1,000 school districts- all districts except the Stafford Municipal School District are independent from municipal government and many cross city boundaries.^[189] School districts have the power to tax their residents and to assert eminent domain over privately owned property. Due to court-mandated equitable school financing for school districts, the state has a controversial tax redistribution system called the"Robin Hood plan". This plan transfers property tax revenue from wealthy school districts to poor ones.^[190] The TEA has no authority over private or home school activities.^[191]

Students in Texas take the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) in primary and secondary school. TAKS assess students' attainment of reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies skills required under Texas education standards and the No Child Left Behind Act. In spring 2007, Texas legislators replaced the TAKS for freshmen in the 2011–2012 school year and onward with End of Course exams for core high school classes.^[192]

Colleges and universities [link]

Further information: List of colleges and universities in Texas

Texas's controversial alternative affirmative action plan, Texas House Bill 588, guarantees Texas students who graduated in the top 10 percent of their high school class automatic admission to state-funded universities. The bill encourages diversity while avoiding problems stemming from the Hopwood v. Texas (1996) case.

Six state university systems and four independent public universities exist in Texas.^[193]^[194] Discovery of minerals on Permanent University Fund land, particularly oil, has helped fund the rapid growth the state's largest university systems: University of Texas and Texas A&M. The PUF principal in fall 2005 was approximately $15 billion, second in size only to Harvard University's endowment.^[186]^[195] The other four university systems are the University of Houston, the University of North Texas, Texas State, and Texas Tech.

Texas has three nationally recognized top-tier public research universities: The University of Texas at Austin, Texas A&M University, and the University of Houston.^[196]^[197]^[198]^[199] The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University are flagship universities of the state of Texas. Both were established by the Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund. The state has been putting effort to expand the number of flagship universities by elevating some of its seven institutions designated as "emerging research universities." The two that are expected to emerge first are the University of Houston and Texas Tech University, likely in that order according to discussions during the 82nd Texas Legislature.^[200]

The state is home to many private institutions ranging from liberal arts colleges to a nationally recognized top-tier research university. Rice University in Houston is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and is ranked the nation's 17th-best overall university by U.S. News & World Report.^[201]

Sam Houston State University was the first college established in Texas specifically for training teachers. Sam Houston State is located in Huntsville, Texas, which is were Texas Hero Sam Houston died. Additionally, Trinity University, a private, primarily undergraduate liberal arts university in San Antonio, has ranked first among universities granting primarily bachelor's and select master's degrees in the western United States for 20 consecutive years by U.S. News.^[202] The former republic chartered the private universities Baylor University, University of Mary Hardin–Baylor, and Southwestern University.^[203]^[204]

Universities in Texas currently host two presidential libraries: George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A&M University and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum at The University of Texas at Austin. An agreement has been reached to create a third; the George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University.

Healthcare [link]

Medical research [link]

Aerial of Texas Medical Center in Houston

Many elite research medical centers are located in Texas. The state has nine medical schools,^[211] three dental schools,^[212] and two optometry schools.^[213] Texas has two Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories: one at The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston,^[214] and the other at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio—the first privately owned BSL-4 lab in the United States.^[215]

The Texas Medical Center in Houston, holds the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, with 47 member institutions.^[216] Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world.^[217] The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.^[218]

San Antonio's South Texas Medical Center facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States.^[219] The University of Texas Health Science Center is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio.^[220]^[221]

Both the American Heart Association and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center call Dallas home. The Southwestern Medical Center ranks "among the top academic medical centers in the world".^[222] The institution's medical school employs the most medical school Nobel laureates in the world.^[222]^[223]

Environment [link]

Texas emits far more greenhouse gases than any other state, with Port Arthur having some of the dirtiest air in the United States. In 2010, there were 2,553 "emission events" which poured 44.6 million pounds of contaminants in the Texas sky.^[224]

Transportation [link]

Main article: Transportation in Texas

The High Five Interchange in Dallas is a five level interchange.

Texans have historically had difficulties traversing Texas due to the state's large size and rough terrain. Texas has compensated by building both America's largest highway and railway systems in terms of length. The regulatory authority, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) maintains the state's immense highway system, regulates aviation,^[225] and public transportation systems.^[226] Located centrally in North America, the state is an important transportation hub. From the Dallas/Fort Worth area, trucks can reach 93% of the nation's population within 48 hours, and 37% within 24 hours.^[227] Texas has 33 foreign trade zones (FTZ), the most in the nation.^[228] In 2004, a combined total of $298 billion of goods passed though Texas FTZs.^[228]

Highways [link]

Main article: Texas state highways

Texans have heavily traveled their freeways since the 1948 opening of the Gulf Freeway in Houston.^[229] As of 2005, 79,535 miles (127,999 km) of public highway crisscrossed Texas (up from 71,000 miles (114,263 km) in 1984).^[230] To fund recent growth in the state highways, Texas has 17 toll roads (see list) with several additional tollways proposed.^[231] In west Texas, both I-10 and I-20 have speed limits of 80 miles per hour (130 km/h), the highest in the nation.^[232] All federal and state highways in Texas are paved.

In March 2011, Texas ranked as a bottom-ten "Worst" state (tied with Montana and North Dakota) in the American State Litter Scorecard, presented at the American Society for Public Administration national conference. Public roadways in the Lone Star State suffer from an overall poor quality of landscape cleanliness, attributed to ineffective roadside and adjacent property litter/debris abatement standards, seemingly politicized procedural efforts, and other relevant public performance indicators.^[233]

Airports [link]

Ports [link]

Main article: List of ports in the United States

Around 1,150 seaports dot Texas's coast with over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of channels.^[242] Ports employ nearly one-million people and handle an average of 317 million metric tons.^[243] Texas ports connect with the rest of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard with the Gulf section of the Intracoastal Waterway.^[242] The Port of Houston today is the busiest port in the United States in foreign tonnage, second in overall tonnage, and tenth worldwide in tonnage.^[244] The Houston Ship Channel currently spans 530 feet (160 m) wide by 45 feet (14 m) deep by 50 miles (80 km) long.^[245]

Railroads [link]

Sports [link]

Main article: Sports in Texas

Further information: List of Texas sports teams, and List of University Interscholastic League events

While American football has long been considered "king" in the state, Texans today enjoy a wide variety of sports.^[251]

Texans can cheer for a plethora of professional sports teams. Within the "Big Four" professional leagues, Texas has two NFL teams (the Dallas Cowboys and the Houston Texans), two Major League Baseball teams (the Texas Rangers and the Houston Astros), three NBA teams (the Houston Rockets, the San Antonio Spurs, and the Dallas Mavericks), and one National Hockey League team (the Dallas Stars). The Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex is one of only thirteen American metropolitan areas that hosts sports teams from all the "Big Four" professional leagues. Outside of the "Big Four" leagues, Texas also has one WNBA team (the San Antonio Silver Stars) and two Major League Soccer teams (the Houston Dynamo and FC Dallas).

Collegiate athletics have deep significance in Texas culture, especially football. The state has ten Division I-FBS schools, the most in the nation. Four of the state's universities, the Baylor Bears, Texas Longhorns, Texas A&M Aggies, and Texas Tech Red Raiders, compete in the major athletics conference in the area, the Big 12 Conference. The TCU Horned Frogs will join the Big 12 in the summer of 2011, while Texas A&M Aggies depart for the Southeastern Conference. The Houston Cougars and the SMU Mustangs will join the Big East Conference in 2013. Four of the state's schools claim at least one national championship in football: the Texas Longhorns, the Texas A&M Aggies, the TCU Horned Frogs, and the SMU Mustangs.

According to a survey of Division I-A coaches the rivalry between the University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas, the Red River Shootout, ranks the third best in the nation.^[252] The TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the Battle for the Iron Skillet. A fierce rivalry, the Lone Star Showdown, also exists between the state's two largest universities, Texas A&M University and the University of Texas. The athletics portion of the Lone Star Showdown rivalry will be put on hold when the Texas A&M Aggies join Southeastern Conference.

The University Interscholastic League (UIL) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions. Events organized by UIL include contests in athletics (the most popular being high school football) as well as artistic and academic subjects.^[253]

Texans also enjoy the rodeo. The world's first rodeo was hosted in Pecos, Texas.^[254] The annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is the largest rodeo in the world. It begins with trail rides that originate from several points throughout the state that convene at Reliant Park.^[255] The Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show in Fort Worth is the oldest continuously running rodeo incorporating many of the state's most historic traditions into its annual events. Dallas hosts the State Fair of Texas each year at Fair Park.^[256]

From 2012 Austin will play host to a round of the Formula 1 World Championship^[257]—the first at a permanent road circuit in the United States since the 1980 Grand Prix at Watkins Glen International

Cowboys Stadium, home of the Dallas Cowboys.
2006 Lone Star Showdown football game at Darrell K. Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium
Playoff game between the San Antonio Spurs and the Los Angeles Lakers in 2007.
The Ballpark in Arlington, home of the Texas Rangers.

Footnotes [link]

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^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
^ "Alabama Dictionary". http://www.ling.unt.edu/~montler/Alabama/Dictionary/. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
^ Texas, origin of name Handbook of Texas Online
^ "U.S. Census Bureau Announces 2010 Census Population Counts – Apportionment Counts Delivered to President". Press Release. U.S. Census Bureau. December 21, 2010. http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb10-cn93.html. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
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^ Sansom, Andrew: Water in Texas: An Introduction, University of Texas Press, 2008, pg. 25
^ Dingus, Anne: The dictionary of Texas misinformation, Gulf Publishing Company, 1987
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^ "Trinity University". Best Colleges 2011 – US News and World Report. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-west. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
^ "About Baylor". Baylor University. http://www.baylor.edu/about/. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
^ "Southwestern History". Southwestern University. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071024123018/http://www.southwestern.edu/about/about-history.html. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Perotin, Maria M. (June 13, 2007). "Texas is Near Bottom of Healthcare Rankings". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. http://www.insurancenewsnet.com/article.asp?a=top_lh&id=80824. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
^ "Code Red: The Critical Condition of Health in Texas". http://www.coderedtexas.org/. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ Odom, Lamar; Garcia, Anthony; Milburn, Pamela (2005). The Ethicality of Capping Non-Economic Damages to Control Rising Healthcare Costs: Panacea or False and Misleading Practice?. 3 (1 ed.). The Internet Journal of Healthcare Administration. DOI:10.1108/13660750510611170. ISSN 1366-0756. http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijhca/vol3n1/capping.xml. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ "Texas". State Data. Trust for America's Health. 2008. http://healthyamericans.org/states/states.php?measure=highschooloverweight&sort=data. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c "America's Fittest Cities 2007". Men's Health. 2008. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080313161801/http://www.mensfitness.com/city_rankings/462. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
^ Statemaster.com, Accessed May 16, 2007
^ "Texas Medical Schools and Hospitals". Texas Medical Association. August 3, 2006. http://www.texmed.org/Template.aspx?id=86. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ "Dental Schools in the United States". Dentist.net. http://www.dentist.net/dentalschools.asp. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
^ "Accreditation Council on Optometric Education". American Optometric Association. http://www.aoa.org/x12702.xml. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
^ "University Selects Bioscrypt for Biosafety Level 4 Lab". Bioscrypt. October 14, 2004. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071117074008/http%3A//www.bioscrypt.com/news/press/item-728/. Retrieved April 29, 2006.
^ "Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) Laboratory". Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research. http://www.sfbr.org/pages/about_resources2.php. Retrieved April 29, 2006.
^ "About the Texas Medical Center". The Texas Medical Center. http://www.texmedctr.tmc.edu/root/en/GetToKnow/AboutTMC/About+the+TMC.htm. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
^ "Background Statistics > People and Politics (most recent) by state". State Master. May 8, 2008. http://www.statemaster.com/graph/bac_bac-background-people-and-politics. Retrieved May 8, 2008.
^ "About MD Anderson". The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. http://www.mdanderson.org/about_mda/. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ Health Science Center ranks sixth in clinical medicine. XL (7 ed.). University of Texas Health Science Center. April 3, 2007. http://www.uthscsa.edu/hscnews/singleformat.asp?newID=2353. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ "International report gives Dental School high marks". HSC NEWS. http://www.uthscsa.edu/hscnews/singleformat.asp?newID=1742. Retrieved May 15, 2008.
^ "Medical center's research ranks high". San Antonio Express-News. http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/MYSA040407_medical_center_EN_2dc65c3e_html751.html. Retrieved May 15, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "About UT Southwestern". University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. http://www8.utsouthwestern.edu/home/about/index.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ "UT Southwestern Fact Sheet" (PDF). University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. 2008. http://www8.utsouthwestern.edu/vgn/images/portal/cit_56417/43/32/2800592006_Fact_Sheet.pdf. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ "Living, and coughing, downwind of Texas smoke stacks". November 10, 2011. http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2011/11/10/living-and-coughing-downwind-of-texas-smoke-stacks/.
^ "Aviation Division". Texas Department of Transportation. http://www.txdot.gov/business/aviation/default.htm. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
^ "Transportation Division". Texas Department of Transportation. http://www.dot.state.tx.us/services/public_transportation/default.htm. Retrieved April 29, 2008.
^ "5 Reasons To Choose the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex As A Distribution Hub" (PDF). JDF Distribution. http://jdfdistribution.com/pdf/dallas-for-distribution.pdf?doc=dfd.pdf. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Texas and General Foreign Trade Zones Information". Office of the Governor of Texas. August 2007. http://www.texasone.us/site/DocServer/Texas_FTZs_Document_2007.pdf?docID=2221. Retrieved June 21, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Interstate 45 South, the Gulf Freeway". TexasFreeway.com. May 28, 2001. http://www.texasfreeway.com/Houston/photos/45s/i45s.shtml. Retrieved October 15, 2008.
^ "LoneStarRoads – Highways of Texas". AARoads. February 9, 2008. http://www.aaroads.com/texas/. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
^ "Global List of Toll Facilities – United States". International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association. 2005. http://www.ibtta.org/Information/content.cfm?ItemNumber=2530. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
^ "Texas Raises Rural Speed Limits to 80 MPH". FOXNews.com / Associated Press. May 8, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,197072,00.html. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
^ S. Spacek, 2011 American State Litter Scorecard: New Rankings for an Increasingly Environmentally Concerned Populace.
^ "Facts about DFW". Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. http://www.dfwairport.com/visitor/index.php?ctnid=24254. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
^ Jennifer LeClaire. "10 Great Places for Aviation and Aerospace". Southern Business and Development. http://www.sb-d.com/archivesite/www.sb-d.com/issues/spring2007/features/10GreatPlacesForAviationAndAerospace.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ "Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport". USAToday. http://destinations.usatoday.com/dallas/. Retrieved April 28, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "American airlines information pictures and facts". aviationexplorer.com. April 11, 2008. http://www.aviationexplorer.com/american_airlines.htm. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
^ "We Weren't Just Airborne Yesterday". Southwest Airlines. May 2, 2007. http://www.southwest.com/about_swa/airborne.html. Retrieved June 9, 2007.
^ International Air Transport Association. "Scheduled Passengers Carried". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928064050/http%3A//www.iata.org/pressroom/wats/wats_passengers_carried.htm. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
^ "About George Bush Intercontinental Airport". Houston Airport System. http://www.houstonairportsystem.org/iahAbout. Retrieved June 28, 2008.
^ "Houston Emerges As The Premier Gateway In The U.S. For Travelers To Mexico" (Press release). Houston Airport System. April 12, 2005. http://www.fly2houston.com/0/8178/0/1906D1940/. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
^ ^a ^b "About Texas Ports". Texas Ports Association. http://www.texasports.org/. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
^ "Benefits of Texas Ports". Texas Ports Association. http://www.texasports.org/benefits/. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
^ "General Information". The Port of Houston Authority. March 31, 2008. http://www.portofhouston.com/geninfo/overview1.html. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
^ "Welcome to the Houston-Galveston Navigation Channel Project Online Resource Center" (description), United States Army Corps of Engineers, December 2005, United States Army Corps of Engineers
^ George C. Werner. "Handbook of Texas Online – Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway". Tshaonline.org. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/BB/eqb16.html. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
^ Donovan L. Hofsommer. "Handbook of Texas Online – Missouri-Kansas-Texas railroad". Tshaonline.org. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/MM/eqm8.html. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
^ "Former Rail Division". Texas Railroad Commission. October 1, 2005. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080506073304/http%3A//www.rrc.state.tx.us/divisions/rail_moved/index.html%3F/rail.html. Retrieved May 4, 2008.
^ Myerson, Allen R. (June 14, 1996). "Dallas Opening Southwest's First Rail Transit". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01EFD81739F937A25755C0A960958260. Retrieved May 11, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Trinity Railroad Express". http://www.trinityrailwayexpress.org/. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
^ Brady, Erik (April 4, 2003). "Football still king, but hoops teams in Texas grab attention". USA TODAY. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2003-04-03-texas-double_x.htm. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
^ Davis, Brian (October 7, 2005). "UT-OU : Best Rivalry?". Dallas Morning News. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/colleges/redrivershootout/texas/stories/100705dnspofbwnewrivalrylede.1c8619ce.html. Retrieved July 11, 2006. ^{[dead link]}
^ "University Interscholastic League". University of Texas. http://www.uil.utexas.edu/. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
^ "View Atlas Data". Atlas.thc.state.tx.us. http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/viewform.asp?atlas_num=5389005909&site_name=World's+First+Rodeo&class=5000. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
^ "Houston Rodeo Tickets". Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo. 2008. http://www.reliantpark.com/. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
^ "Fair Park, Texas". City of Dallas. http://www.dallascityhall.com/FairPark/art_architectural.html. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
^ "Formula One returns to the United States". Formula 1 Administration Ltd. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2010/5/10824.html. Retrieved May 25, 2010.

References [link]

Chipman, Donald E. (1992). Spanish Texas, 1519–1821. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77659-4.
Davis, William C. (2006). Lone Star Rising. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-532-5. originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
Edmondson, J.R. (2000). The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts. Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-678-0.
Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. (1995). The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr.. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-641-9.
Hardin, Stephen L. (1994). Texian Iliad. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73086-1.
Huson, Hobart (1974). Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution. Austin, Texas: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co..
Lack, Paul D. (1992). The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History 1835–1836. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-497-1.
Manchaca, Martha (2001). Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans. The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-75253-9.
Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-1-57168-152-2.
report of President's Commission on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. (1992). The Warren Commission Report. Warren Commission Hearings. IV. National Archives. ISBN 0-312-08257-6. http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/index.php.
Weber, David J. (1992). The Spanish Frontier in North America. Yale Western Americana Series. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05198-0.
Weddle, Robert S. (1995). Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803. Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students Number 58. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-661-3.
Winders, Richard Bruce (2004). Sacrificed at the Alamo: Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution. Military History of Texas Series: Number Three. Abilene, TX: State House Press. ISBN 1-880510-80-4.

External links [link]

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Conan O'Brien
O'Brien in 2006
Birth name	Conan Christopher O'Brien
Born	(1963-04-18) April 18, 1963 (age 49) Brookline, Massachusetts, United States^[1]
Medium	Television
Nationality	American
Years active	1985–present
Genres	Improvisational comedy, sketch comedy, physical comedy, surreal humor, self-deprecation
Influences	Johnny Carson, David Letterman, Robert Smigel, Pee-Wee Herman
Spouse	Elizabeth Ann Powel (since 2002; 2 children)
Notable works and roles	The Simpsons (writer, producer, 1991–1993) Late Night with Conan O'Brien (host, 1993–2009) The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (host, 2009–2010) Conan (host, 2010–present)
Signature

Emmy Awards
Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program 1989 Saturday Night Live 2007 Late Night with Conan O'Brien^[2]

Conan Christopher O'Brien (born April 18, 1963) is an American television host, comedian, writer, producer and performer. Since November 2010 he has hosted Conan, a late-night talk show that airs on the American cable television station TBS.^[3]^[4]

O'Brien was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, and raised in an Irish Catholic family. He served as president of the Harvard Lampoon while attending Harvard University, and was a writer for the sketch comedy series Not Necessarily the News. After writing for several comedy shows in Los Angeles, he joined the writing staff of Saturday Night Live, and later of The Simpsons. He hosted Late Night with Conan O'Brien from 1993 to 2009, followed by seven months hosting The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien, the only person to serve as the permanent host for both NBC programs.

Early life [link]

O'Brien was born in Brookline, Massachusetts (a suburb of Boston) to Thomas O'Brien, a physician, epidemiologist, and professor of medicine at Harvard,^[5]^[6]^[7] and Ruth O'Brien (née Reardon), an attorney and partner at the Boston firm Ropes & Gray.^[8] He is the third of six children. O'Brien's family is Irish Catholic and descends from pre-Civil War era immigrants.^[7] In a Late Night episode, O'Brien paid a visit to County Kerry, Ireland, where his ancestors originated.

O'Brien attended Brookline High School, where he served as the managing editor of the school newspaper.^[7] In his senior year, O'Brien won the National Council of Teachers of English writing contest with his short story, "To Bury the Living".^[9] After graduating as valedictorian in 1981, he entered Harvard University.^[10] At Harvard, O'Brien lived in Holworthy Hall during his freshman year^[11] and Mather House during his three upper-class years. He concentrated in history and literature and graduated magna cum laude^[12] in 1985.^[13] His senior thesis concerned the use of children as symbols in the works of William Faulkner and Flannery O'Connor.^[14] Throughout college, O'Brien was a writer for the Harvard Lampoon humor magazine. He also briefly served as the drummer in a band called "The Bad Clams".^[15] During his sophomore and junior years, he served as the Lampoon's president.^[16] At this time, O'Brien's future boss at NBC, Jeff Zucker, was serving as President of the rival The Harvard Crimson.^[17]

Career [link]

[edit] Saturday Night Live (1987–1991)

O'Brien in the offices of The Simpsons writers, 1992

O'Brien moved to Los Angeles after graduation to join the writing staff of HBO's Not Necessarily the News.^[18] He was also a writer on the short-lived The Wilton North Report.^[18] He spent two years with that show and performed regularly with improvisational groups, including The Groundlings. In January 1988, Saturday Night Live's executive producer, Lorne Michaels, hired O'Brien as a writer. During his three years on Saturday Night Live (SNL), he wrote such recurring sketches as "Mr. Short-Term Memory" and "The Girl Watchers"; the latter was first performed by Tom Hanks and Jon Lovitz.^[19] O'Brien also co-wrote the sketch, "Nude Beach", with Robert Smigel, in which the word "penis" was said or sung at least 42 times. While on a writers' strike from Saturday Night Live following the 1987–88 season, O'Brien put on an improvisational comedy revue in Chicago with fellow SNL writers Bob Odenkirk and Robert Smigel called Happy Happy Good Show.^[20]^[21] While living in Chicago, O'Brien briefly roomed with Jeff Garlin.^[22] In 1989, O'Brien and his fellow SNL writers received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy or Variety Series.

O'Brien, like many SNL writers, occasionally appeared as an extra in sketches; his most notable appearance was as a doorman in a sketch in which Tom Hanks was inducted into the SNL "Five-Timers Club" for hosting his fifth episode. O'Brien returned to host the show in 2001 during its 26th season. O'Brien and Robert Smigel wrote the television pilot for Lookwell starring Adam West, which aired on NBC in 1991. The pilot never went to series, but it became a cult hit. It was later screened at The Other Network, a festival of unaired TV pilots produced by Un-Cabaret; it featured an extended interview with O'Brien and was rerun in 2002 on the Trio network.

[edit] The Simpsons (1991–1993)

From 1991 to 1993, O'Brien was a writer and producer for The Simpsons^[19] and was credited as writer or co-writer of four episodes.^[23] Of all the episodes he wrote, he considers "Marge vs. the Monorail" to be his favorite.^[19] Along with this episode, he has sole writing credits on "New Kid on the Block," "Homer Goes to College," and "Treehouse of Horror IV," on which he wrote the episode wraparounds. He was an active producer during seasons 4 and 5 as well, meaning he would frequently contribute to scripts from those seasons as well as come up with story ideas, plot points, and jokes.^[24] The style of the show's comedy during this period was also influenced by his sensibilities, with "Marge vs. the Monorail" being cited by several former writers as the turning point in the show's history where more absurd and visual comedy became acceptable.^[25]^[26] He also developed a reputation as a "room guy," or a writer who performs comedy bits throughout the day to entertain other writers.^[25]

In his speech given at Class Day at Harvard in 2000,^[27] O'Brien credited The Simpsons with saving him, a reference to the career slump he was experiencing prior to his being hired for the show.^[28]

During his time at The Simpsons, O'Brien also had a side project working with former writing partner Robert Smigel on the script for a musical film based on the "Hans and Franz" sketch from Saturday Night Live. The film was never produced.^[29]^[30]

[edit] Late Night (1993–2009)

Main article: Late Night with Conan O'Brien

As executive producer, Lorne Michaels invited O'Brien to audition to host the successor show to Late Night with David Letterman.^[7] Premiering on September 13, 1993, Late Night with Conan O'Brien received generally unfavorable critical reviews during its first few years. The show remained on multiweek renewal cycles while NBC decided its fate.^[7] O'Brien later poked fun at the first three years of the show, when on his 10th Anniversary Special Mr. T appeared to give O'Brien a gold necklace with a giant "7" on it. When O'Brien tried to point out that he had actually been on the air for ten years, Mr. T responded, "I know that, fool; but you've only been funny for seven!"^[31]

Beginning in 1996, O'Brien and the Late Night writing team were nominated annually for the Emmy Award for Best Writing in a Comedy or Variety Series, winning the award for the first and only time in 2007. In 1997, 2000, 2002, 2003, and 2004, he and the Late Night writing staff won the Writers Guild Award for Best Writing in a Comedy/Variety Series. In 2001, he formed his own television production company, Conaco, which subsequently shared in the production credits for Late Night.^[7]

A long-running joke, which stems from the recurring segment "Conan O'Brien Hates My Homeland", is that O'Brien resembles the first female president of Finland, Tarja Halonen. After joking about this for several months (which led to his endorsement of her campaign), O'Brien traveled to Finland, appearing on several television shows and meeting President Halonen. The trip was filmed and aired as a special.^[32]

O'Brien ad-libbed the fictional website name "hornymanatee.com" on December 4, 2006, after a sketch about the fictional manatee mascot and its inappropriate webcam site.^[7] NBC opted to purchase the website domain name for $159, since the website did not previously exist. The network was concerned that the Federal Communications Commission would hold NBC liable for promoting inappropriate content if a third party were to register the domain and post such material.^[33] For a period of time, the website hosted material concerning Conan's initial manatee joke and other Tonight Show references, but today the site just redirects to NBC's main web page.

A popular recurring bit on the show was "Pale Force", a series of animated episodes in which comedian Jim Gaffigan and O'Brien are superheroes who fight crime with their "paleness". As Gaffigan introduced each new episode, O'Brien protested the portrayal of his character as cowardly, weak, and impotent. As of October 2005^[update], Late Night with Conan O'Brien had for eleven years consistently attracted an audience averaging about 2.5 million viewers.^[34] O'Brien is an avid guitarist and music listener. When Bruce Springsteen and the Sessions Band appeared on the show as musical guests, O'Brien joined the 17-piece band, along with the Max Weinberg 7 and guests Jimmy Fallon and Thomas Haden Church, playing acoustic guitar and contributing backup vocals for the song "Pay Me My Money Down". On the June 13, 2008, episode of Late Night, O'Brien simply walked onto the stage at the start of the show. Instead of his usual upbeat antics and monologue, O'Brien announced that he had just received news about the sudden death of his good friend, fellow NBC employee and frequent Late Night guest, Tim Russert. O'Brien proceeded to show two clips of his favorite Russert Late Night moments.^[35] On February 20, 2009, NBC aired the last episode of Late Night with Conan O'Brien. The show consisted of a compilation of previous Late Night clips and included a surprise appearance by former sidekick, Andy Richter. Will Ferrell, John Mayer, and the White Stripes also appeared. O'Brien ended the episode by destroying the set with an axe, handing out the pieces of the set to the audience,^[36]^[37] and thanking a list of people who helped him get to that point in his career. Among those thanked were Lorne Michaels, David Letterman, Jay Leno, and O'Brien's wife and children.

The Colbert / O'Brien / Stewart mock feud [link]

Main article: Who Made Huckabee?

During the writers' strike in 2008, O'Brien staged a mock feud with Comedy Central's Jon Stewart (of The Daily Show) and Stephen Colbert (of The Colbert Report) over a dispute about which of the three were responsible for giving a "bump" to Mike Huckabee's campaign to become the Republican presidential nominee. This feud crossed over all three shows during the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike.^[38]

[edit] The Tonight Show (2009–2010)

Main article: The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien

In 2004, O'Brien negotiated a new contract with NBC. As part of the deal, O'Brien would take over The Tonight Show from Jay Leno in 2009.^[7] O'Brien was a guest on Jay Leno's final episode of The Tonight Show. On June 1, 2009, Will Ferrell became Conan's first Tonight Show guest on the couch and Pearl Jam appeared as his first musical guest.^[39]

During the taping of the Friday, September 25, 2009, episode of The Tonight Show, O'Brien suffered from a mild concussion after he slipped and hit his head while running a race as part of a comedy sketch with guest Teri Hatcher. He was examined at a hospital and released the same day. A rerun was aired that night, but O'Brien returned to work the following Monday and poked fun at the incident.^[40]^[41]

[edit] Departure from The Tonight Show

Main article: 2010 Tonight Show conflict

O'Brien in Atlanta, June 2010

On Thursday, January 7, 2010, NBC executive Jeff Zucker met with Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien to discuss how to get Leno out of prime time, where his ratings were lackluster, and back into late night. A proposal was made that would see O'Brien remain as host of The Tonight Show, which would be moved to 12:05 am with Leno hosting a 30-minute show at 11:35 pm^[42] On January 10, NBC Universal Television Entertainment Chairman Jeff Gaspin confirmed that The Jay Leno Show would indeed end at the start of the Winter Olympics on February 12, 2010, and be moved to 11:35 pm following the Olympics coverage.^[43] Sources familiar with the situation told the New York Post that O'Brien was unhappy with NBC's plan.^[44]

"Every comedian, every comedian dreams of hosting The Tonight Show and—for seven months—I got to do it. I did it my way, with people I love, and I do not regret a second [of it].... All I ask is one thing, and I'm asking this particularly of young people that watch: Please do not be cynical. I hate cynicism; for the record it's my least favorite quality. It doesn't lead anywhere. Nobody in life gets exactly what they thought they were going to get. But if you work really hard and you're kind, amazing things will happen."

Conan O'Brien, on his departure from The Tonight Show, January 22, 2010.^[45]

On January 12, O'Brien released this statement: "I sincerely believe that delaying The Tonight Show into the next day to accommodate another comedy program will seriously damage what I consider to be the greatest franchise in the history of broadcasting. The Tonight Show at 12:05 simply isn’t The Tonight Show."^[46]^[47] On January 21, 2010, it was announced that Conan had reached a deal with NBC that would see him exit The Tonight Show the next day. The deal also granted him $45 million, of which $12 million was designated for distribution to his staff, who had moved with Conan to Los Angeles from New York when he left Late Night.

The final Tonight Show with Conan aired January 22, 2010, and featured guests Tom Hanks, Steve Carell (who did an exit interview and shredded Conan's ID badge), Neil Young (singing "Long May You Run"), and Will Ferrell. For Ferrell's appearance, Conan played guitar with the band and Ferrell sang "Free Bird" while reprising his SNL cowbell. Ferrell's wife, Viveca Paulin, together with Ben Harper, Beck, and ZZ Top guitarist Billy Gibbons, also joined the band for this final performance.^[48]

Jay Leno returned to The Tonight Show following NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games. Under the $45 million deal with NBC, Conan was allowed to start working for another network as soon as September 2010.^[49]^[50]^[51] Conan's rumored next networks ranged anywhere from Fox^[52] to Comedy Central.^[53]^[54]

[edit] After Tonight

On February 8, 2010, it was reported that O'Brien was attempting to sell his Central Park West penthouse in New York with an asking price of $35 million.^[55] He purchased the apartment in 2007 for $10 million.^[55] Two years earlier, O'Brien had purchased a home in the Brentwood section of Los Angeles for over $10.5 million.^[56] Some industry insiders have speculated that O'Brien had chosen to stay on the west coast in order to facilitate a return to late night television^[55] and because he did not want to put his children through another move.^[57]

On February 24, 2010, O'Brien attracted media attention for starting a Twitter account.^[58]^[59] His tweets, although primarily jokes, amounted to his first public statements since leaving The Tonight Show one month earlier.^[60] After about one hour, O'Brien's subscriber list had rocketed to over 30,000 members and approximately 30 minutes later, he was on the brink of passing 50,000 followers, already 20,000 more than the verified @jayleno account.^[61]^[62]^[63] After 24 hours, O'Brien had well over 300,000 followers.^[60] In late May 2010, he surpassed the one million mark for number of Twitter followers,^[64] and as of April 2012^[update] he has over 5.3 million followers.^[65]

O'Brien has been named to the 2010 Time 100, a list compiled by TIME of the 100 most influential people in the world as voted on by readers.^[66] After being prohibited from making television appearances of any kind until May, O'Brien spoke about the Tonight Show conflict on the CBS newsmagazine 60 Minutes on May 2, 2010.^[67] During the interview with Steve Kroft, O'Brien said the situation felt "like a marriage breaking up suddenly, violently, quickly. And I was just trying to figure out what happened." He also said he "absolutely" expected NBC to give him more of a chance and that, if in Jay Leno's position, he would not have come back to The Tonight Show. However, Conan said he did not feel he got shafted. "It's crucial to me that anyone seeing this, if they take anything away from this, it's I'm fine. I'm doing great," said O'Brien. "I hope people still find me comedically absurd and ridiculous. And I don't regret anything."^[68]

The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour [link]

Main article: The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour

O'Brien performing in a replica of the costume Eddie Murphy wore in Eddie Murphy Raw.

On March 11, 2010, O'Brien announced via his Twitter account that he would embark on a 30-city live tour beginning April 12, 2010, entitled "The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour".^[69]^[70] Co-host Andy Richter, along with members of the former Tonight Show Band, joined O'Brien on the tour.^[71] Max Weinberg, however, was not able to join,^[72] except for a guest appearance at one of Conan's New York City shows. VIP tickets for $695 offered the opportunity to meet O'Brien in person.^[73] On the same day, teamcoco.com—an apparently official website—was launched.^[74]

On April 12, 2010, O'Brien opened his two-month comedy tour in Eugene, Oregon, with a crowd of 2,500 and no TV cameras. The tour traveled through America's Northwest and Canada before moving on to larger cities, including Los Angeles and New York City, where he performed on the campuses that house both of the NBC-owned studios he formerly occupied. The tour ended in Atlanta on June 14. With ticket prices starting at $40, "The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour" was effectively sold out.^[3]

[edit] Conan (2010–present)

Main article: Conan (TV series)

On April 12, 2010, just hours before the start of his tour in Eugene, Oregon, O'Brien announced that he would host a new show on cable station TBS.^[3] The show debuted on November 8, 2010,^[75] and airs Monday through Thursday beginning at 11:00 pm ET/10:00 pm CT. O'Brien's addition moved Lopez Tonight with George Lopez back one hour to midnight ET/11:00 pm CT.^[4] Refusing at first to do to Lopez what had happened to him at NBC, O'Brien agreed to join the network after Lopez called to persuade him to come to TBS.^[76] In Canada, CTV will air the show^[77] and in Turkey, CNBC-e will air the show.

Other networks that were reportedly interested in O'Brien include TBS' sister networks TNT and HBO, Fox, FX, Comedy Central, Showtime, Revision3,^[78] and even the NBC Universal-owned USA Network.^[79]

On September 1, 2010, O'Brien announced via his Twitter account and Team Coco YouTube page that the title of his new show on TBS would simply be Conan.

Television writer/producer (2002–present)[link]

In 2004, O'Brien apologized to Canadians for engaging in Quebec bashing, something which some felt reflected prejudice against Francophones.^[80] On March 7, 2006, NBC announced a new adventure/comedy series entitled Andy Barker, P.I., starring O'Brien's former sidekick, Andy Richter. O'Brien was executive producer and co-wrote the pilot. After six episodes and low ratings, the show was canceled despite being named by Entertainment Weekly as one of the Top Ten Shows of 2007.^[81] USA Network has handed out a 90-minute, cast-contingent pilot order to the medical-themed Operating Instructions from O'Brien's production banner. O'Brien will serve as an executive producer through his Conaco label. The script comes from Just Shoot Me veterans Judd Pillot and John Peaslee who will also executive produce."^[82] NBC ordered two pilots from Conaco in January 2010, the one-hour courtroom drama, Outlaw, and a half-hour comedy.^[83] Outlaw was produced in eight episodes and premiered on September 15, 2010.^[84]

Voice work and guest appearances [link]

O'Brien's first guest appearance after beginning his late-night career was on the show he used to write for, The Simpsons. He played himself in the season five episode "Bart Gets Famous", interviewing Bart Simpson during his rise to fame as a catchphrase comedian. The episode was produced after O'Brien's audition to replace David Letterman, but before he was hired for the show. O'Brien recorded his part after his own show went on the air, though he believed his show would be canceled by the time "Bart Gets Famous" aired.^[85] In 2006, he voiced himself in a short South Park scene as part of the opening of the 2006 Emmy Awards. In 2005, he provided the voice of Robert Todd Lincoln in the audio book version of Assassination Vacation by Sarah Vowell.^[86]

File:Simpsonconan.jpg

O'Brien appearing as himself on The Simpsons episode "Bart Gets Famous".

O'Brien has made multiple voice appearances on the Adult Swim series Robot Chicken, including the specials Robot Chicken: Star Wars, and Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II as the voice of the bounty hunter Zuckuss.^[87] On the TV show 30 Rock, O'Brien is depicted as an ex-boyfriend of lead character Liz Lemon, who works in the same building. In the episode "Tracy Does Conan," Conan appears as himself, awkwardly reunited with Lemon and coerced by network executive Jack Donaghy into having the character Tracy Jordan on Late Night, despite having been assaulted in Jordan's previous appearance.^[88]

O'Brien made an appearance on Futurama in the second-season episode "Xmas Story". O'Brien plays himself as a head in a jar and still alive in the year 3000. O'Brien performs a stand-up routine at a futuristic ski lodge while being heckled by Bender the robot.^[89]

O'Brien also made a cameo appearance on the U.S. version of The Office. In the episode "Valentine's Day", Michael believes that he spots former SNL cast member, Tina Fey, but has actually mistaken another woman for her. In the meantime, Conan has a quick walk-on and the camera crew informs Michael, when he returns from talking to the Tina Fey lookalike.^[90]

In January 2010, O'Brien appeared in The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice! to honor the show he had written for in the early 1990s.^[91]

O'Brien created a superhero character with veteran DC Comics animator Bruce Timm during one episode of Conan. Named "The Flaming C", the superhero bears a likeness to O'Brien, with a typically muscular superhero body and costume with chest insignia, but also with idiosyncrasies arbitrarily suggested by O'Brien like an oven mitt, a jai alai glove, marijuana leaf buckle, golf shoes, sock garters and fishnet stockings.^[92] O'Brien later aired a clip in which the character appears in Young Justice.^[93]

In 2011, O'Brien hosted the Christmas in Washington special for TBS' sister network, TNT, featuring performances from Justin Bieber, Victoria Justice, Cee-Lo Green, The Band Perry and Jennifer Hudson; with a special appearance by the Obama family.^[94]

Emmy host [link]

O'Brien hosted the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards on August 27, 2006, to critical acclaim.^[95] He had previously hosted the Primetime Emmys in 2002, and co-hosted in 2003.

Commercials and product placements [link]

According to Marketing Evolutions, the company that produces Q Scores measuring the familiarity and appeal of celebrities and brands, almost 74% of U.S. consumers are familiar with O'Brien.^[96] In spite of that high score, O'Brien hasn't done many commercials for corporate America; two recent examples are a 2009 appearance in a Super Bowl XLIII commercial for Bud Light, and one for American Express, which debuted on the same day as Conan.^[96] He donated his proceeds from the Super Bowl commercial to the Fresh Air Fund, a charity which sends inner-city New York children to the country for vacations.^[97] According to The Wall Street Journal, O'Brien was paid more than one million dollars to do the American Express commercial, which required him to spend three days in Jaipur, India filming it.^[96]

While O'Brien has done few commercials, he "does do plenty of promoting, weaving product pitches into his show"; he has said "it's increasingly incumbent to help with tie-ins [but] if it can't be funny, I'd rather go hungry."^[96]

Comedy and mannerisms [link]

On Late Night, O'Brien became known for his active and spontaneous hosting style,^[7] which has been characterized as "awkward, self-deprecating humor".^[98]

Personal life [link]

O'Brien with his wife Liza in 2007

O'Brien met Elizabeth Ann 'Liza' Powel in 2000 when she appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in an advertising skit involving Foote, Cone & Belding, where she worked as senior copywriter.^[99] The couple dated for nearly 18 months before their 2002 marriage in Powel's hometown of Seattle. O'Brien and Powel have a daughter, Neve (born in 2003)^[100] and a son, Beckett (born in 2005).^[101]

O'Brien repeatedly affirms his Irish Catholic heritage on his show. On a 2009 episode of Inside the Actors Studio, he stated that both sides of his family moved to America from Ireland in the 1850s, subsequently marrying only other Irish Catholics, and that his lineage is thus 100% Irish Catholic.^[7]

He has been a staunch Democrat since casting his first vote for President in 1984 for Walter Mondale, although he considers himself a moderate on the political spectrum.^[7] O'Brien's longtime friend and former roommate at Harvard is Father Paul B. O' Brien, with whom he founded Labels Are For Jars,^[102] an antihunger organization based in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and helped open the Cor Unum meal center in 2006.^[103] The two are not related.

In January 2008, after his show was put on hold for two months owing to the strike by the Writers Guild of America, he reemerged on late-night TV sporting a beard, which guest Tom Brokaw described as making him look like "a draft dodger from the Civil War." After leaving The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien on Jan. 22, 2010, O'Brien again grew a beard, which he kept until May 2, 2011, when it was partially shaved on the set of his TBS talk show, Conan, by Will Ferrell with battery-operated clippers (and completely shaved off-screen by a professional barber).^[104] The event was dubbed on the show as "Beardocalypse," and included a contest for fan-submitted artwork.^[105]

O'Brien purchased a $10.5-million mansion in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, to prepare for his move there in 2009 from New York City to host The Tonight Show at Universal Studios Hollywood.^[106] As part of a long running gag, he brought his 1992 Ford Taurus SHO with him to California, showcasing it on both the inaugural episodes of The Tonight Show and Conan.

On October 21, 2011, O'Brien was ordained as a minister by the Universal Life Church,^[107] allowing him to perform a same-sex marriage while back in New York (where gay marriage is legal) to tape a week's worth of shows. The wedding, between a member of O'Brien's staff and his partner, was held on the stage of the Beacon Theatre on November 3, 2011, and broadcast on Conan.^[108]

Conan vs. Bear [link]

Conan vs. Bear is a comedic website, lampooning the prospect of Conan O'Brien fighting bears. Artists from around the world have sent in images and videos with their own take on this theme. Currently the site boasts over 400 unique renderings, as well as several original videos inspired by the site. The website was noted by O'Brien on Late Night with Conan O'Brien.^[109]^[110]

Victim of stalking [link]

It was reported that since September 2006, O'Brien had allegedly been stalked by Father David Ajemian of the Archdiocese of Boston, who, despite multiple warnings to stop, had been sending O'Brien letters signed as "your priest stalker" and coming in contact with O'Brien's parents. Frustrated that he had been denied a spot in the Late Night audience, Ajemian sent a letter to O'Brien stating that he flew to New York "in the dimming hope that you might finally acknowledge me." He stated in another letter, "Is this the way you treat your most dangerous fans??? You owe me big time, pal." In another letter, Ajemian seemed to make a death threat, saying, "Remember Frank Costello once dodged a bullet in your building and so can you." Ajemian then tried to forcefully enter a taping of Late Night but was caught and arrested. He was previously warned by the NBC security team to stay away from the studio. After a psychological evaluation, he was deemed fit to stand trial. He has since been bailed out of jail.^[111] He was then reported missing by his father on November 10, 2007. He was found and underwent evaluation at a hospital. It is known that the two had attended Harvard University at the same time. He was found fit to stand trial on April 4, 2008. On April 8, 2008, Ajemian pleaded guilty to stalking, stating that he "never meant to cause anxiety or to upset anyone." He was ordered to pay a $95 US$ court charge and to sign a two-year restraining order barring him from coming near O'Brien.^[112] On September 11, 2008, Ajemian checked himself out of his treatment at a hospital against the wishes of his bishop, Seán Patrick O'Malley. Cardinal O'Malley then released a statement saying that because he violated his bishop's wishes, Ajemian could no longer serve as a priest in the Catholic Church.^[113] As of late 2010, Ajemian has moved on to stalking Anthony Everett.^[114]

Nicknames [link]

A poster created by Mike Mitchell during the 2010 Tonight Show conflict displaying his "Coco" nickname.

Conan acquired the nickname "Coco" after its use in the first "Twitter Tracker" sketch during the second episode of his Tonight Show run.^[115] Guest Tom Hanks used the nickname during his subsequent interview, even getting the audience to chant it. In reaction to the moniker, Conan remarked to Hanks in jest, "If that catches on, I'll sue you."^[116]^[117]

In a March 23, 2011, interview with WWE Champion The Miz on Conan, The Miz dubbed Conan "The Ginja Ninja", a reference to Conan's red hair and the fact that he came back fighting to get his new late-night talk show. A week later, "Team Ginja Ninja" T-shirts were available on TeamCoco.com.^[118]

Filmography [link]

Appearances on talk shows

Guest appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1993,^[119] 2007, 2008, 2009)
Guest appearance on Late Night with David Letterman (1993)
Guest appearance on The Jon Stewart Show (1993)
Late Night with Conan O'Brien (1993–2009)
Guest appearance on Last Call with Carson Daly (2002)
Guest appearance on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart (2007, 2008)
Guest appearance on The Colbert Report (2007, 2008)
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2009)
The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009–2010)
Guest appearance on Lopez Tonight (2010, 2011)
Conan (November 8, 2010–)
Guest appearance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2011)
Guest appearance on Piers Morgan Tonight (2012)
Guest appearance on Late Show with David Letterman (2012)

Other shows

Saturday Night Live (1991, 2001)
The Simpsons (as himself) (1994)
Space Ghost: Coast to Coast (as himself) (1999)
Mr. Show with Bob and David (1995)
The Single Guy (1996)
Arli$$ (1996)
Spin City (1999)
Futurama (1999)
Storytelling (2001)
Vanilla Sky (2001)
Sugar & Spice (2001) (cameo in end credits)
Dr. Katz (as himself) (2002)
Andy Richter Controls the Universe (2003)
End of the Century (2003)
Bewitched (as himself) (2005)
Robot Chicken (2005)
The Denial Twist (The White Stripes music video) (2005)
O'Grady (2006)
The Office (cameo) (2006)
Queer Duck (as himself) (2006)
30 Rock (as himself) (2007, 2009)
Robot Chicken Star Wars (as Zuckuss) (2007)
Sesame Street (2008)
Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II (as Zuckuss, Star Wars nerd) (2008)
The Backyardigans (2009)
60 Minutes (interview) (2010)
Eagleheart (himself) (2010)
How I Met Your Mother (cameo) (2012)

Awards and nominations [link]

Year	Award	Work	Category	Result
1989	Emmy Award	Saturday Night Live	Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program	Won^[120]^[121]
1990	Emmy Award		Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]
1991	Emmy Award		Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]
1996	Emmy Award	Late Night with Conan O'Brien	Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]
1997	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]
1997	Writers Guild of America Award		Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Won^[120]
1998	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]
1999	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]
1999	Writers Guild of America Award		Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Nominated^[120]
2000	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]
2000	Writers Guild of America Award		Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Won^[120]
2001	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]
2001	Writers Guild of America Award		Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Nominated^[120]
2002	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]
2002	Writers Guild of America Award		Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Won^[120]^[121]
2003	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]^[121]
2003	Writers Guild of America Award		Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Won^[120]^[121]
2004	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]^[121]
2004	Writers Guild of America Award		Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Nominated^[120]
2005	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]^[121]
	People's Choice Award		Favorite Late Night Talk Show Host	Nominated^[120]
	Telvis Award	For the color spot of the year	Special Telvis	Won^[120]
	Writers Guild of America Award	Late Night with Conan O'Brien	Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Won^[120]
2006	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]^[121]
	People's Choice Award		Favorite Late Night Talk Show Host	Nominated^[120]
	Writers Guild of America Award		Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Won^[120]
2007	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Won^[120]^[121]
2007	Writers Guild of America Award		Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Nominated^[120]
2008	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]^[121]
2009	Emmy Award		Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Variety or Music Program	Nominated^[120]^[121]
2009	Writers Guild of America Award		Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Nominated^[120]
2010	Emmy Award	The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien	Outstanding Comedy, Music or Variety Series	Nominated^[122]
	Emmy Award		Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Series	Nominated^[122]
	Writers Guild of America Award		Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) – Series	Nominated^[120]
2011	People's Choice Award	Conan	Favorite TV Talk Show Host	Won
	Emmy Award		Outstanding Comedy, Music or Variety Series	Nominated^[123]
			Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Series	Nominated^[123]
			Outstanding Lighting Design/Lighting Direction for a Variety, Music or Comedy Series	Nominated^[123]
		American Express	Outstanding Commercial	Nominated^[123]
2012	People's Choice Award	Conan	Favorite TV Talk Show Host	Pending

References [link]

^ "Conan O'Brien Biography". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/person/1548315/Conan-O-Brien/biography. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
^ "Outstanding Comedy Series". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. http://www.emmys.tv/awards/2007pt/nominations_pt.php?action=search_db#1. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Conan O'Brien to Debut New Late-Night Show on TBS". Associated Press. FOX News. April 12, 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2010/04/12/conan-obrien-debut-new-late-night-tbs/. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Frazier Moore, Associated Press (April 12, 2010). "Conan O'Brien to Make TBS His New Late-Night Home". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=10352884. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
^ "Conan O'Brien Biography (1963–)". Film Reference. http://www.filmreference.com/film/42/Conan-O-Brien.html. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
^ "Conan Christopher O’Brien". Ancestry. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/celeb/obrien.htm. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 2009
^ "Ruth Reardon O'Brien 1931–". Stanford.edu. http://www.law.stanford.edu/library/womenslegalhistory/papers/ObrienR-Peddie97.pdf. Retrieved January 23, 2010.
^ Coons, Phyllis (December 3, 1980). "Extra Credit: Starting Out with Style". The Boston Globe.
^ Beggy, Carol (November 6, 2003). "Monet goes to Vegas; Kerry goes out on the town". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2003/11/06/monet_goes_to_vegas_kerry_goes_out_on_the_town/. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ "Harvard College Freshman Dean's Office". Harvard College. http://www.fdo.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k3806&pageid=icb.page101294. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ Laufenberg, Norbert B. (2005). Entertainment Celebrities. Trafford. p. 482. ISBN 978-1-4120-5335-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=mzTW9Nitee4C&pg=PA482&dq=Conan+O%27Brien+Laufenberg&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
^ "@Google & YouTube present A Conversation with Conan O'Brien", AtGoogleTalks, May 7, 2010
^ Aucoin, Don (August 31, 2003). "Understanding Conan". The Boston Globe Magazine. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2003/08/31/understanding_conan/?page=full.
^ Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien, January 15, 2010.
^ Longcope, Kay (October 24, 1983). "A Star Rising". The Boston Globe.
^ Finke, Nikki (January 14, 2010). "NO JOKE: Jeff Zucker Had Conan Arrested". Deadline Hollywood. http://www.deadline.com/hollywood/no-joke-jeff-zucker-had-conan-arrested/. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Rabin, Nathan (August 30, 2006). "Conan O'Brien". The A.V. Club. http://www.avclub.com/content/node/52144. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Host of Late Night With Conan O'Brien". Greater Talent Network. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080418032637/http://www.greatertalent.com/speakers/speakers.php?speakerid=235. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ Boulware, Hugh (June 24, 1988). "Laugh Lines The Bits and Pieces That Get Comics Into the Act". Chicago Tribune.
^ Bommer, Lawrence (July 29, 1988). "Live, From Chicago, It's...". Chicago Tribune.
^ "Jeff Garlin interview". Late Night with Conan O'Brien. 2007-09-07.
^ "Conan O'Brien". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005277/. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
^ Oakley, Bill (November 29, 2010). "How We Wrote Classic Simpsons Episodes". Splitsider. http://splitsider.com/2010/11/how-we-wrote-classic-simpsons-episodes/. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Ortved, John. The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History. 2009.
^ Ortved, John (July 5, 2007). "A Q&A with Conan O'Brien". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/08/conan200708. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
^ Volonnino, Michael R. (June 8, 2000). "O'Brien Returns to Harvard". Harvard Crimson. http://thecrimson.harvard.edu/article.aspx?ref=101192. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ "Conan O'Brien's Commencement Speech for the Harvard Class of 2000". everything2. August 8, 2000. http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=692946. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ Pearlman, Cindy (July 8, 1994). "Muscle-Man Bound". People. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,302839,00.html. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
^ Interview with Kevin Nealon. Conan. December 2, 2010.
^ Mr. T at the Internet Movie Database
^ Barish, Mike (January 26, 2010). "5 places Conan should go on vacation". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2010/TRAVEL/01/26/conan.obrien.vacation/index.html?hpt=C2. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
^ Steinberg, Jacques (December 12, 2006). "So This Manatee Walks Into the Internet". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/12/arts/television/12mana.html?em&ex=1166158800&en=226627e969708f1a&ei=5087%0A. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ Grigoriadis, Vanessa (September 26, 2005). "Conan on the Couch". New York magazine. http://nymag.com/nymetro/arts/features/14575/index.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ "Conan O'Brien Pays Tribute to Tim Russert". http://www.buzzmachine.com/2008/06/14/tim-russert/.
^ "Conan O'Brien Takes Ax To 'Late Night' Set". http://www.kirotv.com. http://www.kirotv.com/entertainment/18729975/detail.html. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
^ HUFF, RICHARD (February 19, 2009). "Conan O'Brien ends 16-year run in New York to take over 'Tonight Show'". http://www.nydailynews.com. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/02/19/2009-02-19_conan_obrien_ends_16year_run_in_new_york.html. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
^ Gomez, Fin (February 6, 2008). "Who Created Huckabee? Conan, Stewart, and Colbert Fight it Out". Fox News. Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080420164850/http://embeds.blogs.foxnews.com/2008/02/06/who-created-huckabee-conan-stewart-and-colbert-fight-it-out/. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ "Will Ferrell Helps Conan Kick Things Off". Ok!. May 18, 2009. http://www.okmagazine.com/news/view/14317. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
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^ "O'Brien back on 'Tonight,' joking about accident". Hudson Valley Media Group. http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_TV_CONAN_OBRIEN?SITE=NYMID&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT. Retrieved September 28, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ Carter, Bill (January 8, 2010). "NBC Wants Leno Back in Old Slot". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/08/business/media/08leno.html?ref=business. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
^ "Leno returns to late night: NBC". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 10, 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/tv/story/2010/01/10/nbc-leno-return.html. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
^ Daly, Sean (January 11, 2010). "Just Call Him Conan O'Flyin'". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/just_call_him_conan_flyin_ThND8Mdv5MI5Pv8udof1LJ. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
^ Graham, Adam (2010). "Classily, Conan exits the Tonight Show". DETNEWS. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/achenblog/2010/01/conan_obrien_farewell.html. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
^ Conan O'Brien Says He Won't Host "Tonight Show" After Leno, New York Times, January 12, 2010
^ Conan O'Brien: I Won't Do "The Tonight Show" at 12:05AM, Zap2It.com, January 12, 2010
^ Conan O'Brien Thanks Fans in "Tonight" Farewell, NY Times, January 23, 2010
^ Exclusive: Conan, NBC Officially Splitsville, The Wrap, January 21, 2010
^ NBC, Conan O'Brien Reach Deal for "Tonight Show" Exit, Broadcasting & Cable, January 21, 2010
^ Conan O'Brien Signs Deal to Leave NBC, MarketWatch, January 21, 2010
^ New York Times article: "NBC’s Shift in Schedule May Be Up to O’Brien".
^ Business Insider article: "Why Is USA Network, NBC's Sister Station, Wooing Conan?".
^ Brian Gallagher (January 22, 2010). "Conan O'Brien Mulls Post The Tonight Show Options". MovieWeb.com. http://www.movieweb.com/news/NErxpxvwq6pAux. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Business Insider article: "Conan O'Brien Staying Close To Fox, Selling His New York Apartment."
^ LA Times article: "Conan O'Brien's palatial Brentwood home^{[dead link]}."
^ Laist article. "Conan Says He'll Stay in L.A. for Cable Show, Will Appear on '60 Minutes'".
^ Conan O'Brien at Twitter
^ Entertainment Weekly article: "Conan O'Brien's Twitter debut."
^ ^a ^b Chicago Tribune article: "Conan, Ozzie and the Dalai Lama: Together on Twitter."
^ Cnet article: "Conan joins Twitter, beats Leno in hours."
^ LA Times article: "Conan O'Brien joins Twitter and doubles Jay Leno's follower count in two hours."
^ Kanalley, Craig (First Posted: 02–24–10 06:16 pm; Updated: 04–26–10 05:12 am). "Conan O'Brien Joins Twitter: New Account EXPLODES With Followers". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/24/conan-obrien-joins-twitte_n_475722.html. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
^ USA Today article: "Tweet this: Conan reaches 1 million; Britney overtakes Ashton."
^ Conan O'Brien on Twitter
^ Lopez, George (April 29, 2010). "Conan O'Brien – The 2010 Time 100". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984940_1985538,00.html. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
^ Carter, Bill (April 29, 2010). "Conan O'Brien Opens Up About NBC Departure". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/30/arts/television/30conan.html. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
^ Hibberd, James (May 2, 2010). "Conan O'Brien '60 Minutes' transcript". The Hollywood Reporter. http://livefeed.hollywoodreporter.com/2010/05/conan-60-minutes-transcript.html. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
^ Twitter page for Conan O'Brien: "Hey Internet."
^ "O'Brien's's Tour Site". Teamcoco.com. http://www.teamcoco.com/. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ "Conan O'Brien Announces Live Tour Across U.S., Canada – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/conan-obrien-announces-live-tour-us-canada/story?id=10073505. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ Variety. http://weblogs.variety.com/on_the_air/2010/03/coco-coast-to-coast-conan-obrien-announces-his-national-tour.html.
^ "Details about O'Brien's "meet and greet" ticket package". Purchase.tickets.com. http://purchase.tickets.com/buy/TicketPurchase?organ_val2883&pid=6728241. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ "Conan Launches TeamCoco.com to Promote 30-City Comedy Tour". http://mashable.com/2010/03/11/teamcoco/.
^ "Jack White will perform in the first show" (spanish) CYAN mag #14 November'10
^ Bill Carter (April 12, 2010). "How the Conan O’Brien-TBS Deal Happened". The New York Times. http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/12/how-the-conan-obrien-tbs-deal-happened/?src=busln. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
^ "Inside Shows – CTV 2010 fall schedules and lineups announced". Shows.ctv.ca. http://shows.ctv.ca/allshows/article/CTV-2010-fall-schedules-and-lineups-announced#c_0. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ "> Blog > An Open Letter to Conan O’Brien". Revision3. January 18, 2010. http://revision3.com/blog/2010/01/18/an-open-letter-to-conan-obrien/. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ HeadlinePlanet.com article "Report: FOX, TBS, FX, HBO Among Networks Interested in Conan O’Brien".
^ "Conan O'Brien apologizes to Canadians". CNN. February 18, 2004. http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/TV/02/18/leisure.obrien.reut/. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
^ Flynn, Gillian (December 21, 2007). "Andy Barker, P.I.". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20162677_20164091_20166802,00.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ "Conan O'Brien scrubs up for medical drama — Yahoo! News". News.yahoo.com. http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20080918/tv_nm/usa_dc. Retrieved October 13, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Television – News – NBC orders pilot from Conan O'Brien". Digital Spy. January 27, 2010. http://www.digitalspy.com/ustv/news/a199645/nbc-orders-pilot-from-conan-obrien.html. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ "NBC Unveils 2010–2011 Primetime Schedule Accented by Five New Comedies, Seven New Dramas, and New Alternative Program". The Futon Critic. May 16, 2010. http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2010/05/16/nbc-unveils-2010-2011-primetime-schedule/20100516nbc01/. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
^ O'Brien, Conan. (2004). Commentary for "Bart Gets Famous" in The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
^ "LoDingo® – Assassination Vacation by Sarah Vowell – Audio Book Download". Lodingo.com. http://www.lodingo.com/_product_54365/Assassination_Vacation. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ "DVD: Robot Chicken: Star Wars with Hulk Hogan (voice) and Conan O'Brien (voice)". Tower.com. July 22, 2008. http://www.tower.com/robot-chicken-star-wars-hulk-hogan-dvd/wapi/111835834. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ "30 Rock" Tracy Does Conan (TV episode 2006) – IMDb
^ "Futurama" Xmas Story (TV episode 1999) – IMDb
^ "The Office: Valentine's Day Episode Summary on". Tv.com. http://www.tv.com/the-office/valentines-day/episode/621947/summary.html. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ Abramson, Dan (January 13, 2010). ""The Simpsons" Anniversary: Memories From Sting, Conan O'Brien, And More (VIDEO)". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/11/the-simpsons-anniversary_n_418370.html. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ "Conan Gets Animated", Conan, TBS, December 9, 2010
^ ""The Flaming C" Returns!". Conan. Team Coco/TBS. January 10, 2011. http://www.tbs.com/video/conan.jsp?oid=239470&eref=sharethisUrl. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
^ Zabriskie, Phil (December 11, 2011). "Justin Bieber, Jennifer Hudson, others take the stage at ‘Christmas in Washington’". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/2011/12/11/gIQAORUooO_story.html. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
^ Adalian, Josef (August 27, 2006). "article". Variety. http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117931393?categoryid=1264&cs=1. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Vranica, Suzanne (November 8, 2010). "Card for a Card: AmEx Hires Conan". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704405704575596860479420010.html. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
^ "Conan O'Brien Bud Light Super Bowl 2009 Ad". I4U. February 1, 2009. http://www.i4u.com/article23001.html. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
^ "Awkward, Self-Deprecating Humor Makes A Return As Conan O'Brien Debuts In LA". Starpulse.com. June 2, 2009. http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2009/06/02/awkward_self_deprecating_humor_makes_a_r_1. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
^ Serpe, Gina (November 10, 2005). "Conan's Baby O'Brien". E! Online. http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b51057_Conans_Baby_OBrien.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ "Conan O'Brien and wife have baby girl". USA Today. October 15, 2003. http://www.usatoday.com/life/2003-10-15-obrian-baby_x.htm. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ "Conan O'Brien & Wife Have Second Child". People magazine. November 11, 2005. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1128416,00.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ "Labels are for Jars". Labels are for Jars. http://www.labelsareforjars.org. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ Betances, Yadira, "One year, 100,000 meals; Cor Unum reaches milestone feeding the hungry", The Eagle-Tribune, Lawrence, Massachusetts, September 28, 2007.
^ "Watch Conan's Beard Get Shaved For Real During The Commercial Break". TeamCoco.com. http://teamcoco.com/content/watch-conans-beard-get-shaved-real-during-commercial-break. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
^ "The Best Of The Beardpocalypse Photoshop Contest". TeamCoco.com. http://teamcoco.com/content/slideshow-best-beardpocalypse-photoshop-contest-so-far?photo=8561. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
^ Reardanz, Karen (January 21, 2008). "O'Brien Spends Big in L.A.". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/sfgate/detail?blogid=7&entry_id=23616. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
^ "Universal Life Church Ministers". universallifechurchministers.org. http://www.universallifechurchministers.org/. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
^ Conan O'Brien Officiates Gay Wedding Of Scott Cronick And David Gorshein On Air (VIDEO), Huffington Post, November 4, 2011.
^ Conan O'Brien vs. Bear
^ USAToday article
^ "Conan's Alleged 'Priest Stalker' in Court". http://news.aol.com/entertainment/television/tv-news-story/ar/_a/conans-alleged-priest-stalker-in-court/20071108070609990001.
^ "Conan Stalker Pleads Guilty". http://news.aol.com/entertainment/story/_a/conan-obrien-stalker-pleads-guilty/n20080408181909990014.
^ "Conan O'Brien's Stalker Checks Out of Treatment". Huffington Post. September 12, 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/12/david-ajemian-conans-prie_n_125918.html.
^ "David Ajemian, Conan O'Brien's Stalker Priest, Arrested AGAIN". Huffington Post. November 19, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/19/david-ajemian-conan-obrie_n_785912.html.
^ "Twitter Tracker, 2 June 2009". tonightshowwithconanobrien.com. http://www.tonightshowwithconanobrien.com/video/clips/twitter-tracker-060209/1116881/. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Tom Hanks Interview Pt. 1, 2 June 2009". tonightshowwithconanobrien.com. http://www.tonightshowwithconanobrien.com/video/clips/tom-hanks-interview-pt-1-060209/1116835/. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Tom Hanks Interview Pt. 2, 2 June 2009". tonightshowwithconanobrien.com. http://www.tonightshowwithconanobrien.com/video/clips/tom-hanks-interview-pt-2-060209/1116734/. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Look Out! The Ginja Ninja T-Shirts Are Here!". teamcoco.com. http://teamcoco.com/content/look-out-ginja-ninja-t-shirts-are-here. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
^ As stated on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, May 29, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af Internet Movie Database staff (2010). "Awards for Conan O'Brien". Internet Movie Database. IMDb.com, Inc.. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005277/awards. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Conan O'Brien". NBC.com — The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien. www.tonightshowwithconanobrien.com. 2010. http://www.tonightshowwithconanobrien.com/about/bios/. Retrieved January 15, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "62nd Primetime Emmy Award Nominations". Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. July 8, 2010. http://www.emmys.com/sites/emmys.com/files/62ndemmys_noms.pdf. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
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External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Conan O'Brien

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Conan O'Brien

Conan O'Brien on Charlie Rose in 2006
Conan O'Brien on Charlie Rose in 1998
Conan O'Brien at the Internet Movie Database
Conan O'Brien on Twitter
I'm With Coco Facebook

Media offices
Preceded by Jay Leno	Host of The Tonight Show June 1, 2009 – January 22, 2010	Succeeded by Jay Leno
Preceded by David Letterman	Host of Late Night September 13, 1993 – February 20, 2009	Succeeded by Jimmy Fallon
Preceded by Ellen DeGeneres	Host of Emmys 2002	Succeeded by Ellen DeGeneres, Brad Garret, Darrell Hammond, George Lopez, Himself, Bernie Mac, Garry Shandling, Martin Short, Jon Stewart, Wanda Sykes
Preceded by Conan O'Brien	Co-Host of Emmys 2003	Succeeded by Garry Shandling
Preceded by Ellen DeGeneres	Host of Emmys 2006	Succeeded by Ryan Seacrest
Preceded by Ellen DeGeneres	Host of Christmas in Washington 2011	Succeeded by incumbent

v t e Conan O'Brien

Television hosting	Late Night with Conan O'Brien (1993–2009) episodes sketches 54th Primetime Emmy Awards (2002) 58th Primetime Emmy Awards (2006) The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009–2010) episodes sketches Conan (2010–present) episodes sketches Christmas in Washington (2011)

Major appearances	"Bart Gets Famous" (The Simpsons, 1994) "Xmas Story" (Futurama, 1999) "The Denial Twist" (The White Stripes 2005 music video) "Valentine's Day" (The Office, 2006) "Tracy Does Conan" (30 Rock, 2006) Who Made Huckabee? (2008) "No Pressure" (How I Met Your Mother, 2012)

Other television work	Not Necessarily the News (writer, 1985–1987) The Wilton North Report (writer, 1987–1988) Saturday Night Live (writer, 1988–1991) Lookwell (writer, 1991) The Simpsons (writer, producer, 1991–1993) Andy Barker, P.I. (creator, 2007) Operating Instructions (executive producer, 2010) Outlaw (executive co-producer, 2010) Eagleheart (executive producer, 2011–present)

Other work	Harvard Lampoon (writer, editor, president, 1981–1985) Happy Happy Good Show (cast, 1988) The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour (2010) Live at Third Man (live album, 2010) Conan O'Brien Can't Stop (documentary, 2011)

Collaborators	The Basic Cable Band Pierre Bernard Joel Godard Steven Ho Brian McCann Mike Mitchell Jimmy Pardo Andy Richter Robert Smigel Brian Stack Abe Vigoda Reggie Watts Max Weinberg Jack White Will Forte

Related articles	Late Night with Conan O'Brien episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Conan episodes 2010–2011

Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Book Portal:Comedy Category

v t e The Tonight Show

Tonight Starring Steve Allen • Tonight Starring Jack Paar • The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (episodes) • The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (episodes) • The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (episodes) • The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (episodes)

Hosts	Steve Allen (1954–1957) • Jack Paar (1957–1962) • Johnny Carson (1962–1992) • Jay Leno (1992–2009, 2010–present) • Conan O'Brien (2009–2010)

Announcers/sidekicks	Gene Rayburn • Hugh Downs • Ed McMahon • Edd Hall • John Melendez • Andy Richter • Wally Wingert

Tonight Show Band	Leno era (Eubanks) • O'Brien era (Weinberg) • Leno era (Minor)

Bandleaders	Skitch Henderson • José Melis • Milton DeLugg • Doc Severinsen • Branford Marsalis • Kevin Eubanks • Max Weinberg • Rickey Minor

Taping locations	Hudson Theatre • NBC Studios New York • NBC Studios Burbank • Universal Studios Hollywood

Prime-time spinoffs	The Steve Allen Show • The Jack Paar Program • The Jay Leno Show

Recurring sketches	Carnac the Magnificent • Floyd R. Turbo • Leno era sketches • O'Brien era sketches

Production companies	Carson Productions • Big Dog Productions • Conaco

Related articles	1992 host conflict • 2010 host and timeslot conflict • Carson's Comedy Classics • Late Night • Sylvester L. Weaver, Jr. • The Late Shift (book) • The Late Shift (film) • The War for Late Night

v t e Late Night

Late Night with David Letterman Late Night with Conan O'Brien (episodes) Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (episodes)

Hosts	David Letterman (1982–1993) Conan O'Brien (1993–2009) Jimmy Fallon (2009–present)

Announcers/sidekicks	Bill Wendell Joel Godard Andy Richter Steve Higgins

Music	Paul Shaffer and The World's Most Dangerous Band The Max Weinberg 7 The Roots

Sketches	David Letterman's sketches Conan O'Brien's sketches Jimmy Fallon's sketches

See also	Top Ten List Stupid Pet Tricks Pale Force Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog Who Made Huckabee? The Tonight Show "Tracy Does Conan" 2010 Tonight Show host and timeslot conflict

v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program (1980–1989)

1980 Buz Kohan 1981 Jerry Juhl Chris Langham David Odell 1982 Jeffrey Barron Dick Blasucci John Candy Chris Cluess Bob Dolman Joe Flaherty Paul Flaherty Stuart Kreisman Eugene Levy Andrea Martin John McAndrew Brian McConnachie Rick Moranis Catherine O'Hara Mert Rich Michael Short Doug Steckler Dave Thomas 1983 Dick Blasucci John Candy Bob Dolman Joe Flaherty Paul Flaherty Eugene Levy Andrea Martin John McAndrew Martin Short Michael Short Doug Steckler Mary Charlotte Wilcox 1984 Chris Elliott Sanford Frank Ted Greenberg David Letterman Merrill Markoe Jeff Martin Gerard Mulligan Steve O'Donnell Joseph E. Toplyn Matt Wickline David Yazbek 1985 Randy Cohen Kevin Curran Chris Elliott Sandy Frank Eddie Gorodetsky Fred Graver Larry Jacobson David Letterman Merrill Markoe Jeff Martin Gerard Mulligan Joe Toplyn Matt Wickline 1986 Randy Cohen Kevin Curran Chris Elliott Sandy Frank Fred Graver Larry Jacobson David Letterman Merrill Markoe Jeff Martin Gerard Mulligan Steve O'Donnell Joe Toplyn Matt Wickline 1987 Randy Cohen Kevin Curran Chris Elliott Sandy Frank Fred Graver Larry Jacobson David Letterman Jeff Martin Gerard Mulligan Steve O'Donnell Adam Resnick Joe Toplyn Matt Wickline 1988 Jackie Mason 1989 John Bowman A. Whitney Brown Gregory Daniels Tom Davis James Downey Al Franken Shannon Gaughan Jack Handey Phil Hartman George Meyer Lorne Michaels Mike Myers Conan O'Brien Bob Odenkirk Herb Sargent Tom Schiller Robert Smigel Bonnie Turner Terry Turner Christine Zander

Complete list (1957–1969) (1970–1979) (1980–1989) (1990–1999) (2000–2009) (2010–2019)

v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program (2000–2009)

2000 Eddie Izzard 2001 Eric Drysdale Jim Earl Dan Goor Charlie Grandy J. R. Havlan Tom Johnson Kent Jones Paul Mecurio Chris Regan Allison Silverman Jon Stewart 2002 Doug Abeles James Anderson Max Brooks James Downey Tina Fey Hugh Fink Charlie Grandy Jack Handey Steve Higgins Erik Kenward Dennis McNicholas Lorne Michaels Matt Murray Paula Pell Matt Piedmont Ken Scarborough Michael Schur Frank Sebastiano T. Sean Shannon Robert Smigel Emily Spivey Andrew Steele Scott Wainio 2003 Rich Blomquist Steve Bodow Eric Drysdale J. R. Havlan Scott Jacobson David Javerbaum Tom Johnson Ben Karlin Rob Kutner Chris Regan Jason Reich Jason Ross Jon Stewart 2004 Rich Blomquist Steve Bodow Tim Carvell Stephen Colbert Eric Drysdale J. R. Havlan Scott Jacobson David Javerbaum Ben Karlin Chris Regan Jason Reich Jason Ross Jon Stewart 2005 Rich Blomquist Steve Bodow Tim Carvell Stephen Colbert Eric Drysdale J. R. Havlan Scott Jacobson David Javerbaum Ben Karlin Rob Kutner Chris Regan Jason Reich Jason Ross Jon Stewart 2006 Rich Blomquist Steve Bodow Rachel Axler Kevin Bleyer Tim Carvell Stephen Colbert Eric Drysdale J. R. Havlan Scott Jacobson David Javerbaum Ben Karlin Rob Kutner Sam Means Chris Regan Jason Reich Jason Ross Jon Stewart 2007 Chris Albers Jose Arroyo Dan Cronin Kevin Dorff Daniel J. Goor Michael Gordon Berkley Johnson Brian Kiley Michael Koman Tim Harrod Brian McCann Guy Nicolucci Conan O'Brien Brian Stack Mike Sweeney Andrew Weinberg 2008 Bryan Adams Michael Brumm Stephen Colbert Richard Dahm Eric Drysdale Rob Dubbin Glenn Eichler Peter Grosz Peter Gwinn Barry Julien Laura Krafft Jay Katsir Frank Lesser Tom Purcell Meredith Scardino Allison Silverman 2009 Rory Albanese Rachel Axler Kevin Bleyer Rich Blomquist Steve Bodow Tim Carvell Wyatt Cenac J. R. Havlan David Javerbaum Elliott Kalan Rob Kutner Josh Lieb Sam Means John Oliver Jason Ross Jon Stewart

Complete list (1957–1969) (1970–1979) (1980–1989) (1990–1999) (2000–2009) (2010–2019)

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_O'Brien

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Alexander or Alex Walker may refer to:

Alex Walker (footballer) (born 1984), Scottish footballer
Alexander Walker (conductor) (born 1973), British conductor
Alex Walker (rugby union born 1984), Australian rugby union player
Alex Walker (rugby union born 1986), Welsh rugby union player
Alexander Walker (1837–1889), British businessman
Alexander Walker II (1869–1950), British businessman
Alexander Walker (critic) (1930–2003), film critic
Alexander Walker (physiologist) (1779–1852), Scottish physiologist
Alexander Walker (Engineer) (1988 - ), British born Engineer

http://wn.com/Alexander_Walker

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Persondata
Name	O'Brien, Conan
Alternative names	O'Brien, Conan Christopher
Short description	Television personality
Date of birth	April 18, 1963
Place of birth	Brookline, Massachusetts, United States
Date of death
Place of death

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Contents

[edit] Sons of Thunder

Related pages:

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Related pages:

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Related pages:

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[edit] Saturday Night Live (1987–1991)

[edit] The Simpsons (1991–1993)

[edit] Late Night (1993–2009)

[edit] The Tonight Show (2009–2010)

[edit] Departure from The Tonight Show

[edit] After Tonight

[edit] Conan (2010–present)