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Anniston, Alabama
Anniston is a city in Calhoun County in the state of Alabama, United States. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 24,276. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 23,741. The city is the county seat of Calhoun County and one of two urban centers/principal cities of and included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area.
http://wn.com/Anniston_Alabama -
Dallas, Texas
http://wn.com/Dallas_Texas -
Fort Payne, Alabama
Fort Payne is a city in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 12,938. The city is the county seat of DeKalb County. It bills itself as the "Official Sock Capital of the World."
http://wn.com/Fort_Payne_Alabama -
Grand Ole Opry
http://wn.com/Grand_Ole_Opry -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
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Barbara Mandrell
Barbara Ann Mandrell (born December 25, 1948) is an American country music singer best-known for a 1970s–1980s series of Top 10 hits and TV shows that helped her become one of country's most successful female vocalists of the 1970s and 1980s. She is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame.
http://wn.com/Barbara_Mandrell -
Bob Riley
Robert Renfroe "Bob" Riley (born October 3, 1944) is an American politician in the Republican Party. He is the 52nd and current Governor of Alabama, first elected in 2002, and re-elected in 2006.
http://wn.com/Bob_Riley -
Brad Paisley
Bradley Douglas Paisley (born October 28, 1972) is an American country music singer-songwriter and country guitarist. His style crosses between traditional country and Southern rock, and his songs are frequently laced with humor and pop culture references.
http://wn.com/Brad_Paisley -
Collin Raye
Floyd Collin Wray (born August 22, 1959 or 1960, in De Queen, Arkansas) is an American country music singer, known professionally as Collin Raye. He made his debut on the American country music scene in 1991 with the release of his debut album All I Can Be, which produced his first Number One hit in "Love, Me". All I Can Be was the first of four consecutive albums released by Raye to achieve platinum certification in the United States for sales of one million copies each.
http://wn.com/Collin_Raye -
Cybill Shepherd
Cybill Lynne Shepherd (born February 18, 1949) is an American actress and former model. Her best known roles include starring as Jacy in The Last Picture Show, Maddie Hayes on Moonlighting, as Cybill Sheridan on Cybill, as Betsy in Taxi Driver and as Phyllis Kroll on The L Word.
http://wn.com/Cybill_Shepherd -
Donny Osmond
Donald Clark "Donny" Osmond (born December 9, 1957) is an American singer, musician, actor and former teen idol. Osmond has also been a talk show and game show host, record producer, race car driver, and author. In the mid 1960s, he and his four elder brothers gained fame as the "Osmond Brothers" on the long running variety program, the "Andy Williams Show". Donnie went solo in the early 1970s covering such hits as "Go Away Little Girl" and "Puppy Love". In 1978 he became known for being half of the brother-sister singing duet Donny & Marie, with a four year variety series of their own on ABC. Between a highly successful teen career in the 1970s and a rebirth in the 1990s, the singer/ actor's career was stymied in the 1980s, by what some have called a "boy scout image". Osmond stated on the May 1, 2009 "Larry King Live" show, that Michael Jackson once suggested that Osmond change his name. Osmond's agent even suggested that spreading false rumors about drug arrest charges might boost his career. In 1989, Osmond had two chart-topping recordings, the first of which was being credited to a "mystery artist". From 1992-1997 he played Joseph in the Toronto production of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. Creator Lord Andrew Lloyd Webber, impressed by Osmond's talents and the show's long run, chose Osmond to do the 1999 film version (which also starred Sir Richard Attenborough as Jacob). On November 24, 2009, two weeks shy of his 52nd birthday, Osmond was crowned Dancing with the Stars season nine champion.
http://wn.com/Donny_Osmond -
Jeff Cook
Jeffery A. "Jeff" Cook (born August 27, 1949 in Fort Payne, Alabama) is an American musician who is best known as one of the founding members of the country music supergroup Alabama.
http://wn.com/Jeff_Cook -
Juice Newton
Juice Newton (born Judith Kay Newton February 18, 1952 in Lakehurst, New Jersey) is an American Pop music and Country singer, songwriter and guitarist. To date, Newton has received five Grammy Award nominations in the Pop and Country Best Female Vocalist categories (winning once in 1983), as well as a CMA Award for Best New Female Artist and two Billboard Female Album Artist of the Year awards (won consecutively). She has several Gold and Platinum records to her credit, including Juice, Quiet Lies and her first Greatest Hits album. During the 1980s, Newton charted 14 Top-10 hits across the Billboard Country, AC, and Hot 100 charts, with many of the recordings achieving crossover success and six of the songs hitting the Number One position.
http://wn.com/Juice_Newton -
Julio Iglesias
http://wn.com/Julio_Iglesias -
K.T. Oslin
http://wn.com/KT_Oslin -
Kenny Chesney
Kenneth Arnold (Kenny) Chesney (born March 26, 1968) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Chesney has recorded 16 albums, 14 of which have been certified gold or higher by the RIAA. He has also produced more than 30 Top Ten singles on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, 17 of which climbed to the top of the charts.
http://wn.com/Kenny_Chesney -
Louise Mandrell
Thelma Louise Mandrell (born July 13, 1954) is an American country music singer. She is the younger sister of country singer Barbara Mandrell, and older sister of actress Irlene Mandrell. Louise had a successful singing career in country music with a string of hits during the 1980s.
http://wn.com/Louise_Mandrell -
Marvin Gaye
Marvin Pentz Gaye, Jr. (April 2, 1939April 1, 1984), better known by his stage name Marvin Gaye, was an American singer-songwriter and instrumentalist with a three-octave vocal range. Starting as a member of the doo-wop group The Moonglows in the late fifties, he ventured into a solo career after the group disbanded in 1960 signing with the Tamla subsidiary of Motown Records. After starting off as a session drummer, Gaye ranked as the label's top-selling solo artist during the sixties.
http://wn.com/Marvin_Gaye -
Minnie Pearl
http://wn.com/Minnie_Pearl -
Randy Owen
Randy Owen (born December 13, 1949 in Fort Payne, Alabama) is an American country music artist. He is known primarily for his role as the lead singer of Alabama, a country rock band which saw considerable mainstream success throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Although Alabama only records new albums on occasion, Owen himself has maintained a career in country music as a solo performer. He released his solo debut One on One in late 2008 and charted two singles from it.
http://wn.com/Randy_Owen -
Reba McEntire
Reba Nell McEntire (born March 28, 1955) is an American country music artist. She began her career in the music industry singing with her siblings on local radio shows and rodeos. As a solo act, she was invited to perform at a rodeo in Oklahoma City, which caught the attention of country artist Red Steagall. He brought her to Nashville, Tennessee, where she eventually signed a contract with Mercury Records in 1975. She released her first solo album in 1977 and released five additional studio albums under the label until 1983.
http://wn.com/Reba_McEntire -
Rick James
Rick James (February 1, 1948August 6, 2004) was an American singer, songwriter, musician and record producer. James was a popular R&B; and funk singer in the late 1970s and 1980s, scoring four #1 hits on the U.S. R&B; charts. Among his well known songs are "Super Freak" and "You and I". In addition to his music James gained notoriety for his wild lifestyle, which led to widely publicized legal problems.
http://wn.com/Rick_James -
Teddy Gentry
http://wn.com/Teddy_Gentry -
Waylon Jennings
Waylon Arnold Jennings (June 15, 1937 – February 13, 2002) was an American country music singer, writer and musician. A self-taught guitar player, he rose to prominence as a bass player for Buddy Holly following the break-up of The Crickets. Jennings escaped death in the February 3, 1959, plane crash that took the lives of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson when he gave up his seat to Richardson who had been sick with the flu. Urban legend and Hollywood folklore have it that Jennings and The Big Bopper flipped a coin for the last seat on the plane, with Jennings losing. It was, in fact, Tommy Allsup who flipped the coin for the fated plane trip, losing his seat to Ritchie Valens.
http://wn.com/Waylon_Jennings
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- Love in the First Degree
- Mountain Music
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- Jukebox in My Mind
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- Down Home
- The Closer You Get
- Hats Off
- When It All Goes South
- My Home's in Alabama
- Tar Top
- Gonna Have a Party
- Say I
- Small Stuff
- Mountain Music
- Song of the South
- Love in the First Degreee
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- Born Country
- Feels So Right
- The Closer You Get
- She and I
- Fallin' Again
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Down Home
- I'm in a Hurry (and Don't Know Why)
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Southern Star
- High Cotton
- I Am a Pilgrim
- Church in the Wildwood
- Will the Circle Be Unbroken
- If I Could Hear My Mother Pray Again
- Suppertime
- Down by the Riverside
- Precious Memories
- Lonesome Valley
- The Refrain of John Dillon James
- Love Lifted Me
- When It Comes My Time
- One Life
- The Star Spangled Banner
- His Eye Is on the Sparrow
- In the Garden
- Amazing Grace
- How Great Thou Art
- I Need Thee
- Old Shep
- Jesus Loves Me
- Silent Night
- I Am the Man Thomas
- Rock of Ages
- In the Sweet by and By
- The Old Rugged Cross
- What Will I Leave Behind
- One Big Heaven
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Livin' Lovin' Rockin' Rollin': The 25th Anniversary Collection
Released 2006
Released 2006
- My Home's in Alabama (live)
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Medley: That Silver Haired Daddy of Mine / Suppertime / Teach Your Children / Don't It Make You Want to Go Home
- High Cotton
- Mountain Music
- Dixieland Delight (live)
- Carolina Mountain Dewe
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band) (live)
- Christmas in Dixie
- I Write a Little
- Song of the South
- Pass It on Down
- Five O'Clock 500
- Tar Top (live)
- Dancin', Shaggin' on the Boulevard
- Born Country
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Reckless
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Mountain Music
- Song of the South
- Tennessee River
- Take Me Down
- Lady Down on Love
- She and I
- Down Home
- Why Lady Why
- I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- You've Got the Touch
- There's No Way
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- Southern Star
- When It All Goes South
- Love in the First Degree
- The Closer You Get
- High Cotton
- Sad Lookin' Moon
- Feels So Right
- Lady Down on Love
- Down Home
- Christmas in Dixie
- Give Me One More Shot
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- Song of the South
- The Fans
- I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)
- Tennessee River
- Old Flame
- Dixieland Delight
- Dancin', Shaggin' on the Boulevard
- Mountain Music
- My Home's in Alabama
- When It All Goes South
- The Woman He Loves
- Clear Across America Tonight
- Will You Marry Me (duet with Jann Arden)
- I Can't Hide My Heart
- I Can't Love You any Less
- Reinvent the Wheel
- I Write a Little (dedicated to U.S.Military personel)
- Down this Road
- Love Remains (feat. Christopher Cross)
- Start Living
- Simple as That
- You Only Paint the Picture Once
- Wonderful Waste of Time
- Right Where I Am
- Tennesse River
- Old Flame
- Take Me Down
- Love in the First Degree
- Feels So Right
- When We Make Love
- Mountain Music
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Fallin' Again
- Lady Down on Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- She and I
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- Song of the South
- High Cotton
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Pass It on Down
- Down Home
- I'm in a Hurry (and Don't Know Why)
- Reckless
- My Home's in Alabama
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Song of the South
- Take a Little Trip
- We Can't Love Like This Anymore
- Born Country
- She Ain't Your Ordinary Girl
- Once Upon a Lifetime
- Here We Are
- Reckless
- Born Country
- Dixieland Delight
- Tennessee River
- Alabama Sky
- Country Side of Life
- Green River
- Louisiana Moon
- If You're Gonna to Play in Texas
- Carolina Mountain Dewe
- You Can't Take the Country Out of Me
- Old Flame
- My Home's In Alabama (Single Edit)
- Close Enough To Perfect
- Mountain Music
- Lady Down On Love
- (There's A) Fire In The Night
- Very Special Love
- Can't Keep A Good Man Down
- She And I
- As Right Now
- You've Got The Touch
- The Fans (Original Version)
- Tar Top
- I Showed Her
- High Cotton
- If I Had You
- Five O'Clock 500
- Keepin' Up
- How Do You Fall in Love
- Tennessee River
- Why Lady Why
- Old Flame
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Mountain Music
- Take Me Down
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Dixieland Delight
- The Closer You Get
- Lady Down on Love
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- When We Make Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- (There's A) Fire in the Night
- There's No Way
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- She and I
- Santa Claus (I Still Believe in You)
- Joseph and Mary's Boy
- Happy Holidays
- Christmas Memories
- Tonight Is Christmas
- Thisltlehair the Christmas Bear
- Tennessee Christmas
- A Candle in the Window
- Homecoming Christmas
- Christmas in Dixie
- Dancin', Shaggin' on the Boulevard
- Sad Lookin' Moon
- Anytime (I'm Your Man)
- She's Got That Look in Her Eyes
- My Girl
- Of Course I'm Alright
- I Just Couldn't Say No
- Is the Magic Still There
- Calling All Angels
- Hey Baby
- One More Time Around
- Sunday Drive
- She Ain't Your Ordinary Girl
- My Love Belongs to You
- I've Loved a Lot More Than I've Hurt
- Spin the Wheel
- Nothing Comes Close
- Say I
- It Works
- The Maker Said Take Her
- In Pictures
- Heartbreak Express
- Give Me One More Shot
- We Can't Love Like This Anymore
- Tennessee River
- When We Make Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- There's No Way
- Face to Face
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Forever's as Far as I'll Go
- I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)
- Angels Among Us (vocal remix version)
- My Home's in Alabama
- Green River
- You Turn Me On
- The Closer You Get
- A Very Special Love
- There's a Fire in the Sky
- What in the Name of Love
- Louisiana Moon
- When We Make Love
- Alabama Sky
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas
- Down on Longboat Key
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Never Be One
- Lovin' Man
- Roll on Eighteen Wheeler
- If I Had You
- Carolina Mountain Dew
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Country Side of Life
- Still Goin' Strong
- T.L.C.A.S.A.P.
- Katy Brought My Guitar Back Today
- On This Side of the Moon
- The Cheap Seats
- Reckless
- That Feeling
- This Love's on Me
- Clear Water Blues
- A Better Word for Love
- Angels Among Us
- Take a Little Trip
- Hometown Honeymoon
- Once Upon a Lifetime
- You Can't Take the Country out of Me
- I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)
- Richard Petty Fans
- Homesick Fever
- Between the Two of Them
- American Pride
- Sometimes out of Touch
- Pictures and Memories
- Born Country
- Then Again
- Dixieland Delight
- Lady Down on Love
- The Closer You Get
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- Fallin' Again
- Song of the South
- High Cotton
- Take Me Down
- Hats Off
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- Carolina Mountain Dewe
- The End of the Lyin'
- I'm Not That Way Anymore
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- (There's A) Fire in the Night
- When We Make Love
- Country Side of Life
- The Boy
- Food on the Table
- Mountain Music
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Words at Twenty Paces
- Changes Comin' On
- Green River
- Take Me Down
- You Turn Me On
- Never Be One
- Lovin' You Is Killin' Me
- Gonna Have a Party
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Tennessee River
- Take Me Down
- Love in the First Degree
- Red River
- Dixieland Delight
- Lady Down on Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas
- Fireworks
- There's No Way / When We Make Love
- Gonna Have a Party
- Can't You See
- My Home's in Alabama
- She and I
- Mountain Music
- Feels So Right
- Old Flame
- Tennessee River (live)
- Love in the First Degree
- 40 Hour Week (For a Living)
- Why Lady Why
- The Fans
- My Home's in Alabama (live)
- The Closer You Get
- Lady Down on Love
- She Put the Sad in All His Songs
- Red River
- What in the Name of Love
- Dixieland Delight
- Very Special Love
- Dixie Boy
- Alabama Sky
- Lovin' Man
- Here We Are
- Old Flame
- High Cotton
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- The Cheap Seats
- Pass It on Down
- The Closer You Get
- Give Me One More Shot
- Feels So Right
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- The Fans
- The Closer You Get
- Lady Down on Love
- She Put the Sad in All His Songs
- Red River
- What in the Name of Love
- Dixieland Delight
- Very Special Love
- Dixie Boy
- Alabama Sky
- Lovin' Man
- Five O'Clock 500
- Keepin' Up
- How Do You Fall in Love
- Tennessee River
- Why Lady Why
- Old Flame
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Mountain Music
- Take Me Down
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Dixieland Delight
- The Closer You Get
- Lady Down on Love
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- When We Make Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- (There's a) Fire in the Night
- There's No Way
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- She and I
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Tennessee River
- Take Me Down
- Love in the First Degree
- Red River
- Dixieland Delight
- Lady Down on Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)
- Fire Works
- Medley: There's No Way / When We Make Love
- Gonna Have a Party
- Can't You See
- My Home's in Alabama
- Mountain Music
- Down Home
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Southern Star
- Tar Top
- Pass It on Down
- My Home's in Alabama
- Say I
- Small Stuff
- We Made Love
- Gonna Have a Party
- When It All Goes South
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Take Me Down
- Old Flame
- Mountain Music
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Dixieland Delight
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas
- 40 Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Song of the South
- Touch Me When We're Dancing
- Lady Down on Love
- When We Make Love
- The Closer You Get
- Twentieth Century
- God Must Have Spent a Little More Time on You
- I'm in That Kind of Mood
- We Made Love
- Life's Too Short to Love This Fast
- Then We Remember
- Little Things
- Mist of Desire
- Small Stuff
- Too Much Love
- Write It Down in Blue
- I Love You Enough to Let You Go
- Alabama Jam (A Medley of #1 Hits)
- Tennessee River
- Food on the Table
- I Want to Know You Before We Make Love
- (She Won't Have a Thing to do With) Nobody but Me
- You Turn Me On
- The Borderline
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- There's No Way
- Down on the River
- If I Had You
- Hangin' Up My Travelin' Shoes
- My Home's in Alabama
- Gonna Have a Party
- Red River
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- She and I
- Lady Down on Love
- Tennessee River
- Green River
- My Home's in Alabama
- Takin' Care of Business
- I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- Take Me Down
- Forever's as Far as I'll Go
- You've Got the Touch
- Face to Face
- Born Country
- Here We Are
- There's No Way
- Then Again
- Down Home
- If I Had You
- Take a Little Trip
- Once Upon a Lifetime
- Pass It on Down
- I'm in the Mood
- The Living Years
- When We Make Love
- Touch Me When We're Dancing
- Feels So Right
- How Do You Fall in Love
- Fallin' Again
- Lady Down on Love
- The Closer You Get
- If I Had You
- We Can't Love Like This Anymore
- Then Again
- My Home's in Alabama
- Feels So Right
- Love In The First Degree
- Dixieland Delight
- Roll On
- There's No Way
- The Closer You Get
- Forever's As Far As I'll Go
- Give Me One More Shot
- In Pictures
- Fantasy
- Why Lady Why
- As Right Now
- Food on the Table
- Lovin' You Is Killin' Me
- Hanging Up My Travelin' Shoes
- Can't Forget About You
- Carolina Mountain Dewe
- Tennessee River
- Why Lady Why
- Old Flame
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Mountain Music
- Take Me Down
- Close Enough to Perfect
- Dixieland Delight
- The Closer You Get
- Lady Down on Love
- Roll On
- When We Make Love
- If You're Gonna Play in Texas
- There's a Fire in the Night
- There's No Way
- Forty Hour Week
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- She and I
- Touch Me When We're Dancing
- You've Got The Touch
- Vacation
- True, True Housewife
- Is This How Love Begins
- Cruisin'
- Touch Me When We're Dancing
- Let's Hear It For The Girl
- It's All Comin' Back To Me Now
- I Taught her Everything She Knows
- Pony Express
- High Cotton
- Old Flame
- The Closer You Get
- Fallin' Again
- Why Lady Why
- If I Had You
- 'You've Got' the Touch
- (There's a) Fire in the Night
- Love in the First Degree
- There's No Way
- When We Make Love
- Forty Hour Week (For a Livin')
- Can't Keep a Good Man Down
- There's No Way
- Down on Longboat Key
- Louisiana Moon
- I Want to Know You Before We Make Love
- Fireworks
- (She Won't Have a Thing to Do With) Nobody but Me
- As Right Now
- If It Ain't Dixie (It Won't Do)
- My Home's in Alabama
- Hanging Up My Travelin' Shoes
- Why Lady Why
- Getting Over You
- I Wanna Come Over
- Tennessee River
- Some Other Place, Some Other Time
- Can't Forget About You
- Get It While It's Hot
- Keep On Dreamin'
- Feels So Right
- Love in the First Degree
- Burn Georgia Burn
- Ride the Train
- Fantasy
- Hollywood
- Old Flame
- Woman Back Home
- See the Embers, Feel the Flame
- I'm Stoned
- Pass It On Down
- Here We Are
- Down Home
- Forever's as Far as I'll Go
- Jukebox in My Mind
- Moonlight Lounge
- Goodbye (Kelly's Song)
- Fire on Fire
- Until It Happens to You
- Gulf of Mexico
- Starting Tonight
- I Ain't Got No Business Doin' Business Today
- Song of the South
- Down on the River
- High Cotton
- "Ole" Baugh Road
- The Borderline
- I'm Still Dreamin'
- Pete's Music City
- Southern Star
- If I Had You
- She Can
- I Showed Her
- Barefootin'
- Dixie Fire
- The Blessings
- Christmas in Your Arms
- Christmas Is Love
- When It Comes to Christmas
- I Was Young Once Too
- The Night Before Christmas
- O Little Town of Bethlehem
- Happy Birthday Jesus
- The Christmas Spirit
- Hangin' Round the Mistletoe
- Little Drummer Boy
- Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree
- New Year's Eve 1999
- Tennessee River
- Why Lady Why
- Love In The First Degree
- Mountain Music
- Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)
- If You're Gonna Play In Texas
- Fire In The Night
- She And I
- Tar Top
- My Homes In Alabama
- Hanging Up My Travelling Shoes
- Getting Over You
- I Wanna Come Over
- Some Other Place, Some Other Time
- Can't Forget About You
- Get It While It's Hot
- Keep On Dreamin'
- Feels So Right
- Tar Top
- I Can't Stop
- I Saw The Time
- You're My Explanation For Living
- Face To Face
- (I Wish It Could Always Be) '55
- Old Man
- If I Could Just See You Now
- Fallin' Again
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Alabama - Mountain Music
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Published: 14 Sep 2008
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
owners = www.thealabamaband.com
http://wn.com/Alabama_Mountain_Music
Alabama - Fiddle In the Band
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Published: 12 Sep 2011
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Alabama - Fiddle In the Band LYRICS: If you're gonna play in Texas, you gotta have a fiddle in the band That lead guitar is hot but not for "Lousiana Man" So rosin up that bow for "Faded Love" and let's all dance If you're gonna play in Texas, you gotta have a fiddle in the band I remember down in Houston we were puttin' on a show When a cowboy in the back stood up and yelled, "Cotton Eyed Joe"! He said, "We love what you're doin', boys don't get us wrong There's just somethin' missin' in your song" If you're gonna play in Texas, you gotta have a fiddle in the band That lead guitar is hot but not for "Lousiana Man" So rosin up that bow for "Faded Love" and let's all dance If you're gonna play in Texas, you gotta have a fiddle in the band So we dusted off our boots and put our cowboy hats on straight Them Texans raised the roof when Jeff opened up his case You say y'all all wanna two-step You say ya wanna doe-si-doe Well, here's your fiddlin' song before we go If you're gonna play in Texas, you gotta have a fiddle in the band That lead guitar is hot but not for "Lousiana Man" So rosin up that bow for "Faded Love" and let's all dance If you're gonna play in Texas, you gotta have a fiddle in the band If you're gonna play in Texas, you gotta have a fiddle in the band That lead guitar is hot but not for "Lousiana Man" So rosin up that bow for "Faded Love" and let's all dance If you're gonna play in Texas, you gotta have a fiddle in the band Song is NOT owned by me. Created <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Alabama_Fiddle_In_the_Band
Alabama - High Cotton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Published: 13 Sep 2008
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
This is a great song from an amazing band, if you need any country music up just send me a message. this aint my song is Alabama's, www.thealabamaband.com/
http://wn.com/Alabama_High_Cotton
University of Alabama Million Dollar Band - Pregame BCS 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:38
- Published: 12 Jan 2012
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
University of Alabama Million Dollar Band performing pregame show before Alabama vs. LSU on Monday January 9, 2012. Alabama won the National Championship by defeating LSU 21 - 0.
http://wn.com/University_of_Alabama_Million_Dollar_Band_Pregame_BCS_2012
Alabama - Dixieland Delight
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:07
- Published: 26 May 2008
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Alabama - Dixieland Delight Live Recording at the Las Vegas Hilton on October 10, 1998.DISCLAIMER: The video is property of Sony/BMG, I DO NOT claim ownership of this video, or wish to take credit for it, and mean no harm by using it. Used for promotional purposes only. Thanks. Alabama is: Randy Owen Jeff Cook Mark Herndon Teddy Gentry
http://wn.com/Alabama_Dixieland_Delight
Sweet Home Alabama - The Southern Rock Saga
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:33
- Published: 14 Apr 2012
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
Documentary on the BBC about the rise of Southern Rock in the 1970's, featuring The Allman Brothers, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Charlie Daniels, Marshall Tucker, .38 Special...
http://wn.com/Sweet_Home_Alabama_The_Southern_Rock_Saga
★Lil Wayne - Right Above It (MARCHING BAND VERSION)★University of Alabama | Weezy Marching Band
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Published: 01 Jul 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
★MORE VIDEOS HERE: www.youtube.com Additional Tags: "lil wayne" "right above it marching band version" "lil wayne right above it" "right above it marching arrangement" "right above it for marching band" "right above it marching" "mt dew commercial" "Marching Band (band)" "Arrangement...
http://wn.com/★Lil_Wayne_Right_Above_It_MARCHING_BAND_VERSION★University_of_Alabama_|_Weezy_Marching_Band
Alabama Shakes - Be Mine - Jools Holland Live 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Published: 24 Apr 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Great band For more go to -- www.alabamashakes.com --The band was originally formed when lead singer/guitarist Brittany Howard approached bassist Zac Cockrell during a high school psychology class and began meeting after school to write songs. Howard and Cockrell experimented with many different styles of music including roots rock, progressive rock, soul music, country music and classic rock. The two later approached drummer Steve Johnson, who was working at a local music store, to join the band and the trio soon went to a studio in Decatur, Alabama and recorded some of the songs they were writing. Guitarist Heath Fogg joined the band after asking the group to open for his band, to which they agreed on the grounds that Fogg play with them. In an interview with American Songwriter Magazine, Howard explained "we definitely have paid our dues."[2] Though they had been working on original material, they worked up cover songs by Led Zeppelin, James Brown, Otis Redding, AC/DC and others to fill a "one show only" 45 minute set. Newly christened "The Shakes" were so well received, they decided to continue playing together and Fogg became their full time guitarist. The band later renamed in order to differentiate themselves from other bands called the Shakes.[3][4]
http://wn.com/Alabama_Shakes_Be_Mine_Jools_Holland_Live_2012
Alabama - Song Of The South
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Published: 14 Sep 2008
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
awesome song :) Owners = www.thealabamaband.com
http://wn.com/Alabama_Song_Of_The_South
Alabama - My Homes In Alabama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Published: 13 Sep 2008
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
awesome song, if you need any country songs just send me a message. Owners of the song = www.thealabamaband.com/
http://wn.com/Alabama_My_Homes_In_Alabama
University of Alabama Band at Elephant Stomp
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Published: 08 Oct 2007
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
U of A Million Dollar Band at Elephant Stomp on Oct 6, 2007
http://wn.com/University_of_Alabama_Band_at_Elephant_Stomp
Sweet Home Alabama -Band Cover
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Published: 13 Dec 2009
- Updated: 23 May 2012
13TNT02 fooling around with KB in BTKBNMSteagles and 666ACDCROCKNROLL666, Sam C which is just filling in for Nick M Playing Lynyrd Skynyrd's Sweet home Alabama
http://wn.com/Sweet_Home_Alabama_-Band_Cover
University of Alabama Band- Bohemian Rhapsody
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Published: 07 Sep 2008
- Updated: 26 May 2012
This is at the practice field before a game..I'm sorry for the poor quality video, but what a great sound they have!
http://wn.com/University_of_Alabama_Band_Bohemian_Rhapsody
Alabama Band at LSU 4th quarter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Published: 08 Nov 2010
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
Alabama band in Baton rouge
http://wn.com/Alabama_Band_at_LSU_4th_quarter
University of Alabama Band 09-12-2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Published: 13 Sep 2009
- Updated: 15 Nov 2010
UA Band enters the field and plays assorted music and does the BAMA cheer at the beginning of the FIU game.
http://wn.com/University_of_Alabama_Band_09-12-2009
LSU Tiger Band Alabama Postgame
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Published: 06 Nov 2011
- Updated: 30 May 2012
Marching out of the stadium after the Tigers 9-6 victory on November 5th, 2011.
http://wn.com/LSU_Tiger_Band_Alabama_Postgame
Matthew Good Band - Alabama Motel Room
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 26 Aug 2007
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
In a Coma DVD [1995-2005] (c) Matthew Good
http://wn.com/Matthew_Good_Band_Alabama_Motel_Room
Alabama A&M; University Band vs Tuskegee - 2011 Fifth Quarter
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:54
- Published: 18 Sep 2011
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
The Marching Maroon & White battles Tuskegee University in the 2011 Louis Crews Classic Fifth Quarter.
http://wn.com/Alabama_A&M;_University_Band_vs_Tuskegee_2011_Fifth_Quarter
Alabama A&M; University Band 2011 - Ricky Smiley Morning Show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:49
- Published: 19 Sep 2011
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
The Marching Maroon & White's performance on the 9/16/2011 Ricky Smiley's Morning Show
http://wn.com/Alabama_A&M;_University_Band_2011_Ricky_Smiley_Morning_Show
Million Dollar Band "Yea Alabama & Rammer Jammer" BCS Championship 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Published: 11 Jan 2012
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
The University of Alabama Million Dollar Band plays Yea Alabama and Rammer Jammer after the BCS National Championship win January 9, 2012
http://wn.com/Million_Dollar_Band_Yea_Alabama_Rammer_Jammer_BCS_Championship_2012
Alabama A&M; University Band - 2011 Season Clips
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 91:02
- Published: 22 Dec 2011
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
This is a compilation of most of the songs that the Marching Maroon & White Band played in 2011.
http://wn.com/Alabama_A&M;_University_Band_2011_Season_Clips
Alabama A&M; University Band 2011 - 2011 Louis Crews Classic Halftime Show
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:33
- Published: 18 Sep 2011
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
The Marching Maroon & White's halftime show at the 2011 Louis Crews Classic vs. Tuskegee University.
http://wn.com/Alabama_A&M;_University_Band_2011_2011_Louis_Crews_Classic_Halftime_Show
Alabama Band
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:24
- Published: 02 Oct 2011
- Updated: 04 May 2012
DOD / Public Domain
Creative Commons / T. Tarpley
Creative Commons / sylvar
Public Domain / Mike Cline
Creative Commons / In Canada the French term dépanneur is used for a general store in the province of Quebec. The oldest continually run general store in Canada is Trousdale's, located in Sydenham, Ontario, which has been operated by the Trousdale family since 1836
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot![A Monarch male tagged with an identification sticker. The monarch is the state insect of Alabama,[33] Idaho,[34] Illinois,[35] Minnesota,[36] Texas,[37] and the state butterfly of Vermont[38] and West Virginia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120925065359im_/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/f7/8c/65df1843e296a7aba6db451f79fb_small.jpg "A Monarch male tagged with an identification sticker. The monarch is the state insect of Alabama,[33] Idaho,[34] Illinois,[35] Minnesota,[36] Texas,[37] and the state butterfly of Vermont[38] and West Virginia.")
Creative Commons / Ram-Man
AP / David Goldman
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AP / Charles Dharapak, File
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Public Domain
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Creative Commons / AlabamaTide
US Coastguard / Petty Officer 3rd Class Stephen Lehmann.
![A Monarch male tagged with an identification sticker. The monarch is the state insect of Alabama,[33] Idaho,[34] Illinois,[35] Minnesota,[36] Texas,[37] and the state butterfly of Vermont[38] and West Virginia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120925065359/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/f7/8c/65df1843e296a7aba6db451f79fb_medium.jpg "A Monarch male tagged with an identification sticker. The monarch is the state insect of Alabama,[33] Idaho,[34] Illinois,[35] Minnesota,[36] Texas,[37] and the state butterfly of Vermont[38] and West Virginia.")
Photo: White House / Pete Souza
24 Sep 2012
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Detroit Free Press
HUNTSVILLE, Ala. -- A Harvard-educated biologist was sentenced to life in prison without parole Monday after being convicted of going on a shooting rampage during a faculty meeting at an Alabama university, killing three colleagues and wounding three others in 2010. The jury deliberated for about 20...(size: 2.6Kb)
Business Journal
The U.S. Small Business Administration has awarded Alabama $368,414 to promote international trade. According to the Birmingham News, the funding is designed to encourage exporting by small businesses in China, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia and France. Minority owned businesses in the state, along with...(size: 10.8Kb)
Detroit news
Comments Zoom Bishop ) Nation Huntsville, Ala. â A Harvard-educated biologist was sentenced to life in prison without parole Monday after being convicted of going on a shooting rampage during a faculty meeting at an Alabama university, killing three colleagues and wounding three others in 2010....(size: 10.0Kb)
Sporting News
Alabama has rolled past its opposition all season. After another easy win, the Crimson Tide moved to the top of the latest UPS Team Performance Index as well. The No. 1 team in the AP poll jumped to the head of the index from the No. 4 spot on the strength of a 40-7 victory over Florida Atlantic on...(size: 5.0Kb)
Alabama: Ex-Professor Gets Life Term in Shooting
25 Sep 2012
The New York Times
A former professor was sentenced on Monday to life in prison without parole for fatally shooting three colleagues and wounding three others at the University of Alabama, Huntsville, in 2010. The professor, Amy Bishop, pleaded guilty to avoid the death penalty. Jury deliberations — which state...(size: 5.8Kb)
Former Alabama professor gets life in prison
25 Sep 2012
The Christian Science Monitor
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Clarion Ledger
HUNTSVILLE, ALA. â A Harvard-educated biologist was sentenced to life in prison without parole Monday after being convicted of going on a shooting rampage during a faculty meeting at an Alabama university, killing three colleagues and wounding three others in 2010. The jury deliberated for about...(size: 4.4Kb)
Alabama newspaper executive Paul Davis dies
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The Guardian
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Alabama ex-professor gets life for killing 3 colleagues - Wire Lifestyle - The Sacramento Bee ...
25 Sep 2012
Sacramento Bee
Jurors in Alabama deliberated for just 20 minutes Monday before convicting a former college professor of killing three fellow professors during a campus shooting rampage in 2010. Amy Bishop, a Harvard-educated biologist, was sentenced to life in prison without parole. Bishop had pleaded guilty to...(size: 2.6Kb)
MSNBC
HUNTSVILLE, Alabama (Reuters) - A former Alabama biology professor who pleaded guilty to killing three colleagues and wounding three others in a 2010 shooting rampage was sentenced to life in prison without parole on Monday after a jury convicted her of the crimes in a shortened trial. Amy Bishop,...(size: 15.6Kb)
For the 1970s Canadian musical group, see Alabama (Canadian band).
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2008) |
| Alabama | |
|---|---|
| Also known as | Young Country Wildcountry |
| Origin | Fort Payne, Alabama, U.S. |
| Genres | Country southern rock Country Rock |
| Years active | 1972–2002 2006–2007 2010-present[1] |
| Labels | GRT MDJ RCA |
| Associated acts | Cook & Glenn, Juice Newton |
| Website | www.thealabamaband.com |
| Members | |
| Jeff Cook Randy Owen Teddy Gentry |
|
| Past members | |
| Mark Herndon Jackie Owen Rick Scott Bennett Vartanian |
|
Alabama is a country music and southern rock band from Fort Payne, Alabama, United States. The band was founded in 1969 by Randy Owen (lead vocals, Rhythm Guitar) and his cousin Teddy Gentry (bass guitar, background vocals), soon joined by Jeff Cook (Lead Guitar, fiddle, keyboards). In 1973, after Owen's graduation from Jacksonville State University, they gave up their day jobs and weekend gigs. The group, formerly known as "Wildcountry", left Fort Payne and Lookout Mountain to explore the possibilities of the club scene in surrounding coastal South Carolina.[2] The band is often credited with bringing country music groups (as opposed to solo vocalists) into the mainstream, paving the way for the success of today's top country groups. Since its change in name in 1972, Alabama has included Owen, Cook and Gentry.[2] Mark Herndon was not the original drummer but was a member of the band throughout their period of fame and chart success.
The band's blend of traditional country music and southern rock combined with elements of gospel music, and pop music gave it a crossover appeal that helped lead to their unprecedented success. They also toured extensively and incorporated production elements such as lighting and "sets" inspired by rock concerts into their shows. The band has over 30 number one country records on the Billboard Magazine charts to their credit and have sold over 73 million records to date.[3]
In 1998, the band was honored with its own star in the fabled Hollywood Walk of Fame, and in 2000, it was presented with the Minnie Pearl Humanitarian Award. The band announced its farewell tour during the Academy of Country Music awards in 2002, and spent most of 2003 saying good-bye to the fans.
The Alabama Theater opened up in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina in 1993. Gaylord Entertainment (TNN, CMT, Opry Land) was brought in to help produce a nightly show, and a Christmas show. The band tried to open up a string of bar and grills in 1996. The first Alabama Grill is located in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, a second opened up in Myrtle beach in 1998. Another grill can be found in the Opry Mills Mall in Nashville, Tennessee.
Alabama sold its three publishing companies (Alabama Music/Maypop/Mountain Flower Music) to Sony-ATV for a reported $18 million in 1999, giving Sony an estimated 3,500 copyrights. Alabama then signed a five year writing contract with Sony/ATV Tree.
Alabama was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2005.
The band parted ways with drummer Mark Herndon in 2008 during a public lawsuit.
Alabama returned to the studio in 2010 to record “Are You Sure Hank Done It That Way” as part of a Waylon Jennings tribute album. 'The Music Inside—A Collaboration Dedicated To Waylon Jennings Vol. I,' which hit shelves in February 2011.
The band reunited in 2011, playing with Brad Paisley on his single, "Old Alabama" and playing the Bama Rising benefit. Alabama played the song live with Brad Paisley at the ACM Awards in Vegas. Images of drummer Mark Herndon were cropped out of band photos that were displayed on the large TV screens during the performance.
Jeff Cook told the press in 2011 that the Farewell Tour didn't end right. The band ended its farewell tour in North Dakota. Cook hinted at a possible reunion and new album in 2012, wanting the band to play its final show in Alabama.
Contents |
History[link]
Origins[link]
Cousins Randy Owen and Teddy Gentry grew up together in Fort Payne, Alabama, which is about a three hour drive to Nashville, Tennessee. They eventually started playing music and singing in church. Teddy started playing guitar in church, but later switched to bass when he got into high school, winning the battle of the bands as the bass player for the, "Sand Mountain Chicken Pluckers."
Jeff Cook, who was a distant cousin of Randy and Teddy's, lived in Fort Payne, and had his own guitars and a PA system. Randy had sung with Jeff and his band at a High School performance. Jeff had more money than Randy and Teddy, and had a house in town. Around 1969, when Randy was eighteen, he and Teddy showed up on Jeff's doorstep wanting to play.
Randy wanted to get an education, something to fall back on in case his musical career didn't take off. He attended a junior college called Northeast State in Powell, Alabama. Owen, Cook and Gentry continued to play musc, and played their first show under the name, "Young Country." Randy's cousin Jackie played bass, and Teddy sat in on the drums. The band took first prize at a high school talent contest playing Merle Haggard's, "Sing Me Back Home." The prize was $500, however the band won gas money and a trip to the Grand Ole Opry.
The band took a break while Owen and Cook attended college, and then in 1972 the band reunited in Anniston, Alabama, using the name Wildcountry.[4] Randy was getting an English degree from Jacksonville State University, Jeff had an electronics job, and Teddy had a job laying carpet. They shared an apartment, and often played the Canyon Land Amusement Park.
The Bowery[link]
In 1973 they decided to pursue music full-time. The band had an opportunity to play for the Summer, and although Randy was still enrolled in college, he pleaded his case with Jacksonville State, and was able to finish in absentia.
The rest of the band quit their day jobs and moved to Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, where they had a job playing at The Bowery. The band was asked to play the entire Summer as the house band, requiring them to move to Myrtle Beach. When they got to the bar, the Bowery had already hired a singer, making Wildcountry the backup band.
Each member of Wildcountry eventually had a chance to sing due to the fact that they would play for hours on end, playing for free, taking home only what they earned in tips. The group had a hard time keeping a drummer, but found Mark Herndon at a club in Florence, South Carolina in 1978. Mark's mother had been working at the club and heard the group needed a drummer. Mark joined in 1979.
The band was able to play their own material and test it in front of the crowds. They'd return to the Bowery every Easter Weekend and play through Labor Day weekend.
The band later opened for the Doobie Brothers, and started to focus more on recording an album, and getting a single out.
When Randy turned twenty three, he met his soon to be wife, Kelly, who was fifteen at the time. Kelly had been to the Bowery, and the two met and quickly fell in love. Randy wanted to marry her, but her mother objected due to her daughter's age. Kelly eventually went to Germany for two years, before returning back to the states. Kelly's friends had staged a car wash to raise money to buy Kelly a ticket home. The two were married soon after.
The Alabama Band[link]
In 1977, they signed a contract to record a one shot record with GRT (General Recorded Tape, Inc.), and changed their name from Wildcountry to The Alabama Band at GRT's request. The Bowery had small signs that wrapped around the stage with the names of the fifty states on them. The band grabbed the Alabama sign and put it on the wall behind them because that was where they were from. Wildcountry didn't have any signs or banners, just the sign that said, "Alabama" hanging on the wall behind them. When it came time to rename the band, Randy looked no further than the sign on the wall.
The Alabama Band recorded "I Want to be With You Tonight", which broke the Top 80. A year later GRT declared bankruptcy. Surprised to find that a contractual clause forbade them from recording with another label, the band bought out their contract, touring in a beat up van they called, "The Blue Goose" working for more than a year to raise the funds to buy out their contract. Due to all of the financial woes the band had faced, Randy decided that Teddy, Jeff and he should be equal partners in the band, and at no time would they ever make another person an equal member of the band. Any drummer that was brought in to work, would simply be a hired hand.
They eventually recorded "My Home's in Alabama" and attempted to sell it to local radio stations. In 1979, the band self-recorded an album and hired a promoter to help get radio airplay for their single, "I Wanna Come Over". The band hired Wade Pepper in Atlanta to promote the single regionally. Band members and wives wrote hundreds of letters to radio stations begging them to play the song.
The bands manager, Larry McBride took the song to Dallas, Texas-based MDJ Records. MDJ signed Alabama to a management contract. MDJ agreed to release the single, which peaked at 33 on Billboard's country chart. Randy states in his book, "Born Country" that the band paid almost $2 million dollars to get outof their management deal with Larry McBride.
The band had also recorded, "My Home's in Alabama" and due to the success of that song, the band was invited to a New Faces show where several bands came together to play for DJ's and music executives. At that show, Alabama had to perform with a house band. The band wasn't allowed to play their own instruments, and drummer Mark Herndon was told to sit in the audience. Randy, Teddy and Jeff sang My Home's in Alabama, and Tennessee River. Randy impressed Joe Galante who at that time was the head of marketing for RCA. Randy told the crowd that if the house band didn't know the songs, they would sing a cappella. The band felt they had performed horribly, but actually had three labels interested in them, RCA being one of them. (Reba McEntire was also performing at this show)
The band had recorded three albums before signing with RCA; Wildcountry (1973), Deuces Wild (1977), and Alabama 3 (1978). RCA bought the album, "My Home's in Alabama" from MDJ and re-released it. Alabama wanted to sign with RCA, because they were the label that had Elvis Presley.
On April 21, 1980, the group signed with RCA Records. The follow-up, "My Home's in Alabama", became their signature song and reached the Top 20 in March 1980. Both songs are on their first album, My Home's in Alabama. Alabama had a rapid rise to fame, selling over 4 million albums their first year with RCA.
- Alabama played Music Man guitars, and used music man amps in the early eighties. Mark Herndon used Gretsch drums.
The 1980s[link]
In the 1980s, Alabama released an album each year.
- Dick Clark booked Alabama on American Bandstand during the show's country week, on October 4, 1980. The band continued to have a great relationship with Dick Clark, which proved to benefit them, since Dick was a huge powerhouse in the music and television world.
- On October 10, 1981, Alabama guest starred on, Hee-Haw. The band played, "Feels So Right."
- Alabama was named instrumental group and vocal group of the year,at the 15th Annual CMA Awards, hosted by Entertainer of that year, Barbara Mandrell. The show aired on October 12, 1981.
- During the bands early 1980s concerts they often performed cover songs such as, "Can't You See - The Marshall Tucker Band, Honky Tonk Women - The Rolling Stones, and Sweet Home Alabama - Lynyrd Skynyrd.
[edit] My Home's in Alabama
The lead-off single to their first album for RCA "I Wanna Come Over" reached #33 on the US Country Charts in 1979. Finally in 1980, the album's title track, which still remains one of their most popular songs to date reached #17. Then finally, "Tennessee River" was released, thus becoming their first number one hit. "Why Lady Why" also went to #1.
In 1980, after appearing on the New Faces Show at the Country Radio Seminar, (which also featured newcomer Reba McEntire), RCA's Joe Galante came back to his office raving about a young band he'd seen.[2]
[edit] Feels So Right
Their 1981 album produced the singles "Old Flame", "Feels So Right", and "Love in the First Degree". Feels So Right became the band's first gold record.
- The band performed on the hit TV series "Barbara Mandrell and the Mandrell sisters", created by Sid and Marty Krofft in 1981. The band performed to a backing track to, "Love in the First Degree."
- In 1981 Alabama won the ACMA Top vocal group of the year.
[edit] Mountain Music
Their 1982 album produced the singles "Mountain Music", "Take Me Down", and "Close Enough to Perfect".
- The band was named CMA Entertainers of the year for 1982. The band played, "Mountain Music" at the awards show.
- The band took home the AMA for favorite country group. Marvin Gaye was one of the presenters.
[edit] Alabama Christmas
Their popular holiday single "Christmas in Dixie" went to #35, and still remains a holiday favorite during Christmas time. Other titles on this album include: Santa Claus, Joseph and Mary's Boy, Happy Holidays, Christmas Memories, Tonight is Christmas, Thistle hair the Christmas Bear, Tennessee Christmas, A Candle in the window, and Homecoming Christmas.
[edit] The Closer You Get...
Their 1983 album produced the singles "Dixieland Delight", "The Closer You Get", and "Lady Down on Love".
- Alabama won the CMA Award for entertainer of the year in 1983, as well as top vocal group.
[edit] Roll On
Their 1984 album produced the singles "Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)", "When We Make Love", "If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)", and "(There's A) Fire in the Night".
- In 1984 Alabama won the AMA award for favorite country group of the year. Donny Osmond presented. The band also took home the award for favorite country video for, "Dixieland Delight." The band also won favorite country album. Rick James presented.
- Alabama took home the ACMA album of the year award for, "Roll On."
[edit] 40 Hour Week
Their 1985 album produced the singles "There's No Way", "40 Hour Week (For a Livin')", and "Can't Keep a Good Man Down".
- In 1985 Alabama won the CMA award for Entertainer of the year.
[edit] Greatest Hits
They released their first Greatest Hits album in 1986, which included the new song "She and I", which was released as a single, and went to number one.
Alabama's dominance in the early- and mid-1980s is evidenced by 21 of their single releases having reached number one on Billboard's country singles chart. This streak also included a holiday single called "Christmas in Dixie", which ranked in the low Top 40's. The flip side of this single was Louise Mandrell and RC Bannon singing "Christmas Is Just a Song for Us This Year".
[edit] The Touch
Their 1986 studio album only produced two singles "Touch Me When We're Dancing", and "You've Got the Touch."
Also, Lionel Richie's 1987 single, "Deep River Woman", featured harmony vocals from Alabama.
- In 1986 Alabama won the CMA award for Entertainer of the year. Dukes of Hazzard star John Schneider presented the award.
[edit] Just Us
The lead-off single to their 1987 album "Tar Top" broke their long streak of 21 number one singles when it peaked at #7. The album's next two singles were "Face to Face" and "Fallin' Again" (the former a duet with K.T. Oslin).
[edit] Alabama Live
In 1988 Alabama released their very first live album, Alabama Live.
[edit] Southern Star
Their 1989 album produced four singles, which were "Song of the South", "If I Had You", "High Cotton", and "Southern Star."
The 1990s[link]
[edit] Pass It On Down
They began the 1990s with their 1990 album, which produced the title track single. The album's following singles were "Jukebox in My Mind", "Forever's as Far as I'll Go," "Down Home," and "Here We Are."
[edit] Greatest Hits Vol. II
They released their second Greatest Hits package in 1991, which included two new songs that were singles "Then Again," and "Born Country."
[edit] American Pride
Their 1992 album produced four singles "Take a Little Trip", "I'm In a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)," and "Once Upon a Lifetime" and "Hometown Honeymoon."
[edit] Cheap Seats
The lead-off single was "Reckless." The album's next two singles were "T.L.C. A.S.A.P.," and "The Cheap Seats." "Angels Among Us" charted from unsolicted airplay as a partial Christmas single.
[edit] Greatest Hits Vol. III
They released their third Greatest Hits package in 1994. It produced the two new singles from it "We Can't Love Like This Anymore," and "Give Me One More Shot."
- In November 1994, Skynyrd Frynds debuts on the charts as a country tribute to Lynyrd Skynyrd. Its first track is Alabama doing "Sweet Home Alabama," which becomes the only performance on the disc to make the singles chart.
[edit] In Pictures
Their 1995 album produced the singles "She Ain't Your Ordinary Girl," "In Pictures," "It Works," "Say I," and "The Maker Said Take Her."
- Alabama unveils its line of canned foods.
- In April 1996 Alabama's Christmas Greetings TV special is taped by TNN. Tracy Byrd and Lari White are the group's guest stars.
- The band played, "Say I" at the 1996 CMA Awards.
[edit] Dancin' on the Boulevard
Their 1997 album produced the singles "Sad Lookin' Moon," "Dancin', Shaggin' on the Boulevard," "Of Course I'm Alright," and "She's Got That Look in Her Eyes."
Alabama's Drummer Mark Herndon did not play on this album, instead Lonnie Wilson did.
- During April 1997, the movie Major League 3: Back to the Minors premiers. It includes "Cheap Seats" on its soundtrack.
[edit] For the Record
Their 1998 compilation album included the two new singles "How Do You Fall in Love," and "Keepin' Up."
- Alabama For the Record airs as a pay-per-view TV special live from the Las Vegas Hilton.
- Julio Iglesias and Cybill Shepherd present the AMA Favorite Country Band, Duo, or Group award to Alabama in 1998.
[edit] Twentieth Century
Their 1999 album produced the lead-off single, which was a cover of the N'SYNC pop hit called "God Must Have Spent a Little More Time On You" which provided harmony vocals by N'SYNC. The next three singles were "Small Stuff," "We Made Love," and "Twentieth Century."
The 2000s[link]
[edit] When It All Goes South
The lead-off single to their 2001 album "When It All Goes South" was released in late-2000, and peaked at #15 in early-2001, and was the band's last top 40 hit. The album had two more singles. "Will You Marry Me", which was a duet with Jann Arden peaked at #41, while "The Woman He Loves" failed to chart.
[edit] In the Mood: The Love Songs
The lead-off single to their 2003 compilation album "I'm in the Mood" was released in late-2002, and it peaked at #48.
- In May 2002 the band announces the, "American Farewell" Tour at the ACM Awards. During the show, the band introduces "I'm In The Mood," as their final single.
- In 2003, Alabama was present the ACMA pioneering award. Kenny Chesney presented.
Number one singles[link]
The No. 1 hits continued through April 1987, when "(You've Got) 'The Touch'" became their 21st chart-topper. After "Tar Top" peaked at No. 7 in the fall of 1987, Alabama started a new No. 1 string of six straight, and went on to have five more No. 1 hits through 1993's "Reckless." Additionally, Alabama scored a No. 1 hit in 2011 as guest vocalists alongside Brad Paisley in his song, "Old Alabama."
For the record, the 34 No. 1 songs according to Billboard magazine's country singles chart are as follows (other #1 singles from other trade magazines are not listed here):
- 1980: "Tennessee River"; "Why Lady Why"
- 1981: "Old Flame"; "Feels So Right"; "Love in the First Degree"
- 1982: "Mountain Music"; "Take Me Down"; "Close Enough to Perfect"
- 1983: "Dixieland Delight"; "The Closer You Get"; "Lady Down on Love"
- 1984: "Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler)"; "When We Make Love"; "If You're Gonna Play in Texas (You Gotta Have a Fiddle in the Band)"
- 1985: "(There's A) Fire in the Night"; "There's No Way"; "40 Hour Week (For a Livin')"; "Can't Keep a Good Man Down"
- 1986: "She and I"; "Touch Me When We're Dancing"
- 1987: "'You've Got' the Touch"
- 1988: "Face to Face" (duet with K.T. Oslin); "Fallin' Again"
- 1989: "Song of the South"; "If I Had You"; "High Cotton"
- 1990: "Southern Star"; "Jukebox in My Mind"
- 1991: "Forever's as Far as I'll Go"; "Down Home"
- 1992: "I'm in a Hurry (And Don't Know Why)"
- 1993: "Reckless"
- 2011: "Old Alabama" with Brad Paisley
While 32 songs reached the summit in Billboard magazine, the band's official website acknowledges 41 of its songs reached the top of the various charts (which included Cash Box, Gavin Report, Radio & Records, among others). Conversely, some of the songs that topped Billboard did not necessarily top these other charts. Furthermore, a best-of album, titled For the Record: 41 Number One Hits, was released.
Those songs that went the distance on other charts, but not Billboard (although all were top five hits on the Billboard chart), are "Here We Are" and "Then Again" (1991); "Born Country" and "Take a Little Trip" (1992); "Once Upon a Lifetime" (1993); "Give Me One More Shot," "She Ain't Your Ordinary Girl" and "In Pictures" (1995); "Sad Lookin' Moon" (1997); and "How Do You Fall in Love" (1998).
The band also recorded an original song for the 1985 children's film Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird called "All Together Now". While the song is only heard briefly in the film (on a car radio), it is available on the film's soundtrack.
Farewell tour[link]
In May 2002, the band announced its "Farewell Tour", which took place across the USA during 2003 and 2004. They are now retired from touring, but released two albums of inspirational music in 2006 and 2007.
Teddy Gentry has produced albums for various artists, most notably Emerson Drive (Countrified) and Collin Raye (Selected Hits).
Jeff Cook now performs with the Allstar Goodtime Band.
Other reunions[link]
The Band was recently reunited at the 2011 ACM awards when they performed "Old Alabama" on stage with Brad Paisley.[5] They are featured in Paisley's 2011 single "Old Alabama" which sings about Alabama; in the song they sing several lines from the chorus of "Mountain Music". The band also performed at the 2012 Stagecoach Festival.
Awards[link]
- 1981 Album of the Year - "Feels So Right"
- 1981 Entertainer of the Year
- 1982 Entertainer of the Year
- 1982 Top Vocal Group
- 1983 Entertainer of the Year
- 1983 Top Vocal Group
- 1984 Album of the Year - "Roll On"
- 1984 Entertainer of the Year
- 1984 Top Vocal Group
- 1985 Entertainer of the Year
- 1985 Top Vocal Group
- 1989 Artist of the Decade
- 1982 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1983 Favorite Country Album - "The Closer You Get..."
- 1983 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1984 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1985 Favorite Country Album - "40-Hour Week"
- 1985 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1986 Favorite Country Album - "Alabama's Greatest Hits"
- 1986 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1987 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1988 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1989 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1990 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1991 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1992 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1993 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1994 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1995 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1997 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1998 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 2003 Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group
- 1981 Instrumental Group of the Year
- 1981 Vocal Group of the Year
- 1982 Instrumental Group of the Year
- 1982 Vocal Group of the Year
- 1982 Entertainer of the Year
- 1983 Album of the Year - "The Closer You Get..."
- 1983 Entertainer of the Year
- 1983 Vocal Group of the Year
- 1984 Entertainer of the Year
- 2000 President's Award
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
- 1982 Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal - "Mountain Music"
- 1983 Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal - "The Closer You Get..."
Lawsuits[link]
Lawsuit filed against Mark Herndon[link]
On May 9, 2008 the other members of the group sued drummer Mark Herndon for $202,670 in money allegedly overpaid to him three years earlier after the band's farewell tour concluded. This money was allegedly factored into the net profit and given to Herndon before accounting was completed, an allegation Herndon has denied. The band did not sue Herndon until he requested money from the multiple live albums and songs that the band had released but never paid Herndon for playing on. By filing the lawsuit, Alabama band attorneys mistakenly included copies of band contracts as exhibits along with their lawsuit papers, thus allowing fans a chance to look at the inner workings of the band and revealing that Herndon actually had a contractual full band share of the farewell tour.[6]
Since 1982, Herndon has been a paid employee of Wild Country Inc. as the drummer for Alabama, according to the court papers. In December 2002, a new contract was signed which provided that Herndon would be paid an annual salary of $100,000 and receive a 22.725 percent share of “net Live Performance revenue actually received by The Group, "Alabama."
The suit, which names The Group Alabama Inc. as the plaintiff, also states that Herndon demanded a payment of $65,047.01, which represents his share of an advance against anticipated sales of the “The Last Stand” CD, which was recorded live during the farewell tour and was sold by Cracker Barrel Restaurants.
The contract also states that Mr. Herndon is entitled to receive the same percentage of net revenues from new recordings on which he played. Herndon played drums on a special live CD that was issued to Cracker Barrel called, “The Last Stand,” but his likeness was digitally removed from the photo on the CD’s back cover upon release.
- Herndon is now employed as a corporate pilot. He has also been involved locally with the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Speech & Hearing Center. He also worked with Ft. Payne artist Leah Seawright, playing drums on her CD, and writing the liner notes.
Australian lawsuit[link]
In 2010 Alan Caswell from Australia initiated a lawsuit when it was discovered that "Christmas in Dixie" had actually used the melody of his copyrighted music from the television show Prisoner. This program was set in a fictional women's prison and Caswell wrote the music specifically for it. But when he heard the music of Alabama's song, he was forced to move to the courts.[7]
This story was aired on Channel 7's Today Tonight on May 7, 2010.
Giving back[link]
From 1982 until 1997, Alabama held an annual "Alabama June Jam" in Fort Payne, Alabama. Proceeds from these events were distributed to various charities and school organizations and have also been used to set up an escrow account which continues to distribute money to worthy causes. Each of the band members is also active in fundraising for a charity of his choice, and several of them have set up their own charitable foundations.
In honor of their good works, the group has been the recipient of the Bob Hope Humanitarian Award, Country Radio Broadcasters' Humanitarian Award, and the Minnie Pearl Humanitarian Award. They were also the inaugural recipients of the "Spirit of Alabama" medal awarded by Governor Bob Riley.
In their live shows, Alabama often made a point of recognizing the men and women in America's Armed Forces. They have volunteered to visit injured soldiers at military hospitals, and have participated in the "Laying of the Wreath" ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery. For their efforts, they have been awarded the USO Rising Star Award and the Pentagon 9/11 Medallion.
Owen, and his wife Kelly Owen, were the primary benefactors for the construction of the Kelly Owen Women's and Children's Pavilion at DeKalb Regional Medical Center in Fort Payne, which was at the time a charitably-operated hospital of Baptist Health System of Alabama.
Musical stylings[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120925065359/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
Randy always sang lead on all of the group's singles, except for "Mountain Music" and "Gonna Have A Party", where Jeff and Teddy each contribute lines. However, several album cuts featured either Teddy or Jeff singing lead.
Discography[link]
Main article: Alabama discography
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Alabama regroups". Country Standard Time. http://www.countrystandardtime.com/news/newsitem.asp?xid=5445. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Alabama: Career Biography". thealabamaband.com. http://www.thealabamaband.com/bandbios.html. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
- ^ The Alabama Band Website
- ^ "HALL of FAME INDUCTEE ALABAMA". Alabama Music Hall of Fame. http://www.alamhof.org/alabama.html.
- ^ http://wqyk.radio.com/2011/04/04/brad-paisley-brings-the-old-alabama-back/
- ^ USA Today: Country group Alabama sues drummer for $200K.
- ^ U.S. group 'ripped offPrisoner theme'
External links[link]
- The Alabama Band
- Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
- Alabama at Allmusic
- Alabama (band) discography at Discogs
- The Bowery - Myrtle Beach, SC - Home of Alabama
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state of Alabama. For other uses, see Alabama (disambiguation).
| State of Alabama | |||||
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| Nickname(s): Yellowhammer State; Heart of Dixie; Cotton State | |||||
| Motto(s): Audemus jura nostra defendere (Latin) | |||||
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| Official language(s) | English | ||||
| Spoken language(s) | English (96.17%) Spanish (2.12%) |
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| Demonym | Alabamian[1] | ||||
| Capital | Montgomery | ||||
| Largest city | Birmingham 212,237 (2010 census) |
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| Largest metro area | Greater Birmingham Area | ||||
| Area | Ranked 30th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km2) |
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| - Width | 190 miles (305 km) | ||||
| - Length | 330 miles (531 km) | ||||
| - % water | 3.20 | ||||
| - Latitude | 30° 11′ N to 35° N | ||||
| - Longitude | 84° 53′ W to 88° 28′ W | ||||
| Population | Ranked 23rd in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 4,802,740 (2011 est)[2] | ||||
| - Density | 94.6/sq mi (36.5/km2) Ranked 27th in the U.S. |
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| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Mount Cheaha[3][4][5] 2,413 ft (735.5 m) |
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| - Mean | 500 ft (150 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Gulf of Mexico[4] sea level |
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| Before statehood | Alabama Territory | ||||
| Admission to Union | December 14, 1819 (22nd) | ||||
| Governor | Robert J. Bentley (R) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Kay Ivey (R) | ||||
| Legislature | Alabama Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| U.S. Senators | Richard Shelby (R) Jeff Sessions (R) |
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| U.S. House delegation | 6 Republicans, 1 Democrat (list) | ||||
| Time zones | |||||
| - most of state | Central: UTC -6/-5 | ||||
| - Phenix City, Alabama area | Eastern: UTC −5/−4 | ||||
| Abbreviations | AL Ala. US-AL | ||||
| Website | alabama.gov | ||||
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| The Flag of Alabama. | |
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| Animate insignia | |
| Amphibian | Red Hills salamander |
| Bird(s) | Yellowhammer, Wild Turkey |
| Butterfly | Eastern Tiger Swallowtail |
| Fish | Largemouth bass, Fighting tarpon |
| Flower(s) | Camellia, Oak-leaf Hydrangea |
| Insect | Monarch Butterfly |
| Mammal(s) | American Black Bear, Racking horse |
| Reptile | Alabama red-bellied turtle |
| Tree | Longleaf Pine |
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| Inanimate insignia | |
| Beverage | Conecuh Ridge Whiskey |
| Colors | Red, White |
| Dance | Square Dance |
| Food | Pecan, Blackberry, Peach |
| Fossil | Basilosaurus |
| Gemstone | Star Blue Quartz |
| Mineral | Hematite |
| Rock | Marble |
| Shell | Johnstone's Junonia |
| Slogan(s) | Share The Wonder, Alabama the beautiful, Where America finds its voice, Sweet Home Alabama |
| Soil | Bama |
| Song(s) | Alabama (song) |
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| State Quarter | |
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| Released in 2003 | |
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| Lists of United States state insignia | |
Alabama (
i/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 23rd-most populous of the 50 United States. Alabama ranks second in the area of its inland waterways.
From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were under-represented.[6] Following World War II, Alabama experienced growth as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing, mineral extraction, education, and technology. In addition, the establishment or expansion of multiple military installations, primarily those of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, added to state jobs.
Alabama is unofficially nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the "Heart of Dixie." The state tree is the Longleaf Pine, the state flower is the Camellia. The capital of Alabama is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham. The largest city by total land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Alabama
Etymology[link]
The Alabama people, a Muskogean-speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers on the upper reaches of the Alabama River,[7] served as the etymological source of the names of the river and state. In the Alabama language, the word for an Alabama person is Albaamo (or variously Albaama or Albàamo in different dialects; the plural form "Alabama persons" is Albaamaha).[8] The word Alabama is believed to have originated from the Choctaw language[9] and was later adopted by the Alabama tribe as their name.[10] The spelling of the word varies significantly between sources.[10] The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540 with Garcilasso de la Vega using Alibamo, while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu, respectively.[10] As early as 1702, the tribe was known to the French as Alibamon with French maps identifying the river as Rivière des Alibamons.[7] Other spellings of the appellation have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, and Allibamou.[10][11][12][13]
Although the origin of Alabama could be discerned, sources disagree on its meaning. An 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican originated the idea that the meaning was "Here We Rest."[10] This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek.[10] Experts in the Muskogean languages have been unable to find any evidence to support such a translation.[7][10] Scholars believe the word comes from the Choctaw alba (meaning "plants" or "weeds") and amo (meaning "to cut", "to trim", or "to gather").[9][10][14] The meaning may have been "clearers of the thicket"[9] or "herb gatherers"[14][15] which may refer to clearing of land for cultivation[11] or to collecting medicinal plants.[15]
Indigenous peoples, early history[link]
Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before European colonization. Trade with the Northeast via the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BC–AD 700) and continued until European contact.[16] The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from AD 1000 to 1600, with one of its major centers being at the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama.[17][18] Analysis of artifacts recovered from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC).[19] Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no direct links to Mesoamerican culture, but developed independently. The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood.[20]
Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in the area of present-day Alabama at the time of European contact were Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee, and the Muskogean-speaking Alabama (Alibamu), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Koasati, and Mobile.[21]
European settlement[link]
The French founded the first European settlement in the region at Old Mobile, in 1702.[22] The area was French from 1702 to 1763; part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1780. Thomas Bassett was the first British settler in the state. He settled near what is now Tombigbee River in Washington County.[23] Alabama became part of Spanish West Florida from 1780 to 1810; part of the independent Republic of West Florida for a short time (90 days); annexed by the U.S. and added to the Territory of Orleans (1810); and, finally, added to the Mississippi Territory in 1812. Throughout these later developments, however, the Spanish had kept a nominal (although largely ignored) governmental presence in the region, based out of Mobile. When Andrew Jackson's forces occupied Mobile in 1814 —while preparing for the Battle of New Orleans —he demonstrated the United States' de facto authority over the region, effectively ending Spanish governance (though not its claim), while gaining an unencumbered passage to the gulf.[24]
The area making up today's northern and central Alabama, known as the Yazoo lands, had been claimed by the Province of Georgia after 1767. Following the Revolutionary War, it remained a part of the state of Georgia —although heavily disputed. Conflicting claims to the area were held, first by several Native American tribes (most notably the Chickamauga-Cherokee and Yazoo), by other states (e.g. South Carolina); and by the US federal government; Britain and Spain. In 1802, the region was joined to the Mississippi Territory. Individual statehood was delayed, however, by the territory's lack of a coastline.[citation needed]
Statehood, Civil War, and Reconstruction[link]
Alabama was admitted to the Union in 1819 as the 22nd state. Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s, its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men. Settlers rapidly arrived to take advantage of the fertile soil. Southeastern planters and traders from the Upper South brought slaves with them as the cotton plantations expanded. The economy of the central "Black Belt" (named for its dark, productive soil) was built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew largely from slave labor.[25] The area also drew many poor, disfranchised people who became subsistence farmers. The 1860 census records show that enslaved Africans comprised 45% of the state's total population of 964,201. There were only 2,690 free persons of color living in Alabama at the time.
From 1826 to 1846, Tuscaloosa served as the capital of Alabama. On January 30, 1846, the Alabama legislature announced that it had voted to remove the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. The first legislative session in the new capital met in December 1847. In time, a Capitol building was erected under the direction of a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania architect. The original structure burnt down in 1849 but was rebuilt in 1851 following the original plans.[26]
On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union and joined the Confederate States of America. While few battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the American Civil War. Alabama's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865.[27] During Reconstruction, the new state legislators created a public school system for the first time, as well as establishing some welfare institutions to help its people. Alabama was officially restored to the Union in 1868.
After the Civil War, the state was still chiefly agricultural, with an economy tied to cotton. Planters resisted working with free labor during Reconstruction and sought to re-establish controls over freedmen. In the early years the Ku Klux Klan had numerous independent chapters in Alabama that attacked freedmen and other Republicans. After it was suppressed, insurgent whites organized paramilitary groups, such as the Red Shirts and White League, that acted more openly to suppress black voting. Regaining power by the late 1870s, in the last decade of the 19th century, white Democrats passed electoral laws disfranchise most blacks and many poor whites.[28] Having regained power in the state legislature, Democrats passed Jim Crow laws, including racial segregation in public facilities, to restore white supremacy in the society.
In 1875, the state passed the Blaine Amendment, to prohibit public money from being used to finance Catholic schools.[29]
1900–1960[link]
The new 1901 Constitution of Alabama effectively disfranchised African Americans and many poor whites through voting restrictions, including literacy requirements. While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to support these legislative efforts, the new restrictions resulted in disfranchising poor whites as well, due mostly to imposition of a cumulative poll tax.
In 1900, 14 Black Belt counties had more than 79,000 voters on the rolls.[clarification needed] By June 1, 1903, the number of[clarification needed] registered voters had dropped to 1,081. In 1900, Alabama had more than 181,000 African Americans eligible to vote. By 1903, only 2,980 had qualified to register, although at least 74,000 black voters were literate.[30]
By 1941, a total of more whites than blacks had been disfranchised: 600,000 whites to 520,000 blacks.[30] Nearly all African Americans lost the ability to vote.
The disfranchisement was ended by African Americans' leading the Civil Rights Movement and gaining Federal legislation in the mid-1960s to protect their voting and civil rights. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 also protected the suffrage of poor whites.
The rural-dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disfranchised African Americans in the segregated state, but did not relieve them of paying taxes.[25] Continued racial discrimination, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans to seek opportunities in northern cities. They left Alabama in the early 20th century as part of the Great Migration to industrial jobs and better futures in northern industrial cities. The population growth rate in Alabama (see "Historical Populations" table below) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920, reflecting the effect of emigration.
At the same time, many rural whites and blacks migrated to the city of Birmingham for work in new industrial jobs. It experienced such rapid growth that it was nicknamed "The Magic City." By the 1920s, Birmingham was the 19th largest city in the U.S. and held more than 30% of the population of the state. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of the economy.[31]
Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought prosperity.[25] Cotton faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base. In the 1960s under Governor George Wallace, many whites in the state opposed federal integration efforts in schools and public facilities.
1960–present[link]
Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961, the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population. They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas. In addition, the state legislature gerrymandered the few Birmingham legislative seats to ensure election by persons living outside Birmingham.
One result was that Jefferson County, containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state, but did not receive a proportional amount in services. Urban interests were consistently underrepresented in the legislature. A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination, "A minority of about 25 per cent of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature."[6]
African Americans were presumed partial to Republicans for historical reasons, but they were disfranchised. White Alabamans felt bitter towards the Republican Party in the aftermath of the Civil War and Reconstruction. These factors created a longstanding tradition that any candidate who wanted to be viable with white voters had to run as a Democrat regardless of political beliefs.
During the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans achieved a protection of voting and other civil rights through the passage of the national Civil Rights Act of 1964,[32] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. De jure segregation ended in the states as Jim Crow laws were invalidated or repealed.[33]
Under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, cases were filed in Federal courts to force Alabama to redistrict by population both the House and Senate of the state legislature. In 1972, for the first time since 1901, the legislature implemented the Alabama constitution's provision for periodic redistricting based on population. This benefited the urban areas that had developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than 60 years.[6]
After 1972, the state's white voters shifted much of their support to Republican candidates in presidential elections (as also occurred in neighboring southern states). Since 1990 the majority of whites in the state have voted increasingly Republican in state elections. In 2010, Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years.[34]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Alabama
See also: List of Alabama counties and Geology of Alabama
Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with 52,419 square miles (135,760 km2) of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States.[35] About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.[36]
The states bordering Alabama are Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the extreme southern edge of the state.[36] Alabama ranges in elevation from sea level[37] at Mobile Bay to over 1,800 feet (550 m) in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast. The highest point is Mount Cheaha,[36] at a height of 2,413 ft (735 m).[38] Alabama's land consists of 22 million acres (89,000 km2) of forest or 67% of total land area.[39] Suburban Baldwin County, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.[40]
Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee.[41] Additionally, Alabama has four National Forests: Conecuh, Talladega, Tuskegee, and William B. Bankhead.[42] Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway, the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail, and the Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail. A notable natural wonder in Alabama is "Natural Bridge" rock, the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies, located just south of Haleyville.
A 5-mile (8 km)-wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County, just north of Montgomery. This is the Wetumpka crater, the site of "Alabama's greatest natural disaster." A 1,000-foot (300 m)-wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago.[43] The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ("star-wound") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface.[44] In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as 157th recognized impact crater on Earth.[45]
Urban areas[link]
Main article: List of Metropolitan areas of Alabama
See also: List of cities in Alabama
| Rank | Metropolitan Area | Population (2010 Census) |
Counties |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Birmingham-Hoover | 1,128,047 | Bibb, Blount, Chilton, Jefferson, St. Clair, Shelby, Walker |
| 2 | Huntsville | 417,593 | Limestone, Madison |
| 3 | Mobile | 412,992 | Mobile |
| 4 | Montgomery | 374,536 | Autauga, Elmore, Lowndes, Montgomery |
| 5 | Tuscaloosa | 219,461 | Greene, Hale, Tuscaloosa |
| 6 | Decatur | 153,829 | Lawrence, Morgan |
| 7 | Florence-Muscle Shoals | 147,137 | Colbert, Lauderdale |
| 8 | Dothan | 145,639 | Geneva, Henry, Houston |
| 9 | Auburn-Opelika | 140,247 | Lee |
| 10 | Anniston-Oxford | 112,249 | Calhoun |
| 11 | Gadsden | 104,430 | Etowah |
| Total | 3,362,483 |
| Rank | City | Population (2010 Census) |
County |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Birmingham | 212,237 | Jefferson |
| 2 | Montgomery | 205,764 | Montgomery |
| 3 | Mobile | 195,111 | Mobile |
| 4 | Huntsville | 180,105 | Madison Limestone |
| 5 | Tuscaloosa | 90,468 | Tuscaloosa |
| 6 | Hoover | 81,619 | Jefferson Shelby |
| 7 | Dothan | 65,496 | Houston |
| 8 | Decatur | 55,683 | Morgan Limestone |
| 9 | Auburn | 53,380 | Lee |
| 10 | Madison | 42,938 | Madison Limestone |
| 11 | Florence | 39,319 | Lauderdale |
| 12 | Gadsden | 36,856 | Etowah |
| 13 | Vestavia Hills | 34,033 | Jefferson |
| 14 | Prattville | 33,960 | Autauga |
| 15 | Phenix City | 32,822 | Russell |
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Alabama
The state is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa) under the Koppen Climate Classification.[46] The average annual temperature is 64 °F (18 °C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler.[47] Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of 56 inches (1,400 mm) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.[47]
Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the United States, with high temperatures averaging over 90 °F (32 °C) throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and even hurricanes. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken.
South Alabama reports many thunderstorms. The Gulf Coast, around Mobile Bay, averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year. Occasionally, thunderstorms are severe with frequent lightning and large hail – the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm. Alabama ranks seventh in the number of deaths from lightning and ninth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita.[48]
Alabama, along with Kansas, has the most reported EF5 tornadoes of any state – according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1, 1950, to October 31, 2006.[49] Several long – tracked F5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state, even surpassing Texas which has a much larger area within Tornado Alley. The state suffered damage in the Super Outbreak of April 1974, and the April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak. The outbreak in April 2011 produced a record amount of tornadoes in the state. The tally reached 62.[50]
The peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December, along with the spring severe weather season. The northern part of the state – along the Tennessee Valley – is one of the areas in the U.S. most vulnerable to violent tornadoes. The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley, as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains.
Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the southeastern United States, with average January low temperatures around 40 °F (4 °C) in Mobile and around 32 °F (0 °C) in Birmingham. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. Historic snowfall events include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century. The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches (51 mm) per year. In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall.
Alabama's highest recorded temperature of 114 °F (46 °C) was recorded on September 5, 1925 in the unincorporated community of Centerville. −27 °F (−33 °C) was the state's record low recorded in 1966 in New Market.[citation needed]
| Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama cities [°F (°C)] | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year | ||
| Huntsville | Average high | 48.9 (9.4) |
54.6 (12.6) |
63.4 (17.4) |
72.3 (22.4) |
79.6 (26.4) |
86.5 (30.3) |
89.4 (31.9) |
89.0 (31.7) |
83.0 (28.3) |
72.9 (22.7) |
61.6 (16.4) |
52.4 (11.3) |
71.1 (21.7) |
|
| Average low | 30.7 (−0.7) |
34.0 (1.1) |
41.2 (5.1) |
48.4 (9.1) |
57.5 (14.2) |
65.4 (18.6) |
69.5 (20.8) |
68.1 (20.1) |
61.7 (16.5) |
49.6 (9.8) |
40.7 (4.8) |
33.8 (1.0) |
50.1 (10.1) |
||
| Birmingham | Average high | 52.8 (11.6) |
58.3 (14.6) |
66.5 (19.2) |
74.1 (23.4) |
81.0 (27.2) |
87.5 (30.8) |
90.6 (32.6) |
90.2 (32.3) |
84.6 (29.2) |
74.9 (23.8) |
64.5 (18.1) |
56.0 (13.3) |
73.4 (23.0) |
|
| Average low | 32.3 (0.2) |
35.4 (1.9) |
42.4 (5.8) |
48.4 (9.1) |
57.6 (14.2) |
65.4 (18.6) |
69.7 (20.9) |
68.9 (20.5) |
63.0 (17.2) |
50.9 (10.5) |
41.8 (5.4) |
35.2 (1.8) |
50.9 (10.5) |
||
| Montgomery | Average high | 57.6 (14.2) |
62.4 (16.9) |
70.5 (21.4) |
77.5 (25.3) |
84.6 (29.2) |
90.6 (32.6) |
92.7 (33.7) |
92.2 (33.4) |
87.7 (30.9) |
78.7 (25.9) |
68.7 (20.4) |
60.3 (15.7) |
77.0 (25.0) |
|
| Average low | 35.5 (1.9) |
38.6 (3.7) |
45.4 (7.4) |
52.1 (11.2) |
60.1 (15.6) |
67.3 (19.6) |
70.9 (21.6) |
70.1 (21.2) |
64.9 (18.3) |
52.2 (11.2) |
43.5 (6.4) |
37.6 (3.1) |
53.2 (11.8) |
||
| Mobile | Average high | 60.7 (15.9) |
64.5 (18.1) |
71.2 (21.8) |
77.4 (25.2) |
84.2 (29.0) |
89.4 (31.9) |
91.2 (32.9) |
90.8 (32.7) |
86.8 (30.4) |
79.2 (26.2) |
70.1 (21.2) |
62.9 (17.2) |
77.4 (25.2) |
|
| Average low | 39.5 (4.2) |
42.4 (5.8) |
49.2 (9.6) |
54.8 (12.7) |
62.8 (17.1) |
69.2 (20.7) |
71.8 (22.1) |
71.7 (22.0) |
67.6 (19.8) |
56.3 (13.5) |
47.8 (8.8) |
41.6 (5.3) |
56.2 (13.4) |
||
| Source: NOAA[51][52][53][54] | |||||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Alabama
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1800 | 1,250 |
|
|
| 1810 | 9,046 | 623.7% | |
| 1820 | 127,901 | 1,313.9% | |
| 1830 | 309,527 | 142.0% | |
| 1840 | 590,756 | 90.9% | |
| 1850 | 771,623 | 30.6% | |
| 1860 | 964,201 | 25.0% | |
| 1870 | 996,992 | 3.4% | |
| 1880 | 1,262,505 | 26.6% | |
| 1890 | 1,513,401 | 19.9% | |
| 1900 | 1,828,697 | 20.8% | |
| 1910 | 2,138,093 | 16.9% | |
| 1920 | 2,348,174 | 9.8% | |
| 1930 | 2,646,248 | 12.7% | |
| 1940 | 2,832,961 | 7.1% | |
| 1950 | 3,061,743 | 8.1% | |
| 1960 | 3,266,740 | 6.7% | |
| 1970 | 3,444,165 | 5.4% | |
| 1980 | 3,893,888 | 13.1% | |
| 1990 | 4,040,587 | 3.8% | |
| 2000 | 4,447,100 | 10.1% | |
| 2010 | 4,779,736 | 7.5% | |
| Sources: 1910–2010[55] | |||
|
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Alabama was 4,802,740 on July 1, 2011, a 0.48% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[2]
The United States Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2008, estimated Alabama's population at 4,661,900,[56] which represents an increase of 214,545, or 4.8%, since the last census in 2000.[57] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 people (that is 502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 people into the state.[57] Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people.[57] The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal immigrants (24,000).
The center of population of Alabama is located in Chilton County, outside of the town of Jemison.[58]
Race and ancestry[link]
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Alabama had a population of 4,779,736. In terms of race and ethnicity, the state was 68.5% White (67.0% Non-Hispanic White Alone), 26.2% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 2.0% from Some Other Race, and 1.5% from Two or More Races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 3.9% of the population.[59]
The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama are: African American (26.2%), English (23.6%), Irish (7.7%), German (5.7%), and Scots-Irish (2.0%).[60][61][62] Those citing "American" ancestry in Alabama are of overwhelmingly English extraction, however most English Americans identify simply as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so long, in some cases since the 1600s. Demographers estimate that a minimum of 20–23% of people in Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry and state that the figure is probably much higher. In the 1980 census, 41% of the people in Alabama cited that they were of English ancestry, making them the largest ethnic group at the time.[63][64][65][66][67] There are also many more people in Alabama of Scots-Irish origins than are self-reported.[68] Many people in Alabama claim Irish ancestry because of the term Scots-Irish, but most of the time in Alabama this term is used for those with Scottish roots, rather than Irish.[69]
In 1984, under the Davis–Strong Act, Alabama established a state Indian Commission and officially recognized seven American Indian tribes, including the Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama, which is a 501 (c)(3) group. It is made up of descendants of the Chickamauga Cherokee and others who managed to evade Indian Removal in the 1830s. Working with Auburn University, the tribe has begun a revival of the Cherokee language.
Religion[link]
Alabama is located in the middle of the Bible Belt, a region of high Christian followers. Alabama has been identified as one of the most religious states in the US, with about 58% of the population attending church regularly.[70] A majority of people in the state identify as Protestant. As of 2000, the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are Evangelical Protestant, Mainline Protestant, and Catholic. The Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents in Alabama with 1,380,121, followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 members, and the Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents.[71]
In a 2007 survey, nearly 70% of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels. Of those who indicated a religious preference, 59% said they possessed a "full understanding" of their faith and needed no further learning.[72] In a 2007 poll, 92% of Alabamians reported having at least some confidence in churches in the state.[73][74] In the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey, 80% of Alabama respondents reported their religion as Christian (other than Catholic,) 6% as Catholic, and 11% as having no religion at all.[75]
Health[link]
A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study showed that Alabama was one of the worst in the country for obesity with most counties having over 29% of adults obese, except for ten which exceeded 26%.[76] Residents were least likely of any state in the nation to exercise.[77] Alabama has one of the highest incidences of adult onset diabetes in the country, exceeding 10% of adults.[78][79]
Economy[link]
The state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and fabrication.
According to the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2008 GDP increased 0.7% from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information.[80] In 2010, per capita income for the state was $22,984.[81]
As of September 2010, the state's unemployment rate is 8.9%.[82]
Largest employers[link]
According to the Birmingham Business Journal, the five employers which employ the most employees in Alabama as of 2011 were:[83]
| Employer | Number of employees |
|---|---|
| Redstone Arsenal | 25,373 |
| University of Alabama at Birmingham (includes UAB Hospital) | 18,750 |
| Maxwell Air Force Base | 12,280 |
| State of Alabama | 9,500 |
| Mobile County Public School System | 8,100 |
Agriculture[link]
Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production, according to various reports,[84][85] with Texas, Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three.
Industry[link]
Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. Also, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, location of NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the U.S. Army Materiel Command, headquartered at Redstone Arsenal.
Most of Alabama's economic growth is due to the state's expanding automotive manufacturing industry. Located in the state are Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama, Mercedes-Benz U.S. International, and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama, as well as their various suppliers. Since 1993, the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in the state. Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation in automobile output.[86]
Steel producers Nucor, SSAB, ThyssenKrupp, and U.S. Steel have facilities in Alabama and employ over 10,000 people. In May 2007, German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Alabama for a $3.7 billion steel production plant, with the promise of 2,700 permanent jobs.[87] When ThyssenKrupp's new facilities reach full production capacity, Alabama is expected to become the third largest steel producing state in the country behind Indiana and Pennsylvania.[88]
The Hunt Refining Company, a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there. The company also operates terminals in Mobile, Melvin, and Moundville.[89] JVC America, Inc. operates an optical disc replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa.[90]
Michelin North America operated a 1,000,000 square feet (9.3 ha) BFGoodrich Tire manufacturing plant in Opelika from 1963 to 2009, when it shut down.[91] GAF Materials Corporation formerly operated a plant in Mobile, but ceased production operations in 2010. The plant had previously been idled in 2007 before resuming in 2008 and may reopen in the future once demand recovers.[92]
Tourism[link]
An estimated 100,000 tourists annually from other countries visit the state, including from Canada, England, Germany and Japan. In 2006, 22.3 million tourists spent $8.3 billion providing an estimated 162,000 jobs in the state.[93][94][95]
Health[link]
UAB Hospital is the only Level I trauma center in Alabama.[96][97] UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama, with a workforce of about 18,000.[98]
Banking[link]
Alabama has the headquarters of Regions Financial Corporation, BBVA Compass and Superior Bancorp. Birmingham-based Compass Banchshares was acquired by Spanish-based BBVA in September 2007, although the headquarters of BBVA Compass remains in Birmingham. In November 2006, Regions Financial completed its merger with AmSouth Bancorporation, which was also headquartered in Birmingham. SouthTrust Corporation, another large bank headquartered in Birmingham, was acquired by Wachovia in 2004 for $14.3 billion. The city still has major operations for Wachovia and its now post-operating bank Wells Fargo, which includes a regional headquarters, an operations center campus and a $400 million dollar data center. Nearly a dozen smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham, such as Superior Bancorp, ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank. Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies, including Harbert Management Corporation.
Electronics[link]
Telecommunications provider AT&T, formerly BellSouth, also has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham. The company has over 6,000 employees and more than 1,200 contract employees.
Many commercial technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville, such as the network access company ADTRAN, computer graphics company Intergraph, design and manufacturer of IT infrastructure Avocent, and telecommunications provider Deltacom. Cinram manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu-ray Discs out of their Huntsville plant.
Construction[link]
Rust International has grown to include Brasfield & Gorrie, BE&K, Hoar Construction and B.L. Harbert International, which all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms. (Rust International was acquired in 2000 by Washington Group International, which was in turn acquired by San-Francisco based URS Corporation in 2007.)
Transportation[link]
The Port of Mobile, Alabama's only saltwater port, is a busy seaport on the Gulf of Mexico with inland waterway access to the Midwest by way of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. The Port of Mobile is currently the 9th-largest by tonnage in the United States.[99]
Barge transportation in and out of the Port of Tuscaloosa and other commercial navigation make the Black Warrior River useful in the state of Alabama.
Law and government[link]
State government[link]
Main article: Government of Alabama
The foundational document for Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution, which was ratified in 1901. At almost 800 amendments and 310,000 words, it is the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the U.S. Constitution.[100][101] There is a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution.[102] This movement is based upon the fact that Alabama's constitution highly centralizes power in Montgomery and leaves practically no power in local hands. Any policy changes proposed around the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and, frequently, by state referendum. One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length were intentional to codify segregation and racism.
Alabama is divided into three equal branches: The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature, a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives, with 105 members, and the Alabama Senate, with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation. The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature. The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto).
The executive branch is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws. It is headed by the Governor of Alabama. Other members of executive branch include the cabinet, the Attorney General of Alabama, the Alabama Secretary of State, the Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries, the Alabama State Treasurer, and the State Auditor of Alabama. The current governor of the state is Republican Robert Bentley. The lieutenant governor is Republican Kay Ivey.
The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The highest court is the Supreme Court of Alabama. The Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Republican Chuck Malone. All sitting justices on the Alabama Supreme Court are members of the Republican Party.
The members of the Legislature take office immediately after the November elections. The statewide officials, such as the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, and other constitutional offices take office in the following January.[103]
Taxes[link]
Alabama levies a 2, 4, or 5 percent personal income tax, depending upon the amount earned and filing status. Taxpayers are allowed to deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama state tax, and can do so even if taking the standard deduction. Taxpayers who file itemized deductions are also allowed to deduct federal Social Security and Medicare taxes.
The state's general sales tax rate is 4%.[104] The collection rate could be substantially higher, depending upon additional city and county sales taxes. For example, the total sales tax rate in Mobile is 10% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1%, which means that a diner in Mobile would pay a 11% tax on a meal. Sales and excise taxes in Alabama account for 51% of all state and local revenue, compared with an average of about 36% nationwide. Alabama is also one of the few remaining states that levies a tax on food and medicine. Alabama's income tax on poor working families is among the nation's very highest.[105] Alabama is the only state that levies income tax on a family of four with income as low as $4,600, which is barely one-quarter of the federal poverty line.[105] Alabama's threshold is the lowest among the 41 states and the District of Columbia with income taxes.[105]
The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5%. The overall federal, state, and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country.[106] Property taxes are the lowest in the United States. The current state constitution requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes.
Since Alabama's tax structure largely depends on consumer spending, it is subject to high variable budget structure. For example, in 2003 Alabama had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million.
Local and county government[link]
Alabama has 67 counties. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the County Commission, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Because of the restraints placed in the Alabama Constitution, all but seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have little to no home rule. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies such as waste disposal to land use zoning.
On November 9, 2011 Jefferson County declared bankruptcy.[107][108]
Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state; the government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. However, counties can declare themselves "dry"; the state does not sell alcohol in those areas.
| Rank | County | Population (2010 Census) |
Seat | Largest city |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jefferson | 658,466 | Birmingham | Birmingham |
| 2 | Mobile | 412,992 | Mobile | Mobile |
| 3 | Madison | 334,811 | Huntsville | Huntsville |
| 4 | Montgomery | 229,363 | Montgomery | Montgomery |
| 5 | Shelby | 195,085 | Columbiana | Hoover (part) Alabaster |
| 6 | Tuscaloosa | 194,656 | Tuscaloosa | Tuscaloosa |
| 7 | Baldwin | 182,265 | Bay Minette | Daphne |
| 8 | Lee | 140,247 | Opelika | Auburn |
| 9 | Morgan | 119,490 | Decatur | Decatur |
| 10 | Calhoun | 118,572 | Anniston | Anniston |
Politics[link]
During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope. In 1874, the political coalition known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the African American vote.
After 1890, a coalition of whites passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise black residents, a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution. Provisions which disfranchised African Americans also disfranchised poor whites, however. By 1941 more whites than blacks had been disfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000, although the impact was greater on the African-American community, as almost all of its citizens were disfranchised.
From 1901 through the 1960s, the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state. The result was a rural minority that dominated state politics until a series of court cases required redistricting in 1972.
Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the American Civil Rights Movement, when majority whites bureaucratically, and at times, violently resisted protests for electoral and social reform. Democrat George Wallace, the state's only four-term governor, was a controversial figure. Only with the passage of the Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964[32] and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African-Americans regain suffrage and other civil rights.
In 2007, the Alabama Legislature passed, and Republican Governor Bob Riley signed, a resolution expressing "profound regret" over slavery and its lingering impact. In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol, which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America.[109]
Elections[link]
Main article: Elections in Alabama
State elections[link]
With the disfranchisement of African Americans, the state became part of the "Solid South", a system in which the Democratic Party became essentially the only political party in every Southern state. For nearly 100 years, local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election.
Republicans hold all nine seats on the Alabama Supreme Court[110] and all ten seats on the state appellate courts. Until 1994, no Republicans held any of the court seats. This change also began, likely in part, due to the same perception by voters of Democratic party efforts to disenfranchise voters again in 1994. In that general election, the then-incumbent Chief Justice of Alabama, Ernest C. Hornsby, refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3,000 votes to Republican Perry O. Hooper, Sr.. Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court. This ultimately led to a collapse of support for Democrats at the ballot box in the next three or four election cycles. The Democrats lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench.
Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices. Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats on the Alabama State Board of Education. In 2010, Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years. Democrats hold one of the three seats on the Alabama Public Service Commission.[111][112][113]
Only two Republican Lieutenant Governors have been elected since Reconstruction, one is Kay Ivey, the current Lieutenant Governor.
Local elections[link]
Many local offices (County Commissioners, Boards of Education, Tax Assessors, Tax Collectors, etc.) in the state are still held by Democrats. Local elections in most rural counties are generally decided in the Democratic primary and local elections in metropolitan and suburban counties are generally decided in the Republican Primary, although there are exceptions.[114][115]
Alabama's 67 County Sheriffs are elected in partisan races and Democrats still retain the majority of those posts. The current split is 42 Democrats, 24 Republicans, and one Independent (Choctaw).[116][Full citation needed] However, most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over rural and less populated counties and the majority of Republican sheriffs preside over more urban/suburban and heavily populated counties.[117] Two Alabama counties (Montgomery and Calhoun) with a population of over 100,000 have Democratic sheriffs and five Alabama counties with a population of under 75,000 have Republican sheriffs (Autauga, Coffee, Dale, Coosa, and Blount).[118] The state has one female sheriff (Morgan) and nine African-American sheriffs.[119][Full citation needed]
Federal elections[link]
The state's two U.S. senators are Jefferson B. Sessions III and Richard C. Shelby, both Republicans.
In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans: (Jo Bonner, Mike D. Rogers, Robert Aderholt, Morris J. Brooks, Martha Roby, and Spencer Bachus) and one Democrat: Terri Sewell).
Further information: United States presidential election in Alabama, 2004
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Alabama
Primary and secondary education[link]
Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the overview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,541 individual schools provide education for 743,364 elementary and secondary students.[120]
Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 2006–2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year.[120] In 2007, over 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the State of Alabama. In 2004, 23 percent of schools met AYP.[121]
While Alabama's public education system has improved, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to U.S. Census data, Alabama's high school graduation rate – 75% – is the fourth lowest in the United States (after Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi).[122] The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees.[123]
Colleges and universities[link]
Main article: List of colleges and universities in Alabama
Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. In the state are two medical schools (University of Alabama School of Medicine and University of South Alabama), two veterinary colleges (Auburn University and Tuskegee University), a dental school (University of Alabama School of Dentistry), an optometry college (University of Alabama at Birmingham), two pharmacy schools (Auburn University and Samford University), and five law schools (University of Alabama School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, Cumberland School of Law, Miles Law School, and the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law). Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to 16 doctoral level programs.[124][125]
The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 31,747 enrolled for fall 2011.[126] Troy University is the largest institution in the state, enrolling 29,689 students (as of 2010) across four Alabama campuses (Troy, Dothan, Montgomery, and Phenix City), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries. The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church-affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile, both founded in 1830.[127][128]
Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE),[129] the Council on Occupational Education (COE),[130] and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS).[131]
According to the 2011 U.S. News and World Report, Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (University of Alabama at 31, Auburn University at 36, and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73).[132]
Sports[link]
Professional sports teams[link]
Main article: List of professional sports teams in Alabama
Alabama has several minor league professional teams including four minor league baseball teams.
| Team name | Location | Sport | League | Venue | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama Hammers | Huntsville | Arena football | Southern Indoor Football League | Von Braun Center | |
| Birmingham Barons | Birmingham | Baseball | Southern League | Regions Park | |
| Huntsville Havoc | Huntsville | Ice Hockey | Southern Professional Hockey League | Von Braun Center | |
| Dixie Derby Girls | Huntsville | Roller derby | Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) | Von Braun Center | |
| Huntsville Stars | Huntsville | Baseball | Southern League | Joe W. Davis Stadium | |
| Mobile BayBears | Mobile | Baseball | Southern League | Hank Aaron Stadium | |
| Montgomery Biscuits | Montgomery | Baseball | Southern League | Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium | |
| Rocket City United | Huntsville | Soccer | National Premier Soccer League | Madison City Schools Stadium | |
| Tennessee Valley Tigers | Huntsville | Football | Independent Women's Football League | Milton Frank Stadium | replaced the Alabama Renegades |
Venues[link]
Alabama has four of the world's largest stadiums by seating capacity: Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Bryant-Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa, Jordan-Hare Stadium in Auburn and Legion Field in Birmingham.
The Talladega Superspeedway motorsports complex hosts a series of NASCAR events. It has a seating capacity of 143,000 and is the thirteenth largest stadium in the world and sixth largest stadium in America. Bryant-Denny Stadium serves as the home of the University of Alabama football team has a seating capacity of 101,821. It is the fifth largest stadium in America and the eighth largest non-racing stadium in the world. Jordan-Hare Stadium is the home field of the Auburn University football team and has a seating capacity of 87,451. It is the twelfth largest college football stadium in America. Legion Field is home for the UAB Blazers football program and the Papajohns.com Bowl. It seats 71,594.[133][134]
Ladd-Peebles Stadium in Mobile serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, GoDaddy.com Bowl, Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic and home of the University of South Alabama football team. Ladd-Peebles Stadium opened in 1948 and seats 40,646.[135]
In 2009, Bryant-Denny Stadium and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, known as the Super Six. Bryant-Denny hosts the Super Six in odd-numbered years, with Jordan-Hare taking the games in even-numbered years. Previously, the Super Six was held at Legion Field in Birmingham.[136]
Transportation[link]
Air transportation[link]
Main article: Aviation in Alabama
Major airports in Alabama include Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport (BHM), Huntsville International Airport (HSV), Dothan Regional Airport (DHN), Mobile Regional Airport (MOB), Montgomery Regional Airport (MGM), Muscle Shoals – Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL), Tuscaloosa Regional Airport (TCL), and Pryor Field Regional Airport (DCU).
Rail[link]
For rail transport, Amtrak schedules the Crescent, a daily passenger train, running from New York to New Orleans with stops at Anniston, Birmingham, and Tuscaloosa.
Roads[link]
File:I-565 at Space and Rocket Center.jpg
Interstate 565 passing by the US Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville.
Alabama has five major interstate roads that cross the state: I-65 runs north–south roughly through the middle of the state; I-59/I-20 travels from the central west border to Birmingham, where I-59 continues to the north-east corner of the state and I-20 continues east towards Atlanta; I-85 originates in Montgomery and runs east-northeast to the Georgia border, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and I-10 traverses the southernmost portion of the state, running from west to east through Mobile. Another interstate road, I-22, is currently under construction. When completed around 2014 it will connect Birmingham with Memphis, Tennessee. In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: I-165 in Mobile, I-359 in Tuscaloosa, I-459 around Birmingham, I-565 in Huntsville, and I-759 in Gadsden. A sixth route, I-685, will be created when I-85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery. A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will designated as I-422.
Several U.S. Highways also pass through the state, such as US 11, US 29, US 31, US 43, US 45, US 72, US 78, US 80, US 82, US 84, US 90, US 98, US 231, US 278, US 280, US 331, US 411, and US 431.
There are four toll roads in the state: Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery; Tuscaloosa Bypass in Tuscaloosa; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka; and Beach Express in Orange Beach.
In March 2011, Alabama ranked among the top five "Worst" states on the American State Litter Scorecard, for overall poor effectiveness and quality of its statewide public space cleanliness—primarily roadway and adjacent litter removals—from state and related efforts.[137]
Ports[link]
Alabama has one seaport, in Mobile on the Gulf of Mexico. The state's other ports are on rivers with access to the Gulf.
Water ports of Alabama, listed from north to south:
| Port name | Location | Connected to |
|---|---|---|
| Port of Florence | Florence/Muscle Shoals, on Pickwick Lake | Tennessee River |
| Port of Decatur | Decatur, on Wheeler Lake | Tennessee River |
| Port of Guntersville | Guntersville, on Lake Guntersville | Tennessee River |
| Port of Birmingham | Birmingham, on Black Warrior River | Tenn-Tom Waterway |
| Port of Tuscaloosa | Tuscaloosa, on Black Warrior River | Tenn-Tom Waterway |
| Port of Montgomery | Montgomery, on Woodruff Lake | Alabama River |
| Port of Mobile | Mobile, on Mobile Bay | Gulf of Mexico |
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of history
- Outline of geography
- List of people from Alabama
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama
References[link]
- ^ The Alabama monument south of Gettysburg
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- ^ US Church attendance
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- ^ Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar (2009). "AMERICAN RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION SURVEY (ARIS) 2008" (PDF). Hartford, Connecticut, USA: Trinity College. p. 20. http://b27.cc.trincoll.edu/weblogs/AmericanReligionSurvey-ARIS/reports/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
- ^ "County Level Estimates of Obesity – State Maps". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDT_STRS2/CountyPrevalenceData.aspx?StateId=1&mode=OBS.
- ^ "Highest Rates of Leisure-Time Physical Inactivity in Appalachia and South". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2011/p0216_physicalinactivity.html.
- ^ "County Level Estimates of Diagnosed Diabetes – State Maps". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDT_STRS2/CountyPrevalenceData.aspx?mode=DBT.
- ^ "CDC national chart on diabetes". Apps.nccd.cdc.gov. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDT_STRS2/NationalDiabetesPrevalenceEstimates.aspx?mode=DBT. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "GDP by State (2008)". Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts. June 2, 2009. http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/gsp_newsrelease.htm. Retrieved October 9, 2009. full release with tables
- ^ "United States Census Bureau". State and County Quick Facts. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/01000.html. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
- ^ Aneesa McMillan. "Top of the List: Alabama's largest employers" (April 22, 2011). Birmingham Business Journal.
- ^ "Alabama and CBER: 75 Years of Change" (PDF). Alabama Business. Center for Business and Economic Research, Culverhouse College of Commerce, The University of Alabama. Q4 2005. http://cber.cba.ua.edu/pdf/ab2005q4.pdf. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "State Highlights for 2004–2005" (PDF). Alabama Cooperative Extension System. USDA, NASS, Alabama Statistical Office. 2005. http://www.aces.edu/dept/nass/bulletin/2005/pg05.pdf. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
- ^ "Vehicle Technologies Program: Fact #539: October 6, 2008 Light Vehicle Production by State". .eere.energy.gov. October 6, 2008. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/2008_fotw539.html. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ "ThyssenKrupp's Alabama incentive package tops $811 million". Press-Register. May 11, 2007. http://blog.al.com/live/2007/05/mobile_county_wins_thyssenkrup.html. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ^ http://www.alalabor.state.al.us/PDFs/SteelCouncilNewsletter.pdf
- ^ "Hunt Refining Company." Linkedin.
- ^ "Company Overview." JVC America, Inc.
- ^ Kathryn Kroll. "BFGoodrich closing Alabama plant that employs 1,000." (April 13, 2009). The Plain Dealer.
- ^ Jeff Amy. "GAF Materials to close Mobile shingle plant by year's end" (November 9, 2010). Press-Register.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Alabama: Alabama Tourism Department (ATD)
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – Sweet Home Alabama". 800alabama.com. July 1, 2004. http://www.800alabama.com/about-alabama/alabama-news-facts/frequently-asked-questions/. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ Fahrenthold, David A. (May 2, 2010). "Obama to survey environmental damage in gulf". Washington, DC: Washington Pose. pp. A6.
- ^ "Verified Trauma Centers". American College of Surgeons, Verified Trauma Centers. December 30, 2010. http://www.facs.org/trauma/verified.html. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
- ^ "College Research Data". University of Texas. https://webspace.utexas.edu/jas5349/Research_Data.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Waterborne Commerce Statistics. p. 90. http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ^ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (November 28, 2004). "Alabama Vote Opens Old Racial Wounds". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A16443-2004Nov27?language=printer. Retrieved September 22, 2006.
- ^ "Constitution of Alabama – 1901". The Alabama Legislative Information System. http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeOfAlabama/Constitution/1901/Constitution1901_toc.htm. Retrieved September 22, 2006.
- ^ "Alabama Citizens for Constitutional Reform". Constitutionalreform.org. http://www.constitutionalreform.org/. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ Lee, McDowell (2009). "Alabama's Legislative Process". State of Alabama. http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/legislativeprocess/legislativeprocess_ml.html.
- ^ Comparison of State and Local Retail Sales Taxes, July 2004 Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ a b c "Reducing Alabama's Income Tax on Working-Poor Families: Two Options – 4/14/99". Cbpp.org. http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1812. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
- ^ "Alabama State Local Tax Burden Compared to U.S. Average (1970–2007)" (PDF). Tax Foundation. http://www.taxfoundation.org/files/sl_burden_alabama-2007-04-04.pdf. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ^ http://jeffconline.jccal.org/home/news/photo/1517060216/
- ^ "Jefferson County, Ala., Falls Off the Bankruptcy Cliff". The New York Times. February 18, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/business/jefferson-county-ala-falls-off-the-bankruptcy-cliff.html.
- ^ Rawls, Phillip (June 1, 2007). "Alabama offers an apology for slavery". The Virginian Pilot (Landmark Communications).
- ^ "Sue Bell Cobb considering running for governor - Breaking News from The Birmingham News". Blog.al.com. May 2, 2009. http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2009/05/sue_bell_cobb_considering_runn.html. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "Commissioners". Psc.state.al.us. http://www.psc.state.al.us/commissioners.htm. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ Special (November 5, 2008). "Lucy Baxley wins Alabama Public Service Commission presidency, but recount possible". Birmingham News via al.com. http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2008/11/lucy_baxley_wins_alabama_publi.html. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ Jeff Amy, Press-Register. "Public Service Commission: Twinkle Cavanaugh, Terry Dunn join GOP sweep". al.com. http://blog.al.com/live/2010/11/public_service_commission.html. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "2006 Gubernatorial Democratic Primary Election Results – Alabama". Uselectionatlas.org. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=1&year=2006&f=0&off=5&elect=1. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "2006 Gubernatorial Republican Primary Election Results – Alabama". Uselectionatlas.org. February 15, 2007. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=1&year=2006&f=0&off=5&elect=2. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ Alabama Sheriff's Association
- ^ "Association". Alabama Sheriffs. http://www.alabamasheriffs.com/?PageID=131&IsNav=true. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "2007–2011 Alabama Sheriffs". Alabamasheriffs.com. http://www.alabamasheriffs.com/Image.aspx?ImageID=11481&Title=2007-2011+Alabama+Sheriffs. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ Alabama Sheriffs Association
- ^ a b "Alabama Education Quick Facts 2007" (PDF). http://www.alsde.edu/general/quick_facts.pdf. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
- ^ "Eighty-Two Percent of Alabama Schools Make AYP While Increasing Annual Measurable Objectives" (PDF). http://www.alsde.edu/Accountability/2007Reports/Press/2007AYPNewsRelease.pdf. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
- ^ http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-24.pdf
- ^ Education Statistics. CensusScope.org
- ^ "Degree titles and abbreviations". Alabama Commission on Higher Education. http://www.ache.state.al.us/Acadaffr/ProInv/Degreeabbr.htm. Retrieved September 3, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Education Programs | CCHS". Cchs.ua.edu. http://cchs.ua.edu/edu/. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "University of Alabama Reaches Record Enrollment this Fall". Wtvy.com. September 15, 2011. http://www.wtvy.com/home/headlines/University_of_Alabama_Reaches_Record_Enrollment_this_Fall_129916513.html. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ "History in the making". University of North Alabama. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. http://www.una.edu/makinghistory/. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ^ "The Mission Statement of Spring Hill College: History". Spring Hill College. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. http://www.shc.edu/about-shc/employment/hiring/the-mission-statement-of-spring-hill-college/. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
- ^ "Members". Association for Biblical Higher Education. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. http://directory.abhe.org/default.aspx?status=Member. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
- ^ "Membership Directory" (PDF). Council on Operational Education. November 2010. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. http://www.council.org/forms/acc_membership.pdf. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
- ^ "ACICS Website Directory" (PDF). Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools. July 20, 2009. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. http://www.acics.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/7_20_09.pdf. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
- ^ "Top Public Schools". U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/61mTinjiN. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Stadium List :: 100 000+ Stadiums". World Stadiums. http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/stadium_list/100000.shtml. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ "Welcome to Ladd Peebles Stadium". Laddpeeblesstadium.com. January 23, 2012. http://www.laddpeeblesstadium.com/. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ "Super 6 leaving Birmingham for Bryant-Denny, Jordan-Hare stadiums | al.com". Blog.al.com. http://blog.al.com/sentell/2009/04/super_6_byebye_birmingham.html. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ S. Spacek, 2011 American State Litter Scorecard: New Rankings for an Increasingly Environmentally Concerned Populace.
Further reading[link]
- For a detailed bibliography, see the History of Alabama.
- Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (1994)
- Flynt, Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century (2004)
- Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography 4 vols. 1921.
- Jackson, Harvey H. Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State (2004)
- Mohl, Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" Alabama Review 2002 55(4): 243–274. ISSN 0002-4341
- Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974). Information on politics and economics 1960–72.
- Williams, Benjamin Buford. A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century 1979.
- WPA. Guide to Alabama (1939)
External links[link]
| Find more about Alabama on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Alabama.gov – official site
- Alabama State Guide, from the Library of Congress
- Alabama Association of Regional Councils
- Energy Data & Statistics for Alabama- From the U.S. Department of Energy
- TourAlabama.org – Alabama Department of Tourism and Travel
- All About Alabama, at the Alabama Department of Archives and History
- AlabamaMosaic, a digital repository of materials on Alabama's history, culture, places, and people
- Code of Alabama 1975 – at the Alabama Legislature site
- Alabama at the Open Directory Project
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alabama
- Alabama QuickFacts from the U.S. Census Bureau
- Alabama State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
Geographic data related to Alabama at OpenStreetMap
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| Gulf of Mexico |  Florida |
| Preceded by Illinois |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on December 14, 1819 (22nd) |
Succeeded by Maine |
Coordinates: 33°0′N 86°40′W / 33°N 86.667°W / 33; -86.667
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama
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| Jools Holland | |
|---|---|
 Holland at the British Academy Television Awards 2009 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Julian Miles Holland |
| Born | (1958-01-24) 24 January 1958 (age 54) Blackheath, London, England |
| Genres | Boogie-woogie, jazz, blues, R&B |
| Occupations | Musician, composer, television presenter, bandleader |
| Instruments | Piano, keyboard, guitar |
| Years active | 1974–present |
| Associated acts | Squeeze Rhythm & Blues Orchestra |
| Website | Official site |
Julian Miles "Jools" Holland OBE, DL (born 24 January 1958) is an English pianist, bandleader, singer, composer, and television presenter. He was a founder of the band Squeeze (1974-1980 & 1985-1990) and his work has involved him with many artists including Sting, Eric Clapton, George Harrison, David Gilmour, Magazine and Bono.
Holland is a published author and appears on television shows besides his own and contributes to radio shows. In 2004, he collaborated with Tom Jones on an album of traditional R&B music. He currently hosts Later... with Jools Holland, a music-based show aired on BBC2, on which his annual show Hootenanny, is based.[1]
Contents |
Life and career[link]
His great grandfather came from Ireland.[2]
Holland played as a session musician before finding fame, and his first studio session was with Wayne County & the Electric Chairs in 1976 on their track "F*ck Off."[3]
Holland was a founding member of the British pop band Squeeze, formed in March 1974, in which he played keyboards until 1981 and helped the band to achieve millions of record sales, before pursuing his solo career.[3]
Holland began issuing solo records in 1978, his first EP being Boogie Woogie '78. He continued his solo career through the early 1980s, releasing an album and several singles between 1981 and 1984. He branched out into TV, co-presenting the Newcastle-based TV music show The Tube with Paula Yates. Holland achieved notoriety by inadvertently using the phrase "groovy fuckers" in a live, early evening TV trailer for the show, causing it to be suspended for six weeks.[4] He referred to this in his sitcom "The Groovy Fellers" with Rowland Rivron.
In 1983 Holland played an extended piano solo on The The's re-recording of "Uncertain Smile" for the album Soul Mining. In 1985, Squeeze (which had continued in Holland's absence through to 1982) unexpectedly regrouped including Jools Holland as their keyboard player. Holland remained in the band until 1990, at which point, he again departed Squeeze on amicable terms to resume his solo career as a musician and a TV host.
In 1987, Holland formed The Jools Holland Big Band which consisted of himself and Gilson Lavis from Squeeze. This gradually became his 18-piece Rhythm & Blues Orchestra.[3]
Between 1988 and 1990 he performed and co-hosted along with David Sanborn during the two seasons of the music performance program Sunday Night on NBC late-night television.[5] Since 1992 he has presented the music program Later... with Jools Holland, plus an annual New Year's Eve Hootenanny.
In 1996, Holland signed a recording contract with Warner Bros. Records,[3] and his records are now marketed through Rhino Records.
Holland has a touring band, The Rhythm And Blues Orchestra, which often includes singers Sam Brown and Ruby Turner. In January 2005 Holland and his band performed with Eric Clapton as the headline act of the Tsunami Relief Cardiff.
Personal[link]
Holland lives in the Westcombe Park area of Blackheath in South East London, where he had his studio, Helicon Mountain, built to his design, inspired by Portmeirion, the setting for the 1960s TV series The Prisoner.[6] Holland owns costumes and props from the series and occasionally appears wearing the trademark brown-with-white-pipe blazer featured in the series. In 1987, Holland demonstrated his love of the series and starred in a spoof documentary, The Laughing Prisoner, with Stephen Fry, Terence Alexander and Hugh Laurie.[6] Much of it was shot on location in Portmeirion, with archive footage of Patrick McGoohan, and featuring musical numbers from Siouxsie and the Banshees, Magnum and XTC. Holland performed a number towards the end of the program. His younger brother, Christopher, also plays organ in the Rhythm & Blues Orchestra, as well as being a singer-songwriter.
Holland was an interviewer for The Beatles Anthology TV project, and appeared in the 1997 film Spiceworld as a musical director.
He received an OBE in 2003 in the Queen's Birthday Honours list, for services to the British music industry as a television presenter and musician. In September 2006 Holland was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for Kent.[7] He is also known for his charity work: in June 2006 he performed in Southend for HIV/AIDS charity Mildmay,[8] and in early 2007 he performed at Wells and Rochester Cathedrals to raise money for maintaining cathedral buildings.[9] He is also patron of the Drake Music Project[10] and has raised many thousands of pounds for the charity.
Holland was appointed an Honorary Fellow of Canterbury Christ Church University at a ceremony held at Canterbury Cathedral on 30 January 2009.[11]
On 29 August 2005 Holland married Christabel McEwen, his girlfriend of 15 years (between 1983 and 1995 she had been married to Edward Lambton, 7th Earl of Durham, before they divorced). The wedding, at St James's Church, Cooling near Rochester, was attended by many celebrities, including Ringo Starr, Robbie Coltrane, Stephen Fry, Lenny Henry, Noel Gallagher, Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders.[12]
Holland is also a patron for The Milton Rooms, an Arts centre in Malton, North Yorkshire, along with Bill Nighy, Imelda Staunton and Kathy Burke.[13]
Writing[link]
His 2007 biography, Barefaced Lies and Boogie Woogie Boasts was BBC Radio 4 "Book of the Week" in the week beginning 8 October 2007 and was read by Holland. He is the author or joint author of four other books.
Discography[link]
See also: Squeeze and Squeeze discography
Albums that have charted and gained Certifications[link]
| Year | Album | Peak chart positions | Certifications (sales thresholds) [14] |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UK [15] |
NZ [16] |
|||
| 1996 | Jazz & Rock & Roll | 38 | - | |
| 1998 | Best Of | - | - |
|
| 2000 | Hop The Wag | - | - |
|
| 2001 | Small World Big Band | 8 | 23 |
|
| 2002 | SWBB Volume Two: More Friends | 17 | 44 |
|
| 2003 | Jack O The Green (SWBB Friends 3) | 39 | - |
|
| 2005 | Swinging the Blues, Dancing the Ska | 36 | - | |
| 2007 | Best of Friends | 9 | - |
|
| 2011 | Finding The Keys - The Best of | 127[17] | - | |
Releases[link]
- 1978 "Boogie Woogie '78" (EP)
- 1981 Jools Holland and His Millionaires
- 1984 Jools Holland Meets Rock 'A' Boogie Billy (U.S. release only)
- 1990 World Of His Own
- 1991 The Full Complement
- 1992 "Together Again" (single with Sam Brown)
- 1992 The A-Z Geographer's Guide To The Piano
- 1994 Solo Piano
- 1994 Live Performance
- 1996 " Jazz & Rock & Roll
- 1997 Lift The Lid
- 1998 Best Of
- 1999 Sunset Over London
- 2000 Hop The Wag
- 2001 Small World Big Band
- 2002 SWBB Volume Two: More Friends
- 2003 Jack O The Green (SWBB Friends 3)
- 2004 Tom Jones & Jools Holland
- 2005 Beatroute
- 2005 Swinging the Blues, Dancing the Ska
- 2006 Moving Out To The Country
- 2007 Best of Friends
- 2008 The Collection
- 2008 The Informer (With Ruby Turner)
- 2008 "The Informer" (single with Ruby Turner)
- 2009 "I Went By" (single with Louise Marshall)
- 2010 Rockinghorse
Film and television[link]
- 1981 Urgh! A Music War
- 1982 Police: Around the World
- 1982 - 1987 The Tube (Host for 121 editions)
- 1983 Rebellious Jukebox: Compere
- 1984 The Young Ones: Punk (Episode entitled "Summer Holiday")
- 1985 Walking To New Orleans (Jools Holland in New Orleans)
- 1987 Eat the Rich: Sun Reporter
- 1987 Filthy Rich & Catflap: Strip Show Pianist (Episode #1.3)
- 1987 The Laughing Prisoner: No. 7
- 1987 French and Saunders (Episode 1.5)
- 1988 Sunday Night: Host (unknown episodes)
- 1989 Juke Box Jury: Host (unknown episodes)
- 1989 The Groovy Fellers Himself, 6 episodes
- 1991 Mr Roadrunner (Jools Holland in Memphis)
- 1994 There's No Business: Pianist
- 1994 - 1995 Don't Forget Your Toothbrush
- 1995 The Beatles Anthology
- 1997 Spice World: Musical Director
- 1997 Name That Tune: Host and Pianist
- 2003 Jool's History of the Piano : Presenter
- 2006 Top Gear: Star in a reasonably priced car.
- 2007 Fairport@Forty: Interview
- 2009 Chop Shop Rover Concept: The Jet 1 Car : Customer
Current television programmes[link]
- 1992–present Later... with Jools Holland
- 1993–present Hootenanny
Books[link]
- "Rolling Stones": A Life on the Road, (with Dora Loewenstein), Viking/Allen Lane (1998), (ISBN 0-670-88051-5)
- Beat Route: Journeys Through Six Counties, Weidenfeld & Nicholson (1998), (ISBN 0-575-06700-4)
- Ray Charles: Man and Music, (with Michael Lydon), Payback Press (1999), (ISBN 0-86241-929-8)
- Hand That Changed Its Mind , International Music Publications (2007), (ISBN 1-84328-645-9)
- Barefaced Lies and Boogie-woogie Boasts , Michael Joseph Ltd (2007), (ISBN 0-7181-4915-7)
References[link]
- ^ "BBC Later With Jools Holland". http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008rqnv. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
- ^ Barratt, Nick (28 July 2007). "Family detective: Jools Holland". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/familyhistory/3354288/Family-detective-Jools-Holland.html.
- ^ a b c d "About Jools – Official site". http://www.joolsholland.com/aboutjools.htm. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
- ^ "Laughing Policeman Wireless Society: History of Swearing". http://www.laughingpoliceman.com/swear.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
- ^ "Sunday Night" episodes #104 (1988), #113 (1989), #114 (1989), #121 (1989)
- ^ a b "About Jools – Biography – Official site". http://www.joolsholland.com/biography.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
- ^ Farndale, Nigel (19 November 2006). "A man in touch with his inner anorak". (Interview with Jools Holland) (London: Telegraph.co.uk). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3656666/A-man-in-touch-with-his-inner-anorak.html. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ "Jools Holland rocks the Park for Charity". http://www.thenetco.co.uk/mildmaynew/events.aspx?pg=events-joolshollandconcert. Retrieved 5 December 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Jools Holland To Play UK Charity Concerts". 25 January 2007. http://www.easier.com/view/Lifestyle/Entertainment/Going_Out/article-95595.html. Retrieved 5 December 2007.
- ^ patrons, trustees and staff - Drake Music Project
- ^ "Widdecombe, Holland and Underwood are appointed honorary fellows". Canterbury Christ Church University. 3 February 2009. http://www.canterbury.ac.uk/News/newsRelease.asp?newsPk=1301. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ BBC News 30 August 2005: Wedding bells for Jools Holland
- ^ The Milton Rooms homepage
- ^ http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx
- ^ "UK Top 40 Chart Archive, British Singles & Album Charts". everyHit.com. 2000-03-16. http://www.everyhit.com/. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "Discography Jools Holland". charts.org.nz. http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Jools+Holland. Retrieved 2012-04-12.
- ^ http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/110618cluk.txt
External links[link]
- Official website
- Jools Holland at the Internet Movie Database
- Jools Holland's Radio 2 show at BBC Programmes
- Later...with Jools Holland at BBC Online
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Holland, Julian Miles |
| Alternative names | Holland, Jools |
| Short description | Musician and television personality |
| Date of birth | 24 January 1958 |
| Place of birth | Blackheath, London, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jools_Holland
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
