A hat is a head covering used for several reasons. It can be worn for protection against the elements, for ceremonial or religious reasons, for safety, or as a fashion accessory. In the past, hats were an indicator of social status. In the military, they may denote nationality, branch of service, rank and/or regiment.

History

One of the first pictorial depictions of a hat appears in a Thebes tomb painting which shows a man wearing a coolie-style straw hat. Other early hats were the Pileus, a simple skull cap; the Phrygian cap, worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome; and the Greek Petasos, the first known hat with a brim. Women wore veils, kerchiefs, hoods, caps and wimples. Structured hats for women similar to those of male courtiers began to be worn in the late 16th century. The term ‘milliner’ comes from the Italian city of Milan, where the best quality hats were made in the 18th century. Millinery was traditionally a woman’s occupation, with the milliner not only creating hats and bonnets but also choosing lace, trimmings and accessories to complete an outfit.

In the first half of the 19th century, women wore bonnets that gradually became larger, decorated with ribbons, flowers, feathers and gauze trims. By the end of the century, many other styles were introduced, among them hats with wide brims and flat crowns, the flower pot and the toque. By the middle of the 1930s, when women began to cut their hair short, they chose hats that hugged the head like a helmet. They were known as "helmet hats".

Hat design

A hat may consist of six main parts:

''Crown'', the portion of a hat covering the top of the head.

''Peak'' (British English), ''visor'' (American English), or ''bill'', a stiff projection at the front, to shade or shield the eyes from sun and rain.

''Brim'', an optional projection of stiff material from the bottom of the hat's crown horizontally all around the circumference of the hat

''Puggaree'' or ''riband'' (British) or ''hatband'' (American), a ribbon or band that runs around the bottom of the crown above the brim.''

''Sweatband'', the strip of leather (or sometimes ribbon or other material) attached to the inner circumference of the hat to stop sweat from soiling the main body of the hat and may be adjustable with a cord or rope on certain hats.

''Lining'', for some hats there is a silk lining, often bearing the maker's name and label.

Famous hatmakers

One of the most famous London hatters is James Lock & Co of St James's Street. Another was Sharp & Davis of 6 Fish Street Hill. John B. Stetson is a well-known American hat company. In the late 20th century museums credited London-based David Shilling with reinventing hats worldwide. Notable Belgian hat designers are Elvis Pompilio and Fabienne Delvigne, whose hats are worn by European royals. St. Clement, the patron saint of felt hatmakers, is said to have discovered wool felt when he filled his sandals with flax fibers to protect his feet. Philip Treacy OBE is an award-winning Irish milliner who designs hats for the most important designers in the world and for such women as Sarah Jessica Parker and Lady Gaga.

Hat styles

!Image	!Name	!Description
	Ascot cap	A hard men's cap, similar to the flat cap, but distinguished by its hardness and rounded shape.
	Akubra	Australian felt hat with a wide brim.
		A Korean traditional winter cap mostly worn by women in the Joseon period from 1392 – 1910.
		A form of headgear covering the whole head, exposing only the face or upper part of it, and sometimes only the eyes. Also known as a ski mask.
	Balmoral bonnet	Traditional Scottish bonnet or cap worn with Scottish Highland dress.
	Barretina
	Baseball cap	A type of soft cap with a long, stiffened and curved peak.
	Beanie	A brimless cap with or without a small visor once popular among school boys. Sometimes includes a propeller.	In Canada, New Zealand, Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom, the term "beanie" may also be applied to a knit cap known as a tuque, see below.
	Bearskin	The tall, furry, full dress uniform hat of the Brigade of Guards designed to protect the footguards against sword-cuts, commonly seen at Buckingham Palace.
	Beaver hat	Hats made of felted beaver fur.
	Beret	Soft round cap, usually of wool felt, with a flat crown, worn by both men and women and traditionally associated with France. Also used in the military.
	Bicorne	Military hat with two corners, also known as a cocked hat.
	'''Biretta	A square cap with three or four ridges or peaks worn by Roman Catholic clergy and some Anglican and Lutheran clergy.
		Flat-brimmed and flat-topped straw hat, formerly worn by seamen, and now mostly at summer regattas or garden parties, often with a ribbon in club or college colors.
	Boonie hat	A soft cotton wide-brim hat commonly used by militaries. Similar to a bucket hat.
	Boss of the plains	A lightweight all-weather hat designed by John B. Stetson for the demands of the American west.
		A hard felt hat with a rounded crown created in 1850 by Lock's of St James's, the hatters to Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester, for his servants. Sometimes known as a derby hat.
	Bucket hat	A soft cotton hat with a wide, downwards-sloping brim.
	Busby	A small fur military hat.
	Campaign hat	A broad-brimmed felt or straw hat, with a high crown, pinched symmetrically at the four corners (the "Montana crease").
	Capotain	A hat worn from the 1590s through the 1640s in England and Northwestern Europe. It is also commonly called a Pilgrim hat.
	Casquette	A small-peaked cap often worn by cyclists.
	Caubeen		An Irish beret.
	Chilote cap	A woven cap typical of Chiloé Archipelago made of coarse raw wool, usually with a pom-pom at the top.
	Chullo
	Chupalla	Straw hat made in Chile.
	Cloche hat
	Cricket cap	A type of soft cap that is a traditional form of headwear for players of the game of cricket.
	Conical Asian hat	Simple straw hat associated with East and Southeast Asia.
	Coonskin cap	Hat fashioned from the skin and fur of a raccoon that became associated with American and Canadian frontiersmen of the 18th and 19th centuries.
	Cowboy hat	High-crowned, wide-brimmed hat, with a sweatband on the inside, and a decorative hat band on the outside. Customized by creasing the crown and rolling the brim.
	Custodian helmet	Police helmet worn by British constables while on foot patrol.
	Deerstalker
	Dunce cap	A hat that was used to punish and humiliate students in school during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is shaped like a cone and often has a big capital 'D' inscribed on the front.
	Fascinator	A small hat commonly made with feathers, flowers and/or beads. It attaches to the hair by a comb, headband or clip.
		A soft felt hat with a lengthwise crease.
		Red felt hat in the shape of a truncated cone.
	Flat cap	A soft, round men's cap with a small brim in front.
		A traditional Korean hat worn by men.
		A soft brimmed hat popular in New York after the turn of the century made from eight quarter panels. Also known as a newsboy cap.
		A foldable cloth cap with straight sides and a creased or hollow crown.
	Gaung Paung	Headwrap worn by the Bamar, Mon people, Rakhine people
		Three piece ensemble consisting of a Thagiyah skull cap, Gutrah scarf, and Ogal black band. Gutrahs are plain white or checkered, denoting ethnic or national identities..
	[[Glengarry	A traditional Scottish boat-shaped hat without a peak made of thick-milled woollen material with a toorie on top, a rosette cockade on the left, and (usually) ribbons hanging down behind. It is normally worn as part of Scottish military or civilian Highland dress.
	Hard hat	A helmet predominantly used in workplace environments, such as construction sites, to protect the head from injury by falling objects, debris and bad weather.
	Hardee hat	Also known as the 1858 Dress Hat. Regulation hat for Union soldiers during the American Civil War.
		A semi-formal hat with a crease and no dents.
	Jaapi	A traditional hat of Assam, India. There both plain and decorative japies are Available.
		A hat made from the fur of the Qaraqul breed of sheep, typically worn by men in Central and South Asia and popular among Soviet leaders.
	Kepi	A French military hat with a flat, circular top and visor.
		A small close-fitting skullcap worn by religious Jews.
	Kolpik	Brown fur hat worn by Hassidic Jews.
		Brimless cylindrical cap with a flat crown, worn by men in East Africa.
	Kova tembel	Cloth hat worn by Israeli pioneers and kibbutzniks.
	Kufi	A brimless, short, rounded cap worn by Africans and people throughout the African diaspora.
	Montera	A crocheted hat worn by bullfighters.
	Mortarboard	Flat, square hat with a tassel worn as part of academic dress.
		A large yet lightweight lady's hat with a wide-brim worn regularly in pre-victorian era Britain, and now mostly at garden parties and weddings.
	Pakul	Round, rolled wool hat with a flat top, common in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
		Straw hat made in Ecuador.
	Patrol cap	Also known as a field cap,a scout cap, or in the United States a mosh cap.; a soft cap with a stiff, rounded visor, and flat top, worn by military personnel in the field when a combat helmet is not required.
	Peaked cap	A military style cap with a crown, band and peak (also called a visor). It is used by many militaries of the world as well as law enforcement, as well as some people in service professions who wear uniforms.
	Phrygian Cap	A soft conical cap pulled forward. In sculpture, paintings and caricatures it represents freedom and the pursuit of liberty. The popular cartoon characters The Smurfs wear white Phrygian caps.
	Pith Helmet	A lightweight cloth-covered helmet made of cork or pith.
		Circular, flat topped hat.
	Rastacap	A tall, round, usually crocheted and brightly colored, cap worn by Rastafarians and others with dreadlocks to tuck their locks away.
		Also known as a "Four Winds" hat, traditional men's hat of the Sami people.
	Šajkača
	Salakot	A traditional hat in the Philippines.
		A floppy pointed red hat trimmed in white fur traditionally associated with Christmas.
	Shako	A tall cylindrical military cap, usually with a visor, badge, and plume.
	Shtreimel	A fur hat worn by married Hassidic men on Shabbat and holidays.
		Generic term covering wide-brimmed felt-crowned hats often worn by military leaders.
	Sombrero	A Mexican hat with a conical crown and a saucer-shaped brim, highly embroidered made of plush felt.
		A cap widely worn in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, the southern Philippines and southern Thailand, mostly among Muslim males. May be related to the taqiyah.
			Student cap	A cap worn by university students in various European countries.
		A Scottish wool hat originally worn by men.
		A round fabric cap worn by Muslim men.
	Top hat	A tall, flat-crowned, cylindrical hat worn by men in the 19th and early 20th centuries, now worn only with morning dress or evening dress.
	Toque	A tall, pleated, brimless, cylindrical hat traditionally worn by chefs.
	Trilby	A soft felt men's hat with a deeply indented crown and a narrow brim often upturned at the back.
	Tricorne	A soft hat with a broad brim, pinned up on either side of the head and at the back, producing a triangular shape.
	Trucker hat	Similar to a baseball cap, usually with a foam brim and front section and a breathable mesh back section.
	Tubeteika	A round, slightly pointed cap with embroidered or applique patterns worn throughout Central Asia.
	Tudor bonnet	A soft round black academic cap, with a tassel hanging from a cord attached to the centre of the top of the hat.
	Tuque	A knitted hat, worn in winter, usually made from wool or acrylic. Also known as a ski cap, knit hat, knit cap, sock cap, stocking cap, toboggan, watch cap, or goobalini.	In New Zealand, Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom, the term "beanie" is applied to this cap.
	Turban	A headdress consisting of a scarf-like single piece of cloth wound around either the head itself or an inner hat.
	Tyrolean hat	A felt hat originating from the Alps.
	Ushanka	Russian fur hat with fold down ear flaps.
		A Colombian hat of woven and sewn black and khaki dried palm braids with indigenous figures.
	Zucchetto	Skullcap worn by clerics.

Hat size

Hat sizes are determined by measuring the circumference of a person's head about 1/2 inch (1.3 cm) above the ears. Inches or centimeters may be used depending on the manufacturer. Felt hats can be stretched for a custom fit. Some hats, like hard hats and baseball caps, are adjustable. Cheaper hats come in "standard sizes", such as small, medium, large, extra large: the mapping of measured size to the various "standard sizes" varies from maker to maker and style to style, as can be seen by studying various catalogues, such as Hammacher-Schlemmer.

Traditional hat size is worked out by adding the fore and aft and side to side measurements (in inches) then dividing by two. In the UK, an equivalent hat size is an eighth of an inch smaller than in the US.

References

External links

Different Sizing Schemes

Hats UK has a Hat Bible and other resources

Witty, whimsical, wacky, wonderful, International Herald Tribune, Suzy Menkes

Hat History

When Did Men Stop Wearing Hats?. February 21, 2011 by The DailySkew.

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name	John Ausonius
image name	John Ausonius.jpg
nationality	Swedish
birth date	July 12, 1953
alias	Lasermannen ("the Laser Man") Cykelrånaren ("the Bicycle Bank Robber")
motive	Racism
conviction	One count of murder, nine counts of attempted murder, nine counts of robbery
conviction penalty	Life imprisonment
conviction status	Incarcerated at Kumla Prison
parents	}}

John Wolfgang Alexander Ausonius (born 12 July 1953), known in the media as Lasermannen ("the Laser Man") is a Swedish convicted murderer, bank robber, and attempted serial killer. From August 1991 to January 1992 he shot eleven people in the Stockholm and Uppsala area, most of whom were immigrants, killing one and seriously injuring the others. He first used a rifle equipped with a laser sight (hence, his nickname), and later switched to a revolver. He was arrested in June 1992 and sentenced to life imprisonment in January 1994.

History

Ausonius was born Wolfgang Alexander Zaugg in Lidingö east of Stockholm, Sweden, the son of a Swiss father and a German mother who had both immigrated to Sweden. He grew up in Vällingby, a working class suburb of Stockholm. According to newspaper reports, he was bullied as a child because of his non-Swedish background, which manifested in him being teased for having very black hair and brown eyes. As an adult, he bleached his hair blonde, used blue contact lenses and legally changed his name, first to John Wolfgang Alexander Stannerman, and later to John Wolfgang Alexander Ausonius to disguise his non-Swedish surname. He went to the German school in Stockholm, a private school, but dropped out before graduating. He later completed his secondary school education in an adult education programme and managed to get accepted to the Royal Institute of Technology, but dropped out after a couple of years of unsuccessful study. Ausonius is known to be a movie-fan, his favourite movies were the ''Monty Python'' films, especially ''Life of Brian''; also, more in tune with his crimes, he liked Death Wish, a movie he rented many times and rewatched often. Swedish media wrote about the possibility that Ausonius first plan to only kill immigrants who were criminal came from watching this movie.

Following the Olof Palme assassination in 1986, Ausonius, then named John Stannerman, was one of the police’s initial suspects for the murder. However, Stannerman could not be linked to the murder since he was in prison, serving a multiple-count assault sentence, the night Palme was shot. In prison he also got to know the Ustasa-terrorist Miro Baresic, who was sentenced to life in Sweden after he and his friend shot a Yugoslavian ambassador in Stockholm to death. Ausonius looked up to Baresic and had him tell everything about his life of war and terrorism.

As an adult, he espoused hatred for Communists, Social Democrats, and immigrants, and dreamed about getting rich. At the time he was working a low-paying job as a taxi-driver, but started trading in stocks and bonds. He had a talent for the market and quickly earned a fairly large fortune. He adopted the yuppie life-style, and by the late 80's he not only had a luxurious apartment, a Japanese sports car (a Toyota Supra — he despised the Porsche that many other yuppies drove at that time), but also a mobile phone, which before the 90's was a luxury item usually associated with jet-set lifestyle. However, poorly chosen investments depleted his fortune, and when he became addicted to gambling on a trip to Germany, he found himself in dire economic circumstances. He turned to robbing banks to maintain his lifestyle. He performed more than eighteen robberies, all in almost identical fashion.

Ausonius, who had become a Swedish citizen in 1979, had a strong hatred for immigrants and foreigners, and so started to look for immigrant criminals to kill. Eventually he got tired of this and decided to simply kill an immigrant, ''any'' immigrant, which he hoped would scare them all out of the country.

;Victims: On 3 August 1991, the Laser Man shot his first person. The victim was David Gebremariam, a 21-year-old immigrant to Sweden from Eritrea, whom Ausonius shot in the back. The victim, however, survived. Two of the victim's friends said they saw a circle of red light on his body before they heard the shot.

On the evening of 21 October 1991, outside the Stockholm University, Shahram Khosravi, a 25-year-old student of Iranian origin, was shot in the face but survived. On the night of 27 October 1991, Dimitrios Karamalegos, a homeless man of Greek origin was shot twice in the stomach. The victim saw a bright red light, heard the shots but managed to run away. Although wounded, he survived. In the middle of the day of 1 November 1991, Ausonius walked into a restaurant kitchen in Stockholm where he had seen an immigrant and shot him once in the head and several times in the stomach. The victim, Heberson Vieira Da Costa, a musician from Brazil, saw a red light before he was shot, and got a good look at his assailant. The victim survived, seriously wounded, but was able to give a description of the Laser Man to the police. Ausonius continued his shootings and, on 8 November 1991, he mortally wounded Jimmy Ranjbar, another Iranian student, who died the next day.

Ausonius then went to Las Vegas to gamble and visit the Grand Canyon. The Laser Man disappeared for a few months, but he would return.

On 22 January 1992, Ausonius went to Uppsala, where he walked up to a couple, and shot the man in the head. The victim, Erik Bongcam-Rudloff, was a Ph.D. student in medical sciences. He survived and is now a scientist representing Sweden in several international scientific networks. 23 January 1992, back in Stockholm, Ausonius shot Charles Dhlakama, a black bus driver, originally from Zimbabwe, in the middle of the day. The victim was shot in the chest but survived. That evening, Ausonius walked into a Somali club in central Stockholm and shot two men, both of whom also survived. On the night of 28 January 1992, Ausonius walked up to a kiosk where Isa Aybar, an immigrant of Turkish origin, was working. Ausonius shot him four times in the head and arm, and walked away. Aybar was seriously wounded but managed to call the police and survived. On 30 January 1992 Ausonius shot Hasan Zatara in the head, a Palestinian store owner, in Hägerstensåsen, paralyzing but not killing him.

Ausonius is also the main suspect for murdering a Jewish woman on 23 February 1992, in Frankfurt, Germany. But the investigation by German police has been dropped and Ausonius will probably never be linked to this crime.

Having been in the army between 1981–1982, Ausonius knew how to use a weapon. However, his guns were of poor quality, very likely because Ausonius had modified them himself. He sawed off both the barrel and the stock of his first rifle to make it shorter, and he fitted the Smith & Wesson revolver with a silencer. This modification may have been the key to his failures in killing most of his victims as it deviated the bullet's trajectory and consequently caused him to miss his victims. It was amateurishly done and damaged the weapon's performance.

The police started a massive manhunt (second in size only to the hunt for Olof Palme's killer) and Ausonius was arrested during a bank robbery on 12 June 1992. He later assaulted his own lawyer in court and spent the rest of his trial in handcuffs. He was convicted of murder and robbery, but could not be linked to all of the shootings (although he confessed to all of them in 2000). He was sentenced to life imprisonment, and is serving it in Kumla Prison.

On 21 December 2010 Örebro District Court rejected John Ausonius application to have his life sentence fixed term.

Media

The journalist Gellert Tamas wrote a book about the case, ''Lasermannen - en berättelse om Sverige'' (2002), which became a bestseller. The book, which is very detailed, was published without consulting the victims first. The author's personal opinions not only deals with Ausonius and his life story, but also with Sweden in general, speculating that Ausonius actions were in part explained by a surge of xenophobic sentiments in the country in the early 1990s, including the success of the Ny Demokrati right-wing party in the election.

In 2005, the book was adapted into a play, and the same year SVT produced a three-part TV miniseries, which premiered on 23 November. Ausonius was played by David Dencik.

Engagement

In late April 2006, the daily ''Aftonbladet'' revealed that John Ausonius had become engaged to an anonymous 23 year old woman, who had fallen in love with him after having seen a recent television miniseries. According to the paper, a friend of the woman said the couple were planning to move abroad after Ausonius' putative release from prison by 2031. The couple are now no longer together.

See also

Lasermannen (TV series), a TV series based on Ausonius' crimes

References

Category:1953 births Category:Living people Category:People from Lidingö Municipality Category:Swedish people of German descent Category:Royal Institute of Technology alumni Category:Swedish serial killers Category:Swedish bank robbers Category:Swedish anti-communists Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Sweden Category:Swedish prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Category:Swedish people convicted of murder Category:People convicted of murder by Sweden

de:John Ausonius nl:John Ausonius no:John Ausonius fi:John Ausonius sv:John Ausonius

name	Kathie Browne
birth name	Jacqueline Katherine Browne
birth date	September 19, 1930
birth place	San Luis Obispo, CaliforniaUnited States
death date	April 08, 2003
death place	Beverly Hills, CaliforniaUnited States
occupation	Film, television actress
spouse	Darren McGavin (1969 - 2003) (her death) }}

Kathie Browne (September 19, 1930–April 8, 2003) was an American film and television actress.

Background

Born in San Luis Obispo, California as Jacqueline Katherine Browne she appeared in many films and TV shows such as ''Star Trek: The Original Series'', ''Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.'', ''The Alfred Hitchcock Hour'', ''Bonanza'', ''Gunsmoke'', ''Perry Mason'', ''Ironside'', ''Hazel'', ''My Favorite Martian'', ''The Wild Wild West'', ''Fantasy Island'',''The Rockford Files'' ''The Love Boat'', ''Sea Hunt'', ''77 Sunset Strip'', ''Have Gun - Will Travel'', and ''Kolchak: The Night Stalker'' (with husband Darren McGavin).

After making guest appearances during the second and third seasons of "Bonanza", Browne returned to the show in the fifth season in a different role: Laura Dayton, a widowed mother who is courted by Adam Cartwright (Pernell Roberts). The role was created with the expectation that Roberts would be leaving the series at the end of the season, allowing for his character to make a convenient exit. However, when Roberts unexpectedly renewed his contract for another year, the show's writers created a storyline in which Laura and Adam's cousin, Will Cartwright, (played by Guy Williams) fall in love and leave to get married.

Film roles

Browne appeared in such films as ''Murder by Contract'' (1958), ''Cinderfella'' (1960), and ''Brainstorm'' (1965).

Death

A breast cancer survivor, Browne died of natural causes in 2003 in Beverly Hills, California, aged 72. She was survived by her husband, actor Darren McGavin who died February 26, 2006.

References

External links

Darren McGavin & Kathie Browne McGavin authorized Internet site

Category:1930 births Category:2003 deaths Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Breast cancer survivors Category:People from San Luis Obispo, California Category:People from Los Angeles, California

fr:Kathie Browne