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Scribe
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Ahmes
Ahmes (more accurately Ahmose) was an ancient Egyptian scribe who lived during the Second Intermediate Period and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty (the first dynasty of the New Kingdom). He wrote the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, a work of Ancient Egyptian mathematics that dates to approximately 1650 BC; he is the earliest contributor to mathematics whose name is known.
http://wn.com/Ahmes -
Amat-Mamu
Amat-Mamu, fl. ca. 1750 B.C., Sippar in ancient Babylonia, was a scribe whose existence is known from the cuniform tablets on which she wrote.
http://wn.com/Amat-Mamu -
Baruch ben Neriah
Baruch ben Neriah (c. 6th century BCE) was the scribe, disciple, secretary, and devoted friend of the Biblical prophet Jeremiah. According to Josephus, he was a Jewish aristocrat, a son of Neriah and brother of Seraiah ben Neriah, chamberlain of King Zedekiah of Judah. Some sources identify him with Zoroaster.
http://wn.com/Baruch_ben_Neriah -
Esther
Esther (), born Hadassah, is the eponymous heroine of the Biblical Book of Esther.
http://wn.com/Esther -
Jean Miélot
http://wn.com/Jean_Miélot -
Sidney Rigdon
http://wn.com/Sidney_Rigdon -
Sin-liqe-unninni
Sin-liqe-unninni was an incantation/exorcist priest (mashmashshu) who lived in Mesopotamia in the period between 1300 BC and 1000 BC. He is the compiler of the best preserved version of the Epic of Gilgamesh. His name is listed in the text itself, which is unusual for works written in cuneiform. His version is known by its incipit, or first line, "He who saw the deep" or "The one who saw the Abyss". It is unknown how different his version is from the earlier texts.
http://wn.com/Sin-liqe-unninni
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Jeremiah 1
- Don't Look Back
- My Shit
- Champion
- A.W.O.L. (feat. Ladi 6 & John Luafutu)
- Put Your Hand Up (feat. PNC)
- Say It Again (feat. Tyra Hammond)
- Let Me Ride (feat. David Dallas)
- Babygirl
- Be Alright (feat. Talib Kweli)
- F.R.E.S.H.
- Rhymebook
- The Return of the King
- Not Many
- Been This Way
- Dreaming
- My Lady (P-Money mix)
- Theme From The Crusader
- Scribe Unltd.
- Too Late
- Stronger (feat. Tyna)
- Stand Up
- Not Many - The Remix! (feat. Savage & Con Psy)
- So Nice (feat. Ladi 6)
- My Lady (K.J.T. acoustic version)
- Stop the Music (feat. P-Money)
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Not Many - The Remix! -Scribe (Official Music Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Published: 05 Aug 2011
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Quite surprised no1's ever put this up. Been lookin' fo years. Here it is! *Enjoy the Music* "Copyright Disclaimer, Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for 'fair use' for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use."
http://wn.com/Not_Many_The_Remix!_-Scribe_Official_Music_Video
scribe- not many
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Published: 13 Apr 2010
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Not many by Scribes debut album, The Crusader Sub for more real hip hop!! Disclaimer: I do not own or claim to own ANY music on my channel, it is all for entertainment purposes!
http://wn.com/scribe_not_many
scribe-dreaming
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Published: 20 Jan 2009
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
scribe- dreaming...when i was down and out...struggling..wonderin how im gunna make it through i got a dream...holdin on...wont let go coz i gotta make it through
http://wn.com/scribe-dreaming
SCRIBES "ROLL MY WAY" - Official Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Published: 13 Sep 2010
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Music Video for SCRIBES "Roll My Way" ... SCRIBES FULL LENGTH ALBUM "What was Lost" now available at www.scribesmusic.com Director Jon Augustavo DP: Phil Conover Produced By: Nick Rapp & Teal Douville Performed By: Scribes With Appearances By: Louise Green, Abdul Warsme, Havi Blaze &...
http://wn.com/SCRIBES_ROLL_MY_WAY_Official_Music_Video
SCRIBE - Stop The Music + Lyrics!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Published: 29 Sep 2009
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
Hey, Made this cuz I got bored =P Enjoy =P Edit: 26.7K Views. Holy Hell... Yay! Rate, Comment and Subscribe!!!!!! .::MrSweetChilli::. Productions.
http://wn.com/SCRIBE_Stop_The_Music_+_Lyrics!
Scribe - Baby Girl
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Published: 02 Aug 2008
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
music video to Scribes new single Baby Girl. directed by Oscar Kightley. shot in Samoa
http://wn.com/Scribe_Baby_Girl
Scribe - FRESH
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Published: 05 Sep 2007
- Updated: 16 Jun 2012
Video for Scribes' 2007 single, "FRESH"
http://wn.com/Scribe_FRESH
Scribe 'Say it Again' ft. Tyra Hammond
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Published: 25 Nov 2007
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
Scribe 'Say it Again' music video ft. Tyra Hammond
http://wn.com/Scribe_'Say_it_Again'_ft_Tyra_Hammond
Scribe - My Shit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Published: 12 Aug 2007
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
Scribe - My Shit, end Horse Skit, My Shit Remix. Off the Album RhymeBook (20007) Dirty Records, Festival Music Records New Zealand. Music Video Directed By Chris Graham, DOP Aaron Morton, Editor Ben Mack, Producer Tara Landry.
http://wn.com/Scribe_My_Shit
K.ONE - SO LONG REMIX feat SCRIBE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Published: 17 Jan 2012
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
iTunes Australia: itunes.apple.com Official Release: Mon 23rd Jan 2012 www.facebook.com twitter.com Special thanks also to NZ ON AIR for their support of this project. Director: Shae Sterling DP: Shae Sterling Assistant Producer: Mark Arona Editor: Shae Sterling Post-Prod: Shae Sterling Stylist: Mark Arona/ Illegal Musik Eyewear courtesy of Sunglass Bar - Vulcan Lane, Auckland City, NZ Track Producer: NOX (Illegal Musik Studios) Executive Producers: Mark Arona & Eddie Bennett www.facebook.com www.twitter.com www.illegalmusik.co.nz
http://wn.com/KONE_SO_LONG_REMIX_feat_SCRIBE
Scribe - Dum Hai To Aage Aah!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Published: 06 Sep 2010
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
Official music video of Scribe's "Dum Hai To Aage Aah!" from the award winning album 'Mark of Teja' Featuring the 'B-Boys of Dharavi' ! Dir: Srinivas Sunderrajan DOP : Varun Dutt Produced by Enter Guerrilla Films www.myspace.com/scribecore www.twitter.com/scribecore www.facebook.com/scribecore
http://wn.com/Scribe_Dum_Hai_To_Aage_Aah!
P-Money & Scribe - Scribe 2001
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Published: 24 Oct 2006
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
I do not own this video, for entertainment purposes only etc etc.
http://wn.com/P-Money_Scribe_Scribe_2001
Iogear Digital Scribe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Published: 14 Mar 2008
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Go to tiger.tv for more information. Notetaking will never be the same again. It's a pen, it's a mouse, it's a digital handwriting reader...all in one. Check it out.
http://wn.com/Iogear_Digital_Scribe
BUILDING SKILLS: How to Scribe Trim to Fit Against a Wall
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Published: 19 Aug 2010
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
See all the Building Skills videos at Fine Homebuilding: www.finehomebuilding.com With trim carpentry, you often have to fit a straight piece of trim to a curved surface, like an old wall or an uneven hardwood floor. In this particular case, finish carpenter Kit Camp is scribing a piece of cap to fit tight to an uneven wall, on top of beadboard wainscoting... www.finehomebuilding.com
http://wn.com/BUILDING_SKILLS_How_to_Scribe_Trim_to_Fit_Against_a_Wall
Scribes "Pass You By" - Official Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Published: 16 Sep 2011
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Music Video for SCRIBES "Pass You By" ... SCRIBES FULL LENGTH ALBUM "What was Lost" now available at www.scribesmusic.com Director Cam; Jon Jon Augustavo DP: Mike Folden Additional Footage Shot By: Phil Conover PA: Drew Triplett Produced By: Bean One Performed By: Scribes www.scribesmusic.com http www.facebook.com Special Apearances By: Manuel "ak47" Dunham, Kingz of Kush, and Mike Murray Lyrics.... Talking: Hey yo, man all these stupid ass people been runnin up on me lately bein like yo... Scribes u big? U signed to a major? I heard u got that radio play... What's up with MTV? U know what I'mma tell ya'll fools... Don't be deceived stupid. Verse 1: Hey yo this goes out, to every crooked kid with a plot To every lyricist that suck dick to get to the top To every young kid, who's picturin a crib with a car Down to murder mother fuckers just to sit with a star Yo, Diamonds and G's, don't come outa rhymin with ease Thats a trife misconception, a common disease Now u should know, everybody can slip Whether ur a bare knuckle mother fucker or u spar with a clip Intuition, shit, u besta get decisive And seperate ties with vices so u'll survive the rise in prices Besta notice shit u have U kick it with them snitches then u bound to get stabbed Shit, I look to the sky, acknowledge heaven with a secular nod Reject the facade, I pray to be protected by God Yo I'd advise that u listen to my written in depth Cuz this the shit I tell myself when I'm thinkin of Death Chorus: When will <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Scribes_Pass_You_By_Official_Music_Video
Scribes in Mesopotamia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Published: 05 Oct 2010
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Professor of Hittite and Anatolian Languages Theo van den Hout tells us about who scribes in Mesopotamia and Anatolia were. This video was made for the Oriental Institute Museum special exhibit "Visible Language: Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East" which runs from September 28, 2010 through March 6, 2011.
http://wn.com/Scribes_in_Mesopotamia
Scribing 101
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Published: 04 Apr 2011
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
An introduction into scribing and the creation of context records. Scribing is compared to visual facilitation and shown to be an easier first step. This scribe created as part of a larger presentation for North Carolina State University College of Design in April 2011. The majority of this video scribe was created on the iPad.
http://wn.com/Scribing_101
Ydraw Video Scribing: Whiteboard Animation and Explainer Videos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Published: 23 May 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Ydraw video scribing are some of the #1 Explainer videos in the world. Here's exciting news for anyone who has ever sweat bullets over marketing videos" "Ydraw creates videos that are so inspiring any Audience becomes hypnotized. So simple, a Child can get the message...yet so sophisticated even a genius becomes intrigued. So you have a special product or service that the world needs to hear about, but you just can't seem to get anyone to listen. We know your pain, your are not alone. Even big companies with huge marketing budgets can't seem to hold the attention of a new online visitor for more than 54 seconds. That's the number... 54.... the amount of time you have to make a good first impression. You need Video Scribing and you need it now! Video Scribing grabs the attention of your audience.... WHY? Because we implement the strategies of psychology, that is right, we play with your brain. Video scribing uses special pattern interruption techniques, unique images, music and fast movement to keep any audience engaged. Here is what a Raving Fan shared on Facebook Mitch Powell said "I Want" Yes Mitch we get that all the time. Morata Pirsce, one of our 2744 Fans just posted on our wall... Lets hear what she had to say. "9cm and they just started petocin, baby is gonna be here in no time.." Congratulations are in order and Thanks Morata for the great posts. Keep them coming. Actually Lets hear what a real customer had to say. Hi Ydraw Everyone LOVED, LOVED, LOVED the video <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Ydraw_Video_Scribing_Whiteboard_Animation_and_Explainer_Videos
Scribe - Dreaming (Official Music Video & Lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Published: 19 Dec 2009
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Great song, Lyrics are here: Check it out,1,2,hey yo,hey yo I came a long way since back in the day From a teenager trying to make a rap in this way Ever since I was a kid I had something to say Rocking mics was a dream I didn't care about pay I sacrificed late nights and going out with my friends Just to stay home alone with my pad and my pen Had my eyes on my prize,my mind on my goal As I carved these rhymes out with my heart and my soul I didn't have a CD; all I had was a tape on the dole thru my flow was my only escape From a world where they didn't wanna see me prevail Didn't wanna see me take it all They'd rather see me fail It's like... [Chorus] I was down and out struggling wondered how I'm gonna make it thru I got a dream (I got a dream) Holding on (I'm gonna hold on) I can't let go cos you gotta make it come true Hey yo I got a dream to make it big in New York Give up the drugs and alcohol I didn't want to distort My vision to be living life to the full And I wouldn't of made it if wasn't for you You picked me up everytime that I fell when I was going thru hell you told me that I would prevail you said I had exactly what it took to be great That I was young and in the future and what a man I would make It's like you saw something in me I couldn't see you said I would suceed and be anything I wanted to be I'm 23 and I just wanna be me wanna be free wanna be everything I can be But I don't have many choices Can't afford to be wrong All I do is try to stay true to <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Scribe_Dreaming_Official_Music_Video_Lyrics
![[Parody] Nano Will Make a Scribe Out Of You](http://web.archive.org./web/20121002044737im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/WCvJWJGdCII/0.jpg "[Parody] Nano Will Make a Scribe Out Of You")
[Parody] Nano Will Make a Scribe Out Of You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Published: 22 Nov 2010
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Mulan Parody of "Make a Man Out Of You" Toronto Nanowrimo had their overnight writing session. Here is the music video Lyrics: Let's get down to writing, we'll use verbs, and puns Did they send me gamers, when I ask for none? You're the most chaotic bunch I've ever met, and you can bet before we're through NaNo will, make a scribe out of you! You'll be getting no-rest, you'll be tired as sin, Meet your daily word goal, and you're sure to win You're a time wasting, distracted lot And you haven't got a clue Nano will make a scribe out of you! I'm never gonna catch up now! Say goodbye to those who knew me! This is what I get for cutting writing class! Deadline's got us scared to death! Gonna have to kill my MC! The other word war teams are kicking my a**! You must be swift as the great typewriter Bring your notebook or laptop too Be sure to come to the overnighter Mysterious as the dark in the chatroooooom! Deadline's getting closer! And will soon, arrive! Join in writing sessions! And you might, survive! You're unsuited for the next wordwar so sign off, go home you're through Nano will make a scribe out of you! (high) (Be a scribe!) We must be swift as the great typewriter (Be a scribe!) Bring your notebook or laptop too (Be a scribe!) Be sure to come to the overnighter Mysterious as the dark in the chatroooooom!
http://wn.com/_Parody_Nano_Will_Make_a_Scribe_Out_Of_You
Fitting A Kitchen - Butt and Scribe Worktop Joints
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:50
- Published: 04 Jun 2009
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
Instructional video excerpts... how to fit a kitchen including how to machine butt and scribe worktop joints. "The Seasoned Kitchen Fitter" shows you how How to machine a butt and scribe worktop joint - the female cut.
http://wn.com/Fitting_A_Kitchen_Butt_and_Scribe_Worktop_Joints
Scribe - Don't Look Back
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Published: 10 Oct 2008
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Scribe - Don't Look Back lyrics : Back when I was 15, the year was 95 I use to dream one day I be the Best rapper alive, I never went to School without my walkman by my Side and my tape-biggy smalls ready To die. I attended lewidhigh thats where I got into some mischief my dad found out he sent me to Auckland city to live with a reverend that was strict and very religious, I tried to resist it but there was nothing I could say, next thing I know my bags were packed and I was on my way begged my mum to stay I promised I would behave she told me, no you got to go and not be afraid she told me I would be ok and I had to be brave knew my life from that moment would never be the same, I forced a smile in effort to mask up that pain. I said goodbye, took my seat on the back of a plane, I shed a tear and swore I wouldn't look back again. ------------------------- I wont look back I keep on and keep strong cause yesterday is long gone, don't look back there is a time keep in mind the human race don't get left behind. And dont look back keep on and keep strong cause yesterday is now long gone, don't look back there is a time keep in mind the human race don't get left behind. ---------------------------- Meanwhile in 99 had a pad Im writing rhymes, my girlfriend's pregnant she's about to drop at any time, I know Im crazy young 19 with a baby-son on top of that Im trying to contempt with my lady's mum, calls me a loser and a good for nothing lazy bum, she says give up the music <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Scribe_Don't_Look_Back
Scribe - My Lady
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Published: 27 Jan 2009
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Creative Commons / Thyssen-Bornemisza
Creative Commons / Rémih
Creative Commons / Glenn McKechnie
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Adam K. Thomas
Creative Commons
Public Domain / Gavin.collins
Creative Commons / Néfermaât![The Seated Scribe from Saqqara, Egypt, limestone and alabaster, circa 2600 and 2350 BCE [38]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121002044737im_/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/09/98/c71b67b6dd4d5fe4d6035664a269_small.jpg "The Seated Scribe from Saqqara, Egypt, limestone and alabaster, circa 2600 and 2350 BCE [38]")
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Rama![Plaza Santo Domingo to the south of the church is Plaza San Domingo. It is flanked to the west by the Portal de Evangelistas,[1] which is a Tuscan colonnade with round arches.[2] Scribes with typewriters and antique printing machines work in this Portal](http://web.archive.org./web/20121002044737im_/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/4e/3f/129290782b1c5345acf83d5c4140_small.jpg "Plaza Santo Domingo to the south of the church is Plaza San Domingo. It is flanked to the west by the Portal de Evangelistas,[1] which is a Tuscan colonnade with round arches.[2] Scribes with typewriters and antique printing machines work in this Portal")
Creative Commons / Thelmadatter
Creative Commons / Robert
Creative Commons / David
Creative Commons / RobertWoodChambers
![The Seated Scribe from Saqqara, Egypt, limestone and alabaster, circa 2600 and 2350 BCE [38]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121002044737/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/09/98/c71b67b6dd4d5fe4d6035664a269_medium.jpg "The Seated Scribe from Saqqara, Egypt, limestone and alabaster, circa 2600 and 2350 BCE [38]")
![Plaza Santo Domingo to the south of the church is Plaza San Domingo. It is flanked to the west by the Portal de Evangelistas,[1] which is a Tuscan colonnade with round arches.[2] Scribes with typewriters and antique printing machines work in this Portal](http://web.archive.org./web/20121002044737/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/4e/3f/129290782b1c5345acf83d5c4140_medium.jpg "Plaza Santo Domingo to the south of the church is Plaza San Domingo. It is flanked to the west by the Portal de Evangelistas,[1] which is a Tuscan colonnade with round arches.[2] Scribes with typewriters and antique printing machines work in this Portal")
Photo: US Navy / Chief Mass Communication Specialist Michael B. Watkins
30 Sep 2012
KABUL, Afghanistan -- U.S. military deaths in the Afghan war have reached 2,000, a cold reminder of the human cost of an 11-year-old conflict that garners little public interest at home as the United...
Photo: AP / Shaam News Network SNN
01 Oct 2012
Beirut: The US wants to oust the Damascus regime by raising fears overs its chemical weapons stockpiles, creating a scenario similar to that which led to the invasion of Iraq, Syrian Foreign Minister...
Photo: AP / Richard Drew
29 Sep 2012
The US president and the Israeli PM have expressed agreement on the goal of preventing Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon, the White House said. Barack Obama and Binyamin Netanyahu sought on Friday...
Photo: AP / Kenya Ministry for Defense
29 Sep 2012
Islamist militants in Somalia say they have withdrawn from their southern stronghold of Kismayo, following an African Union military attack. Kenyan and Somali forces launched a beach assault on...
Photo: AP / AU-UN IST, Stuart Price
01 Oct 2012
Somali and Kenyan armed forces have entered the southern port city of Kismayo, a former rebel stronghold, from the west. The African Union forces entered the city from the west, and did not face any...
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
14 Sep 2012
Solar rays are penetrating deeper into our lives. Solar energy is making its presence felt in homes, appliances, transport services and the construction sector. Solar lanterns, heaters, street lights...
Photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
14 Sep 2012
Post-9/11, Washington declared war on Islam. Islamophobia facilitates war on terror policy. Muslims became public enemy number one. Imperial wars followed. Endless direct and proxy ones continue....
Newsvine
Oddball villains are a staple in the works of comic-book writer John Layman. It's only now, though, that he gets to square them off against a guy with a cape,...(size: 1.0Kb)
IMDb
CBS is getting into the faith business. The network has given script orders to The Centurion, a...(size: 0.7Kb)
IMDb
When Danny Strong accepted the award for writing HBO's Game Change, the first...(size: 0.5Kb)
IMDb
A writer for the two-part final chapter of The Hunger Games: Mockingjay has been found. Read on for all the details on the man ready to take on this...(size: 1.0Kb)
Scribes Scrap Q From Ryan’s ‘Media Bias’ Comment
01 Oct 2012
mediabistro
Following GOP V.P. candidate Paul Ryan‘s interview on Fox News Sunday this weekend, several write-ups honed in on a quote wherein Ryan says “there is definitely media bias.” Some members of the media oddly saw this as Ryan “complaining” and failed to explain that he was...(size: 3.4Kb)
Scribe waylaid, attacked in Beed
29 Sep 2012
All Africa
[Leadership]The National...(size: 0.2Kb)
STL Today
Welcome to Scribbles of the Scribe, where STLhighschoolsports.com columnist David Kvidahl runs down all the things making news in high school sports. 1. Spartans beat up the Billikens Well, that didn’t go as SLUH expected. Metro Catholic rivals De Smet and St. Louis University High locked horns last...(size: 13.0Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
As the healthcare industry continues to become more competitive and cost conscious, Scribe Healthcare Technologies, Inc. (http://www.scribe.com) offers a significant advantage with its voice recognition system. Medical transcription companies, practices, and hospitals are increasing productivity and...(size: 4.8Kb)
For other uses, see Scribe (disambiguation).
A scribe is a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession and helps the city keep track of its records. The profession, previously found in all literate cultures in some form, lost most of its importance and status with the advent of printing. The work could involve copying books, including sacred texts, or secretarial and administrative duties such as taking of dictation and the keeping of business, judicial and historical records for kings, nobility, temples and cities. Later the profession developed into public servants, journalists, accountants, typists, and lawyers. In societies with low literacy rates, street corner letter-writers (and readers) may still be found providing a service.[citation needed]
Contents |
Ancient Egypt[link]
The Ancient Egyptian scribe, or sesh,[1] was a person educated in the arts of writing (using both hieroglyphics and hieratic scripts, and from the second half of the first millennium BCE the demotic script, used as shorthand and for commerce) and dena (arithmetics).[2][3] Sons of scribes were brought up in the same scribal tradition, sent to school and, upon entering the civil service, inherited their fathers' positions.[4]
Much of what is known about ancient Egypt is due to the activities of its scribes. Monumental buildings were erected under their supervision,[5] administrative and economic activities were documented by them, and tales from the mouths of Egypt's lower classes or from foreign lands survive thanks to scribes putting them in writing.[6]
Scribes were also considered part of the royal court and did not have to pay tax or join the military. The scribal profession had companion professions, the painters and artisans who decorated reliefs and other relics with scenes, personages, or hieroglyphic text. A scribe was exempt from the heavy manual labor required of the lower classes, or corvee labor.
The hieroglyph used to signify the scribe, to write, and "writings", etc., is Gardiner sign Y3,
from the category of: 'writings, & music'. The hieroglyph contains the scribe's ink-mixing palette, a vertical case to hold writing-reeds, and a leather pouch to hold the colored ink blocks, mostly black and red.
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Mesopotamia[link]
The Mesopotamian scribe, or dubsar,[7] received his education in the "tablet house," or é-dubba.[8] As in Egypt, he was generally male[7] and belonged socially to an elite class.[7] The youngest of the Mesopotamian students typically received their first instruction from older students.[7] The older students appear to have been bribed into proffering preferential treatment, such as to avoid punishing certain children.[7] Excavations suggest that all the male children from the wealthier families of Mesopotamia were educated.[7]
Writing in early Mesopotamia seems to that the need to document economic transactions, and consisted often in lists which scribes knowledgeable in writing and arithmetics engraved in cuneiform letters into tablets of clay.[9] Apart from administration and accountancy, Mesopotamian scribes observed the sky and wrote literary works as well as the famous myth The Epic of Gilgamesh. They wrote on papyrus paper[10] as well as clay tablets. They also wrote and kept records. Scribe's writing tools were made of reeds and were called a stylus.
Babylonian scribes concentrated their schooling on learning how to write both Akkadian and Sumerian, in cuneiform, for the purposes of accountancy and contract dealings, in addition to interpersonal discourse and mathematical documentations.[8]
The Mesopotamian scribal profession was associated with the goddess Nisaba, who later would become replaced by the god Nabu.[8]
Egyptian and Mesopotamian functions[link]
Besides the scribal profession for accountancy, and 'governmental politicking' , the scribal professions immediately branched-out into the socio-cultural areas of literature. The first stories probably related to societal religious stories, and gods, but the beginning of literature genres were starting.
In ancient Egypt an example of this is the Dispute between a man and his Ba. Some of these stories, the "wisdom literatures" may have just started as a 'short story', but since writing had only recently been invented, it was the first physical recordings of societal ideas, in some length and detail. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians had one of the beginnings of this literature in the middle to late 3rd millennium BC, and besides their creation stories, and religious texts, there is a series of debates. An example from the small list of Sumerian disputations is the debate between bird and fish.[11] In the other Sumerian disputes, in the debate between Summer and Winter, summer wins. The other disputes are: cattle and grain, the tree and the reed, Silver and Copper, the pickax and the plough, and millstone and the gul-gul stone.[12]
Ancient Israel[link]
Scribes in Ancient Israel, as in most of the ancient world, were distinguished professionals who could exercise functions we would associate with lawyers, government ministers, judges, or even financiers, as early as the 11th century BCE.[13] Some scribes copied documents, but this was not necessarily part of their job.[14]
The Jewish scribes used the following process for creating copies of the Torah and eventually other books in the Tanakh.
- They could only use clean animal skins, both to write on, and even to bind manuscripts.
- Each column of writing could have no less than forty-eight, and no more than sixty lines.
- The ink must be black, and of a special recipe.
- They must say each word aloud while they were writing.
- They must wipe the pen and wash their entire bodies before writing the most Holy Name of God, YHVH every time they wrote it.
- There must be a review within thirty days, and if as many as three pages required corrections, the entire manuscript had to be redone.
- The letters, words, and paragraphs had to be counted, and the document became invalid if two letters touched each other. The middle paragraph, word and letter must correspond to those of the original document.
- The documents could be stored only in sacred places (synagogues, etc.).
- As no document containing God's Word could be destroyed, they were stored, or buried, in a genizah.
Sofer[link]
Main article: Sofer (scribe)
A Sofer (Hebrew: סופר סת”ם) are among the few scribes that still ply their trade by hand. Renowned calligraphers, they produce the Hebrew Torah scrolls and other holy texts by hand to this day. They write on parchment.
Sofer accuracy[link]
Further information: Dead Sea Scrolls
Until 1948, the oldest manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible dated back to 895 A.D. In 1947, a shepherd boy discovered some scrolls inside a cave West of the Dead Sea. These manuscripts dated between 100 B.C. and 100 A.D. Over the next decade, more scrolls were found in caves and the discovery became known as the Dead Sea Scrolls. Every book in the Hebrew Bible was represented in this discovery except Esther. Numerous copies of each book were discovered, such as the 25 copies of Deuteronomy that were found.
While there are other items found among the Dead Sea Scrolls not currently in the Hebrew Bible, the texts on the whole testify to the accuracy of the scribes copying down through the ages, though many variations and errors occurred.[15] The Dead Sea Scrolls are currently the best route of comparison to the accuracy and consistency of translation for the Hebrew Bible, due to their date of origin being the oldest out of any Biblical text currently known.
See also[link]
- Copying
- List of ancient Egyptian scribes
- Scrivener
- Scriptorium
- The Seated Scribe
- Transcription (linguistics)
- Transliteration
- Uncial
- Worshipful Company of Scriveners
Notable scribes[link]
- Ahmes
- Amat-Mamu
- Baruch
- Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh
- Máel Muire mac Céilechair
- Sidney Rigdon
- Sin-liqe-unninni
Notes[link]
- ^ "Scribes", Life in Ancient Egypt, Carnegie Museum of Natural History: [1]. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
- ^ Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 2001, ISBN 0-415-15448-0, p.lvi
- ^ Peter Damerow, Abstraction and Representation: Essays on the Cultural Evolution of Thinking, Springer 1996, ISBN 0-7923-3816-2, pp.188ff.
- ^ David McLain Carr, Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature, Oxford University Press 2005, ISBN 0-19-517297-3, p.66
- ^ Kemp, op.cit., p.180
- ^ Kemp, op.cit., p.296
- ^ a b c d e f C.B.F. Walker. "Cuneiform (Reading the Past)," 1987. London: The British Museum Press.
- ^ a b c "Scribes in ancient Mesopotamia," the British Museum, [2]. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
- ^ Martin, op.cit., p.88
- ^ Carr, op.cit., p.39
- ^ ETSCL translation: The Debate between Bird and Fish
- ^ ETSCL, "Debate poems"
- ^ http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hebrew.htm
- ^ Bruce Metzger and Michael Coogan, eds., The Oxford Companion to the Bible.
- ^ "A History of the Jews", Paul Johnson, p. 91, Phoenix, 1993 (org pub 1987), ISBN 1-85799-096-X
References[link]
- Barry J. Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, Routledge 2006, ISBN 0-415-23549-9, pp. 166ff.
- Henri-Jean Martin, The History and Power of Writing, University of Chicago Press 1995, ISBN 0-226-50836-6
- David McLain Carr, Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature, Oxford University Press collyn anderson2005, ISBN 0-19-517297-3
External links[link]
- Some Old Egyptian Librarians, Ernest Gushing Richardson, Charles Sribners, 1911
- Catholic Encyclopedia
This article incorporates text from Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897), a publication now in the public domain.
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