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![Tsonga VS Ljubicic -- Metz Final 2011 [Highlights]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120913051016im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/8U_bxYbFFCw/0.jpg "Metz final Highlights between Tsonga and Ljubicic.")
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- Thicourt
- Thimonville
- Thin-shell structure
- Thionville
- Third Reich
- Thonville
- Three Bishoprics
- Théding
- Théobald of Lixheim
- Time zone
- Tincry
- Tommy Robredo
- Torcheville
- Toulon
- Toulouse
- Tours
- Town square
- Town twinning
- Tragny
- Treaty of Chambord
- Treaty of Versailles
- Tressange
- Tri-border area
- Trier
- Trinitarian Order
- Tritteling-Redlach
- Troisfontaines
- Tromborn
- Tropaion
- Troyes
- Trémery
- Tulle
- Tuscany
- Téterchen
- Uckange
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Upper Normandy
- Urban ecology
- UTC+1
- UTC+2
- Vahl-Ebersing
- Vahl-lès-Bénestroff
- Vahl-lès-Faulquemont
- Val-d'Oise
- Val-de-Bride
- Val-de-Marne
- Valence, Drôme
- Valentin Bousch
- Vallerange
- Valmestroff
- Valmont, Moselle
- Valmunster
- Vannecourt
- Vannes
- Vantoux
- Vany
- Var (department)
- Varize, Moselle
- Varsberg
- Vasperviller
- Vatimont
- Vauban
- Vaucluse
- Vaudreching
- Vaux, Moselle
- Vaxy
- Veckersviller
- Veckring
- Velving
- Vendée
- Vergaville
- Verny
- Vernéville
- Versailles (commune)
- Vescheim
- Vesoul
- Vibersviller
- Vic-sur-Seille
- Vienne
- Vieux-Lixheim
- Vigny, Moselle
- Vigy
- Viller
- Villers-Stoncourt
- Villers-sur-Nied
- Villing
- Vilsberg
- Vionville
- Virming
- Vitry-sur-Orne
- Vittersbourg
- Vittoncourt
- Viviers, Moselle
- Voimhaut
- Volmerange-les-Mines
- Volmunster
- Volstroff
- Vosges
- Voyer
- Vry
- Vulmont
- Waldhouse
- Waldweistroff
- Waldwisse
- Walschbronn
- Walscheid
- Waltembourg
- Walter Bordellé
- Walther Kittel
- Water tower
- Western Front (WWI)
- Wiesviller
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wilhelm Baur
- Wilhelm Falley
- Willerwald
- Wintersbourg
- Wittring
- Woippy
- World Fair
- Woustviller
- WP IPA for French
- WP IPA for German
- Wuisse
- Xanrey
- Xocourt
- Xouaxange
- Yichang
- Yonne
- Yutz
- Yvelines
- Zarbeling
- Zetting
- Zilling
- Zimming
- Zommange
- Zoufftgen
- Ébersviller
- Éblange
- Éguelshardt
- Épinal
- Évrange
- Évreux
- Évry, Essonne
- Œting
-
Ain
http://wn.com/Ain -
Aisne
Aisne () is a department in the northern part of France named after the Aisne River.
http://wn.com/Aisne -
Allier
Allier () is a department in central France named after the Allier River.
http://wn.com/Allier -
Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes () is a department in the extreme southeast corner of France.
http://wn.com/Alpes-Maritimes -
Alsace
http://wn.com/Alsace -
Alsace-Lorraine
Alsace-Lorraine (, generally Elsass-Lothringen) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and the Moselle region of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War. The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the Rhine River and east of the Vosges Mountains. The Lorraine section was in the upper Moselle valley to the north of the Vosges Mountains.
http://wn.com/Alsace-Lorraine -
Aquitaine
http://wn.com/Aquitaine -
Ardèche
http://wn.com/Ardèche -
Ariège
http://wn.com/Ariège -
Arènes de Metz
http://wn.com/Arènes_de_Metz -
Aube
Aube is a department in the northeastern part of France named after the Aube River. In 1995, its population was 293,100 inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Aube -
Aude
Aude () is a department in south-central France named after the river Aude. The local council also calls the department "Cathar Country".
http://wn.com/Aude -
Auvergne (region)
Auvergne (; ) is one of the 26 administrative regions of France.
http://wn.com/Auvergne_(region) -
Aveyron
Aveyron () is a department in southern France named after the Aveyron River.
http://wn.com/Aveyron -
Bas-Rhin
http://wn.com/Bas-Rhin -
Battle of Verdun
The Battle of Verdun (, , ) was one of the major battles during the First World War on the Western Front. It was fought between the German and French armies, from 21 February to 18 December 1916, on hilly terrain north of the city of Verdun-sur-Meuse in north-eastern France. The Battle of Verdun ended in a French victory since the German High Command failed to achieve its two strategic objectives: the capture of the city of Verdun and a much higher casualty count inflicted on the French adversary.
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Verdun -
Beaubourg
http://wn.com/Beaubourg -
Bouches-du-Rhône
http://wn.com/Bouches-du-Rhône -
Calvados
The French department of Calvados is part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the coast.
http://wn.com/Calvados -
Cantal
Cantal () is a department in south-central France. It is named after the Cantal mountain range, a group of extinct, eroded volcanic peaks, which covers much of the department. Residents are known as Cantaliens or Cantalous.
http://wn.com/Cantal -
Champagne-Ardenne
Champagne-Ardenne () is one of the 26 regions of France. It is located in the northeast of the country, bordering Belgium, and consists of four departments: Aube, Ardennes, Haute-Marne, and Marne. The region is famous for its sparkling white wine (champagne). Its rivers, most of which flow west, include the Seine, the Marne, and the Aisne. The Meuse flows north.
http://wn.com/Champagne-Ardenne -
Charente
http://wn.com/Charente -
Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime is a department on the west coast of France named after the Charente River.
http://wn.com/Charente-Maritime -
Cher (department)
Cher () is an administrative department located in the centre of France. It is named after the Cher River.
http://wn.com/Cher_(department) -
Corrèze
http://wn.com/Corrèze -
Corse-du-Sud
http://wn.com/Corse-du-Sud -
Corsica
Corsica (, ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia.
http://wn.com/Corsica -
Creuse
Creuse () is a department in central France named after the Creuse River.
http://wn.com/Creuse -
Czech Republic
http://wn.com/Czech_Republic -
Côte-d'Or
http://wn.com/Côte-d'Or -
Côtes-d'Armor
http://wn.com/Côtes-d'Armor -
Deux-Sèvres
http://wn.com/Deux-Sèvres -
Diocese of Metz
http://wn.com/Diocese_of_Metz -
Dordogne
http://wn.com/Dordogne -
Doubs
http://wn.com/Doubs -
Drôme
http://wn.com/Drôme -
Essonne
http://wn.com/Essonne -
Eure
Eure is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.
http://wn.com/Eure -
Eure-et-Loir
Eure-et-Loir is a French department, named after the Eure and Loir rivers.
http://wn.com/Eure-et-Loir -
Finistère
http://wn.com/Finistère -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Franche-Comté
http://wn.com/Franche-Comté -
Gard
http://wn.com/Gard -
Gare de l'Est
(or '''Gare de l'Est', "East station''" in English) is one of the six large SNCF termini in Paris. It is in the 10th arrondissement, not far from the Gare du Nord, facing the boulevard de Strasbourg, part of the north-south axis of Paris created by Baron Haussmann. It is one of the largest and the oldest railway stations in Paris.
http://wn.com/Gare_de_l'Est -
Gare de Lorraine TGV
Lorraine TGV is a new railway station on the LGV Est, a TGV high-speed rail line from Paris to Strasbourg. It is located in Louvigny, between the towns of Metz and Nancy.
http://wn.com/Gare_de_Lorraine_TGV -
German Empire
http://wn.com/German_Empire -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Gers
http://wn.com/Gers -
Gironde
Gironde () is a common name for the Gironde Estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a department in the Aquitaine region situated in southwest France.
http://wn.com/Gironde -
Gloucester
Gloucester ( ) is a city, district and county town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, and on the River Severn, approximately north-east of Bristol, and south-southwest of Birmingham.
http://wn.com/Gloucester -
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (; ; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an archipelago located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is the first overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. As with the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic since 2007.
http://wn.com/Guadeloupe -
Haut-Rhin
http://wn.com/Haut-Rhin -
Haute-Corse
Haute-Corse () () is a French department. It constitutes the northern part of the island of Corsica.
http://wn.com/Haute-Corse -
Haute-Garonne
Haute-Garonne (; ) is a department in the southwest of France named after the Garonne river. Its main city is Toulouse.
http://wn.com/Haute-Garonne -
Haute-Loire
Haute-Loire () is a department in south-central France named after the Loire River.
http://wn.com/Haute-Loire -
Haute-Marne
Haute-Marne is a department in the northeast of France named after the Marne River.
http://wn.com/Haute-Marne -
Haute-Savoie
http://wn.com/Haute-Savoie -
Haute-Saône
http://wn.com/Haute-Saône -
Haute-Vienne
Haute-Vienne is a French department named after the Vienne River. It is one of three departments that together constitute the French region of Limousin.
http://wn.com/Haute-Vienne -
Hautes-Alpes
Hautes-Alpes () is a department in southeastern France named after the Alps mountain range.
http://wn.com/Hautes-Alpes -
Hautes-Pyrénées
http://wn.com/Hautes-Pyrénées -
Hauts-de-Seine
http://wn.com/Hauts-de-Seine -
Hérault
http://wn.com/Hérault -
Ille-et-Vilaine
Ille-et-Vilaine () is a department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country.
http://wn.com/Ille-et-Vilaine -
Indre
Indre is a department in the center of France named after the Indre River. The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens.
http://wn.com/Indre -
Indre-et-Loire
Indre-et-Loire is a department in west-central France named after the Indre and the Loire rivers.
http://wn.com/Indre-et-Loire -
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Isère
http://wn.com/Isère -
Jura (department)
Jura () is a department in the east of France named after the Jura mountains.
http://wn.com/Jura_(department) -
Karmiel
Karmiel (, lit. God's vineyards) is a city in northern Israel. Established in 1964 as a development town, Karmiel is located in the Beit HaKerem Valley which divides upper and lower Galilee. The city is located south of the Acre-Safed road, from Safed and from Acre. Karmiel has a population of 44,400, although its municipality claims to have reached 50,000.
http://wn.com/Karmiel -
Landes (department)
http://wn.com/Landes_(department) -
Languedoc-Roussillon
http://wn.com/Languedoc-Roussillon -
Loir-et-Cher
Loir-et-Cher is a department in north-central France named after the rivers Loir and Cher.
http://wn.com/Loir-et-Cher -
Loire
Loire (; ; ) is an administrative department in the east-central part of France occupying the River Loire's upper reaches.
http://wn.com/Loire -
Loire-Atlantique
http://wn.com/Loire-Atlantique -
Loiret
Loiret () is a department in north-central France named after the river Loiret.
http://wn.com/Loiret -
Lorraine (region)
http://wn.com/Lorraine_(region) -
Lorraine (région)
http://wn.com/Lorraine_(région) -
Lot (department)
Lot (; ) is a department in the southwest of France named after the Lot River.
http://wn.com/Lot_(department) -
Lot-et-Garonne
Lot-et-Garonne () is a department in the southwest of France named after the Lot and Garonne rivers.
http://wn.com/Lot-et-Garonne -
Lower Normandy
Lower Normandy (, ; Norman: Basse-Normaundie) is an administrative region of France. It was created in 1956, when the Normandy region was divided into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. The region includes three departments, Calvados, Manche and Orne, that cover the part of Normandy traditionally termed "Lower Normandy" lying west of the Dives River, the Pays d'Auge (except a small part remaining in Haute-Normandie), a small part of the Pays d'Ouche (the main part remaining in Haute-Normandie), the Norman Perche and part of the "French" Perche. It covers 10,857 km2, 3.2 percent of the surface area of France.
http://wn.com/Lower_Normandy -
Lozère
http://wn.com/Lozère -
Lutetia
http://wn.com/Lutetia -
Luxembourg
Luxembourg ( ), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (, , ), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (999 sq mi).
http://wn.com/Luxembourg -
Luxembourg (city)
http://wn.com/Luxembourg_(city) -
Luxembourg City
http://wn.com/Luxembourg_City -
Maine-et-Loire
Maine-et-Loire is a department in west-central France, in the Pays de la Loire region.
http://wn.com/Maine-et-Loire -
Manche
Manche is a French department in Normandy named after La Manche ("the sleeve"), which is the French name for the English Channel.
http://wn.com/Manche -
Marne
http://wn.com/Marne -
Martinique
Martinique () is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of . Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The Island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1502.
http://wn.com/Martinique -
Mayenne
Mayenne () is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River.
http://wn.com/Mayenne -
Mayotte
http://wn.com/Mayotte -
Metz
Metz (; ) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. It is located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. The residents of the city are called Messin(e)(s).
http://wn.com/Metz -
Metz Cathedral
http://wn.com/Metz_Cathedral -
Meurthe-et-Moselle
Meurthe-et-Moselle () is a department in the Lorraine region of France, named after the Meurthe and Moselle rivers.
http://wn.com/Meurthe-et-Moselle -
Meuse
Meuse () is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.
http://wn.com/Meuse -
Midi-Pyrénées
http://wn.com/Midi-Pyrénées -
Morbihan
Morbihan (; ) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline.
http://wn.com/Morbihan -
Morocco
http://wn.com/Morocco -
Moselle
Moselle is a department in the east of France named after the river Moselle.
http://wn.com/Moselle -
Nazi Germany
http://wn.com/Nazi_Germany -
Nièvre
http://wn.com/Nièvre -
Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Nord-Pas-de-Calais (; Dutch: Noord-Nauw van Kales), Nord for short, is one of the 22 regions of France. It consists of the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, in the north and has a border with Belgium. Most of the region was once part of the Southern Netherlands, within the Low Countries, and gradually became part of France between 1477 and 1678. The historical provinces now included in Nord-Pas-de-Calais are Artois, Boulonnais, Calaisis, Cambraisis, French Flanders, French Hainaut and portions of northern Picardy. These provincial designations are still frequently used by the inhabitants, which offers a sense of civic pride.
http://wn.com/Nord-Pas-de-Calais -
Oise
Oise () is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise.
http://wn.com/Oise -
Orne
Orne is a department in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne.
http://wn.com/Orne -
Pas-de-Calais
Pas-de-Calais () is a department in northern France. Its name is the French equivalent of the Strait of Dover, which it borders.
http://wn.com/Pas-de-Calais -
Pays de la Loire
http://wn.com/Pays_de_la_Loire -
Picardy (region)
Picardy (, ) is one of the 26 regions of France. It is located in the northern part of France.
http://wn.com/Picardy_(region) -
Poitou-Charentes
http://wn.com/Poitou-Charentes -
Prague
http://wn.com/Prague -
Puy-de-Dôme
http://wn.com/Puy-de-Dôme -
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
http://wn.com/Pyrénées-Atlantiques -
Pyrénées-Orientales
http://wn.com/Pyrénées-Orientales -
Rhône (department)
http://wn.com/Rhône_(department) -
Réunion
http://wn.com/Réunion -
Sarthe
Sarthe () is a French department, named after the Sarthe River.
http://wn.com/Sarthe -
Savoie
http://wn.com/Savoie -
Saône-et-Loire
http://wn.com/Saône-et-Loire -
Schneckenbusch
Schneckenbusch (Schneggebesch in Rhine Franconian) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. The word Schneckenbusch means snails bush in German.
http://wn.com/Schneckenbusch -
Seine-et-Marne
http://wn.com/Seine-et-Marne -
Seine-Maritime
http://wn.com/Seine-Maritime -
Seine-Saint-Denis
http://wn.com/Seine-Saint-Denis -
Somme
http://wn.com/Somme -
Tangier
http://wn.com/Tangier -
Tarn (department)
http://wn.com/Tarn_(department) -
Tarn-et-Garonne
Tarn-et-Garonne is a French department in the southwest of France.
http://wn.com/Tarn-et-Garonne -
Third Reich
http://wn.com/Third_Reich -
Treaty of Chambord
http://wn.com/Treaty_of_Chambord -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Upper Normandy
http://wn.com/Upper_Normandy -
Val-d'Oise
http://wn.com/Val-d'Oise -
Val-de-Marne
http://wn.com/Val-de-Marne -
Var (department)
http://wn.com/Var_(department) -
Vaucluse
The Vaucluse (; in classical norm or Vau-Cluso in Mistralian norm) is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.
http://wn.com/Vaucluse -
Vendée
http://wn.com/Vendée -
Vienne
http://wn.com/Vienne -
Vosges
This article is about the department of France named Vosges. For the mountain range, see Vosges Mountains.
http://wn.com/Vosges -
Yichang
http://wn.com/Yichang -
Yonne
Yonne () is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Bourgogne (Burgundy) in eastern France and its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre. Its official number is 89.
http://wn.com/Yonne -
Yvelines
http://wn.com/Yvelines
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Abraham de Fabert
'''Abraham de Fabert, marquis d'Esternay''' (11 October 1599 – 17 May 1660) was a Marshal of France,
http://wn.com/Abraham_de_Fabert -
Albert Robida
Albert Robida (1848–1926) was an illustrator, etcher, lithographer, caricaturist, and novelist. He edited and published La Caricature magazine for 12 years. Through the 1880s he wrote an acclaimed trilogy of futuristic novels. In the 1900s he created 520 illustrations for Pierre Giffard's weekly serial La Guerre Infernale
http://wn.com/Albert_Robida -
Allison Pineau
Allison Pineau (born 2 May 1989 in Chartres) is a French handball player. She plays for the club Metz HB and for the French national team.
http://wn.com/Allison_Pineau -
Alsace
http://wn.com/Alsace -
Ambroise Thomas
Charles Louis Ambroise Thomas (5 August 1811, Metz – 12 February 1896, Paris) was a French composer, best-known for his operas Mignon (1866) and Hamlet (1868, after Shakespeare) and as Director of the Conservatoire de Paris from 1871 till his death.
http://wn.com/Ambroise_Thomas -
André Schwarz-Bart
http://wn.com/André_Schwarz-Bart -
Archie Shepp
Archie Shepp (born May 24, 1937) is a prominent African-American jazz saxophonist. Shepp is best known for his passionately Afrocentric music of the late 1960s, which focused on highlighting the injustices faced by the African-Americans, as well as for his work with the New York Contemporary Five, Horace Parlan, and his collaborations with his "New Thing" contemporaries, most notably Cecil Taylor and John Coltrane.
http://wn.com/Archie_Shepp -
Arnaud Clément
http://wn.com/Arnaud_Clément -
Arnulf of Metz
http://wn.com/Arnulf_of_Metz -
Attila
http://wn.com/Attila -
Bernard Lavilliers
Bernard Lavilliers (born on 7 October 1946) is a French singer.
http://wn.com/Bernard_Lavilliers -
Bernard-Marie Koltès
http://wn.com/Bernard-Marie_Koltès -
Carolingian dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The name "Carolingian", Medieval Latin karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German *karling, kerling (meaning "descendant of Charles", cf. MHG kerlinc), derives from the Latinised name of Charles Martel: Carolus. The family consolidated its power in the late 7th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the throne. By 751, the Merovingian dynasty which until then had ruled the Franks by right was deprived of this right with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy and a Carolingian, Pepin the Short, was crowned King of the Franks.
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Celts
The Celts ( or , see names of the Celts) were a diverse group of tribal societies in Iron Age and Roman-era Europe who spoke Celtic languages.
http://wn.com/Celts -
Charlemagne
http://wn.com/Charlemagne -
Charles Baudelaire
http://wn.com/Charles_Baudelaire -
Charles de Gaulle
http://wn.com/Charles_de_Gaulle -
Charles the Bald
http://wn.com/Charles_the_Bald -
Chlodulf of Metz
Saint Chlodulf (Clodulphe or Clodould) or more commonly Saint Cloud (605 – June 8, 696 or June 8, 697, others say May 8, 697) was bishop of Metz approximately from 657 to 697.
http://wn.com/Chlodulf_of_Metz -
Clement of Metz
http://wn.com/Clement_of_Metz -
Dietrich I of Metz
Dietrich of Metz (died 984) was Bishop of Metz from 964 until his death. He was the son of Hedwig of Nordgau and Siegfried of Luxembourg.
http://wn.com/Dietrich_I_of_Metz -
Edgar Feuchtinger
Edgar Feuchtinger (9 November 1894- 21 January 1960) was a German General (Generalleutnant) during the Second World War.
http://wn.com/Edgar_Feuchtinger -
Emmanuel Adebayor
Sheyi Emmanuel Adebayor (born 26 February 1984) is a Togolese professional footballer who plays as a striker for Manchester City in the Premier League. He played in the same position for the Togo national team before he announced his retirement from international football on 12 April 2010. Adebayor previously played for Metz, AS Monaco and Arsenal, and was voted African Footballer of the Year for 2008. In January 2010, Adebayor was one of the players involved when the Togo national team's bus came under a gunfire attack on the way to the African Cup of Nations in Angola.
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Emperor Wilhelm II
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Felix of Valois
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Ferdinand Foch
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Franks
The Franks ( or gens Francorum) were a West Germanic tribal confederation first attested in the third century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite would be one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe.
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François de Nomé
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François Rabelais
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; in English , ) (October 15, 1844 August 25, 1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
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Gabriel Pierné
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George S. Patton
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Georges Clémenceau
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Germanic tribe
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Gilles Simon
Gilles Simon (born December 27, 1984 in Nice) is a French professional tennis player. He is a seven time winner on the ATP World Tour. " His coach is French tennis veteran Thierry Tulasne. Fitness trainer is Paul Quetin.
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Hans von Salmuth
Hans Eberhard Kurt von Salmuth (11 November 1888 - 1 January 1962) was a German general during World War II. A lifelong professional soldier, he served his country as a junior officer in World War I, a staff officer in the inter-war period and early World War II, and an army level commander. General von Salmuth commanded several different armies on the Eastern Front and his final command was the Fifteenth Army in France during and shortly after the D-Day invasion. After the war he spent five years in prison for war crimes.
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Heinz Harmel
Heinz Harmel (1906 - 2000) was a German Waffen-SS General during the World war II. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
http://wn.com/Heinz_Harmel -
Henry II of France
:Henry II of France redirects here. It can also refer controversially to Henry VI of England.
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Huns
The Huns were a group of nomadic pastoral people who, appearing from beyond the Volga, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and built up an enormous empire in Europe. Since De Guignes linked them with the Xiongnu who had been northern neighbours of China 300 years earlier to the emergence of Huns, considerable scholarly effort has been devoted in investigating such a connection. However, there is no evidence for a direct connection between the dominant element of the Xiongnu and that of the Huns. A contemporary mentions that the Huns had a language of their own; very little of it has survived and its relationships have been the subject of debate for centuries. According to some theories, it was a Turkic language. Numerous other languages were spoken within the Hun pax including East Germanic. Their main military technique was mounted archery.
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Ivan Ljubičić
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http://wn.com/Ivan_Ljubičić -
Jean Cocteau
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Jean-Marie Pelt
Jean-Marie Pelt (born 24 October 1933) is a French botanist.
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Jean-Victor Poncelet
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Johannes Mühlenkamp
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John of Matha
Saint John of Matha was a Christian saint of the 12th century and founder of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity. He was born on 1154 at Faucon-de-Barcelonnette , France. As a youth, he was educated at Aix-en-Provence, and later studied theology at the University of Paris. While in Paris, he was urged by a vision during his first mass to dedicate his life to the service of the captive Christian slaves. He offered service to and was instructed by the hermit, St. Felix of Valois, in the region of Soissons, and went to Rome with him in 1198.
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John Paul II
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Julius von Bernuth
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Karl Kriebel
Karl Kriebel (26 February 1888 – 28 November 1961) was a highly decorated General der Infanterie in the Wehrmacht during World War II.
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Louis IX of France
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Louis Saha
Louis Laurent Saha (born 8 August 1978 in Paris) is a French footballer who currently plays as a forward for Everton in the Premier League and the France national team.
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Louis the Pious
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Louis XIV of France
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http://wn.com/Louis_XIV_of_France -
Marc Chagall
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Merovingian
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Michel Ney
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Miralem Pjanić
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Norwich Duff
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Novak Djokovic
Novak Djokovic (), (born 22 May 1987) is a Serbian professional tennis player, who is currently ranked the World No. 2 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) after reaching his second U.S. Open final in 2010.
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Otto von Bismarck
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Papiss Cissé
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Paul Niclausse
Paul Niclausse (1879-1958) was a French sculptor, most famous for his art deco medals cast in bronze.
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Paul Verlaine
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Peter-Erich Cremer
Peter-Erich Cremer (25 March 1911 – 5 July 1992) was a German U-boat commander during the Second World War.
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Philippe Pétain
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Philippe Starck
Philippe Patrick Starck (born January 18, 1949, Paris) is a French product designer and probably the best known designer in the New Design style. His designs range from spectacular interior designs to mass produced consumer goods such as toothbrushes, chairs, and even houses.
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Raymond Poincaré
http://wn.com/Raymond_Poincaré -
Ricardo Bofill
Ricardo Bofill (born in Barcelona, Catalonia, December 5, 1939) is a Spanish postmodernist architect.
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Robert Schuman
Robert Schuman (; 29 June 1886 4 September 1963) was a noted Luxembourgish-born French statesman. Schuman was a Christian Democrat (M.R.P.) and an independent political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions and is regarded as one of the founders of the European Union, the Council of Europe and NATO.
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Roland
Roland (Frankish: Hruodland) (died 15 August 778) was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France. Historically, Roland was military governor of the Breton March, with responsibility for defending the frontier of Francia against the Bretons. His only historical attestation is in Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni, which describes him as Hruodlandus Brittannici limitis praefectus ("Roland, prefect of the limits of Brittany") when narrating his death at the Battle of Roncesvalles, when the rearguard, under his command, and the baggage train of a Frankish army was beset by rebellious Basques.
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Rudolf Schmundt
Rudolf Schmundt (13 August 1896 1 October 1944) was an officer in the German Army (Wehrmacht Heer) during World War II.
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Saint Blaise
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Saint Stephen
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Sonny Rollins
Theodore Walter "Sonny" Rollins (born September 7, 1930 in New York City) is a Grammy-winning American jazz tenor saxophonist. Rollins is widely recognized as one of the most important and influential jazz musicians. A number of his compositions, including "St. Thomas", "Oleo", "Doxy", and "Airegin", have become jazz standards.
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St. Nicholas
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Teutons
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Vauban
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Wilhelm Baur
Wilhelm Baur or Wilhelm Baur de Betaz (Metz, 1883 - Lindelfels, 1964) was a German Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant) of the Heer during Second World War.
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Wilhelm Falley
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Metz - Live At Sonic Boom Records In Toronto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Published: 23 Apr 2010
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Metz - dry up @ nxne festival 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Published: 21 Jun 2009
- Updated: 20 Jul 2012
silver dollar room toronto
http://wn.com/Metz_dry_up_@_nxne_festival_2009
METZ - Negative Space
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 05 Nov 2010
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
METZ - Negative Space From the EP: Negative Space/Automat Directed by Dean Tzenos and Alex Edkins Edited by Dean Tzenos and Alex Edkins
http://wn.com/METZ_Negative_Space
Metz - Cities of France
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:20
- Published: 05 Sep 2010
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Metz is a city of eastern France, capital of the Lorraine region. The city has both French and German culture and legacy. - 300: Foundation of Metz by a Celtic tribe: the Mediomatrici. - 58: Metz becomes a Roman city (called "Divodurum", meaning "Holy Fortress" in Latin) 280: Saint Clement is the first bishop of Metz 451: Metz is taken by Attila and the Huns 511 - 751: Metz becomes the capital of the kingdom of Austrasia (Frankish Empire) 843: End of the Frankish Empire, Metz becomes the capital of the kingdom of Lotharingia 959: Metz becomes an ecclesiastical city of the Holy Roman Empire 1231-1234: War of the Friends (Guerre des Amis) between the bishop of Metz and the duke of Lorraine. Birth of the republic of Metz (free city of the Holy Roman Empire) 1552: End of the republic of Metz. The city is annexed to the kingdom of France by king Henry II Emperor Charles V of Habsburg try to retake the city (1553) but fail. 1814: Siege of Metz by the forces of the 6th coalition (Prussia and Russia). The city don't fall. 1870: Metz is taken by the Prussians. Metz is annexed to the German Empire following the Franco-Prussian war. 1918: After WW1, Metz comes back to France following the German defeat. 1944: Battle of Metz fought between the US Army and the German army 1976: Metz becomes the capital of the Lorraine region (instead of Nancy) Music: Gregorian, Voyage voyage (original: Desireless) Georges Delerue, Hymne à la liberté Rob Dougan, Clubbed to death Thanks for watching
http://wn.com/Metz_Cities_of_France
Aphex Twin Metz HQ audio
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:55
- Published: 22 May 2010
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
unreleased track
http://wn.com/Aphex_Twin_Metz_HQ_audio
Metz - "Judderman"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:50
- Published: 24 Jan 2006
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Metz tv advert, directed by Enda McCallion. Beware the Judderman my dear, when the moon is fat.
http://wn.com/Metz_Judderman
NXNE 2012: METZ (Interview)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Published: 22 Jun 2012
- Updated: 22 Jun 2012
Fest faves METZ opened the Archers of Loaf show at the Phoenix Saturday. Drummer Hayden Menzies and guitarist-vocalist Alex Edkins had a quick chat about our fave fest. METZ was recently signed to Sub Pop and their debut LP will be out October 9. For more, and to read the interview the opening quote is taken from, check out: http #ljp
http://wn.com/NXNE_2012_METZ_Interview
Kami-Kazi, Metz, Derenzo & Line-O - Money & Fame HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Published: 17 Oct 2009
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Kami-Kazi, Metz Derenzo & Line-O (Official Videoclip) HD Title: Money & Fame Artists: Kami-Kazi, Metz, Derenzo & Line-O Music Produced by: Erdo Beats Directed by: Zohra aightbal Produced by: 24-karaat entertainment more info www.kami-kazi.nl http 3D Ali-B Appa Anu-D DHC DJ Kargin Kami-Kazi Kempi Kingqin Naffer Opgezwolle Para-D Salah Edin Scheme015 Sjaak Skiezo Yes-R Amsterdam Utrecht Den Haag Rotterdam Delft Nederland
http://wn.com/Kami-Kazi,_Metz,_Derenzo_Line-O_Money_Fame_HD
METZ : METZ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Published: 15 Jun 2012
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
METZ is on Sub Pop www.subpop.com
http://wn.com/METZ_METZ
Tsonga VS Ljubicic -- Metz Final 2011 [Highlights]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Published: 11 Oct 2011
- Updated: 07 Jul 2012
Metz final Highlights between Tsonga and Ljubicic.
http://wn.com/Tsonga_VS_Ljubicic_-_Metz_Final_2011_Highlights_
Earths Power Yoga Los Angeles Steven Earth Metz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Published: 22 Aug 2008
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Great Yoga Leg stretches for Runners and Cyclists
http://wn.com/Earths_Power_Yoga_Los_Angeles_Steven_Earth_Metz
Nadishana - Kuckhermann - Metz trio, "SHU KHUR" (hang drum, percussion, fretless bass)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:57
- Published: 03 Jun 2012
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
nkm.nadishana.com - trio page Nadishana - hang SpB (Kurd + C) David Kuckhermann - cajon, udu, percussion, foot rattle Armin Metz - 6-string fretless bass According to the mythology of Kuzhebar people SHU KHUR - is the Guide which one could get in the process of the painful initiation. This guide directs the person towards strong, pure and purposeful life. In different sources SHU KHUR is also the spirit of groundwater and it's usually depicted as a water bird or a woman with the bird attributes. filmed by Julia Surba, produced by Nadishana at Sound Microsurgery Department, Berlin, may 2012
http://wn.com/Nadishana_Kuckhermann_Metz_trio,_SHU_KHUR_hang_drum,_percussion,_fretless_bass
Metz-De Clip Wielen in de lucht Deel 2 (Da revolution)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Published: 13 Aug 2008
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Dit is de lang verwachte Wielen in de lucht deel 2! Exclusive shit! Check this out! De Rijders van Utrecht zijn terug! Da new and Untouchable 3Dentertainment.
http://wn.com/Metz-De_Clip_Wielen_in_de_lucht_Deel_2_Da_revolution
METZ - Headache (not the video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Published: 08 Aug 2012
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
METZ on Sub Pop www.subpop.com "Headache" from the 10/9/12 album, METZ www.subpop.com
http://wn.com/METZ_Headache_not_the_video
Kuckhermann-Metz-Nadishana trio - *Khubananukh*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:59
- Published: 20 Jul 2012
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
nkm.nadishana.com David Kuckhermann - hang SpB (F integral Dom7), Krix (foot jingle), voice Vladiswar Nadishana - bansuri, kou xiang (jaw harp), voice Armin Metz - 6-string fretless bass, voice
http://wn.com/Kuckhermann-Metz-Nadishana_trio_*Khubananukh*
fc metz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:20
- Published: 11 Mar 2007
- Updated: 13 Jun 2012
no description
http://wn.com/fc_metz
XLNC-HARBHAJAN TALWAR - TAPPE 4X4 FT. MC METZ - DEJA VU
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Published: 03 Sep 2011
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Full Song available now: i-Tunes Link - itunes.apple.com TAPPE 4X4 is taken from the album DEJA VU by XLNC-HARBHAJAN TALWAR. DEJA VU is available from i-Tunes NOW via MOVIEBOX.
http://wn.com/XLNC-HARBHAJAN_TALWAR_TAPPE_4X4_FT_MC_METZ_DEJA_VU
Metz -''Het uur vd Waarheid'' (Giel Beelen Diss)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Published: 22 Oct 2009
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
DownloadLink: www.megaupload.com Metz zet definitief een punt erachter met deze Disstrack: Debiel Beelen.......check this out Ey!!! Volgens mij d8 je het echt heel ff :)
http://wn.com/Metz_-''Het_uur_vd_Waarheid''_Giel_Beelen_Diss
Aphex Twin - Metz - 15.05.2010 (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Published: 16 May 2010
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
Dj Set d'Aphex Twin au Parc de la Seille à Metz, pour l'inauguration du centre Pompidou le 15 mai 2010 (vidéo 2 sur 6)
http://wn.com/Aphex_Twin_Metz_15052010_2
Metz -''Just Crippin'' (Los Angeles/ Compton/ WestCoast Customs)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 22 Sep 2010
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
Download: www.megaupload.com Zoals de meeste weten is Metz in Los Angeles/Compton geweest en langsgegaan bij de Westcoast Customs om zijn nieuwe clip te filmen: ''Just Crippin'' als het goed is heb je de making off al kunnen zien.....dit is het eindresultaat Check this out main! ps: Metz is ook in Las Vegas geweest en heeft daar ook een clip gemaakt ma die videoclip volgt nog....zoals vele andere en natuurlijk het langverwachte album van Metz: Maximus De Burgemeester...
http://wn.com/Metz_-''Just_Crippin''_Los_Angeles_Compton_WestCoast_Customs
Nadishana - Armin Metz *Gurgang*, bass - jaw harp duo.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Published: 06 Feb 2012
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
nadishana.com - order CD (digipak) and listen to all samples nadishana.com download @ artist website(much appreciated!) www.cdbaby.com - download @ cdbaby bit.ly - download @ iTunes Studio version of the Gurgang tune from "Far&Near" CD of Nadishana Trio Nadishana - altaian khomus Armin Metz - 6-string bass According to ancient Kuzhebar mythology, the Gurgang tree starts to glow 2 times a year. That happens during the periods of maximal solar activity. Traditionally in that time the "Shuol Khymat " ritual takes place near that tree.
http://wn.com/Nadishana_Armin_Metz_*Gurgang*,_bass_jaw_harp_duo
Part 1 - Metz 58 AF2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:54
- Published: 21 Mar 2012
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Metz 58 AF2, what a flash unit! If your shooting Pentax, this is THE ONE! Actually it's so good, if your shooting Canon or Nikon or any other brand, this is probably the one as well!!! (Music by www.danosongs.com and all photography by Edward Thomas. Thanks!)
http://wn.com/Part_1_Metz_58_AF2
Snapshot with JP METZ (Justine Angrily and Reluctantly Shares Her Life Story)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:33
- Published: 03 Sep 2011
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Family and friends who helped shape what we know as JP METZ today, reflect on the life and times of a YouTube legend. Well, sort of... Justine, with the help of some interesting characters, sheds light on her life, from her struggles to her successes with a dash of humor, all the way from her hometown in New Jersey. YOUTUBE CHANNEL: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com SUBSCRIBE TO JPMETZ PODCAST ON iTUNES: itunes.apple.com HOME OF ANGER: www.jpmetz.com FACEBOOK www.facebook.com TWITTER: www.twitter.com Nick's (Mr. Metz and Frankie) Channels www.youtube.com www.youtube.com Robbie's (Pierre) Channel www.youtube.com KEYWORDS ------------------------- StyleHaul JP METZ jpmetz frig soundlyawake nicolafoti KickingGeese New Jersey beauty makeup Justine tutorials snapshot SomeTipsForLife
http://wn.com/Snapshot_with_JP_METZ_Justine_Angrily_and_Reluctantly_Shares_Her_Life_Story
Creative Commons / Marc Ryckaert
AP / Christophe Ena
AP / Christophe Ena
AP / Laurent Rebours
Public Domain / Diligent
Creative Commons / Fab5669
Creative Commons / Andreas Praefcke
Creative Commons / MOSSOT
Creative Commons / Danh
Creative Commons / Alice Volkwardsen
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / EPei
Creative Commons
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Joachim Köhler
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Arif Patani
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Peter Merrill
AP / Francois Mori
AP / Michel Spingler
AP / Francois Mori
AP / Francois Mori
AP / Michel Spingler
AP / Francois Mori
Creative Commons
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Bava Alcide
Creative Commons / Christian Legay
Creative Commons / Christophe.Finot
Creative Commons / MOSSOT
Creative Commons / Diligent
Photo: AP / Ibrahim Alaguri
12 Sep 2012
U.S. Ambassador to Libya John Christopher Stevens and three other Americans were killed Tuesday in an assault on the American consulate in the eastern city of Benghazi, the White House said. The...
Photo: AP
10 Sep 2012
Supporters and family members of cartoonist Aseem Trivedi, arrested for allegedly posting seditious content on his web portal, on Monday protested outside the residence of Coal Minister Sriprakash...
Photo: AP / Rahimullah Yousafzai
11 Sep 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When Osama bin Laden, former leader of al Qaeda and master mind behind the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks, wrote in 2004, "Our actions are but a reaction to...
Photo: AP / U.S. Dept of Justice
12 Sep 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Five years before 9-11 and after shopping at several technology and communication stores in and around New York's Long Island, one of Osama bin Laden's...
Metz - Cimicata
31 Aug 2012
PR Newswire
The Law Offices of Cleveland and Metz serve the Inland Empire Area of California....(size: 4.0Kb)
Business Insider
What a place to work. SLS Hotels opened its fourth property in South Beach to much fanfare in June, and has quickly become a hotspot on the Miami scene. The Philippe Starck-designed property in the heart of Collins Avenue's art deco district has 140 rooms, including penthouses designed by Lenny...(size: 1.9Kb)
Metz Culinary Management Educates & Awards Employees at Annual Summer Leadership Conference
20 Aug 2012
Yahoo Daily News
Award recipients best demonstrate commitment to corporate values Dallas, PA (PRWEB) August 20, 2012 Metz Culinary Management, a leading provider of dining management services, recognized employees who best display company values during its annual Summer Leadership Conference held at The Penn Stater...(size: 2.9Kb)
Charles Metz, 1942-2012
16 Jul 2012
Chicago Tribune
Charles Metz was a mathematician and professor of radiology at the University of...(size: 0.6Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
“Metz Supplier of the Year” awarded to US Foods and “Metz Supplier Representative of the Year” awarded to Rob Burkart, VP of Healthcare and Education – Premier for US Foods. Dallas, PA (PRWEB) July 12, 2012 Metz Culinary Management, a leading provider of dining...(size: 3.3Kb)
The Daily Mail
I nearly asked somebody if the Tour de France was really coming to Metz. It just seemed like a normal Friday afternoon in the capital of Lorraine, you see. There were plenty of long, lazy lunches being enjoyed in the fine July weather. A few visitors were pottering around the cathedral. I looked at...(size: 8.5Kb)
Business Wire
DIA 2012 PHILADELPHIA--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Craig Metz, Ph.D., Senior Vice President for Regulatory Affairs at Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Inc., today was presented the 2012 Outstanding Service Award by the Drug Information Association (DIA). The award, presented during the DIA’s 48th Annual Meeting,...(size: 5.3Kb)
The Examiner
Tuesday’s widely reported remarks by Deputy Seattle Police Chief Nick Metz that Seattle’s upsurge in violence is a problem with guns, not gangs has alarmed and infuriated Northwest gun owners, including Alan Gottlieb, chairman of the Bellevue-based Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear...(size: 11.5Kb)
Gadling
In the first of a series of events to commemorate the upcoming centennial of World War I, the Centre Pompidou-Metz in France is hosting "1917," an exhibition of artistic life during...(size: 1.2Kb)
For other uses, see Metz (disambiguation).
| Metz | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — Commune — | |||
| Municipalité de Metz | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
| Nickname(s): The Maid; The Unviolated; The Green City | |||
 Metz
|
|||
| Coordinates: 49°07′13″N 6°10′40″E / 49.12028°N 6.17778°E / 49.12028; 6.17778Coordinates: 49°07′13″N 6°10′40″E / 49.12028°N 6.17778°E / 49.12028; 6.17778 | |||
| Country |  France |
||
| Region |  Lorraine |
||
| Department |  Moselle |
||
| Agglomeration community | Metz Metropole | ||
| Founded | 5th century BC | ||
| Prefecture | Lorraine; Moselle |
||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Mayor-Council | ||
| • Mayor | Dominique Gros (PS) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Commune | 41.94 km2 (16.19 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 277 km2 (107 sq mi) | ||
| Highest elevation | 358 m (1,175 ft) | ||
| Lowest elevation | 162 m (531 ft) | ||
| Population (2008) | |||
| • Commune | 122,838 | ||
| • Density | 5,492/km2 (14,220/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 230,334 | ||
| Demonym | Messin | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| ZIP codes | 57000; 57050; 57070 | ||
| Dialing code | +33 03 | ||
| Website | [3]; [4] | ||
Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] (
listen); German: [ˈmɛts]) is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
Metz is the capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and of the SaarLorLux Euroregion. So, Metz is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg City and German Saarbrücken and Trier.
A Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city, the Merovingian capital of the Austrasia kingdom, the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty, a cradle of the Gregorian chant, and one of the oldest republics of the common era in Europe, Metz has a rich 3,000 year history. The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history. A basin of urban ecology, pioneered under the leadership of people like Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz gained its nickname, The Green City, boasting over 37 m2 (398 sq ft) of open ground per inhabitant and the city's historic downtown also displays one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France.[1]
Metz possesses one of the largest urban-conservation area in France covering 162.9 ha (402.53 acres) and more than 100 buildings of the city are classified on the monument historique list.[2][3] Because of its tremendous historical and cultural background, Metz benefits from its designation as a town of art and history.[4] The city is home to some world-class venues such as the Arsenal concert hall, the Centre Pompidou-Metz museum, and the National Opera of Lorraine (along with Nancy Opera).[5]
A historical Garrison town, Metz is the economic heart of the Lorraine region, being specialized in information technology and automotive industries. Metz is also a centre for applied research and development in the materials sector notably in metallurgy and metallography, the heritage of the Lorraine region's past in the iron and steel industry.
Contents |
History[link]
[edit] Roman Divodurum Mediomatricum
In ancient times, Metz was called Divodurum (meaning Holy Village or Holy Fortress in Latin[6]), and was the capital of the Celtic Mediomatrici. The abbreviated name of this tribe, Mettis, gave rise to the name Metz. At the beginning of the Christian Era, the site was already occupied by the Romans. Metz became one of the principal towns of Gallia, more populous than Lutetia (ancestor of present-day Paris), and rich thanks to its wine exports. It had one of the largest amphitheatres in Gallia. An aqueduct of 23 km (14.29 mi) and 118 arches, extending from Gorze to Metz, was constructed in the 2nd century AD to supply the city with water. This aqueduct supplied water for public baths. As a well-fortified town at the junction of several military roads, Metz soon grew to great importance. One of the last Roman strongholds to surrender to the Germanic tribes, it was captured by the Huns of Attila in 451. Only a solitary chapel was left standing.[7] About the end of the 5th century, Metz passed into the hands of the Franks.
Early Frankish Metz[link]
Though the first Christian churches were to be found outside the city, the existence in the 5th century of the oratory of Saint Stephen within the city walls has been fully proved. In the beginning of the 7th century the oldest monastic establishments were those of Saint Glossinde and Saint Peter. Since King Sigibert I, Metz was frequently the residence of the Merovingian kings of Austrasia and the reign of Queen Brunhilda in particular imbued the town with great splendour. The town preserved the good-will of the rulers, when the Carolingians acceded to the Frankish throne, as it had long been a base of their family and one of their primal ancestors, Saint Arnuff, as well as his son Chlodulf, had been bishops of Metz. Emperor Charlemagne considered making Metz his chief residence before he finally decided in favour of Aachen.
There is evidence that the earliest western musical notation, in the form of neumes in camp aperto (without staff-lines), was created at Metz around 800, as a result of Charlemagne's desire for Frankish church musicians to retain the performance nuances used by the Roman singers.[8] In the basilica, Louis the Pious, King of the Franks, and his half-brother the Bishop Drogo were buried, and King Charles the Bald was crowned there.
Lotharingian Metz[link]
In 843, Metz became the capital of the kingdom of Lotharingia, and several diets and councils were held there. Numerous Christian manuscripts, the product of the Metz schools of writing and painting, such as the famous Trier Ada manuscript and the Drogo Sacramentary for the personal use of a bishop of the royal house (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris), are evidence of the active intellectual lives and sumptuous patronage of Carolingian Metz. After the death of King Lothair II, the kingdom of Lotharingia, and thus Metz, was contested and alternated between the eastern and the western Frankish kingdom until in 925 it finally became part of the east kingdom and subsequently the Holy Roman Empire, as a free imperial city. The increasing influence of the bishops in the city became greater when Adalbert I (928–62) obtained a share of the privileges of the counts; until the 12th century, therefore, the history of the town is practically identical with that of the bishops.[9] Under Dietrich I of Metz (ca. 984) the monastery of Saint-Symphorien was restored. In 1039, the former Ottonian cathedral was built by Dietrich II to take the place of the Carolingian Saint-Stephen church.[10] In the spring of 1096, Metz became one of the scenes of the Rhineland massacres of non-Christians as count Emicho of Flonheim gathered followers for the First Crusade. A group of these crusaders entered Metz, forcibly converting Jewish families, and killing those who resisted baptism. 22 Jewish citizens of Metz were slaughtered.
The Commune of Metz[link]
In the 12th century, the burgesses began efforts to free themselves from the domination of the bishops. In 1180, the burgesses formed a close corporation, the Tredecem jurati, which were appointed as municipal representatives in 1207. The burgesses were still nominated directly by the bishop, who had also a controlling influence in the selection of the presiding officer of the board of aldermen (which originated in the 11th century). The twenty-five representatives sent by the various parishes held an independent position; in judicial matters they helped the Tredecem jurati and formed the democratic element of the system of government. The other municipal authorities were chosen by the town aristocracy, the so-called Paraiges, i.e. the five associations whose members were selected from distinguished families to protect the interests of their relatives. The other body of burgesses, called a Commune, also appears as a Paraige from the year 1297; in the individual offices it was represented by double the number of members that each of the older five Paraiges had. Making common cause, the older family unions and the Commune found it advantageous to gradually increase the powers of the city as opposed to the bishops, and also to keep the control of the municipal government fully in their hands and out of that of the powerful growing guilds, so that until the 16th century Metz remained a purely aristocratic organization. In 1300, the Paraiges gained the right to fill the office of head-alderman, during the 14th century the right to elect the Tredecem jurati, and in 1383 the right to mint its own coins. The guilds, which during the 14th century had attained great independence, were completely suppressed (1383), and the last revolutionary attempt of the artisans to seize control of the city government (1405) was put down with much bloodshed.
The city had often to fight for its freedom: from 1324–27 against the dukes of Luxembourg and Lorraine, as well as against the archbishop of Trier; in 1363 and 1365 against the band of English mercenaries under Arnold of Cervola, in the 15th century against France and the dukes of Burgundy, who sought to annex Metz to their lands or at least wanted to exercise a protectorate. Nevertheless it maintained its independence, even though at great cost, and remained, outwardly at least, part of the German Empire, whose ruler, however, concerned himself very little with this important frontier stronghold.
French Metz[link]
Charles IV in 1354 and 1356 held diets here, at the latter of which was promulgated the famous statute known as the Golden Bull. The town therefore felt that it occupied an almost independent position between France and Germany, and wanted most of all to evade the obligation of imperial taxes and attendance at the diet. The estrangement between it and the German States daily became wider, and finally affairs came to such a pass that in the religious and political troubles of 1552, Metz found itself in the middle of the war between Charles V and the rebellious princes. By an agreement of the German princes, Maurice of Saxony, William of Hesse, and John Albert of Mecklenburg, with Henry II of France, ratified by the French king at Chambord, Metz was formally transferred to France, the gates of the city were opened, and Henry II took possession as vicarius sacri imperii et urbis protector. Francis, Duke of Guise, commander of the garrison, restored the old fortifications and added new ones, and successfully resisted the attacks of the emperor from October to December 1552. Metz remained French.
The recognition by the empire of the surrender of Metz to France came at the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia. By the construction of the citadel (1555–62), the new government secured itself against the citizens, who were discontented with the turn of events. Important internal changes soon took place. In place of the Paraiges stood the authority of the French king, whose representative was the governor. The head-alderman, now appointed by the governor, was replaced by a royalist mayor (1640). The aldermen were also appointed by the governor and henceforth drawn from the whole body of burgesses. In 1633, the judiciary passed to the parliament. The powers of the Tredecem jurati were also restricted, in 1634 totally abolished, and replaced by the Bailliage royal.
Among the cities of Lorraine, Metz held a prominent position during the French possession for two reasons. First, the city became one of the most important fortresses through the work of Vauban (1674) and Cormontaigne (1730). Vauban wrote to King Louis XIV: "Each one of the fortified towns of Your Majesty protects one province, Metz protects the State." Second, it became the capital of the temporal province of the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, which France had seized (1552) and, by the Peace of Westphalia, retained. In 1633, to this end three bishoprics, a supreme court of justice and court of administration, the Metz's parliament, were created.
In 1681, the Chambre Royale, notorious assembly chamber, whose business it was to decide what fiefs belonged to the Three Bishoprics, which King Louis XIV claimed for France, was made a part of this parliament, which lasted, after a temporary dissolution (1771–75), until the final settlement by the Estates-General of 1789, whereupon the division of the land into departments and districts followed. Metz became the capital of the Department of Moselle, created in 1790. The revolution visited great calamities upon the city. In the campaign of 1814 the army of the Sixth Coalition besieged the city, but was unable to take the city which was defended by a French army under command of General Durutte.
1819: A view of Metz during the Bourbon Restoration[link]
In July 1819, the Scottish born naval officer Norwich Duff visited Metz and recorded a detailed description of the town:
Metz is a large and strongly fortified town, situated on a plain at the confluence of the Moselle and Seille. It manufactures woollen goods, linen, china, paper, oil, starch and is famous for its hams, liquers, sweetmeats and artificial flowers: they also have a king's manufacture of gunpowder. The government house and the promenades round it are very fine: there is also [an] immense extent of barracks for troops, a large cathedral and a theatre. From the number of running ditches formed by the river there are a great many bridges: the streets, like in all French towns [sic], are narrow and dirty and the houses high: the ground is also very uneven on which they stand. Some street performers gave us a little very tolerable music during our dinner.
Metz and the Franco-Prussian War[link]
During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Metz was the headquarters of the Third French Army Corps under the command of General Bazaine. Through the operations of the German army, Bazaine, after the battles of Colombey, Mars-la-Tour, and Gravelotte was besieged in Metz. The besieging German army was commanded by Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia; as the few sorties of the garrison were unable to break the German lines, Metz was forced to surrender (27 October 1870), with the result that 6,000 French officers and 170,000 men were taken prisoner. The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche took part in the siege of Metz as a German soldier. By the Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871, Metz became a German city, and was made a most important garrison and a strong fortress. The German army decided to build a second and a third fortified line around Metz. The former fortifications on the south and east were levelled in 1898, thus securing space for growth and development.
20th century and modern day Metz[link]
Following the armistice with Germany ending the First World War, the French army entered Metz in November 1918 and the city was returned to France under the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. But after the Battle of France in 1940 during the Second World War, the city was immediately annexed by the German Third Reich. Most of the Nazi dignitaries assumed it was obvious that the city of Metz, where so many German army officers were born,[11] was a German city. In 1944, the attack on the city by the U.S. Third Army faced heavy resistance from the defending German forces, and resulted in heavy casualties on both sides.[12] The Battle of Metz lasted for several weeks and the heavily fortified city of Metz was captured by the U.S. Army under the command of General George S. Patton before the end of November 1944.[13] Metz reverted to France after the war.
Nowadays, the military importance of Metz has decreased, and the city has diversified its economic base. Expansion has continued in the recent decades despite the economic crisis that besets the rest of Lorraine region. Metz is in the heart of a new economic region known as the SaarLorLux Euroregion, and combines the culture and economic aspects of this unique region in Europe. Since the 1970s, the city has developed its university and overall infrastructure for the European Greater Region. Metz's technopole is another example of the economic revival of Metz and its region. The technopole, a high-tech park spread over 180 ha (444.79 acres) specializing in information technology, was established in 1983 and has attracted over 200 companies, 4,000 employees and 4,500 students. World-class academic institutions such as Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Georgia Tech (Georgia Tech Lorraine) and Supélec along with established companies including ProConsultant, SFR and TDF are located at the technopole.
In 2010, Metz opened a branch of the Parisian Pompidou centre, the Centre Pompidou-Metz, inaugurated by the president of the French Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy, on 12 May 2010. He stated that "the Lorraine region has suffered greatly in recent decades from restructuring, transfers, changes, the textile and steel industries, the mines, the military (...) In this remarkable architectural gesture, we will from now on be able to take hold of the renaissance of Metz and the renaissance of Lorraine."[14] Indeed, in addition of the arrival of the high-speed rail connections in 2007 and the Pompidou centre in 2010, the municipality launched urban renewal plans (e.g., edification of the modern Amphithéatre district, reconversion of Metz's extensive military facilities); important infrastructure projects (e.g., building of the Mercy high-tech hospital, refurbishment of squares, public ways, and Saint-Symphorien stadium, improvement of public transportation); ambitious cultural and educational programmes (e.g., construction of a new popular music venue, creation of a veterinary school, establishment of the Lorraine-University along with Nancy); and economic and industrial development (e.g., extension and creation of a second technopole).
Politics and administration[link]
|
List of mayors of Metz[link]
| Période | Name | Party | Background | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Today | Dominique Gros(FR) | PS | Engineer, general councillor of Moselle, vice-president of Metz Métropole |
| 1971 | 2008 | Jean-Marie Rausch(FR) | UMP | Minister, senator of Moselle, president of Metz Métropole, president of the Regional council of Lorraine |
| 1947 | 1970 | Raymond Mondon(FR) | RI | Minister, MP for Moselle |
| 1938 | 1947 | Gabriel Hocquard(FR) | Unknown | Unknown |
| 1924 | 1938 | Paul Vautrin(FR) | Bloc Lorrain | General councillor of Moselle |
Capital and prefecture of the Lorraine and Moselle[link]
The Lorraine parliament is held in the former Saint-Clement abbey in Metz. Metz is also home of the council of Moselle and the Lorraine prefecture is located in the former Intendant palace.
City administrative division[link]
The city of Metz is divided into different administrative divisions:
- Metz Nord (harbour zone)
- The Islands (opera house, Protestant Temple Neuf, University of Lorraine, the marina)
- Metz downtown and Old City (Centre-Ville, Ste Croix, Outre-Seille, and l'Esplanade garden)
- German Imperial District (Railway Station, Central Post Office, Ste-Therèse-de-l'Enfant-Jesus church)
- Sablon (Centre Pompidou-Metz, Metz indoor sport arena, Seille park)
- Plantières and Queuleu (Queuleu fort)
- Bellecroix (Bellecroix fort)
- Vallières (Robert Schumann hospital)
- Borny and Grigy (Technopole)
- La Grange-aux-Bois (Congress Centre, Mercy hospital and Mercy château)
- Magny
Cityscape[link]
Civilian architecture[link]
The city is famous for its yellow limestone architecture, due to the extensive use of the Jaumont stone. The historic district has kept part of the Gallo-Roman city planning. Indeed, Divodurum's Cardo Maximus, then called Via Scarponensis, includes today the Trinitaires, Taison, and Serpenoise streets and the Robert Schuman and General Leclerc avenues. The Decumanus Maximus is the ancestor of present-day En Fournirue and d'Estrées streets, passing in front of the Saint-Stephen cathedral from the 13th century.
Metz is home to a mishmash of architectural layers, witnessing its millennium history at the crossroad of different cultures.[15] Thus, from its Gallo-Roman past, the city conserves vestiges of the thermae (in the basement of Metz's museums), parts of the aqueduct, and Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains basilica. The Saint-Louis square with its arcades, where currency changers gathered, remains a major symbol of the High Medieval heritage of the city, as well as, a Knights Templar chapel. The Gothic cathedral, several churches and Hôtels, and two remarkable municipal granaries reflect the Late Middle Ages.
Examples of Renaissance architecture can be seen in the House of Heads (French: Maison des Têtes) and in the Burtaigne Hôtel from the 16th century. The Enlightenment is represented by buildings of the Petit-Saulcy island, the opera house and the prefecture palace built by Jacques Oger, and the court house built by Charles-Louis Clérisseau in 1776. Also, the city hall and buildings surrounding the town square are works of Jacques-François Blondel, awarded by the Royal Academy of Architecture to redesign the centre of Metz in 1755.
The German Imperial District was built during the first annexation of Metz by Otto von Bismarck to the German Empire. In order to germanify the city, Emperor Wilhelm II decided to create a new district shaped by a distinctive blend of Germanic architecture, including Renaissance, neo-Romanesque or neo-Classical, mixed with elements of art nouveau, art deco, Alsatian and mock-Bavarian styles. Moreover, the Jaumont stone, commonly used everywhere else in the city, was replaced by stones used in the Rhineland, like pink and grey sandstone, granite and basalt. The district, thought by German architect Conrad Wahn, features noteworthy buildings including the water tower, the impressive railway station, the Central Post-Office, the Mondon square (former Imperial square), and the large Foch avenue (former Kaiser Wihelm Ring).
Modern architecture can also be seen in the town. Hence the Fabert boarding high school built by architects Roger Parisot and Paul Micholeau in 1936 and the Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church was built by architect Roger-Henri Expert in 1954 in a thin-shell structure. Then, the fire station was designed by architect Georges-Henri Pingusson in 1960 and the Miséricorde chapel by architects Henri Drillen and Pierre Fauque in 1965. Subdivisions designed by architects Jean Dubuisson and Roger Gaertner (1978) can also be seen. The refurbishment of the former Ney Arsenal into a concert hall venue in 1989 by architect Ricardo Bofill represents the postmodernism movement. The city displays street furnitures designed by Philippe Starck and Norman Foster.
The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum represents a strong architectural initiative by Shigeru Ban and Jean de Gastine, marking the entrance of Metz into the 21st century. The building, along with the arena by Paul Chemetov built in 2002, will be the cornerstone of the Amphitheatre district. The new district of 27 ha (66.72 acres), conceived by architects and urban planners Nicolas Michelin and Jean-Paul Viguier, is currently under construction and includes the erection of a convention centre and a shopping mall. The inner district already encompasses the Seille park designed by landscape architect Jacques Coulon. The urban project is expected to be completed by 2015. Moreover, the Borny district, formally designed by architect Jean Dubuisson, is currently being extensively refurbished by urban planner Bernard Reichen, and will include a concert venue, conceived in music box shape by its architect Rudy Ricciotti. Its completion is expected in 2012.
Military architecture[link]
See also: Fortifications of Metz
As a historical Garrison town, Metz has been largely influenced by military architecture throughout its history. Indeed, from classical antiquity to the present, the city has been successively fortified or complemented in order to receive the troops stationed there. Thus, defensive walls from classical antiquity to 20th century are still visible today and are included in garden and park design along the Moselle and Seille rivers and in the city surroundings. A medieval city gate from the 13th century, named Germans' Gate (French: Porte des Allemands), has become one of the symbols of the city. Remains of the citadel from the 16th century and fortifications built by Louis de Cormontaigne are still visible today. Important barracks, mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries, are spread around the city, and some of them which are of architectural interest have reconverted to civilian facilities, e.g. the Arsenal. Ringing the city are extensive fortifications of Metz, that include early examples of Séré de Rivières system forts. Other forts were incorporated into the Maginot Line defence. A hiking trail on the Mont Saint-Quentin plateau passes through former military training zone and ends at the now abandoned military forts of the first belt, and also provides a high ground from which to survey the city.
Culture[link]
Museums and exhibition halls[link]
The Centre Pompidou-Metz is a museum of modern and contemporary arts, the largest temporary exhibition area outside Paris in France. The museum features exhibition from the extensive collection of the Pompidou centre (Europe's largest collection of 20th century art). Designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban and French Jean de Gastine, the building is remarkable for the complex and innovative carpentry of its roof. The museum also includes a theatre, an auditorium, and a restaurant terrace.
The Golden Courtyard museums (French: La Cour d'Or) in reference to the palace of Austrasia's kings, are museums of Metz dedicated to the history of the city. The museums are divided into four sections (history and archeological, medieval, architecture, and fine arts), and incorporate the Gallo-Roman baths, the ancient Petites-Carmes abbey, the former Trinitarian church, and the Chèvremont medieval granary.
The 49Nord-6Est, the Lorraine's exhibition of contemporary art, is located in the Saint-Liver Hôtel, the oldest civic building of the city dating from the 12th century. The municipal archives, located in the Recollets cloisters, preserve and exhibit the historical records of Metz's municipality dating from medieval times to present. The Solange Bertrand foundation conserves and presents the works of the artist and organizes different art exhibitions. The city also boasts several private art galleries.
Entertainment and performing arts[link]
The Opéra-Théâtre de Metz Métropole is a 750-seat opera house on the Petit-Saulcy island. Designed in a Tuscany-influenced neo-Classical style by Jacques Oger and inaugurated in 1752, it is the oldest opera house working in France and one of the last possessing its own costume ateliers. The duke of Belle-Isle described it as "one of the most beautiful of France's opera-theatres" in his time. The Metz opera works in close collaboration with the National Opera of Lorraine and features plays, dance, and lyric poetry.
The Arsenal is former military building turned into an exposition and concert hall by Catalan architect Ricardo Bofill, and inaugurated by Russian cellist Mstislav Rostropovich in 1989. The Arsenal is dedicated to art music, is widely renowned for its excellent acoustics and considered as one of the most beautiful concert halls in Europe.[16]
Located on the Sainte-Croix hill, Les Trinitaires is a multi-media arts complex housed in an ancient convent, which vaulted cellar and chapel have been the city's prime venue for jazz music for over 45 years. Some big names of Jazz, such as American saxophonists Sonny Rollins and Archie Shepp, have performed there. The Gothic cloisters from the 13th century, used now as an open-air stage, once housed the Trinitarian Order founded by Saint John of Matha and Saint Felix of Valois. The arts complex includes also a theatre, an exhibition hall, and a bar.
Other venues, such as the Braun hall or the Bernard-Marie Koltès theater, contribute to the choice of performing halls in Metz. Finally, numerous associations and private music bars and theatres collaborate to the entertaining life in Metz.
Gastronomy[link]
Different recipes, such as jam, tart, charcuterie and fruit brandy, are made from the Mirabelle plum, which is one of the gastronomic symbols of the city and the surrounding area. Damson plum and rhubarb are also widely consumed. Other local specialties include the quiche, the potée, and also the suckling pig. Metz cuisine, as well as Mosellan and Alsatian cuisine, is also known for the use in vinaigrette dressings of Melfor vinegar, a local vinegar made with the infusion of honey and plants. Local beverages include Moselle wine and Amos beer. Also, Metz is the cradle of some pastries like the Metz's tart (cheese pie-like) and the Metz balls (French: boulet de Metz), a ganache-stuffed biscuit coated with marzipan, caramel, and dark chocolate.
Annual events[link]
France's second largest flea market is held once or twice a month in the congress centre of Metz. In addition, many other events are celebrated in Metz throughout the year. Here is a non-exhaustive list:
- Pilgrimage of Saint Blaise on 3 February
- Funfair in May
- Été du Livre, festival of literature in June
- Bastille Day on 14 July
- Macellum the first week-end of August
- Mirabelle festival in August. Every year, the city of Metz dedicates two weeks to the Mirabelle plum. In addition to open markets selling fresh prunes, mirabelle tarts, mirabelle liquor, etc. there is live music, fireworks, parties, art exhibits, a parade with floral floats and competition, and the crowning of the Mirabelle Queen and a gala of celebration[17]
- Les Montgolfiades de Metz, Europe's largest hot air balloon festival in September.
- European Heritage Days, the third week-end of September
- Open de Moselle in September
- Nuit Blanche in October
- Christmas market in November and December (2nd most popular in France, after Strasbourg)
- Saint Nicholas parade in December. Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of the Lorraine region.
The legend of the Graoully[link]
More details about the legend of the Graoully
The Graoully is depicted as a fearsome dragon, vanquished by the sacred powers of Metz's first bishop, Saint Clement. The Graoully quickly became a symbol of the town of Metz and can be see in numerous insignia of the city, since the 10th century. Authors from Metz tend to present the legend of the Graoully as a symbol of Christianity's victory over paganism, represented by the harmful dragon. Today, the Graoully remains one of the major symbols of Metz. A representation of the Graoully may be seen in the crypt in the cathedral. A semi-permanent sculpture of the Graoully is also suspended in mid-air on Taison street, near the cathedral, and the Graoully is shown on the heraldic emblems of football club and ice hockey team of the city.
Education and Research[link]
High schools[link]
Metz is home to numerous high schools. The most notable of them is the Fabert high school, reputed for its scientific education and its classes préparatoires in mathematics. Notable fellows of the school include Alexis de Tocqueville, Robert Schuman, Jean-Victor Poncelet, or Joachim von Ribbentrop.
University[link]
Metz is home to the University of Lorraine (UdL).[18] The UdL is divided into two university centres in Metz (Material sciences, technology, and management) and one in Nancy (biological sciences, health care, administration, and management). The UdL has a student body of over 55,000 and offers 101 accredited research centres organized in 9 research areas and 8 doctoral colleges.[19]
The Paul-Verlaine University, Metz unit of the Lorraine University, was created in 1970 as the Germans had removed any university from Metz during the Alsace-Moselle annexation. Since then, the university has developed on three different main sites, Saulcy Island, Bridoux, and Metz-Technopôle. The Paul-Verlaine University enjoys a privileged position at a hub opening up to Germany and the Benelux, and has gained recognition for the development of joint Franco-German curricula. Metz's university has a student body of more than 17,000 and offers a wide range of multidisciplinary courses. Here is a list of institutes in Metz:
- Georgia Tech Lorraine
- International Institute of Information Technology (Supinfo)
- International Commerce Graduate School (ESIDEC)
- Franco-German Institute of Technology, Economy, and Sciences (ISFATES)
- Franco-German Innovative Centre of Metz (CIRAM)
- National Engineering Graduate School of Metz (ENIM)
- École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Cnam)
- École Supérieure d'Électricité (Supélec)
- Regional Institute of Administration (IRA)
- Music Education Centre of Lorraine (CeFEdeM de Lorraine)
- Construction Engineering Graduate School (ESITC)
- Art School of Metz
Research[link]
Georgia Tech Lorraine is home to the Lafayette Institute, which offers high tech service to industry, applied research and development, and spin-off companies in the optoelectronic sector.
Transportation[link]
Railways[link]
The Gare de Metz-Ville is connected to the French high speed train (TGV) network, which provides a direct rail service to Paris and the city of Luxembourg. The time from Paris (Paris East station) to Metz train station is 82 minutes. Additionally Metz is served by the Lorraine TGV train station, located at Louvigny, 25 km (16 mi)to the south of Metz, for high speed trains going to Nantes, Rennes, Lille, or Bordeaux (without stopping in Paris). Also, Metz is one of the main stations of the regional express trains systems named Métrolor. One of the main lines is the Nancy-Metz-Luxembourg line, completed by many lines going to main cities of the area.
Airports[link]
The Luxembourg international airport is the nearest international airport connected to Metz by Métrolor train. Also, Lorraine TGV station is 75 minutes by train from France international Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Finally, Metz-Nancy-Lorraine Airport is the airport serving the Lorraine region. It is located in the city of Goin, at 16.5 km (10.25 mi) Metz southeast.
Motorways and local transportation[link]
Metz is ideally located at the intersection of two major road axes: The Paris to Strasbourg A4 motorway, itself a part of the E50 motorway connecting Paris to Prague, and the A31 motorway, which goes north to Luxembourg and the Mediterranean Sea towards Nancy, Dijon, and Lyon.
Local transportation in the agglomeration is carried out by buses.
Waterways[link]
There is some significant cross border fluvial tourism on the Rhine-Moselle system. Additionally, Metz port is the biggest port handling cereals in France with over 4,000,000 tons/year.
Sports[link]
Clubs and sports events[link]
Metz is home to the Football Club of Metz (FC Metz), a football association club in Ligue 2, the second division of French football. FC Metz has twice won the French Cup (in 1984 and 1988) and the French League Cup (in 1986 and 1996), and was French championship runner-up in 1998. FC Metz has also gained recognition in France and Europe for its successful youth academy, winning the Gambardella Cup 3 times (in 1981, 2001, and 2010), and producing players such as Emmanuel Adebayor, Miralem Pjanić, Louis Saha, or Papiss Cissé.
Metz is also home to the Open de Moselle, an ATP World Tour 250 tournament, which takes place usually in September. The tournament is played on indoor hard courts. Frenchman Arnaud Clément won the inaugural tournament in 2003, with players Ivan Ljubičić (2005), Novak Djokovic (2006), Tommy Robredo (2007), and Gilles Simon (2010) following his success.[20]
The Metz Handball is a Team Handball club is the current French women's champion and displaying 17 wins in French Woman First League championship, 7 wins in French Women League Cup, and 4 wins in French Women F.A. Cup. French Vice World Champion Allison Pineau, who plays for the club, was elected female IHF World Handball Player in 2009.[21]
Sports infrastructures[link]
- Saint-Symphorien stadium, a multi-purpose stadium built in 1923, home to FC Metz since the creation of the club.
- Palais omnisport Les Arènes, nicknamed Les Arènes, an indoor sports arena built by architect Paul Chemetov in 2002. It is the home venue of the Metz Handball team.
- Saint-Symphorien indoor arena with its ice rink home to Hockey Club Metz Moselle Lorraine, Ice Hockey team club of Metz
- Plan d'Eau Saint-Symphorien, an expanse of water bulging from the Moselle river, used as a marina and for water sports
- Garden Golf of Metz-Technopôle, designed by golf course architect Robert Berthet, is an 18-holes golf course on 50 hectares located near Metz's technopole
- L'Anneau, an indoor athetics hall
Main Sights[link]
See also: List of Historic Monuments in Metz
Religious heritage[link]
- Saint-Stephen, Gothic cathedral (French: cathédrale Saint-Étienne) built in the 13th century. The cathedral is sometimes nicknamed the Good Lord's lantern (French: la lanterne du Bon Dieu), possessing the largest expanse of stained glass windows in the world (6,500 m2 or 70,000 sq ft). The stained glass windows include works by Hermann von Münster (14th C); Théobald of Lixheim and Valentin Bousch (16th C); Laurent-Charles Maréchal (19th C); Roger Bissière, Jacques Villon and Marc Chagall (20th C). Moreover, the cathedral possesses the third highest nave in France (41.41 m – 136 ft).
- Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains basilica, the oldest church in France built between 380 and 395 AD as a Roman gymnasium, was converted into a Christian basilica in the 7th century. The basilica is one of the birthplaces of the Roman Messin chant later called Gregorian chant.
- Saint-Maximin church, built between 12th–15th century, features stained glass windows of Jean Cocteau. Here, theologian Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet delivered eulogies and Paul Verlaine was baptized.
- Notre-Dame-de-Metz church built during the 18th century in the Jesuit style and once part of a Jesuit complex. The church displays stained glass windows of Laurent-Charles Maréchal (19th C).
- Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church (20th C) displays stained glass windows of Nicolas Untersteller. The building has a thin-shell structure designed by architect Roger-Henri Expert, and possesses a spire in the form of a pilgrim's staff of 70 m (229.64 ft) high.
- Sainte-Ségolène church (13th C).
- Saint-Martin church (12th C, Laurent-Charles Maréchal's stained glass windows).
- Saint-Pierre-de-la-Citadelle church.
- Saint-Euchaire church.
- Saint-Clément church (17th C, now regional council of Lorraine).
- Saint-Vincent abbey (10th C)
- Recollets cloisters (14th C), housing today the municipal archives and the European Institute of Ecology
- Trinitarian Order cloisters (13th C), today a multi-media arts complex which promotes jazz music.
- Chapel of the Knights Templar (13th C), built in Romanesque style and once part of the commandry of the Knights Templar. The chapel features important murals.
- Protestant Temple Neuf (New Church)(1901–1904), neo-Romanesque church, built during the German annexation by German architect Conrad Wahn
- Protestant church of the German Garrison (1875–1881), neo-Gothic church. Only the bell tower has survived as the church was partially destroyed by Allied bombing during the Second World War.
- Synagogue (1848–1850) built in neo-Romanesque style
- Christian necropolis from the 19th century
- Jewish Cemetery of Metz-Chambière
Civil heritage[link]
- House of François Rabelais (12th C), including Sainte-Genest chapel (13th C)
- Paul Verlaine, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, André Schwarz-Bart, Gustave Kahn, Gabriel Pierné, Charles Pêtre and Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle native houses
- Chèvremont and Antonistes granaries (respectively from 13th and 14th century)
- Saint-Livier Hôtel (12th C); Bulette Hôtel (14th C); Heu and Gargan Hôtels (15th C); Burtaigne and Gournay Hôtels (16th C); House of Heads (16th C)
- Opera house, built between 1732 and 1752 in Tuscany-influenced neo-Classical style
- Covered market, one of the oldest, most grandiose in France. Originally built in 1785 as the palace for the bishop of Metz, the French Revolution broke out before he could move in and the citizens decided to turn it into a food market.
- Centre Pompidou-Metz, built between 2006 and 2010, museum of modern and contemporary art designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban and his colleague Jean Gastine
Administrative heritage[link]
- City hall and the tourism office, built by architect Jacques-François Blondel in neo-Classical style in 1755
- Hôtel de l'Intendance, prefecture palace, from the 18th century, neo-Classical style
- Courthouse, built by Charles-Louis Clérisseau in neo-Classical style during the 18th century. It is in this building, then the Governor's Palace, that the famous dinner of Metz took place. During the dinner organized by Broglie-Ruffec, the duke of Gloucester convinced Lafayette that the insurgent's revolt in America was in some measure justified. Lafayette wrote in his memoirs that at this dinner when he "(...) first learned of that quarrel, [his] heart was enlisted and [he] thought only of joining the colours".
- Railway station, a 300m long neo-Romanesque building designed by German architect Jurgen Kröger between 1905 and 1908. The station echoes the shape of the church (at the departure hall with the clock tower, said to have been designed by the Kaiser himself) and an imperial palace (at the arrivals hall and the station restaurant), which is a reminder of the religious and temporal powers of the Holy Roman emperors. In the great hallway, the Emperor Charlemagne is depicted on a stained glass window sitting on his throne. The statue of the Knight Roland on a corner of the clock tower represents the imperial protection over Metz.
- Central post office, neo-Romanesque building built by German architect Ludwig Bettcher between 1908 and 1911
- Governor's palace (former General-Kommando), built by German architects Schönhals and Stolterfoth between 1902 and 1905 in neo-Flemish style. Once the residence of Emperor Wilhelm II during his visits to Metz, the mansion is used today as the headquarters of the commander in chief of the North-East military region of France.
Military heritage[link]
- City gates: Porte des Allemands (13th and 15th centuries), Chandellerue gate (13th C), and Serpenoise gate (19th C)
- Ruins of city walls (2nd, 13th, 15th, and 17th centuries from Louis de Cormontaigne), and supplies shop of the military citadel from the 16th century (today a luxury hotel called La Citadelle)
- Extensive fortifications of Metz. The fortifications of the first belt include early examples of Séré de Rivières system forts (Fort de Plappeville, "groupe fortifié du Mont St-Quentin").
- Fort de Queuleu (19th C), also called the Hell of Queuleu, was used by Germans as a detention and interrogation centre for members of the French Resistance during the Second World War.
- Former arsenal built in 1859, today a concert hall dedicated to erudite musics
- War memorial of Paul Niclausse (1935), art deco sculpture representing a mother cradling the dead body of her son
Public gardens[link]
- Esplanade garden, located close to Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains basilica and the Arsenal auditorium, a 9,200 m2 (140.5 sq ft) French style garden, offering a commanding view of the Saint-Quentin plateau. On the Esplanade, Philippe Pétain received his marshal's baton from President Raymond Poincaré and Prime Minister Georges Clémenceau in November 1918. The garden also hosted a World Fair in 1861.
- Seille park, located near Centre Pompidou-Metz, is a public garden designed by landscape architect Jacques Coulon
- Marina of the Plan d'Eau Saint-Symphorien
- Régates garden, an English-garden park stretching around the bottom of the ramparts of the old citadel
- Tanneurs garden, gives a commanding view of the city's roofs
- Botanical garden, called jardin botanique de Metz
Squares[link]
- Place d'Armes, the town square surrounded by the city hall and the Saint-Stephen cathedral
- Chamber square and adjacent Saint-Stephen square, once used as an amphitheatre for Mystery plays during the Middle Ages
- Comedy square, parvise of the opera house. It is the square where the guillotine was erected for executions during the French Revolution.
- General de Gaulle square, parvise of the railway station
- Human rights's parvise, parvise of the Centre Pompidou-Metz museum
- John Paul II square, parvise of the Saint-Stephen cathedral and the market hall
- Mondon square (former Imperial square), surrounded by the current chamber of commerce and the former chamber of trade
- Mazelle square, livestock marketplace during the Middle Ages
- Republic square, adjacent to the Esplanade garden and in the heart of the city, serves as Metz's civic center
- Saint-Louis square, medieval market square from the 13th C. The alignment of the buildings surrounding the square corresponds to the original Roman ramparts which were used for the actual foundations. During medieval times, the square used to accommodate money changers and also trade fairs and religious theatre plays under the vaulted gallery and arches.
- Saint-Jacques square, located in the commercial and pedestrian historic downtown. The public square is surrounded by busy bars and pubs, whose open-air tables fill the centre of the square.
Metz in arts[link]
The Metz School[link]
The Metz School (French: École de Metz) was an art movement in Metz and its region gathering around Laurent-Charles Maréchal between 1834 and 1870. Originally the term was proposed in 1845 by poet Charles Baudelaire, who appreciated the works of the artists. They were influenced by Eugène Delacroix and inspired by the medieval heritage of Metz and its romantic surroundings. The Franco-Prussian War and the annexation of the land by the Germans resulted in the dismantling of the movement. Main figures of Metz School are Laurent-Charles Maréchal, Auguste Migette, Auguste Hussenot, Louis-Théodore Devilly, Christopher Fratin, and Charles Pêtre. Their works encompass paintings, engravings, drawings, stained-glass windows, and sculptures.
Painting and printing[link]
Monsù Desidero represented a general view of the city at the beginning of the 17th century from the high ground of the Bellecroix hill. Painter Auguste Migette created many drawings and sketches showing ancient monuments of the town, as well as monumental paintings representing the most significant moments in local history. He left his works and manuscript to the city and they are today exhibited in the museums of Metz. Also, in his work dedicated to The Beautiful Gallic Cities between the Rhine and Moselle Rivers, Albert Robida depicted in a lithography the Saint-Stephen cathedral.
Poetry and literature[link]
During the German annexation of the city, French poet Paul Verlaine dedicated a poem to his hometown. Making reference to the Bazaine's treachery and to the French revanchism, he wrote:
(...) O Metz, my fateful cradle, – Metz raped and more demure – And more maiden than ever! – O city where my childhood was laughing, – O citadel with no defence – That a chief outstripped by shame, – O Mother that I loved. (...) Metz with its magnificent open countries, – Prolific undulating rivers, – Wooded hillsides, vineyards of fire; – Cathedral all in volute, – Where the wind sings as a flute, – And responding to it via the Mutte,[22] – This big voice of the good Lord! (...)—Paul Verlaine, Ode to Metz, Invectives
German author Adrienne Thomas published in 1930 a harsh criticism of the war with the First World War best-seller novel Katrin becomes a soldier (German: Die Katrin wird soldat). The text is a diaristic novel based on Thomas’s own life, describing her work at the Metz's railway mission and then as a hospital nurse during the war. The work centres upon the area around Metz, then in German territory, and not only poised between France and Germany linguistically and culturally, but very close indeed to the Western Front and on the direct line to Verdun. The text was banned in Germany during the Third Reich.[23]
Music[link]
Metz is the seat of the National Orchestra of Lorraine. Violist, composer Alain Celo has written a piece for ensemble entitled The Graoully, Messin dragon. The piece is a musical story with narration depicting the epic fight between Saint Clement and the legendary dragon in the Roman amphitheater.
Like Adrienne Thomas, French singer Bernard Lavilliers mentioned the Metz's railway station in his work. In a song entitled Le buffet de la gare de Metz on album Le Stéphanois from 1975, he described the sort of melancholy Teutonic beauty of the building located in the German Imperial District, and the smoky, strange atmosphere of its station restaurant, where "the poetry is there, Verlaine resuscitated."
Notable people linked to Metz[link]
Main article: List of people from Metz
Notable people from Metz[link]
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Poet Paul Verlaine
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Composer Ambroise Thomas
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Mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet
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Chemist, physicist Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier
Notable people linked to the city[link]
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Marshal Michel Ney
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Writer Adrienne Thomas
International relations[link]
Metz is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg, Saarbrücken, and Trier (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg, France, and Germany). Metz also forms a central place of the Greater Region and of the economic SaarLorLux Euroregion.
Twin towns – Sister cities[link]
Metz is twinned with:
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See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ http://www.ina.fr/art-et-culture/architecture/video/I08030163/l-ecologie-et-l-urbanisme-a-metz.fr.html
- ^ "Metz municipal council, April 2010." (PDF). http://www.mairie-metz.fr/metz2/municipalite/cyber_mairie/conseil/cm100429/doc/100429_cm_divers03_annexe04.pdf. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ http://www.mairie-metz.fr/metz2/municipalite/cyber_mairie/conseil/cm110127/doc/110127_cm_point03_annexe01.pdf
- ^ http://www.vpah.culture.fr/villes/pdf/Vpah_liste_17_11_2011.pdf
- ^ Culture - Metz et Nancy fusionnent - Lorraine - Culture - France 3 Régions - France 3
- ^ Toussaint M (1948) Metz à l'époque Gallo-Romaine, Metz pp. 21–22
- ^ History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Edward Gibbon. 1788 vol. 4 chapter 35. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/5/7/1/25717/25717-h/files/733/733-h/gib3-35.htm#2HCH0001
- ^ James Grier Ademar de Chabannes, Carolingian Musical Practices, and "Nota Romana", Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Spring, 2003), pp. 43–98, retrieved July 2007
- ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Metz". Newadvent.org. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10247a.htm. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ KRAUS, Franz Xaver :Kunst und Altertum in Lothringen, Strasburg, 1889
- ^ Admiral Hans Benda (1877–1951), General Arthur Kobus (1879–1945), General Günther Rüdel (1883–1950), General Joachim Degener (1883–1953), General Wilhelm Baur (1883–1964), General Hermann Schaefer (1885–1962), General Bodo Zimmermann (1886–1963), General Walther Kittel (1887–1971), General Hans von Salmuth (1888–1962), General Karl Kriebel (1888–1961), General Arthur von Briesen (1891–1981), General Eugen Müller (1891–1951), General Ernst Schreder (1892–1941), General Ludwig Bieringer (1892–1975), General Edgar Feuchtinger (1894–1960), General Kurt Haseloff (1894–1978), General Hans-Albrecht Lehmann (1894–1976), General Theodor Berkelmann (1894–1943), General Hans Leistikow (1895–1967), General Rudolf Schmundt (1896–1944), General Wilhelm Falley (1897–1944), General Julius von Bernuth (1897–1942), General Herbert Gundelach (1899–1971),General Joachim-Friedrich Lang (1899–1945), General Heinz Harmel (1906–2000), Erich von Brückner (1896–1949), Helmuth Bode (1907–1985), Johannes Mühlenkamp (1910–1986), Peter-Erich Cremer (1911–1992), Joachim Pötter (1913–1992), Ludwig Weißmüller (1915–1943), Walter Bordellé (1918–1984) among others.
- ^ "Metz, 1944 One More River". World War Two Books. http://www.worldwartwobooks.com/product.php/5665/metz--1944-one-more-river-. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
- ^ Youtube video about the the fortifications of Metz (inner ring)
- ^ "Inauguration du Centre Pompidou de Metz – Présidence de la République". Elysee.fr. http://www.elysee.fr/president/les-dossiers/culture/inauguration-centre-pompidou/inauguration-du-centre-pompidou-de-metz.8854.html. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Les hauts lieux de la musique. Classica September 2010, issue 125
- ^ Youtube video about the Mirabelle festival
- ^ [2]
- ^ "University of Lorraine.". http://www.univ-metz.fr/d-couvrir-lupv-m/paul-verlaine-university-presentation/building-together-university-future/25-building-together-university-future.
- ^ "Tennis – ATP World Tour – Tennis Tournament – Open de Moselle – Metz, France". ATP World Tour. http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Tournaments/Metz.aspx. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ http://www.ihf.info/front_content.php?idcat=173&idart=516
- ^ The Mutte is the large bell of Saint-Stephen cathedral, dating from 1605.
- ^ Brian Murdoch: Hinter die kulissen des krieges sehen: Adrienne Thomas, Evadne Price – and E. M. Remarque, 1992, Forum for Modern Language Studies, Vol. xxviii No. 1
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Metz |
- Official Town Council's website
- Official Agglomeration communities of Metz's website
- Historic maps
- University of Metz's website
- Metz Technopôle's website
- Metz.Online.Fr – Your guide to all web sites related to Metz
- Centre Pompidou-Metz's website
- History museums of Metz – Musées de la Cour d'Or
- Metz Opera's website
- Arsenal-Metz Concert Hall's website
- Caveau des Triniatires – multimedia arts complex's website
- National Orchestra of Lorraine's website
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Metz". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
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"Richard D. James" redirects here. For the album, see Richard D. James Album. For the scientist, see Richard D. James (scientist).
| Aphex Twin | |
|---|---|
 In Turin, Italy in March 2007. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Richard David James |
| Born | (1971-08-18) 18 August 1971 (age 40) Limerick, Ireland |
| Origin | Lanner, Cornwall, United Kingdom |
| Genres | Electronic, ambient, IDM, acid techno |
| Occupations | Musician, composer, remixer |
| Instruments | Synthesizers, piano, electronics, harpsichord, organ, percussion, laptop, softsynth, turntables, drum machine, guitar, bass guitar, computer, sequencer, sampler |
| Years active | 1985–present |
| Labels | Warp Records Sire Records Rephlex Records |
| Associated acts | Universal Indicator, Mike & Rich |
Richard David James (born 18 August 1971), best known under the pseudonym Aphex Twin, is a British electronic musician and composer. He founded the record label Rephlex Records in 1991 with Grant Wilson-Claridge. He was described by The Guardian as "the most inventive and influential figure in contemporary electronic music."[1]
Aphex Twin has also recorded music under the aliases AFX, Blue Calx, Bradley Strider, Caustic Window, DJ Smojphace, GAK, Martin Tressider, Polygon Window, Power-Pill, Prichard D. Jams, Q-Chastic, Tahnaiya Russell, The Dice Man, Soit-P.P., and speculatively The Tuss.
Aphex Twin has released recordings on Rephlex, Warp, R&S, Sire, Mighty Force, Rabbit City, and Men Records.
Contents |
History[link]
Early years[link]
Richard David James was born to Welsh parents Lorna and Derek James in St. Munchin's Limerick Regional Maternity Hospital, Ireland. He grew up in Lanner, Cornwall, enjoying, along with two older sisters, a "very happy" childhood during which they, according to James, "were pretty much left to do what [they] wanted."[2] He "liked growing up there, being cut off from the city and the rest of the world".[3] James attended Redruth School, located in Redruth, Cornwall.[4]
According to musician Benjamin Middleton, James started producing music at the age of 12.[5] As a teenager he was a disc jockey at the Shire Horse Inn in St Ives, with Tom Middleton at the Bowgie Inn in Crantock, and also along the numerous beaches around Cornwall. James studied for a National Diploma in Engineering from 1988 to 1990 (aged 16 to 18) at Cornwall College. Talking about his studies, James has said that "music and electronics went hand in hand."[6] James graduated from college; according to an engineering lecturer, however, he often had his headphones on during practical lessons, "no doubt thinking through the mixes he'd be working on later".[7]
Early career: early 1990s[link]
In 1989 James met and befriended Grant Wilson-Claridge when working as a DJ on alternate weeks at the Bowgie pub, near Newquay in Cornwall. Wilson-Claridge was intrigued by James's sets and was surprised to discover that James was playing tapes of his own music.
James' first release was the 12-inch EP Analogue Bubblebath on Mighty Force Records in 1991. It was first released under the moniker Aphex Twin, later changed to AFX. The track "En Trance to Exit" was made in collaboration with Tom Middleton, also known as Schizophrenia.[8] The EP got on the playlist of Kiss FM, an influential London radio station, which helped the release to become a success.[9]
In 1991, James and Wilson-Claridge founded Rephlex Records to promote "innovation in the dynamics of Acid — a much-loved and -misunderstood genre of house music forgotten by some and indeed new to others, especially in Britain."[10]
Between 1991 and 1993, James released two Analogue Bubblebath EPs as AFX, and an EP under Bradley Strider, Bradley's Beat. James moved to London to take an electronics course at Kingston Polytechnic, but at the time admitted to David Toop that his "electronics studies were already slipping away as a career in the techno business took precedence." After quitting his course, James remained in London and released a number of albums and EPs on Warp Records and other labels under many aliases including AFX, Polygon Window, and Power-Pill. A number of James' tracks (released under the aliases Blue Calx, The Dice Man, and others) appeared on various compilations. Local legend has it that James lived on the roundabout in Elephant and Castle, South London during his early years in the capital - in fact he lived in a nearby disused bank.[2][11]
Gaining success: 1992–1995[link]
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Sample of "Ventolin (Video Version)" from the album ...I Care Because You Do.
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The first full-length Aphex Twin album, Selected Ambient Works 85–92, was released in 1992 on R&S Records. It received high ratings and praise from critics. John Bush of Allmusic described it as a "watershed of ambient music".[12] In 2002, Rolling Stone wrote of the album: "Aphex Twin expanded way beyond the ambient music of Brian Eno by fusing lush soundscapes with oceanic beats and bass lines."[13] Pitchfork Media's review called it, "among the most interesting music ever created with a keyboard and a computer."[14] Critics also noted that the songs were recorded on cassette and that the sound quality was "relatively poor".
In 1992, he also released the EPs Xylem Tube EP and Digeridoo (first played by DJ Colin Faver on London's Kiss FM) as Aphex Twin, as Power-Pill the Pac-Man EP based on the arcade game Pac-Man, and two of his four Caustic Window EPs. "Digeridoo" reached #55 in the UK Singles Chart, and was later described as foreshadowing drum and bass by Rolling Stone.[15] "Digeridoo" was recorded initially for the benefit of FIZZ-BOMB (at the Shire Horse, St Ives, Cornwall). These early releases came out on Rephlex Records, Mighty Force of Exeter, and R&S Records of Belgium.[16]
In 1993, James released Analogue Bubblebath 3. He also released a single titled "On"; his second Bradley Strider EP, Bradley's Robot; two more Caustic Window EPs; and his first releases on Warp Records, Surfing on Sine Waves and "Quoth" under the alias Polygon Window.
Warp Records pressed and released a follow-up to Selected Ambient Works 85-92, Selected Ambient Works Volume II in 1994. The sound was much less beat and melody-driven than the previous volume. All of the track names were described with pie chart symbols, each of which was meant to be paired with a corresponding image in the album jacket, with exception for one song, which was named "Blue Calx". To decipher song titles, listeners had to compare the length of each track with the size of each pie chart symbol. For example, the first title, which is often labelled cliffs, is realised by pairing the first symbol with the first image, which is that of a rocky cliffside.[17] James claimed in The Wire magazine and other media that these songs were inspired by lucid dreams and synaesthesia. Other releases are a fourth Analogue Bubblebath; GAK, derived from early demos sent to Warp Records; and Classics, a compilation album that includes "Digeridoo" and the Xylem Tube EP.
For his 1995 release, ...I Care Because You Do, James used an image of his face for the album cover, a motif that would continue on many of his later records. The album was a compilation of songs composed between 1990 and 1994 and represented a mish-mash of Aphex Twin's various music styles. This was James's last record of the 1990s to use mostly analogue synthesizers. He commissioned Western classical-music composer Philip Glass to create an orchestral version of one of the songs from this album, "Icct Hedral", which appeared on the Donkey Rhubarb EP.[18]
Jungle, DSP, and laptops: 1995–1999[link]
In 1995 (primarily with Hangable Auto Bulb, a near anagram of Analogue Bubblebath), James began releasing more material composed on computers, combining a jungle sound with nostalgic childhood themes and computer-generated acid lines.
James's early adoption of software synthesizers predated the later popularity of using computers to make music. In the mid-to-late 1990s, his music gradually gained more mainstream appeal, as he released Richard D. James Album and Expert Knob Twiddlers (a collaboration with fellow dance producer µ-ziq) in 1996, "Come to Daddy" in 1997 (#36 on UK charts) and "Windowlicker" in 1999 (#16 on UK charts). Two pop songs that heavily use Digital Signal Processing (DSP) techniques, "Come to Daddy" and "Windowlicker" were shown on MTV and became cover features for music magazines such as NME. The videos for both singles were directed by British artist Chris Cunningham and caused controversy on release because of their disturbing images and themes.
In 1998, Aphex Twin's track "[rhubarb]" (from Selected Ambient Works Volume II) appeared as part of the BBC's digital widescreen test transmission, which was on loop for many months as the service was introduced across the UK.[19]
Prepared piano, laptops, and more DSP: 2000–2003[link]
In 2001 Aphex Twin released drukqs, a two-CD album that featured computer controlled piano songs influenced by Erik Satie and John Cage. Many of the tracks' names are written in the Cornish language (i.e., 'jynweythek' translatable as 'machinemusic'). Also included were abrasive, fast, and meticulously programmed computer-made songs. Rolling Stone described the piano songs as "aimlessly pretty".[20] Some reviewers concluded that drukqs was released as a contract breaker with Warp Records—a credible guess, as James's next big release was released on his own Rephlex label. James claimed to interviewers he had accidentally left an MP3 player labelled "Aphex Twin—unreleased tracks" on a plane, containing a large set of new songs, and rushed the album release to preempt an Internet leak.[21] He also released a short EP titled 2 Remixes By AFX the same year as Drukqs. It featured two remixes, the originals being from 808 State and DJ Pierre. In addition, there is one untitled third track that consists of an SSTV image, which consists of mostly of high-pitched sounds, which can be decoded to a viewable image by proper software such as MultiMode (for Macintosh) or MMSSTV (for Windows).
Synthesizers and drum machines: 2004–present[link]
In late 2004, rumours of James's return to an acid techno-based sound were realised with the Analord series, an 11-part series of EPs with 42 total tracks, averaging 2–4 tracks per EP. The series was created by playing and sequencing analogue and digital electronic music equipment such as synthesizers and drum machines. The series was recorded on magnetic tape and then later pressed on vinyl.
James was meticulous about the whole process of recording, mastering, and pressing. James has said Rephlex Records was strict on quality control, trying out various pressing-plant companies until they felt it sounded perfect. To James's ears, vinyl or tape is better than digital, as no two copies are the same. However, label co-owner Grant Wilson-Claridge convinced James to release a CD compilation, Chosen Lords, which included 10 selected tracks from the Analord series. For the Analord series James used his collection of vintage synthesizer and drum machines, some of which were quite rare by that time. Some of the record inserts have pictures of rare synthesizers like the Synton Fenix, and the notoriously difficult-to-program Roland MC-4 sequencer, as well as the legendary Roland TB-303.
In 2007 media reports indicated that Aphex Twin was recording under a new alias called The Tuss. Rephlex Records has denied that Aphex Twin is The Tuss, but Aphex Twin fans and the media have ignored Rephlex's denial and The Tuss is treated as yet another Aphex Twin project;[22][23] further evidence being provided by the fact that all Tuss tracks are published in the BMI Repertoire under the name JAMES RICHARD DAVID.[24]
Some of Aphex Twin's music was featured in the award winning documentary about the atrocities of shark finning, Sharkwater.
In March 2009 Steve Beckett of Warp Records announced a new album for a possible release but the album never materialised.[25] However, 20 more tracks were added to the Analord series in December 2009, only available through download from the Rephlex Records website.
In an October 2010 interview with British magazine Another Man, James stated that he had completed 6 albums, one of which was a remake of the unreleased Melodies from Mars, originally produced around the time of Richard D. James Album.[26] In June 2011, he spoke to Spanish magazine EL PAIS. When asked about the 6 albums, he answered 'More than 10 or 11 are already compiled, and many more songs are orphans.' He also revealed that a new album 'will show in a while' and that the reason there has been so long since his last album was that he was waiting for a divorce from his wife.[27]
Background details[link]
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The Aphex Twin name[link]
The name Aphex is derived from Aphex Systems Limited, a brand of audio signal processing equipment (itself derived from "analogue effects").[dubious – discuss] It is used with permission, as acknowledged on the back sleeves of Richard D. James Album and drukqs. He has explained in interviews that the Twin portion of his moniker is used in memory of his brother, also named Richard James, who died at birth in 1968.
Artwork[link]
James's own face, grinning or distorted in some way, is a common theme in his album covers, his music videos, and the songs themselves. The cover of I Care Because You Do features a painting of James, while the cover of Richard D. James Album presents a close-up photograph. His face is transplanted onto other peoples' bodies in the music videos of "Come to Daddy" and "Windowlicker". Near the end of the second track of the "Windowlicker" single (commonly referred to as "Equation"), a photo of James' face is embedded as a steganogram which is revealed when run through spectral analysis.[28] Another embedded image of James, along with collaborator Tom Jenkinson, appears in the third track of 2 Remixes by AFX, "Bonus High Frequency Sounds", encoded in SSTV format, with text relating to the release.
James has used his own photography for some of his releases, such as the elaborate album sleeve for Selected Ambient Works Volume II.
Braindance[link]
Richard's own Rephlex Records label, which he co-owns with Grant Wilson-Claridge, coined the term Braindance in 1991 to describe Aphex Twin's music.[22][29][30] Rephlex Records' official definition of Aphex Twin and his followers' music is quoted as follows: "Braindance is the genre that encompasses the best elements of all genres, e.g traditional, classical, electronic music, popular, modern, industrial, ambient, hip-hop, electro, house, techno, breakbeat, hardcore, ragga, garage, drum and bass, etc."[31]
Braindance applies to forward-thinking electronic music that can appeal to the mind as well as the desire to dance and party. Examples including Ed-DMX's Breakin' records label, µ-ziq's Planet-mu label, the Aphex Twin EP Come to Daddy and Astrobotnia Parts 1, 2 & 3.[32]
Influences[link]
At age 17, Richard D. James mentioned these influences: "Phonic Boy, Computer World, Mental Telepathy, Industrial Inc., Tomita, Tangerine Dream". Mixmaster Morris mentions on the "I Luv AFX" BBC Radio 1 Breezeblock session that James' preferred moniker while working as a DJ in Cornwall was Phonic Boy on Dope. More recently, he has said that he gets inspiration from "everyday sounds that can be emulated/reconstructed electronically, quality techno, especially from Europe, which overshadows the current hardcore pop crap." When asked about what is next for electronic music, he said "acid-techno, ambient-techno." Avant-garde music has been an influence on James, including artists such as Kraftwerk, Can, Tangerine Dream, Tod Dockstader, Xenakis, Piero Umiliani, Bernard Parmegiani, Karlheinz Stockhausen,[33] John Cage, and the French composer Erik Satie for his piano works and his ideas for furniture music.
In acknowledgment of another influence, James released Music from the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, a compilation of music recorded by the pioneers of BBC Radiophonic Workshop, which included artists such as Delia Derbyshire,[34] on his own label, Rephlex Records.
Aphex Twin has said, "I don't really like rock & roll." Despite this, he has mentioned being a fan of Led Zeppelin, citing their use of breakbeats as an influence, as well as Pink Floyd for their psychedelic music.[35]
Many songs include sounds from and references to the ZX Spectrum. For instance, "Carn Marth" from Richard D. James Album includes the tape-loading noise of the game Sabre Wulf.
Influence on others[link]
The London Sinfonietta has performed arrangements of Aphex Twin tracks.[36] In 2005, the orchestra Alarm Will Sound released Acoustica: Alarm Will Sound Performs Aphex Twin. The album consists of acoustic arrangements of some of James's electronic tracks. He has also had an influence on rock bands like Radiohead.[37] However, he has dismissed the notion of going on tour with them: "I wouldn't play with them since I don't like them."[35] Despite his previous comments, he premiered new music alongside Radiohead guitarist/composer Jonny Greenwood in a 2011 collaboration with Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki.[38] The animator David Firth has much of his work influenced and soundtracked by Aphex Twin.[39]
Intelligent Dance Music[link]
The term 'intelligent dance music', or IDM, was coined in August 1993 by the IDM mailing list based at hyperreal.org, as a term to describe the sound pioneered by the Warp Records Artificial Intelligence Series. The series featured Aphex Twin tracks (under a different pseudonym), as well as early productions from labelmates such as Autechre and LFO. The usage of this term spread in the USA and on internet messageboards, but the term is still a source of controversy and derision amongst the artists and fans, including Aphex Twin. As of October 2011 the list is still active.
I just think it's really funny to have terms like that. It's basically saying, 'this is intelligent and everything else is stupid.' It's really nasty to everyone else's music. (laughs) It makes me laugh, things like that. I don't use names. I just say that I like something or I don't.—Aphex Twin[40]
Aphex Twin refers to his own breakbeat tracks as breakbeat, jungle, or drum and bass interchangeably. Other genres that he indulges in include acid, ambient, ambient techno, noise, and many more.
Equipment[link]
| Synth | Synth | Drum Machine | Sampler | Sequencer | Software | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roland SH-101[41] | Yamaha DX1 | Roland TR-606 | Casio SK-1 | Roland MC-4 Microcomposer | Reaktor | Alesis Quadraverb |
| Roland TB-303[41] | EMS synthi 100 | Roland TR-808[41] | ReCycle | |||
| Yamaha GX1 | Elka Synthex | Roland TR-909 | Casio FZ 10[41] | Cubase | Metasynth | |
| Synton Fenix | Roland Paraphonic 505 | Roland TR-707 | Roland SP-808 | Apple Mac | Max | |
| Roland MKS-80 | 3 Korg MS-20's[41] | Roland TR-727 | ||||
| Roland 100m[41] | Yamaha CS 5[42] | SuperCollider[43] |
During an interview with Future Music, Richard said he likes using Ableton Live but prefers Liveslice for beat editing/stretching. Asked what equipment did use, he responded "Raveolution 309, the Raven Max, MC-909 limited edition, Quasimidi Van Helden, MAM Freebass 383, Roland DJ-70, E-15, SP-808, Akai S3200, Behringer MX602A and all the Behringer effects that copy other things."[44]
Aphex Twin's press[link]
James described himself in The Guardian as follows: "I'm just some irritating, lying, ginger kid from Cornwall who should have been locked up in some youth detention centre. I just managed to escape and blag it into music."[1]
James said he composed ambient techno music at the age of 13; he claims to have "over 100 hours" of unreleased music, and to have made his own software to compose with, including algorithmic processes that automatically generate beats and melodies; in addition he claims to experience synaesthesia, and that he is able to incorporate lucid dreaming into the process of making music.[45]
He lives in southeast London in a converted bank, which was formerly the Bank of Cyprus and then HSBC. Contrary to popular opinion, however, he does not own the silver structure in the centre of the roundabout at Elephant and Castle. This is, in fact, the Michael Faraday Memorial, containing a power transformer for the Northern Line, which James jokingly claimed to be buying in an interview with The Face magazine in 2001.[2] Some of these rumours are hard to confirm as he has been known to spread mistruths in the prankster tradition, making such claims as only sleeping two to three hours a night.[46]
Stockhausen vs. The Technocrats[link]
In November 1995, The Wire published an article titled "Advice to Clever Children". In the process of producing the interview, a package of tapes containing music from several artists, including Aphex Twin, was sent to Karlheinz Stockhausen.
Stockhausen commented:
I heard the piece Aphex Twin of Richard James (sic) carefully: I think it would be very helpful if he listens to my work "Song of the Youth," which is electronic music, and a young boy's voice singing with himself. Because he would then immediately stop with all these post-African repetitions, and he would look for changing tempi and changing rhythms, and he would not allow to repeat any rhythm if it varied to some extent and if it did not have a direction in its sequence of variations.[47]
Aphex Twin, a fan of Stockhausen, responded:
ZX81 competition[link]
Richard claims to have produced sound on a Sinclair ZX81 (a machine with no sound hardware) at the age of 11:
When I was 11, I won 50 pounds in a competition for writing this program that made sound on a ZX81. You couldn't make sound on a ZX81, but I played around with machine code and found some codes that retuned the TV signal so that it made this really weird noise when you turned the volume up.[2]
Discography[link]
Main article: Richard D. James discography
- Studio albums (as Aphex Twin)
- Selected Ambient Works 85–92 (1992)
- Selected Ambient Works Volume II (1994)
- ...I Care Because You Do (1995)
- Richard D. James Album (1996)
- Drukqs (2001)
References[link]
- ^ a b Lester, Paul (5 October 2001). "Tank boy". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,,734809,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ a b c d O'Connell, John (October 2001). "Untitled". The Face. EMAP. http://www.aphextwin.nu/learn/100771194880071.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Stern, Theresa (September 1997). "Interview by Theresa Stern". The Aphex Twin Community. Archived from the original on 2008-04-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20080402004414/http://xltronic.com/nostalgia/aphextwin.nu/v4/learn/98494129834161.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "Rephlexology". mad.co.uk. 28 November 2003. http://www.mad.co.uk/Main/Home/Articles/c81bcea15aae4394b3eed3c859b0c2ff/Rephlexology.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Middleton, Benjamin (October 1992). "~~ rephlex ~~ aphex ~~ drn ~~". http://groups.google.com/group/alt.rave/browse_thread/thread/bd94e30720889cc4?pli=1.
- ^ Robinson, Dave (April 1993). "The Aphex Effect". Future Music.
- ^ Murray, Janet (12 June 2007). "College days". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://education.guardian.co.uk/egweekly/story/0,,2100257,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Middleton, Benjamin (30 October 1992). "~~ rephlex ~~ aphex ~~ drn ~~". alt.rave. http://groups.google.com/group/alt.rave/browse_thread/thread/bd94e30720889cc4/7958a9d0de1c453d?. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Turenne, Martin (April 2003). "Aphex Twin - The Contrarian". Exclaim!. http://www.exclaim.ca/articles/timeline.aspx. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Wilson-Claridge, Grant (30 November 1992). "~~~ The definitive RePHLeX ~~~". alt.rave. http://groups.google.com/group/alt.rave/browse_thread/thread/2b1d14ae853ba101/7a4d8b6191bb3e55?. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Toop, David (March 1994). "Lost in space". The Face. EMAP. Archived from the original on 2008-06-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20080603074638/http://xltronic.com/nostalgia/aphextwin.nu/v4/learn/98136154898147.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Bush, John. "Review". Allmusic. All Media Guide. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r191406/review. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Blashill, Pat (19 November 2002). "Selected Ambient Works 85-92". Rolling Stone. Wenner Publishing. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/aphextwin/albums/album/218371/review/6067595/selected_ambient_works_8592. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Pecoraro, David (20 February 2002). "Selected Ambient Works 85-92". Pitchfork Media. http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/14986-selected-ambient-works-85-92. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
- ^ "Biography". The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. 2001. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/aphextwin/biography. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Hobbs, Mary Anne (6 December 2005). "tracklisting". Mary Anne Hobbs. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/maryannehobbs/tracklistingarchive.shtml?20051206. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "The Saw II Graphical F.A.Q". The Aphex Twin Community. 2001. Archived from the original on 2008-03-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20080304212918/http://xltronic.com/nostalgia/aphextwin.nu/v4/learn/98491895499398.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ The Aphex Twin Community / Learn / Interviews & Articles / Eponymous Rex Interview
- ^ BBC Widescreen Digital Test Transmission - 1998 - YouTube
- ^ Blashill, Pat (17 October 2001). "Drukqs". Rolling Stone. Wenner Publishing. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/182317/drukqs. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "Synths, drukqs and rock'n'roll". The Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Media). 9 January 2004. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/01/08/1073437402717.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ a b Pattison, Louis (26 May 2007). "Dancing in the dark". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://music.guardian.co.uk/electronic/story/0,,2088396,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Phelan, Benjamin (24 July 2007). "Ghost in the Machine". The Village Voice (Village Voice Media). http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0731,phelan,77377,22.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "BMI's entries for RICHARD DAVID JAMES". http://repertoire.bmi.com/writer.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&querytype=WriterID&keyid=533933&keyname=JAMES%20RICHARD%20DAVID&CAE=176937227&Affiliation=PRS. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
- ^ BBC - 6 Music - Aphex Twin album
- ^ Pitchfork Media article
- ^ Google Translate
- ^ "The Aphex Face". bastwood.com. http://www.bastwood.com/aphex.php. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "Rephlex - the Record Label". h2g2. BBC. 28 August 2002. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A795639. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "The Braindance Coincidence". The Milk Factory. May 2001. http://www.themilkfactory.co.uk/music/rephlex.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "what is braindance?". rephlex.com. Archived from the original on 2001-03-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20010302124112/http://www.rephlex.com/braindance.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Cooper, Paul (4 October 2002). "Astrobotnia Parts 1, 2 & 3". Pitchfork Media. http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/15080-parts-1-2-3?artist_title=15080-parts-1-2-3. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
- ^ Lester, Paul (5 October 2001). "Tank boy". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2001/oct/05/artsfeatures3. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Sweet, Matthew (17 March 2002). "Queen of the wired frontier". The Observer (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2002/mar/17/featuresreview.review. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ a b Perez, Arturo (16 March 2002). "Interview: Aphex Twin". Kludge Magazine. http://web.archive.org/web/20090501160746/http://kludgemagazine.com/interviews/Aphex_Twin/2002-07-18/. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Llewellyn, Kati; Solarski, Matthew (13 September 2006). "London Sinfonietta Tackles Aphex Twin, Squarepusher". Pitchfork Media. http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/38533-london-sinfonietta-tackles-aphex-twin-squarepusher. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Tranter, Rhys (17 June 2003). "Everything in its Right Place...". Collective. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A1080983. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Robbins, Winston (11 September 2011). "Video: Jonny Greenwood, Aphex Twin perform alongside Krzysztof Penderecki". Consequence of Sound. http://consequenceofsound.net/2011/09/video-jonny-greenwood-aphex-twin-perform-alongside-krzysztof-penderecki/. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
- ^ "Interview with Salad Fingers Creator David Firth."
- ^ "Interview by Jason Gross". Perfect Sound Forever. September 1997. http://www.furious.com/perfect/aphextwin.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ a b c d e f [The Aphex Effect| Future Music | April 1993 | Dave Robinson |futuremusic.co.uk ]
- ^ Music Thing: Aphex Twin sleevenotes, scrawled on a vintage synth
- ^ Dartmouth Symposium on the Future of Computer Music Software: A Panel Discussion, Computer Music Journal (2002) Vol. 26, No. 4, Pages 13-30 doi:10.1162/014892602320991347
- ^ Music Thing: Aphex Twin interview in Future Music
- ^ Anderson, Don (1999). "Aphex Twin: Mad Musician or Investment Banker?". Space Age Bachelor. http://www.space-age-bachelor.com/archives/aphex-twin. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ Reynolds, Simon (1998). Generation Ecstasy. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 186, 189. ISBN 0-316-74111-6.
- ^ a b Witts, Dick; Young, Rob (November 1995). "Advice to Clever Children". The Wire 67 (141): 553. DOI:10.2175/106143095X135840. http://www.thewire.co.uk/articles/425/print. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aphex Twin |
- Aphex Twin at Warp Records
- Aphex Twin at the Open Directory Project
- Aphex Twin discography at Discogs.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Aphex Twin |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1971-08-18 |
| Place of birth | Limerick, Ireland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Aphex_Twin
Related pages:
http://itwn.com/Richard David James
http://cswn.com/Aphex Twin
http://eswn.com/Aphex Twin
http://ruwn.com/Aphex Twin
http://nlwn.com/Aphex Twin
http://ptwn.com/Aphex Twin
http://plwn.com/Aphex Twin
http://frwn.com/Aphex Twin
http://dewn.com/Aphex Twin
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphex_Twin
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2011) |
| Giel Beelen | |
|---|---|
 Giel Beelen during Serious Request 2007 |
|
| Birth name | Michiel Antonius Adrianus Beelen |
| Born | 25 May 1977 Haarlem |
| Show | GIEL |
| Station(s) | 3FM |
| Network | VARA |
| Time slot | 6:00 - 10:00 a.m. Monday-Friday |
| Show | Nachtegiel |
| Station(s) | 3FM |
| Network | VARA |
| Time slot | 1:00 - 4:00 a.m. Friday |
| Style | Disc Jockey |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Spouse(s) | Marisa Heutink (1999-2008), Guilia Wolthuis (2008-present) |
| Website | http://www.giel.vara.nl/ (Dutch) |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Giel Beelen |
Michiel Antonius Adrianus Beelen, better known as Giel Beelen (born in Haarlem, on 25 May 1977) is a Dutch radio-dj[1] and presentator. Currently he presents the VARA morning show GIEL at 3FM from Monday till Friday between 6:00 and 10:00 am. He also has a show called Nachtegiel at Saturday morning between 1:00 and 4:00 am, at the so-called Freaknacht ("Freak night").
He also presents the VARA extreme participation (grammar) TV show Factor giel and a TV talk show called GielTV. In one part he and the interviewed person are naked (but largely this amounts to showing the bare shoulders).
Contents |
Career[link]
From an early age, Beelen was determined to become a disc jockey. When he was just a little kid, he made himself a mock radio station to pretend he was a dj. After starting at a local Haarlem broadcasting company, presenting a show for kids, he soon moved to Radio 10 Gold and later to Radio Noordzee to work as an engineer.
In 1997 Beelen moved to the AVRO at Radio 3FM, where he hosted a show during night time.
In October 2003 he won a Dutch Marconi Award, for best radiomaker of 2003.
Since 2004 Giel moved from the NPS, back to the VARA, to presents his morning show 'GIEL!' and his Friday Nightshow, Nachtegiel as part of 'The Friday Freak night'. The Friday Freak night has also, Ekdom in de nacht ('Ekdom in the night'), presented by Gerard Ekdom, between 4.00 and 7.00 am.
In 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2009 he lived in the House of Glass (Het Glazen Huis) a week prior to Christmas without anything to eat to collect money for projects supported by the Red Cross in a show called Serious Request.
Presentator of event[link]
- Serious Request in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009 and 2010 as Radio DJ.
- Pinkpop in Landgraaf as Radio DJ, Reporter on Radio 3FM and TV Host, on Nederland 3.
- Liberation pop festival on Liberation Day in Haarlem.
- Student demonstration, on 30 November 2007 in Amsterdam.
- Dance4life event 2006.
References[link]
- ^ (in Dutch) Sex Drugs & Rock N Roll High School 2. Reading Rocks. pp. 230–. http://books.google.com/books?id=6hsSGr-Wu6QC&pg=PA230.
External links[link]
- (Dutch) Official website of Giel Beelen
- (Dutch) Dutch Wikipedia of Giel Beelen
- (Dutch) Giel Beelen in 'Love'
- Giel Beelen at the Internet Movie Database
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Beelen, Giel |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 25 May 1977 |
| Place of birth | Haarlem
|
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Giel_Beelen
Related pages:
http://nlwn.com/Giel Beelen
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giel_Beelen
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
