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Aerosmith
Aerosmith is an American hard rock band, sometimes referred to as "The Bad Boys from Boston" and "'''America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band'''". Their style, which is rooted in blues-based hard rock, has come to also incorporate elements of pop, heavy metal, and rhythm and blues, and has inspired many subsequent rock artists. The band was formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970. Guitarist Joe Perry and bassist Tom Hamilton, originally in a band together called the Jam Band, met up with singer Steven Tyler, drummer Joey Kramer, and guitarist Ray Tabano, and formed Aerosmith. In 1971, Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford, and the band began developing a following in Boston.
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Alisa Weilerstein
Alisa Weilerstein (born 1982 in Rochester, New York) is an American cellist. She started playing the cello at age four and promptly showed her talent for the instrument performing her first public concert six months later. She made her debut at age 13 with the Cleveland Orchestra playing Tchaikovsky's Variations on a Rococo Theme. As a soloist she has performed with a number of other major orchestras and in musically-significant venues on four continents. She also is active in chamber music and performs with her parents, violinist Donald Weilerstein (the noted first violinist of the Cleveland Quartet) and pianist Vivian Hornik Weilerstein, as the Weilerstein Trio. The trio currently resides at the New England Conservatory in Boston. Her brother is the violinist and conductor, Joshua Weilerstein (born in 1987).
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Amati
Amati is the name of a family of Italian violin makers, who flourished at Cremona from about 1549 to 1740.
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Antonio Stradivari
Antonio Stradivari (1644 – December 18, 1737) was an Italian luthier, a crafter of stringed instruments such as violins, cellos, guitars, violas, double basses and harps. Stradivari is generally considered the most significant artisan in this field. The Latinized form of his surname, Stradivarius, as well as the colloquial, "Strad", is often used to refer to his instruments.
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Antonín Dvořák
Antonín Leopold Dvořák ( or ; ; September 8, 1841May 1, 1904) was a Czech composer of Romantic music, who employed the idioms of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia. His works include operas, symphonic, choral and chamber music. His best-known works include his New World Symphony, the Slavonic Dances, "American" String Quartet, and Cello Concerto in B minor.
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Arthur Honegger
Arthur Honegger (10 March 1892 –27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer, who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. He was a member of Les Six. His most frequently performed work is probably the orchestral work Pacific 231, which is interpreted as imitating the sound of a steam locomotive.
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Beethoven
http://wn.com/Beethoven -
Ben Sollee
Ben Sollee (b. ca. 1984) is a cellist and vocalistknown for his percussive playing style, genre hopping songwriting, wide appeal, and political activism. His music incorporates banjo, guitar, percussion and unusual cello techniques to create a unique mix of folk, bluegrass, jazz and R&B.;
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Benjamin Britten
Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten, OM CH (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. Showing prodigious talent from an early age – he composed Quatre Chansons françaises for soprano and orchestra at the age of fourteen – he first came to public attention with the a cappella choral work A Boy Was Born. With the premiere of his opera Peter Grimes in 1945 he leapt to international fame, and for the next fifteen years he devoted much of his compositional attention to writing operas, several of which now appear regularly on international stages. Britten's interests as a composer were wide-ranging; he produced important music in such varied genres as orchestral, choral, solo vocal (much of it written for the tenor Peter Pears), chamber and instrumental, as well as film music. He also took a great interest in writing music for children and amateur performers, and was a fine pianist and conductor.
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Bernard Greenhouse
Bernard Greenhouse (born January 3, 1916) is an American cellist and one of the founding members of the Beaux Arts Trio.
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Brahms
http://wn.com/Brahms -
Brendon Urie
Brendon Boyd Urie (born April 12, 1987) is an American musician and the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist and pianist of Panic! at the Disco. He also plays drums, bass guitar, accordion, organ cello and violin.
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Britten
http://wn.com/Britten -
Béla Bartók
Béla Viktor János Bartók ( (Wells 1990), ) (March 25, 1881 – September 26, 1945) was a Hungarian composer and pianist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century and is regarded, along with Liszt, as Hungary's greatest composer (Gillies 2001). Through his collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the founders of ethnomusicology.
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C.P.E. Bach
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Camille Saint-Saëns
Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns () (9 October 183516 December 1921) was a French Late-Romantic composer, organist, conductor, and pianist, known especially for The Carnival of the Animals, Danse macabre, Samson and Delilah, Piano Concerto No. 2, Havanaise, Introduction and Rondo capriccioso, and his Symphony No. 3 (Organ Symphony).
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Cher
Cher (; born Cherilyn Sarkisian on May 20, 1946) is an American recording artist, actress, director and record producer. Referred to as the Goddess of Pop, she has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, three Golden Globes, a Cannes Film Festival Award and a People's Choice Award for her work in film, music and television.
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Claude Debussy
Claude-Achille Debussy () (August 22, 1862 – March 25, 1918) was a French composer. Along with Maurice Ravel, he was one of the most prominent figures working within the field of impressionist music, though he himself intensely disliked the term when applied to his compositions. Debussy is among the most important of all French composers, and a central figure in European music of the turn of the 20th century. He was made Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1903.
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Damien Rice
Damien Rice (born 7 December 1973) is an Irish singer-songwriter and musician. As a musician he plays the guitar, cello, violin, piano and drums.
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David Popper
David Popper (June 16, 1843 – August 7, 1913) was a Bohemian cellist and composer.
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David Tecchler
David Tecchler (1666–1748) was an Austrian luthier, best known for his cellos and double basses.
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Diedre Murray
Diedre Murray is an American cellist and composer specializing in jazz, improvised music, opera, and contemporary classical music. She is also active as a producer, and curator. She was born November 28, 1951 in Brooklyn, New York and lives in Queens, New York.[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&searchlink;=DIEDRE|MURRAY&sql;=11:jifrxqugld0e~T1 Allmusic]
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Dmitri Shostakovich
Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich () ( – 9 August 1975) was a Soviet Russian composer and one of the most celebrated composers of the 20th century.
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Domenico Montagnana
Domenico Montagnana (24 June 1686 – 6 March 1750) was an Italian master luthier based in Venice, Italy. He is regarded as one of the world's finest violin and cello makers of his time.
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Edvard Grieg
Edvard Hagerup Grieg (15 June 18434 September 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist who composed in the Romantic period. He is best known for his Piano Concerto in A minor, for his incidental music to Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt (which includes Morning Mood and In the Hall of the Mountain King), and for his collection of piano miniatures Lyric Pieces.
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Edward Elgar
Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, OM, GCVO (2 June 185723 February 1934) was an English composer, many of whose works have achieved enduring popularity. Among his best-known compositions are orchestral works including the Enigma Variations, the Pomp and Circumstance Marches, concertos for violin and cello, and two symphonies. He also composed oratorios, including The Dream of Gerontius, chamber music and songs. He was appointed Master of the King's Musick in 1924.
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Elgar
http://wn.com/Elgar -
Elliot Carter
http://wn.com/Elliot_Carter -
Erik Friedlander
Erik Friedlander is an American cellist and composer based in New York City.
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Ernst Reijseger
Ernst Reijseger (b. November 13, 1954, Bussum) is a Dutch cellist and composer. He specializes in jazz, improvised music, and contemporary classical music and often gives solo concerts. He has worked with Louis Sclavis, Derek Bailey, Han Bennink, Misha Mengelberg, Gerry Hemingway, Yo-Yo Ma, Albert Mangelsdorff, Franco D'Andrea, Joëlle Léandre, Georg Gräwe, Trilok Gurtu, and Mola Sylla, and has done several world music projects working with musicians from Sardinia, Turkey, Iran, Senegal, and Argentina, as well as the Netherlands based group Boi Akih.
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Fauré
http://wn.com/Fauré -
Felix Mendelssohn
Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born, and generally known in English-speaking countries, as Felix Mendelssohn (3 February 18094 November 1847) was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period.
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Frances-Marie Uitti
Frances-Marie Uitti is composer and cellist known for her performances of the most esoteric and virtuoso contemporary classical music. She was born in Chicago to Finnish parents, and she studied classical music at Meadowmount with Ronald Leonard and Josef Gingold, Boston University with Leslie Parnas and University of Texas with George Neikrug. In Europe she worked at the Academia Chigiana with Andre Navarra, winning their top award two years in a row.
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Francis Poulenc
Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (; January 7, 1899 – January 30, 1963) was a French composer and a member of the French group Les Six. He composed music in genres including art song, solo piano music, chamber music, oratorio, opera, ballet music, and orchestral music. Critic Claude Rostand, in a July 1950 Paris-Presse article, described Poulenc as "half monk, half delinquent" ("le moine et le voyou"), a tag that was to be attached to his name for the rest of his career.
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Franz Schubert
Franz Peter Schubert (; January 31, 1797 – November 19, 1828) was an Austrian composer.
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Fred Katz
http://wn.com/Fred_Katz -
Fred Lonberg-Holm
Fred Lonberg-Holm (born 1962) is an American cello player based in Chicago. He relocated from New York to Chicago in 1995.
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Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric François Chopin, in Polish Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (the surname is pronounced in Polish; in French; and usually in English; 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer, virtuoso pianist, and music teacher of French-Polish parentage. He was one of the great masters of Romantic music.
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Gabriel Fauré
Gabriel Urbain Fauré (; 12 May 1845 – 4 November 1924) was a French composer, organist, pianist and teacher. He was one of the foremost French composers of his generation, and his musical style influenced many 20th century composers. Among his best-known works are his Nocturnes for piano, the songs "Après un rêve" and "Clair de lune", and his Requiem.
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Gregor Piatigorsky
Gregor Piatigorsky (Russian: Григорий Павлович Пятигорский, Grigoriy Pavlovich Pyatigorskiy; April 17, 1903August 6, 1976) was a Russian naturalized American cellist.
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György Ligeti
György Sándor Ligeti (May 28, 1923 – June 12, 2006) was a composer, born in a Hungarian Jewish family in Transylvania, Romania. He briefly lived in Hungary before later becoming an Austrian citizen. Many of his works are well known in classical music circles, but to the general public, he is best-known for the various pieces featured in the Stanley Kubrick films , The Shining, and Eyes Wide Shut.
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Harry Babasin
Harry Babasin (b. Mar, 19, 1921, Dallas, Texas - d. May 21, 1988, Los Angeles, California) was an American jazz bassist. His nickname was "The Bear".
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Haydn
http://wn.com/Haydn -
Icelanders
Icelanders are the national group or ethnic group of Iceland descended primarily from Norsemen of Scandinavia and Celts from Ireland and Scotland. Historical and DNA records indicate that around 60 to 80 percent of the settlers were of Nordic origin (primarily from Western Norway) and the rest were of Celtic stock from the British Isles.
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Igor Stravinsky
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky () ( – 6 April 1971) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor.
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Jacqueline du Pré
Jacqueline Mary du Pré OBE (26 January 194519 October 1987) was a British cellist, acknowledged as one of the greatest players of the instrument. She is particularly associated with Elgar's Cello Concerto in E Minor; her interpretation of that work has been described as "definitive" and "legendary". Her career was cut short by multiple sclerosis, which forced her to cease performing at the age of 28, and led to her premature death. Following her death, her older sister Hilary du Pré and younger brother Piers wrote a book about their family life, A Genius in the Family. It was the basis for the movie Hilary and Jackie. Both the book and the movie aroused fierce controversy.
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Jacques Offenbach
Jacques Offenbach (born Jacob Offenbach; 20 June 1819 – 5 October 1880) was a German-born French composer and cellist of the Romantic era and one of the originators of the operetta form. Of German-Jewish ancestry, he was one of the most influential composers of popular music in Europe in the 19th century, and many of his works remain in the repertory.
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James (band)
James are an English rock band from Manchester. They formed in 1982 and were active throughout the 1980s, but most successful during the 1990s. Their hit singles include "Sit Down" and "Laid". Following the departure of lead singer Tim Booth in 2001, the band became inactive but re-formed in January 2007, returning for a new album and international tour.
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Joaquin Rodrigo
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Johannes Brahms
Johannes Brahms () (7 May 18333 April 1897), was a German composer and pianist, one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period. Born in Hamburg, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna, Austria, where he was a leader of the musical scene. In his lifetime, Brahms' popularity and influence were considerable; following a comment by the nineteenth-century conductor Hans von Bülow, he is sometimes grouped with Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven as one of the Three Bs.
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Joseph Haydn
Franz Joseph Haydn (31 March 173231 May 1809), known as Joseph Haydn (; ), was an Austrian composer, one of the most prolific and prominent composers of the classical period. He is often called the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet" because of his important contributions to these genres. He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form.
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Josephine van Lier
Josephine van Lier (B. 1968, the Netherlands) is a performing cellist specialized in both baroque and contemporary cello and is residing in Canada.
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Julian Lloyd Webber
Julian Lloyd Webber (born 14 April 1951) is a British solo cellist, described as 'the doyen of British Cellists'.
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Krzysztof Penderecki
Krzysztof Penderecki (, born November 23, 1933 in Dębica) is a Polish composer and conductor. His 1960 avant-garde Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima for string orchestra brought him to international attention, and this success was followed by acclaim for his choral St. Luke Passion. Both these works exhibit novel compositional techniques. Since the 1970s Penderecki's style has changed to encompass a post-Romantic idiom.
http://wn.com/Krzysztof_Penderecki -
Lindsay Mac
----
http://wn.com/Lindsay_Mac -
Luciano Berio
Luciano Berio, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. He is noted for his experimental work (in particular his 1968 composition Sinfonia for voices and orchestra and his series of numbered solo pieces titled Sequenza) and also for his pioneering work in electronic music.
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Lucio Amanti
Lucio Amanti (b. Montreal, Canada, 1977) is a Canadian cellist. He grew up and begun his studies in Cello and composition in Naples (Italy) then in France and finally in USA with Janos Starker.
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Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven ( (US) or (UK); ; baptised 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is considered to have been the most crucial figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music, and remains one of the most famous and influential composers of all time.
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Malcolm Arnold
Sir Malcolm Henry Arnold, CBE (21 October 1921 - 23 September 2006) was an English composer and symphonist.
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Matteo Goffriller
Matteo Goffriller (1659–1742) was an Venetian luthier, particularly noted for the quality of his cellos.
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Max Bruch
Max Christian Friedrich Bruch (6 January 18382 October 1920), also known as Max Karl August Bruch, was a German Romantic composer and conductor who wrote over 200 works, including three violin concertos, one of which is a staple of the violin repertoire.
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Michel Corrette
Michel Corrette (10 April 1707 – 21 January 1795) was a French organist, composer and author of musical method books.
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Ne-Yo
Shaffer Chimere Smith (born October 18, 1982), better known by his stage name Ne-Yo, is an American pop and R&B; singer-songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and occasional rapper. Since his debut, Ne-Yo has had five top ten songs on the Billboard Hot 100 as a lead artist and two number-one albums on the Billboard 200. Ne-Yo has also amassed a catalog of chart-topping songs that he has written for other artists.
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Nicolò Amati
Nicollò Amati (December 3, 1596 – April 12, 1684) was an Italian luthier from Cremona.
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Nicolò Gagliano
Nicolo Gagliano (fl. ca. 1740-1780) was an Italian violin-maker, the eldest son of Alessandro Gagliano. He made many admirable instruments; often imitated. Some have been mistaken for those of Stradivari.
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Nikolai Myaskovsky
Nikolai Yakovlevich Myaskovsky (; – 8 August 1950) was a Russian and Soviet composer. He is sometimes referred to as the "father of the Soviet symphony".
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Olivier Messiaen
Olivier Messiaen (; December 10, 1908 – April 27, 1992) was a French composer, organist and ornithologist, widely regarded as one of the major composers of the 20th century. His music is rhythmically complex (he was interested in rhythms from ancient Greek and from Hindu sources); harmonically and melodically it is based on modes of limited transposition, which he abstracted from his early compositions and improvisations. Many of his compositions depict what he termed "the marvellous aspects of the faith", and drew on his deeply held Roman Catholicism.
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Oscar Pettiford
Oscar Pettiford (30 September 1922 – 8 September 1960) was an American jazz double bassist, cellist and composer known particularly for his pioneering work in bebop.
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Paul Hindemith
Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 – 28 December 1963) was a German composer, violist, violinist, teacher, music theorist and conductor.
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Paul Sacher
Paul Sacher (28 April 1906 – 26 May 1999) was a Swiss conductor, patron and impresario.
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Paul Tortelier
Paul Tortelier (March 21, 1914 – December 18, 1990) was a French cellist and composer.
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Persian people
Ethnic group|group = Persian Speakers
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Philip Glass
Philip Morris Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an American music composer. He is considered one of the most influential composers of the late 20th century and is widely acknowledged as a composer who has brought art music to the public (along with precursors such as Richard Strauss, Kurt Weill and Leonard Bernstein).
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Pierre Boulez
Pierre Boulez () (born March 26, 1925) is a French composer of contemporary classical music and a conductor.
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Prokofiev
http://wn.com/Prokofiev -
Pärt
http://wn.com/Pärt -
Rasputina (band)
Rasputina is a cello-driven band. It started in Brooklyn, New York in 1992, when Melora Creager put out an advertisement requesting members to form an all-cello band. Cellist Julia Kent responded and the two formed what was dubbed the ''Traveling Ladies' Cello Society''.
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Richard Strauss
Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. He is known particularly for his operas, Lieder, and tone poems. Strauss, along with Gustav Mahler, represents the extraordinary late flowering of German Romanticism after Richard Wagner, in which pioneering subtleties of orchestration are combined with an advanced harmonic style. Strauss's music had a profound influence on the development of music in the twentieth century. Strauss was also a prominent conductor.
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Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann, sometimes known as Robert Alexander Schumann, (8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, aesthete and influential music critic.
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Ron Carter
Ron Carter (born May 4, 1937) is an American jazz double-bassist. His appearances on over 2,500 albums make him one of the most-recorded bassists in jazz history, along with Milt Hinton, Ray Brown and Leroy Vinnegar. Carter is also an acclaimed cellist who has recorded numerous times on that instrument.
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Rossini
http://wn.com/Rossini -
Samuel Barber
Samuel Osborne Barber II (March 9, 1910 – January 23, 1981) was an American composer of orchestral, opera, choral, and piano music. His Adagio for Strings is his most popular composition and widely considered a masterpiece of modern classical music. He was twice awarded the Pulitzer Prize for music, for his opera Vanessa and his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra. His , a work for soprano and orchestra, was an acclaimed setting of prose by James Agee.
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Sergei Prokofiev
Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev () (5 March 1953) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor who mastered numerous musical genres and came to be admired as one of the greatest composers of the 20th century.
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Sergei Rachmaninoff
Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff, also commonly spelled in English as Rachmaninov, () (–28 March 1943) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor. He was one of the finest pianists of his day and, as a composer, very nearly the last great representative of Russian late Romanticism in classical music. Early influences of Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, and other Russian composers gave way to a thoroughly personal idiom that included a pronounced lyricism, expressive breadth, structural ingenuity, and a tonal palette of rich, distinctive orchestral colors.
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Sherry Turkle
Sherry Turkle is Abby Rockefeller Mauze Professor of the Social Studies of Science and Technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a sociologist. Born in New York City in 1948, she has focused her research on psychoanalysis and culture and on the psychology of people's relationship with technology, especially computer technology and computer addiction.
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Shostakovich
http://wn.com/Shostakovich -
Siegfried Palm
Siegfried Palm (25 April 1927 – 6 June 2005) was a German cellist who is known worldwide for his interpretations of contemporary music. Many 20th-century composers like Kagel, Ligeti, Xenakis, Penderecki and Zimmermann wrote music for him.
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Soo Bae
Soo Bae (b. Apr 1977) is a Korean-Canadian cellist who currently resides in New York. She was born in Seoul, Korea, and began her cello studies at six years of age. She then moved to Toronto, where she studied at the Royal Conservatory of Music. She continued her cello studies at The Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, where she received her Bachelor of Music in 2001. Bae received her Masters of Music degree and then the prestigious Artist Diploma from the Juilliard School of Music.
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Stradivari
http://wn.com/Stradivari -
Tchaikovsky
http://wn.com/Tchaikovsky -
Tod Machover
Tod Machover (born November 24, 1953 in Mount Vernon, New York), is a composer and an innovator in the application of technology in music. He is the son of Wilma Machover, a pianist and Carl Machover, a computer scientist.
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Tom Cora
Thomas Henry Corra (September 14, 1953 – April 9, 1998), better known as Tom Cora, was a United States cellist and composer, best known for his improvisational performances in the field of experimental jazz and rock. He recorded with John Zorn, Butch Morris and The Ex, and was a member of Curlew, Third Person and Skeleton Crew.
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Verdi
http://wn.com/Verdi -
Vivaldi
http://wn.com/Vivaldi -
William Walton
Sir William Turner Walton OM (29 March 1902 – 8 March 1983) was an English composer. During a 60-year career, he wrote music in several classical genres and styles, including film scores. His best-known works include Façade – An Entertainment, the oratorio ''Belshazzar's Feast'' and his First Symphony.
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Witold Lutosławski
[[Image:Lutoslawski3.jpg|thumb|right|Witold Lutosławski. Courtesy of W. Pniewski and L. Kowalski [http://wlodek.future-net.pl].]]
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Yo-Yo Ma
Yo-Yo Ma (; born October 7, 1955) is an American cellist, virtuoso, orchestral composer and winner of multiple Grammy Awards. He is one of the most famous cellists of the modern age.
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Édouard Lalo
:Disambiguation: Lalo redirects here. For the fictional character see Lalo Muldron.
http://wn.com/Édouard_Lalo
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day states Portugal, Spain, Andorra, the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar and a very small area of France. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees form the northeast edge of the peninsula, separating it from the rest of Europe. In the south, it approaches the northern coast of Africa. It is the second-largest peninsula in Europe, with an area of approximately .
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South Dakota
South Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over 800,000. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
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Cell, The (2000)
"Cell, The (2000)" Actors
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"Cell, The (2000)" Director
Celle, Richard Filmography
Cell, Steve Filmography
- Seducing Charlie Barker (2010)
- The Scene (2009)
- Sweet Nothing in My Ear (2008)
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The Cell - Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Published: 02 Oct 2006
- Uploaded: 01 Feb 2012
- Author: BillyGoesToUSA
Thanks for 300.000 clicks!
http://wn.com/The_Cell__Trailer
Parts of a cell
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:03
- Published: 08 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 01 Feb 2012
- Author: khanacademy
Parts of a cell: nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and vesicles
http://wn.com/Parts_of_a_cell
Cell Biology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:11
- Published: 13 Dec 2007
- Uploaded: 02 Feb 2012
- Author: phoenixfilmandvideo
With amazing tools that peer deep into cells, cell biologists are beginning to understand the structure, function and history of these highly organized, complex, chemical factories that are the building blocks of life. Voyage into the microscopic world of prokaryotic, eukaryotic cells, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. 17 minutes, color. direct link to purchase video: www.phoenixlearninggroup.com
http://wn.com/Cell_Biology
The Cell - inside Starghers mind
Diving into it... some of the scenes may be offensive for minors. This is not my work. It's a movie called The Cell; a psychotherapist and an FBI agent journey inside a comatose serial killer in the hopes of saving his latest victim.
http://wn.com/The_Cell__inside_Starghers_mind
Cell Division and the Cell Cycle
This is a 5.5 minute dramatic video choreographed to powerful music, which introduces the viewer to the wonder and miracle of the cell division and cell cycle. It is designed as a motivational "trailer" to be shown by Biology, Biochemistry and Life Science teachers in middle and high school and college as a visual "Introduction" to this miracle of life. As a high school Biology teacher myself, I have found this video to truly inspire my students to want to learn more about the topic. Please rate this video and feel free to comment. If you like it, please help me spread the word via social media. The more students and teachers who can enjoy the wonder of Science, the better. I wish to thank all of the video and music producers whose quality postings enabled me to create this video for educational use. To best enjoy this video, turn up your speakers. The music is very dramatic. Subscribe to my channel for other video trailers in Biology, Earth Science and Astronomy. I will be releasing new ones periodically. I can customize this video to add your name or school name at the end credits for a very modest fee. If interested, email me at "inquiry@gregs-educational.info"
http://wn.com/Cell_Division_and_the_Cell_Cycle
Plant and Animal Cell Overview: The Basics from Thinkwell Biology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Published: 24 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 01 Feb 2012
- Author: ThinkwellVids
bit.ly Try Thinkwell Video Biology for Free. Click this link to try Thinkwell free, no credit card required.
http://wn.com/Plant_and_Animal_Cell_Overview_The_Basics_from_Thinkwell_Biology
'The Cell' excerpt - mother whispers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Published: 26 Mar 2007
- Uploaded: 31 Jan 2012
- Author: reddress000
An excerpt from Tarsem Singh's 'The Cell' (2000), a stupid yet amazingly designed picture. Subtitled for your viewing pleasure. NOTE: As pointed out by users ElectricShark & hijaktaffairs, this scene is apparently visually based on two of Odd Nerdrum's paintings: "Dawn" (1990) and "Sole Morte" (1987). The paintings can be viewed here: www.nerdrum.com www.nerdrum.com
http://wn.com/'The_Cell'_excerpt__mother_whispers
Immune System - Natural Killer Cell
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Published: 29 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 31 Jan 2012
- Author: theFormulation
www.cancerfoundation.com Natural Killer Cells are the most aggressive white cells in the immune system. They make up about 5% to 15% of the total lymphocyte circulating population. They target tumor cell and protect against a wide variety of infectious microbes. Natural Killer Cells are a very important factor in the fight against cancer. Immune Stimulation is the key to keeping the white blood cell count high and giving the Natural Killer Cells a chance to fight cancer and other diseases. Animation created by Kyle Thornthwaite - email: kyle@kt-3d.com
http://wn.com/Immune_System__Natural_Killer_Cell
"The Cell' Trailer
Quicktime video from a German CD-ROM press kit for 'The Cell'. The trailer is in English.
http://wn.com/The_Cell'_Trailer
The Cell Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Published: 04 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Feb 2012
- Author: sciencemusicvideos
This song teaches about the parts of animal and plant cells.
http://wn.com/The_Cell_Song
Powering the Cell: Mitochondria
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Published: 04 Oct 2010
- Uploaded: 01 Feb 2012
- Author: XVIVOAnimation
Together Harvard University and XVIVO developed this 3D animation journey for Harvard's undergraduate Molecular and Cellular Biology students about the microscopic world of mitochondria. The animation highlights the creation of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) -- mobile molecules which store chemical energy derived from the breakdown of carbon-based food. ATP molecules act as a kind of currency, imparting chemical energy to power all the functional components of cellular activity. This piece is the second in a series of award winning animations XVIVO is creating for Harvard's educational website BioVisions at Harvard. The first program, Inner Life of the Cell, received international acclaim and can be seen both on our website and the BioVisions site.
http://wn.com/Powering_the_Cell_Mitochondria
Animal Cell
This is how your complicated cell looks like in your body, it's like another body inside your whole body, it got a lots of organelles like your organs, it have a membrane that acts like your skin, it's like a kingdom in your body!!
http://wn.com/Animal_Cell
The Cell (2000) - First look into Carl's world *HQ*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Published: 14 Mar 2008
- Uploaded: 22 Jan 2012
- Author: BurningFetus
This is a clip from the movie The Cell starring Jennifer Lopez, Vince Vaughn, and Vincent D'Onofrio. Here we get to see the inside of Carl's "world" for the first time as seen in the Director's Cut of the film. *Warning, Graphic Imagery*
http://wn.com/The_Cell_2000__First_look_into_Carl's_world_*HQ*
Cells Cells - Parts of the Cell Rap
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 31 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Feb 2012
- Author: Tunes2Teach
This rap was created for a 6th grade science classroom to teach about the different parts of a cell. With its catchy rhythm and rhymes, students of all learning styles and abilities will be able to learn about cells and their functions while having fun! "Cells, Cells" Original Rap by Ms. Quitmeyer Today's the day were gonna learn about the cell If I teach it okay, you'll know it very well So listen up 6th graders- -no room left for haters- lets talk about the building blocks of life- cells that make us. Chorus: Cells, cells they're made of organelles Try to pull a fast one, the cytoplasm gels The nucleus takes over controllin' everything The party don't stop 'till the membrane blocks the scene Inside the vacuole we can float around for hours Running round with chloroplasts, lovin' sunlight showers Cells, cells, they're made of organelles First things first, there's two different types- animal and plant cells that make up all life. The little things that make up microscopic cells, The main structures- yeah, we call them organelles. Now let's break it down and get some information- How do cells work? It's a crazy combination! -Chorus- The cell membrane is the border patrol, Who can cross over? The membrane lets 'em know The gooey stuff inside, is called the cytoplasm It holds the organelles- don't worry, plasm-has 'em! In the middle of the cell you'll find the big brain, The nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane Don't forget the vacuole filled up with water It's a basic <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Cells_Cells__Parts_of_the_Cell_Rap
Journey Inside The Cell
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Published: 05 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 30 Jan 2012
- Author: DiscoveryInstitute
www.discovery.org This animation shows how the digital information encoded in DNA directs protein synthesis inside the cell and provides a unique look at the evidence for intelligent design as described in Dr. Stephen C. Meyers book Signature in the Cell. For more information visit http Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Website: www.discovery.org
http://wn.com/Journey_Inside_The_Cell
A Tour of the Cell
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Published: 21 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 01 Feb 2012
- Author: bozemanbiology
Mr. Andersen surveys the parts of a typical cell. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic differences are illustrated and important organelles are identified. Images from 'Biology: Concepts and Connections' (6th Ed.) by Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, Dickey; Pearson Education
http://wn.com/A_Tour_of_the_Cell
They Might Be Giants - Cells (official video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Published: 12 Mar 2010
- Uploaded: 01 Feb 2012
- Author: ParticleMen
Support the band--get the audio AND video of Here Comes Science at iTunes bit.ly and the DVD/CD set at Amazon now! bit.ly Video directed byy David Cowles & Jeremy Galante.
http://wn.com/They_Might_Be_Giants__Cells_official_video
Splinter Cell: Lightbulb Assassin
Tweet! bit.ly | FB! on.fb.me facebook.com Twitter! twitter.com twitter.com Third Echelon really has it out for lightbulbs and flourescents, huh? Anyway, we've always been more Metal Gear Solid guys.
http://wn.com/Splinter_Cell_Lightbulb_Assassin
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle | Biology | Genetics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Published: 23 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: greatpacificmedia
To purchase this DVD please visit www.greatpacificmedia.com Segment from the program Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and the Cell Cycle DVD Description Our Mitosis DVD starts by introducing the cell cycle and briefly describing the process of binary fusion in prokaryotic cells before going on to a detailed look at the eukaryotic cell cycle from the G1, S and G2 phases of interphase through the prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase phases of mitosis. The difference between cytokinesis in animal and plant cells is then illustrated. The program concludes by explaining why an understanding of cellular division is critical to: conquering cancer, cloning organs, and perhaps even reversing aging.
http://wn.com/Eukaryotic_Cell_Cycle_|_Biology_|_Genetics
The wonders of a tiny cell
a brief animation of one of the few things that happend in a cell. Thats when we start to scratch on the surface of some true complex systems. en.wikipedia.org Oh, and this video does in no way say that there is a "God" behind it all. We should atleast learn 1 thing from this, and that is that we really dont know much, yet.
http://wn.com/The_wonders_of_a_tiny_cell
Cell Phone Crashing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Published: 09 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 02 Feb 2012
- Author: MediocreFilms
Please Tweet it! clicktotweet.com What do strangers do when you "crash" their cell phone conversations? The answer might just surprise you! Shot in San Francisco, CA over Thanksgiving weekend. Special thanks to my beautiful wife Kim Evey for operating camera, and to the three surprisingly nice people whose calls I crashed! Is everyone that nice in San Francisco??? music by audionautix (Jason Shaw) www.youtube.com A lot of you ask how I record the sound in these videos. I use a Sennheiser wireless lavaliere mic (hidden under my sweater, by the breast bone), and shoot with a small, inexpensive Canon HD camera (HFR200) that the audio receiver plugs directly into. Sometimes I use a lavalier mic that I've hidden in the top of a ball point pen, and it sits in my pocket. If you'd like to see how I rigged that, check out this video: www.youtube.com Tags: cellphone "cell phone" phone crashing crasher crasher "phone call" call strangers improv parody pranks spoof video hidden camera idiot funny silly crazy weird dumb prank video cute girl guy comedy comedian jokes goofy fun interview happy television tv movie "hidden camera" web series internet talk talking speak speaking entertainment "sketch comedy" "web series" "home video" man woman dude
http://wn.com/Cell_Phone_Crashing
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NASA / Ras67![Solar cell panels in eastern Morocco. In 2008, about 56% of the electricity source of Morocco came from coal.[90] However, a new law passed encouraging Moroccans to use more renewable resources.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120214225955im_/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/8d/4c/89afa194134d3bbff1f5e8553805_small.jpg "Solar cell panels in eastern Morocco. In 2008, about 56% of the electricity source of Morocco came from coal.[90] However, a new law passed encouraging Moroccans to use more renewable resources.")
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![Solar cell panels in eastern Morocco. In 2008, about 56% of the electricity source of Morocco came from coal.[90] However, a new law passed encouraging Moroccans to use more renewable resources.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120214225955/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/8d/4c/89afa194134d3bbff1f5e8553805_medium.jpg "Solar cell panels in eastern Morocco. In 2008, about 56% of the electricity source of Morocco came from coal.[90] However, a new law passed encouraging Moroccans to use more renewable resources.")
photo: GFDL / Rico Shen
14 Feb 2012
(Bloomberg) — Sprint Nextel Corp. is in talks to use new Alcatel-Lucent telecommunications gear designed to help wireless networks handle more calls. The discussions reflect the industry’s...
photo: Creative Commons / williambrawley
14 Feb 2012
February 14, 2012 -- Updated 2100 GMT (0500 HKT) Experts say it's vital for doctors to discuss which treatments work, which don't, and why. (Health.com) -- Roughly 20% of the antibiotic prescriptions...
photo: WN / Emico Silalahi
14 Feb 2012
Love is in the air. Not the actual atmosphere, of course, because that’s full of nitrogren, oxygen and water vapor with some local pollutants and the occasional pheromones. Love is in the...
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| Name | Cello |
|---|---|
| Names | Violoncello |
| Image capt | Cello, front and side view |
| Background | String |
| Hornbostel sachs | 321.322-71 |
| Hornbostel sachs desc | Composite chordophone sounded by a bow |
| Developed | about 1660 from the bass violin |
| Range | |
| Related | *Violin family (violin, viola)
|
| Musicians | *List of Cellists |
| Articles | }} |
A person who plays a cello is called a cellist. The cello is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music, in a string orchestra and as a member of the string section of an orchestra. It is the second largest bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra, the double bass being the largest.
Cellos were derived from other mid- to large-sized bowed instruments in the 16th century, such as the viola da gamba, and the generally smaller and squarer viola da braccio, and such instruments made by members of the Amati family of luthiers. The invention of wire-wrapped strings in Bologna gave the cello greater versatility. By the 18th century the cello had largely replaced other mid-sized bowed instruments.
Etymology
The name ''cello'' is an abbreviation of the Italian ''violoncello'', which means "little violone", or referring to the violone ("big viol"), the lowest-pitched instrument of the viol family, the group of string instruments that went out of fashion around the end of the 17th century in most countries except France, where they survived another half-century or so before the louder violin family came into greater favour in that country too. Thus, the name carries both an augmentative ''"-one"'' ("big") and a diminutive ''"-cello"'' ("little"). By the turn of the 20th century, it had grown customary to abbreviate the name violoncello to 'cello, with the apostrophe indicating the six missing prefix letters. It is now customary to use the name "cello" without the apostrophe and as a full designation. The word derives ultimately from ''vitula'', meaning a stringed instrument.
Description
Cellos are tuned in fifths, starting with C2 (two octaves below middle C) as the lowest string, followed by G2, D3, and A3. It is tuned in same intervals as the viola, but an octave lower. Unlike the violin or viola but similar to the double bass, the cello has a endpin resting on the floor in order to support its heavy weight. The cellist Paul Tortelier is credited with inventing a bent pin, enabling the instrument to lie more horizontally than vertically.The cello is most closely associated with European classical music, and has been described as the closest sounding instrument to the male human voice. The instrument is a part of the standard orchestra and is the bass voice of the string quartet, as well as being part of many other chamber groups. A large number of concertos and sonatas have been written for the cello.
Among the most well-known Baroque works for the cello are Johann Sebastian Bach's six unaccompanied Suites. The ''Prelude'' from the ''First Suite'' is particularly famous. From the Classical era, the two concertos by Joseph Haydn in C major and D major stand out, as do the five sonatas for cello and pianoforte of Ludwig van Beethoven, which span the important three periods of his compositional evolution. Romantic era repertoire includes the Robert Schumann Concerto, the Antonín Dvořák Concerto as well as the two sonatas and the Double Concerto by Johannes Brahms. Compositions from the early 20th century include Edward Elgar's Cello Concerto in E minor, Claude Debussy's Sonata for Cello and Piano and unaccompanied cello sonatas by Zoltán Kodály and Paul Hindemith. The cello's versatility made it popular with composers in the mid- to late 20th century such as Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich, Benjamin Britten, György Ligeti and Henri Dutilleux, encouraged by soloists who specialized in contemporary music (such as Siegfried Palm and Mstislav Rostropovich) commissioning from and collaborating with composers.
Today the instrument is less common in popular music, but was commonly used in 1970's pop and disco music. Today it is still sometimes featured in pop and rock recordings, examples of which are noted later in this article. The cello has also recently appeared in major hip-hop and R & B performances, such as singers Rihanna and Ne-Yo's performance at the American Music Awards. The instrument has also been modified for Indian classical music by Nancy Lesh and Saskia Rao-de Haas.
History
The history of bowed string musical instruments in Europe dates back to the 9th century with the ''lira'' (''Greek: λύρα, Latin: lūrā''), the bowed instrument of the Byzantine Empire, equivalent to the rabāb of the Islamic Empires. The Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih (d. 911) of the 9th century, in his lexicographical discussion of instruments, cited the Byzantine lira as a typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the ''urghun'' (organ), ''shilyani'' (probably a type of harp or lyre) and the ''salandj''. The Byzantine lira spread through Europe westward and in the 11th and 12th centuries European writers use the terms ''fiddle'' and ''lira'' interchangeably when referring to bowed instruments (Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009). In the meantime the Arab rabāb was introduced to the Western Europe possibly through the Iberian Peninsula and both bowed instruments spread widely throughout Europe giving birth to various European bowed instruments.Over the centuries that followed, Europe continued to have two distinct types of bowed instruments: one, relatively square-shaped, held in the arms, known with the Italian term Lira da braccio (or ''Viola da braccio'', meaning ''viol for the arm''), family of the modern violin; the other, with sloping shoulders and held between the knees, known with the Italian term Lira da gamba (or ''viola da gamba'', meaning ''viol for the leg''), family of the Byzantine lyra and the modern Cello. During the Renaissance, the gambas were important and elegant instruments; they eventually lost ground to the louder (and originally less aristocratic) ''lira da braccio''. However, the ''a gamba'' playing position remained popular to larger instruments that could not be played with ''a braccio'' position.
The violoncello da spalla (sometimes "violoncello piccolo da spalla" or "violoncello da span") was the first cello referred to in print (by Jambe de Fer in 1556). "Violone" means a larger "viola" (viol), while "-cello" in Italian is a diminutive and spalla means "shoulder" in Italian so that violoncello da spalla suggest a "little big violin" that may be held on the shoulder so that the player could perform while walking or that the early, short-necked instrument was hung across the shoulder by a strap.
Monteverdi referred to the instrument as "basso de viola da braccio" in ''Orfeo'' (1607). Although the first bass violin, possibly invented by Amati as early as 1538, was most likely inspired by the viol, it was created to be used in consorts with the violin. The bass violin was actually often referred to as a ''"violone,"'' or "large viola," as were the viols of the same period. Instruments that share features with both the bass violin and the ''viola de gamba'' appear in Italian art of the early 16th century.
The invention of wire-wound strings (fine wire around a thin gut core), around 1660 in Bologna, allowed for a finer bass sound than was possible with purely gut strings on such a short body. Bolognese makers exploited this new technology to create the cello, a somewhat smaller instrument suitable for solo repertoire due to both the timbre of the instrument and the fact that the smaller size made it easier to play virtuosic passages. This instrument had disadvantages as well, however. The cello's light sound was not as suitable for church and ensemble playing, so it had to be doubled by basses or violones.
Around 1700, Italian players popularized the cello in northern Europe, although the bass violin (basse de violon) continued to be used for another two decades in France. Many existing bass violins were literally cut down in size to convert them into cellos according to the smaller pattern developed by Stradivarius, who also made a number of old pattern large cellos (the 'Servais'). The bass violin remained the "most used" instrument in England as late as 1740, where the violoncello was still "not common." The sizes, names, and tunings of the cello varied widely by geography and time. The size was not standardized until around 1750.
Despite similarities to the viola da gamba, the cello is actually part of the viola da braccio family, meaning "viol of the arm," which includes, among others, the violin and viola. Though paintings like Bruegel's "The Rustic Wedding" and de Fer in his ''Epitome Musical'' suggest that the bass violin had alternate playing positions, these were short-lived and the more practical and ergonomic ''a gamba'' position eventually replaced them entirely.
Baroque era cellos differed from the modern instrument in several ways. The neck has a different form and angle, which matches the baroque bass-bar and stringing. Modern cellos have an endpin at the bottom to support the instrument (and transmit some of the sound through the floor), while Baroque cellos are held only by the calves of the player. Modern bows curve in and are held at the frog; Baroque bows curve out and are held closer to the bow's point of balance. Modern strings normally have a metal core, although some use a synthetic core; Baroque strings are made of gut, with the G and C strings wire-wound. Modern cellos often have fine-tuners connecting the strings to the tailpiece, which make it much easier to tune the instrument, but such pins are rendered ineffective by the flexibility of the gut strings used on Baroque cellos. Overall, the modern instrument has much higher string tension than the Baroque cello, resulting in a louder, more projecting tone, with fewer overtones.
No educational works specifically devoted to the cello existed before the 18th century, and those that do exist contain little value to the performer beyond simple accounts of instrumental technique. The earliest cello manual is Michel Corrette's ''Méthode, thèorique et pratique pour apprendre en peu de temps le violoncelle dans sa perfection'' (Paris, 1741).
Current use
Orchestral
Cellos are part of the standard symphony orchestra, which usually includes eight to twelve players. The cello section, in standard orchestral seating, is located on stage left (the audience's right) in the front, opposite the first violin section. However, some orchestras and conductors prefer switching the positioning of the viola and cello sections. The ''principal'' cellist is the section leader, determining bowings for the section in conjunction with other string principals, and playing solos. Principal players always sit closest to the audience.The cellos are a critical part of orchestral music; all symphonic works involve the cello section, and many pieces require cello soli or solos. Much of the time, cellos provide part of the harmony for the orchestra. On many occasions, the cello section will play the melody for a brief period of time, before returning to the harmony. There are also cello concertos, which are orchestral pieces in which a featured, solo cellist is accompanied by an entire orchestra.
Solo
There are numerous cello concertos - where a solo cello is accompanied by an orchestra - notably 25 by Vivaldi, 12 by Boccherini, 2 by Haydn, 3 by C.P.E. Bach, 2 by Saint-Saëns, 1 by Dvořák, and one each by Schumann, Lalo, and Elgar. Beethoven's Triple Concerto for Cello, Violin and Piano and Brahms' Double Concerto for Cello and Violin are also part of the concertante repertoire although in both cases the cello shares solo duties with at least one other instrument. Moreover, several composers wrote large-scale pieces for cello and orchestra, which are concertos in all but name. Some familiar "concertos" are Strauss' tone poem Don Quixote, Tchaikovsky's Variations on a Rococo Theme, Bloch's Schelomo and Bruch's Kol Nidrei.In the 20th century, the cello repertoire grew immensely. This was partly due to the influence of virtuoso cellist Mstislav Rostropovich who inspired, commissioned and/or premiered dozens of new works. Among these, Prokofiev's ''Symphonia Concertante'', Britten's ''Cello Symphony'' and the concertos of Shostakovich, Lutosławski and Dutilleux have already become part of the standard repertoire. Other major composers who wrote concertante works for him include Messiaen, Berio and Penderecki. In addition, Hindemith, Barber, Honegger, Villa-Lobos, Myaskovsky, Walton, Glass, Rodrigo, Arnold, Penderecki and Ligeti also wrote major concertos for other cellists, notably for Gregor Piatigorsky, Siegfried Palm and Julian Lloyd Webber.
There are also many sonatas for cello and piano. Those written by Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Brahms, Grieg, Rachmaninoff, Debussy, Fauré, Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Poulenc, Carter, and Britten are the most famous. Other important pieces for cello and piano include Schumann's five ''Stücke im Volkston'' and transcriptions like Schubert's sonata in a minor (originally for arpeggione and piano), Stravinsky's ''Suite Italienne'' (transcribed by the composer from his ballet ''Pulcinella'') and Bartók's first rhapsody (also transcribed by the composer, originally for violin and piano)
Finally, there are several pieces for cello solo, most importantly J.S. Bach's six Suites for Cello (arguably the most important cello pieces), Kodály's ''Sonata for Solo Cello'' and Britten's three Cello Suites. Other notable examples include Hindemith's and Ysaÿe's ''Sonatas for Solo Cello'', Dutilleux' ''Trois Strophes sur le Nom de Sacher'', Berio's ''Les Mots Sont Allés'' (both part of a series of twelve compositions for solo cello commissioned by Rostropovich for Swiss conductor Paul Sacher's 70th birthday), Cassado's "Suite for Solo Cello", Ligeti's ''Sonata'', Carter's two ''Figment''s and Xenakis' ''Nomos Alpha'' and ''Kottos''.
Quartets and other ensembles
The cello is a member of the traditional string quartet as well as string quintets, sextet or trios and other mixed ensembles. There are also pieces written for two, three, four or more cellos; this type of ensemble is also called a "cello choir" and its sound is familiar from the introduction to Rossini's William Tell Overture as well as Zaccharias' prayer scene in Verdi's Nabucco. As a self-sufficient ensemble, its most famous repertoire is Villa-Lobos' first of his Bachianas Brasileiras for cello ensemble (the fifth is for soprano and 8 cellos). Other examples are Offenbach's cello duets, quartet, and sextet, Pärt's Fratres for 8 cellos and Boulez' ''Messagesquisse'' for 7 cellos, or even Villa-Lobos' rarely played ''Fantasia Concertante'' (1958) for 32 cellos. The Twelve Cellists of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (or "the Twelve" as they have since taken to being called) specialize in this repertoire and have commissioned many works, including arrangements of well-known popular songs.
Popular music, jazz and neoclassical
Though the cello is less common in popular music than in classical music, it is sometimes featured in pop and rock recordings. The cello is rarely part of a group's standard lineup but like its cousin the violin it is becoming more common in mainstream pop (e.g. the baroque rock band Arcade Fire uses the cello in their songs).In the 1960s, artists such as the Beatles and Cher used the cello in popular music, in songs such as "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)", "Eleanor Rigby" and "Strawberry Fields Forever". Bass guitarist Jack Bruce, who had originally studied music on a performance scholarship for cello, played a prominent cello part in "As You Said" on Cream's ''Wheels of Fire'' studio album (1968). In the 1970s, the Electric Light Orchestra enjoyed great commercial success taking inspiration from so-called "Beatlesque" arrangements, adding the cello (and violin) to the standard rock combo line-up and in 1978 the UK based rock band, Colosseum II, collaborated with cellist Julian Lloyd Webber on the recording ''Variations''. Most notably, Pink Floyd included a cello solo in their 1970 epic instrumental "Atom Heart Mother". Bass guitarist Mike Rutherford of Genesis was originally a cellist and included some cello parts in their ''Foxtrot'' album.
Established non-traditional cello groups include Apocalyptica, a group of Finnish cellists best known for their versions of Metallica songs, Rasputina, a group of cellists committed to an intricate cello style intermingled with Gothic music, Von Cello, a cello fronted rock power trio, Break of Reality who mix elements of classical music with the more modern rock and metal genre, and Jelloslave () a Minneapolis based Cello duo with two percussionists. These groups are examples of a style that has become known as cello rock. The crossover string quartet bond also includes a cellist. Silenzium and Vivacello are Russian (Novosibirsk) groups playing rock and metal and having more and more popularity in Siberia. Cold Fairyland from Shanghai China is using a cello along a Pipa as the main solo instrument to create East meets West progressive (folk) rock.
More recent bands using the cello are Aerosmith, Nirvana, Oasis, Murder by Death, Cursive, A Genuine Freakshow, Smashing Pumpkins, James, and OneRepublic. An Atlanta-based trio, King Richard's Sunday Best, also uses a cellist in their lineup. So-called "chamber pop" artists like Kronos Quartet, The Vitamin String Quartet and Margot and the Nuclear So and So's have also recently made cello common in modern alternative rock. Heavy metal band System of a Down has also made use of the cello's rich sound. The indie rock band The Stiletto Formal are known for using a cello as a major staple of their sound, similarly, the indie rock band Canada employs two cello players in their lineup. The orch-rock group, The Polyphonic Spree, which has pioneered the use of stringed and symphonic instruments, employs the cello in very creative ways for many of their "psychedelic-esque" melodies. The first wave screamo band I Would Set Myself On Fire For You featured a cello as well as a viola to create a more folk-oriented sound. The band, Panic! At the Disco uses a cello in their song, "Build God, Then We'll Talk." The lead vocalist of the band, Brendon Urie, also did the recording of the cello solo.
In jazz, bassists Oscar Pettiford and Harry Babasin were among the first to use the cello as a solo instrument; both tuned their instrument in fourths, an octave above the double bass. Fred Katz (who was not a bassist) was one of the first notable jazz cellists to use the instrument's standard tuning and arco technique. Contemporary jazz cellists include Abdul Wadud, Diedre Murray, Ron Carter, Dave Holland, David Darling, Lucio Amanti, Akua Dixon, Ernst Reijseger, Fred Lonberg-Holm, Tom Cora, Vincent Courtois, Jean-Charles Capon, Erik Friedlander, and James Hinkley of jazz combo ''Billet-Deux''.
Modern musical theatre pieces like Jason Robert Brown's The Last Five Years, Duncan Sheik's Spring Awakening, Adam Guettel's Floyd Collins, and Ricky Ian Gordon's My Life with Albertine use small string ensembles (including solo cellos) to a prominent extent.
The cello can also be used in bluegrass and folk music, with notable players including Ben Sollee of the Sparrow Quartet and the "Cajun cellist" Sean Grissom as well as Damien Rice. Lindsay Mac is becoming well known for playing the cello like a guitar, with her cover of The Beatles Blackbird a big hit on The Bob & Tom Show.
Construction
The cello is typically made from wood, although other materials such as carbon fibre or aluminum may be used. A traditional cello has a spruce top, with maple for the back, sides, and neck. Other woods, such as poplar or willow, are sometimes used for the back and sides. Less expensive cellos frequently have tops and backs made of laminated wood.The top and back are traditionally hand-carved, though less expensive cellos are often machine-produced. The sides, or ribs, are made by heating the wood and bending it around forms. The cello body has a wide top bout, narrow middle formed by two C-bouts, and wide bottom bout, with the bridge and F holes just below the middle.
The top and back of the cello has decorative border inlay known as purfling. While purfling is attractive, it is also functional: if the instrument is struck, the purfling can prevent cracking of the wood. A crack may form at the rim of the instrument, but will spread no further. Without purfling, cracks can spread up or down the top or back. Playing, traveling and the weather all affect the cello and can increase a crack if purfling is not in place. Less expensive instruments typically have painted purfling.
Alternative materials
Cello manufacturer Luis & Clark constructs cellos from carbon fibre. Carbon fibre instruments are particularly suitable for outdoor playing because of the strength of the material and its resistance to humidity and temperature fluctuations. Luis & Clark has produced over 600 such cellos, some of which are owned by cellists such as Yo-Yo Ma and Josephine van Lier.In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) as well as German luthier G.A. Pfretzschner produced an unknown number of aluminum cellos (in addition to aluminum double basses and violins). An advertisement published in N.Y. Music Service catalogue (1930) reads: "...made entirely of aluminum with the exception of the fingerboard. They have many advantages over the wood basses and violoncellos, as they cannot crack, split or warp and are made to last forever ... possessing a tone quality that is deep, resonant and responsive to the utmost degree. Violoncello $150." Only a handful of aluminum cellos exist today including a Pfretzschner played by modern classical cellist Frances-Marie Uitti, another played by bluegrass cellist Stan Young.
Neck, pegbox, and scroll
Above the main body is the carved neck, which leads to a pegbox and the scroll. The neck, pegbox, and scroll are normally carved out of a single piece of wood. Attached to the neck and extending over the body of the instrument is the fingerboard. The nut is a raised piece of wood, where the fingerboard meets the pegbox, which the strings rest on. The pegbox houses four tuning pegs, one for each string. The pegs are used to tune the cello by either tightening or loosening the string. The scroll is a traditional part of the cello and all other members of the violin family. Ebony is usually used for the tuning pegs, fingerboard, and nut, but other hard woods, such as boxwood or rosewood, can be used.
Strings
Strings on a cello have cores made out of gut (sheep or goat), metal, or synthetic materials, such as Perlon. Most modern strings used today are also wound with metallic materials like aluminum, titanium and chromium. Cellists may mix different types of strings on their instruments. The pitches of the open strings are C, G, D, and A (black note heads in the playing range figure above), unless alternative tuning (scordatura) is used.
Tailpiece and endpin
The tailpiece and endpin are found in the lower part of the cello. The tailpiece is traditionally made of ebony or another hard wood, but can also be made of plastic or steel. It attaches the strings to the lower end of the cello, and can have one or more fine tuners. The endpin or spike is made of wood, metal or rigid carbon fibre and supports the cello in playing position. In the Baroque period the cello was held between the calves. Around the 1830s, the Belgian cellist Auguste Adrien Servais introduced the endpin and propagated its use. Modern endpins are retractable and adjustable; older ones were removed when not in use. (The word "endpin" sometimes also refers to the button of wood located at this place in all instruments in the violin family, but this is usually called "tailpin".) The sharp tip of the cello's endpin is sometimes capped with a rubber tip that protects the tip from dulling and prevents the cello from slipping on the floor.
Bridge and f-holes
The bridge holds the strings above the cello and transfers their vibrations to the top of the instrument and the soundpost inside (see below). The bridge is not glued, but rather held in place by the tension of the strings. The f-holes, named for their shape, are located on either side of the bridge, and allow air to move in and out of the instrument as part of the sound-production process. The f-holes also act as access points to the interior of the cello for repairs or maintenance. Sometimes a small hose containing a water-soaked sponge, called a Dampit, is inserted through the f-holes, and serves as a humidifier.
Internal features
Internally, the cello has two important features: a bass bar, which is glued to the underside of the top of the instrument, and a round wooden sound post, which is wedged between the top and bottom plates. The bass bar, found under the bass foot of the bridge, serves to support the cello's top and distribute the vibrations. The sound post, found under the treble side of the bridge, connects the back and front of the cello. Like the bridge, the sound post is not glued, but is kept in place by the tensions of the bridge and strings. Together, the bass bar and sound post transfer the strings' vibrations to the top (front) of the instrument (and to a lesser extent the back), acting as a diaphragm to produce the instrument's sound.
Glue
Cellos are constructed and repaired using hide glue, which is strong but reversible, allowing for disassembly when needed. Tops may be glued on with diluted glue, since some repairs call for the removal of the top. Theoretically, hide glue is weaker than the body's wood, so as the top or back shrinks side-to-side, the glue holding it will let go, avoiding a crack in the plate.
Bow
Traditionally, bows are made from pernambuco or brazilwood. Both come from the same species of tree (''Caesalpina echinata''), but pernambuco, used for higher-quality bows, is the heartwood of the tree and is darker in color than brazilwood (which is sometimes stained to compensate). Pernambuco is a heavy, resinous wood with great elasticity, which makes it an ideal wood for instrument bows.Bows are also made from other materials, such as carbon-fibre—stronger than wood—and fiberglass (often used to make inexpensive, low-quality student bows). An average cello bow is 73 cm long (shorter than a violin or viola bow) 3 cm high (from the frog to the stick) and 1.5 cm wide. The frog of a cello bow typically has a rounded corner like that of a viola bow, but is wider. A cello bow is roughly 10 grams heavier than a viola bow, which in turn is roughly 10 grams heavier than a violin bow.
Bow hair is traditionally horsehair, though synthetic hair, in varying colors, is also used. Prior to playing, the musician tightens the bow by turning a screw to pull the frog (the part of the bow under the hand) back, and increase the tension of the hair. Rosin is applied by the player to make the hairs sticky. Bows need to be re-haired periodically.
Baroque style (1600–1750) cello bows were much thicker and were formed with a larger outward arch when compared to modern cello bows. The inward arch of a modern cello bow produces greater tension, which in turn gives off a louder sound.
The cello bow, though not made conventionally for the use, has also been used to play guitars. The post-rock Icelandic band Sigur Rós' lead singer often plays a guitar using a cello bow, as did Jimmy Page on tracks such as "Dazed and Confused".
Physics
Physical Aspects
When a string is bowed or plucked, it vibrates, or moves the air around it, producing sound waves. Because the string is quite thin, not as much air is moved, and consequently the sound is weak. In acoustic stringed instruments such as the cello, this lack of volume is solved by mounting the vibrating string on a larger body. The vibrations are transmitted to the larger body, which can move more air and produce a louder sound. The design of the instrument produces variations in the instrument’s vibrational patterns and thus changes the character of the sound produced.A string’s fundamental pitch can be adjusted by changing its stiffness, which depends on tension and length. Tightening a string stiffens it by increasing both the outward forces along its length and the net forces it experiences during a distortion. A cello can be tuned by adjusting the tension in its strings using pegs in its neck and tension adjusters (fine tuners) on the tail piece.
A string’s length also affects its fundamental pitch. Shortening a string stiffens it by increasing its curvature during a distortion and subjecting it to larger net forces. Shortening the string also reduces its mass. Since a stiffer string with a smaller mass vibrates faster, shortening a string increases the pitch. Because of this effect, you can raise and change the pitch of a string by pressing it against the fingerboard in the cello’s neck and effectively shortening it.
For the cello, the main wood resonance generally appears very close to the note F#2, often with serious consequences. When the cellist plays the note F#2, the main wood resonance vibrates at its frequency as the cello sounds the frequency of the note F#2. A loud beating sound results between these nearby frequencies; this is known as the “wolf tone” because it is an unpleasant growling sound. The wood resonance appears to be split into two frequencies by the driving force of the sounding string. These two periodic resonances beat with each other. This wolf tone must be eliminated or significantly reduced for the cello to play the nearby notes with a pleasant tone. This can be accomplished by modifying the cello front plate, attaching a wolf eliminator, or moving the sound post.
Harmonics
A vibrating string subdivides itself into many parts vibrating at the same time. Each part produces a pitch of its own, called a partial. A vibrating string has one fundamental and a series of partials. The most pure combination of two pitches is when one is double the frequency of the other.
Playing technique
Body position
The cello is played while seated. Its weight is supported mainly by its endpin or spike, which rests on the floor. The cello is steadied on the lower bout between the knees of the seated player, and on the upper bout against the upper chest. The neck of the cello is above the player's left shoulder, and the C-String tuning peg is just behind the left ear. The bow is drawn horizontally across the strings. In early times, female cellists sometimes played side-saddle, since it was considered improper for a lady to part her knees in public. A player's handedness does not alter the way the cello is held or used. In rare cases, a player has used a mirror-image posture—usually because of a physical disability of the arm or hand that makes the required technique impossible for that side of the body. In such a situation, the player must decide whether or not to reverse the set-up of the cello (the string positions, bass-bar, sound post, fingerboard shape, and bridge carving are all asymmetrical).
Left hand technique
The left hand fingertips stop the strings along their length, determining the pitch of each fingered note. Stopping the string closer to the bridge results in higher-pitched sound, because the vibrating string length has been shortened. In the ''neck'' positions (which use just less than half of the fingerboard, nearest the top of the instrument), the thumb rests on the back of the neck; in ''thumb position'' (a general name for notes on the remainder of the fingerboard) the thumb usually rests alongside the fingers on the string and the side of the thumb is used to play notes. The fingers are normally held curved with each knuckle bent, with the fingertips in contact with the string. If a finger is required on two (or more) strings at once to play perfect fifths (in double stops or chords) it is used flat. In slower, or more expressive playing, the contact point can move slightly away from the nail to the pad of the finger, allowing a fuller vibrato.
Vibrato
Vibrato is a small oscillation in the pitch of a note, usually considered expressive. It is not created by an upper arm motion; rather, it is more of forearm motion. The fixed point of contact of the fingertip on the string absorbs this motion by rocking back and forth. This change in the attitude of the fingertip to the string varies the pitch. Since vibrato is usually considered a key expressive device, a well-developed vibrato technique is an essential element of a modern cellist's skill. In some styles of music, such as that of the Romantic period, vibrato may be used on almost every note. However, in other styles, such as Baroque repertoire, vibrato is used only rarely, as an ornament. In any case, the choice of whether to use vibrato, and how much, is normally a stylistic decision on the part of the player. Typically, the lower the pitch of the note played, the wider and slower the vibrato.
Harmonics
Harmonics played on the cello fall into two classes; natural and artificial. Natural harmonics are produced by lightly touching (but not depressing) the string with the finger at certain places, and then bowing (or, rarely, plucking) the string. For example, the halfway point of the string will produce a harmonic that is one octave above the unfingered (open) string. Natural harmonics only produce notes that are part of the harmonic series on a particular string. Artificial harmonics (also called false harmonics or stopped harmonics), in which the player depresses the string fully with one finger while touching the same string lightly with another finger, can produce any note above middle C. They usually appear with the touching note a perfect fourth above the stopped note, which produces a sound two octaves above the stopped note, although other intervals are available. All harmonics produce a distinctive flute-like sound, and are usually performed without vibrato.
Glissando
Glissando (Italian for "sliding") is an effect played by sliding the finger up or down the fingerboard without releasing the string. This causes the pitch to rise and fall smoothly, without separate, discernible steps.
Right hand technique
In cello playing, the bow is much like the breath of a wind instrument player. Arguably, it is the major determinant in the expressiveness of the playing. The right hand holds the bow and controls the duration and character of the notes. The bow is drawn across the strings roughly halfway between the end of the fingerboard and the bridge, in a direction perpendicular to the strings. The bow is held with all five fingers of the right hand, the thumb opposite the fingers and closer to the cellist's body. The shape of the hand should resemble that of its relaxed state, with all fingers curved, including the thumb. The transmission of weight from the arm to the bow happens through the pronation (inward rotation) of the forearm, which pushes the index finger and to a lesser degree the middle finger onto the bow. The necessary counterforce is provided by the thumb. Depending upon the school of training, the other two fingers are used in various degrees to help maintain the angle of the bow to the string and are critical to controlling the bow when it is off the string. (See also spiccato).In English, the terminology for bow direction (''up'' and ''down'') can be misleading. A downbow is drawn to the right of the player, and an upbow to the left. A downbow is drawn by first using the upper arm, then the forearm, then the wrist (turning slightly inward) to maintain a straight stroke. An upbow is drawn by moving first the forearm, then the upper arm, then the wrist (pushing slightly upward). The bow is mostly used perpendicular to the strings. To perform string changes the whole arm is either lowered or lifted, with as little wrist movement as possible to maintain the angle to the string. However, flexibility of the wrist is necessary when changing the bow direction from up-bow to down-bow and vice versa. For very fast bow movements, the wrist is used to accomplish the horizontal movement of the bow. For longer strokes, the arm is used as well as the wrist.
Tone production and volume of sound depend on a combination of several factors. The three most important ones are: bow speed, weight applied to the string, and point of contact of the bow hair with the string. A good player will be capable of a very even tone, and will counter the natural tendency to play with the most force with the part of the bow nearest to the frog or heel, and the least force near the tip. The closer to the bridge the string is bowed, the more projecting and brighter the tone, with the extreme (''sul ponticello'') producing a metallic, shimmery sound. If bowing closer to the fingerboard (''sul tasto''), the sound produced will be softer, more mellow, and less defined.
Double stops
Double stops involve the playing of two notes at the same time. Two strings are fingered simultaneously, and the bow is drawn so as to sound them both at once. Triple and quadruple stops may also be played (in a "broken" fashion), but are difficult to sustain because of the change in slope of the bridge. To extend the technique in this area, Frances-Marie Uitti has invented a two-bow system: one bow plays above the strings and one below, allowing for sustained triple and quadruple stops. However, this technique is very rarely seen or used.
Pizzicato
In pizzicato playing, the string is plucked directly with the fingers or thumb. Position of the hand is slightly over the finger board and away from the bridge. Usually this is done with the right hand, while the bow is held away from the strings by the rest of the hand or (for extended passages) set down. A single string can be played ''pizzicato,'' or double, triple, or quadruple stops can be played. Occasionally, a player must bow one string with the right hand and simultaneously pluck another with the left. This is marked by a "+" above the note. Strumming of chords is also possible, in guitar fashion.
Col legno
A player using the Col legno technique rubs the strings with the wood of the bow rather than the hair. There are two forms, ''col legno battuto'' and ''col legno tratto''. ''Col legno battuto'' is performed as a percussive technique with no sustaining of the sound. The much less common alternative is ''col legno tratto'', wherein the wood is drawn across the string as the hair is in a normal bow stroke. Some players refuse to use this technique because of potential damage to the bow.
Spiccato
In spiccato playing, the strings are not "drawn" by the bow hair but struck by it, while still retaining some horizontal motion, to generate a more percussive, crisp sound. It may be performed by using the wrist to "dip" the bow into the strings. Spiccato is usually associated with lively playing. On a violin, ''spiccato'' bowing comes off the string, but on a cello, the wood of the bow may rise briskly up without the hair actually leaving the string. While playing spiccato, the bow is literally bouncing off the string. Cello players simply "dip" the bow into the string, and touch it very fast, and then lift the bow off the string.
Staccato
In staccato, the player moves the bow a small distance and stops it on the string, making a short sound, the rest of the written duration being taken up by silence.
Legato
Legato is a technique where the notes are smoothly connected without accents or breaks.
Sul ponticello/sul tasto
''Sul ponticello'' ("on the bridge") refers to bowing closer to the bridge, while ''sul tasto'' ("on the fingerboard") calls for bowing nearer the end of the fingerboard. (While reading music, "tasto" can also mean to play with the bow in normal postiton when having been playing "ponticello") Ponticello calls for more bow weight and slower bow speed, and produces a "harder" sound, with strong overtone content. Sul tasto, in extreme cases called "flautando," produces a more flute-like sound, with more emphasis on the fundamental frequency of the note, and softer overtones.
Con/Senza sord.
This refers to using a mute, or sordino, which is placed on the bridge to mellow or soften the tone, or to take it off.
Sizes
Standard-sized cellos are referred to as "full-size". However, cellos come in smaller (fractional) sizes, from "7/8" and "3/4" down to "1/16" sized cellos (e.g. 7/8, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/10, 1/16). The smaller-sized cellos are identical to standard cellos in construction, range, and usage, but are simply 'scaled-down' for the benefit of children and shorter adults. Note that a "half-size" cello is half the volume of a full-size, not half the length (i.e., the 1/8-size cello would be "half-size" in terms of length). A 1/10-size cello, for example, which is meant to be used by small children, is only slightly larger than a violin (and as such can be played by an adult player like one), but about twice as thick, and the C string tends to be quite slack due to the difficulty for such a small string to produce a sound that low. Many smaller cellists prefer to play a "7/8" cello as the hand stretches in the lower positions are less demanding. Although rare, cellos in sizes larger than 4/4 do exist. Cellists with unusually large hands may play a slightly larger than full-sized cello. Cellos made before approximately 1700 tended to be considerably larger than those made and commonly played today.Around 1680, string-making technology made lower pitches on shorter strings possible. The cellos of Stradivari, for example, can be clearly divided into two models, the style made before 1702 characterized by larger instruments (of which only three exist in their original size and configuration), and the style made during and after 1702, when Stradivari, presumably in response to the "new" strings, began making smaller cellos. This later model is the one most commonly used by modern luthiers.
| ! Approximate dimensions for 4/4 size cello | ! Average size (cm) | ! Average size (in) |
| Approximate width horizontally from A peg to C peg ends | 16 | 6 - 5/16 |
| Back length excluding half round where neck joins | 75.5 | 29 - 3/4 |
| Upper bouts (shoulders) | 34 | 13 - 3/8 |
| Lower bouts (hips) | 44 | 17 - 3/8 |
| Bridge height | 9 | 3 - 9/16 |
| Rib depth at shoulders including edges of front and back | 12.5 | 4 - 15/16 |
| Rib depth at hips including edges | 12.8 | 5 - 1/16 |
| Distance beneath fingerboard to surface of belly at neck join | 2.2 | 7/8 |
| Bridge to back total depth | 26.7 | 10 - 1/2 |
| Overall height excluding end pin | 121 | 47 - 10/16 |
| End pin unit and spike | 5.5 | 2 - 5/8 |
Accessories
There are many accessories for the cello.
Instrument makers
Cellos are made by luthiers, specialists in building and repairing stringed instruments, ranging from guitars to violins. The following luthiers are notable for the cellos they have produced:
Cellists
A person who plays the cello is called a ''cellist''. For a list of notable cellists, see the list of cellists and :Category:Cellists.
Famous cellos
Specific instruments are, or become, famous, for a variety of reasons. An instrument's notability may arise from its age, the fame of its maker, its physical appearance, its acoustic properties, and its use by notable performers. The most famous instruments are generally known for all of these things. The most highly prized instruments are now collector's items, and are priced beyond the reach of most musicians. These instruments are typically owned by some kind of organization or investment group, which loans the instrument to a performer. (For example, the Davidov Stradivarius, which is currently in the possession of one of the most widely known living cellists, Yo-Yo Ma, is actually owned by the Vuitton Foundation.)
Some notable cellos: the "King", by Andrea Amati, is one of the oldest known cellos, built between 1538 and 1560. It is in the collection of the National Music Museum in South Dakota.
Media
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Category:Cellos Category:Bowed instruments Category:Continuous pitch instruments Category:String instruments
ar:كمان جهير be:Віяланчэль be-x-old:Віялянчэль bar:Violoncello bs:Violončelo bg:Виолончело ca:Violoncel cv:Виолончель cs:Violoncello cy:Sielo da:Cello de:Violoncello et:Tšello el:Βιολοντσέλο es:Violonchelo eo:Violonĉelo eu:Txelo fa:ویلونسل fr:Violoncelle fy:Sello ga:Dordveidhil gl:Violoncello ko:첼로 hy:Թավջութակ hr:Violončelo io:Violoncelo ilo:Tselo id:Cello is:Selló it:Violoncello he:צ'לו lv:Čells lb:Cello lt:Violončelė hu:Cselló mk:Виолончело ml:ചെല്ലോ ms:Selo nl:Cello nds-nl:Cello ja:チェロ no:Cello nn:Cello oc:Violoncèl uz:Violonchel nds:Violoncello pl:Wiolonczela pt:Violoncelo ro:Violoncel qu:Chilu ru:Виолончель simple:Cello sk:Violončelo sl:Violončelo sr:Виолончело fi:Sello sv:Cello tl:Tselo ta:செல்லோ th:เชลโล tr:Viyolonsel uk:Віолончель ug:چوڭ ئىسكىروپكا vi:Cello zh:大提琴This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | The Basics |
|---|---|
| background | group_or_band |
| origin | Melbourne, Australia |
| genre | Rock |
| years active | 2002 – (present) |
| label | Independent, Albert Records |
| associated acts | Gotye, Down Hills Home, Dog With Wheels, Blood Red Bird |
| website | The Basics Official Website |
| current members | Wally De BackerTim HeathKris Schroeder |
| past members | Michael Hubbard |
| notable instruments | Lead guitar, drums, bass guitar. }} |
With close to 1000 shows in their nine-year career, their live performances are well-known for their sense of humour and energy.
Formation
The Basics were formed after Kris met Wally at a party in Melbourne. The event was to see off the young aspiring producer, who was about to depart for Los Angeles, and together with a number of musician friends, the two jammed on some blues-rock standards. Later that night, they bonded over a mutual love of The Beatles, 70s & 80s cartoon theme songs and old Sierra adventure games.Initially they played around Melbourne as an acoustic guitar/drums combo, starting at The Opposition in Frankston and the House of Fools in Footscray, where in late 2002 they met and later invited Michael Hubbard to join them on electric guitar. Though lacking any real experience with the instrument, Kris willingly purchased his first bass guitar and the trio was born. During this time the group start performing songs with more complicated three-part harmony.
During late 2002 and early 2003 The Basics recorded and released an album called ''Get Back'' through MGM Distribution. They began what was to become regular tours of the East and West coasts of Australia.
2004-2005: Current lineup
Tim Heath joined the group in June 2004, after Michael decided to pursue his solo career, which has included being one half of Down Hills Home. Tim was reportedly the only person to reply to an advertisement in Melbourne's Beat Magazine looking for a new guitarist. Tim apparently answered the advertisement - which said the applicant "must have a love of 50s and 60s rock'n'roll" - thinking that he would be meeting "a couple of old guys to play with on the weekends over some beers". They soon recorded ''For Girls Like You''.The Basics in 2005 continued to tour and play small festivals, and after releasing ''For Girls Like You'' through MGM Distribution they departed for a national tour of Australia, which lasted for two months and took them to every Australian state and territory. Stuart Padbury, a young Melbourne sound engineer, joined them on much of this tour. On returning, the band began demoing songs for a new album.
2006-2009: Touring and soundtracks
In 2006, The Basics began recording what is to become known as ''Stand Out/Fit In''. This took several months and was not completed until the end of the year, despite intentions to have it released in June. Instead, they held a successful 'album preview' where each of the tracks was demonstrated in 'rough form' accompanied by a music video for each (produced by Melbourne photographic artist James Bryans). The band also talked about the origins of the songs. This event brought a lot of attention to the band for the idea's originality. They pre-released a radio single 'Just Hold On' from the album. The band were invited to play the hugely popular Homebake Festival in Sydney, where they received a great response ("one of the highlights" wrote ''The Daily Telegraph'').In 2007, the band departed on a tri-state residency which saw them play Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane every week for the month of April - a bold move which brought further attention to the band for its original idea. Riding on the wave of this tour, Schroeder, De Backer and Heath departed on their first overseas tour which saw them performing 26 shows around Japan, Norway and the United Kingdom. They also toured twice more up the East Coast, one of which was with popular Japanese band The Bawdies. Their song 'Rattle My Chain' was used in a series of commercials for Volvo Australia. The song 'Hey There!' featured in the British film ''The Bank Job'' - starring Jason Statham - and was used as the backing for a February 2007 short film directed by Tim Longhurst called The Rip. Their song 'Better' was featured in a surfing documentary about the invention of the shortboard in 1967.
In 2008, the band appeared on Australia's Channel 9 for Australia Day celebrations, performing two of their songs - 'Just Hold On' and 'Hey There!' - to an estimated audience of 2 million. Securing an Australian Government grant, they embarked on a two-month tour of Australia, specifically targeting "culturally underprivileged groups" in rural and regional schoolchildren and Indigenous communities. The programme had them holding masterclasses and performing alongside Indigenous groups in the remote Northern Territory and Queensland. Their initiative also had them raising money for the charity Lifeline, their contribution to which was recognised with a plaque at the end of the tour. Season two of ''Californication'' starring David Duchovny featured their cover of the classic 'Have Love, Will Travel', most famously covered by 'The Sonics'.
In 2009, The Basics for the first time enjoyed the support of Australian radio network Triple J, which had reportedly snubbed the band's previous material. The singles 'With This Ship' and 'Like A Brother' were added to the station's playlist, and momentum carried The Basics overseas for a second tour of the United Kingdom and Norway, and also a series of shows in Dublin, Ireland. They were joined by the longtime front-of-house engineer Stuart Padbury who had been mixing them since 2005. The band was often seen in the Grafton Street Mall in Dublin busking to promote their concerts there. Their second show in Oslo, Norway saw the band perform with Hot Tub, one of the members of the Norwegian boy band "Boyzvoice", in his first performance for several years. Season Eight of ''Scrubs'' featured the song 'Lookin' Over My Shoulder'.
Despite all this promise, the band's album ''Keep Your Friends Close'' - produced and part-recorded by Peter Cobbin at London's Abbey Road Studios - though enjoying many favourable reviews, failed to impress Richard Kingsmill, music director of Triple J. This effectively ended the band's apparent upward spiral and the resulting album launch tour was reportedly "trying".
2010: Hiatus and live album
In 2010, following the band's fourth stint at the Tamworth Country Music Festival, and the recording of a yet-unreleased live album, an indefinite hiatus was announced on the band's websites. This was in part due to the impending release of a new album produced by Wally for his Gotye project, and also to reported tensions within the band following the previous year's disappointments.However, this hiatus was soon broken with a two-month residency at the Northcote Social Club in Melbourne, which saw an apparent return to form. The band's EP "Wait For You" enjoys airplay on Triple J. The Basics also played a one-off show at Sydney's Oxford Art Factory.
On 20 August 2010, The Basics released their fourth LP , available free online and exclusively from *[www.FreeBasicsAlbum.com]. The band had reportedly moved to expand their listenership through this free giveaway, though 300 "Deluxe" CD/Vinyl versions have been printed. was recorded at the Northcote Social Club on 6 February, "in front of a live studio audience", and like the previous record was mixed by Peter Cobbin at Abbey Road Studios. Technically a self-titled album, the phonetics spell out the accurate pronunciation of the band’s name. Kris Schroeder: "For years we’ve worked at bringing our live energy into the studio and thus far it’s been a bit hit-and-miss. Our trick this time was to pull a switcheroo and bring the studio to us instead; the result is the best and closest to us we’ve sounded yet."
Melbourne thespian and Dog With Wheels bassist David Bramble - friends with Heath from university days - has occasionally joined the band on tour, playing keys, often while sporting a large moustache. Other guests have included Jake Mason (saxophone), also of Cookin' on 3 Burners and The Bamboos, Gideon Brazil (saxophone, flute), Simon Imrei (guitar and vocals) and Monty MacKenzie (saxophone).
Covers have often made an appearance from various sources: to date, some of the bands covered have been Cream, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, The Police, Neil Young, Bob Dylan, New Kids on the Block, Richard Berry, Sonny Curtis and The Crickets, JJ Cale, Harry Nilsson, Bill Scott, Ryan Adams and The Coasters (via The Beatles for their cover of Three Cool Cats).
Members
Discography
Albums
EP
Singles
Upcoming projects
The band are taking a two year hiatus, set to return to the stage together in early 2012. Wally De Backer will be launching a new album under his Gotye act in August 2011, Tim Heath will be touring and recording with Blood Red Bird, and Kris Schroeder is currently recording a solo album.
References
External links
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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