This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2012)

Lapita is a term applied to an ancient Pacific Ocean archaeological culture which is believed by many archaeologists to be the common ancestor of several cultures in Polynesia, Micronesia, and some coastal areas of Melanesia. The archaeological culture and its characteristic geometric dentate-stamped pottery are named after the type site where it was first uncovered in the Foué peninsula on Grande Terre, the main island of New Caledonia. The excavation was carried out in 1952 by American archaeologists Edward W. Gifford and Richard Shulter Jr at 'Site 13'.^[1]

The settlement and pottery sherds were later dated to 800 BCE and proved significant in research on the early peopling of the Pacific Islands. More than two hundred Lapita sites have since been uncovered,^[2] ranging more than 4000 km from coastal and island Melanesia to Fiji and Tonga with its most eastern limit so far in Samoa.

Etymology[link]

The term 'Lapita' was coined by archaeologists after mishearing a word in the local Haveke language, xapeta'a, which means 'to dig a hole' or 'the place where one digs', during the 1952 excavation in New Caledonia.^[3][1] The actual name of the so-called Lapita archaeological culture referred to in modern research is still unknown.

Dating[link]

'Classic' Lapita pottery was produced between 1350 and 750 BCE in the Bismarck Archipelago. A late variety might have been produced there up to 250 BCE. Local styles of Lapita pottery are found in Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Pottery persisted in Fiji, whereas it disappeared completely in other areas of Melanesia and in Siassi.

In Western Polynesia, Lapita pottery is found from 800 BCE onwards in the Fiji-Samoa-Tonga area. From Tonga and Samoa, Polynesian culture spread to Eastern Polynesia areas including the Marquesas and the Society Islands, and then later to Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. However, pottery-making did not persist in most of Polynesia, mainly due to the lack of suitable clay on small islands.

Material culture[link]

The low-fired earthenware pottery, often tempered with shell or sand, is typically decorated with a dentate (toothed) stamp. It has been theorized^{[by whom?]} that these decorations may have been transferred to or from less hardy mediums such as tapa (bark cloth), mats or tattoos. Undecorated "plain-ware" pottery is an important part of the Lapita cultural complex, which also includes ground-stone adzes and shell artefacts, and flaked-stone tools of obsidian, chert and other available rock.^{[citation needed]}

Economy[link]

Domesticates consisted of pigs, dogs and chickens. Horticulture was based on root crops and tree crops, most importantly taro and yam, coconuts, bananas and varieties of breadfruit. This was supplemented by fishing and mollusc gathering. Long-distance trade of obsidian, adzes and favourable adze source rock and shells was practiced.

Burial customs[link]

Excavation of a large cemetery at Teouma on Efate Island in Vanuatu, discovered in 2003, found 36 bodies in 25 graves, as well as burial jars. All skeletons were headless with the skulls removed after original burial and replaced with rings made from cone shell. The heads were reburied. One burial of an elderly man had three skulls lined up on his chest. One burial jar featured four birds looking into the jar. Carbon dating of the shells placed this cemetery at about 1000 B.C.^[4]

Settlements[link]

In the west, villages were located on small offshore islands or the beaches of larger islands. This may have been to avoid areas already settled in coastal New Guinea, or malaria-carrying mosquitoes for which Lapita people had no immune defence. Some houses were built on stilts over larger lagoons. In New Britain, settlements are found inland as well, near the obsidian sources. In the eastern archipelago, all settlements are located on land, sometimes some distance inland.

Distribution[link]

Jack Golson excavation site in Vailele with a visit from a Samoan family,1957.

See also: Archaeology in Samoa

Lapita pottery is known from the Bismarck archipelago to Samoa and Tonga. Currently, the most eastern Lapita site is Mulifanua in Samoa where 4,288 pottery sherds and two Lapita type adzes have been recovered. The site has a true age of c. 3,000 BP based on ¹⁴C dating on a shell.^[5] The domesticates spread into farther Oceania as well. Humans, their domesticates, and species that were introduced involuntarily (perhaps as the Polynesian Rat was) led to extinctions of endemic species on many islands, especially of flightless birds.

Language[link]

The 'Lapita people' are supposed to have spoken proto-Oceanic, a precursor of the Oceanic branch of Austronesian. It is, however, difficult to link non-literate material culture to languages, and it cannot be verified by independent sources.

Origin[link]

An ultimate Southeast Asian origin of the Lapita complex is assumed by most scholars, perhaps originating from the Austronesians in Taiwan or southern China some 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. This Neolithic dispersal was driven by a rapid population growth in east and southeast Asia (Formosa), and has often been called 'the express-train to Polynesia'. Burial pottery similar to "red slip" pottery of Taiwan, as well as detailed linguistic evidence,^[6] seem to lend support to this theory.^[4]

The orthodox view argued for by people like Roger Green and Peter Bellwood argues for a Triple-I model where Lapita arose from this Austronesian expansion through a process of intrusion into new territories, innovation of new technologies (such as the Outrigger Canoe), and integration with the existing populations.^[7]

Direct links between Lapita and mainland Southeast Asia are still missing, due to a lack of data in Indonesia and Malaysia.

Other scholars like J. Allen located the origin of the Lapita complex in the Bismarck Archipelago that was first colonised 30,000 to 35000 BCE. Others see obsidian trade as the motor of the spread of Lapita-elements in the western distribution area.

Lapita in Polynesia[link]

This section may contain previously unpublished synthesis of published material that conveys ideas not attributable to the original sources. See the talk page for details. (November 2008)

Many scientists believe Lapita pottery in Melanesia to be proof that Polynesian ancestors passed through this area on their way into the central Pacific. The earliest archaeological site in Polynesia is in Tonga, dates to 900 BC and contains the typical pottery and other archaeological "kit" of Lapita sites in Fiji and eastern Melanesia of about that time and immediately before.^[8][9]

Anita Smith compares the Polynesian Lapita period with the later Polynesian Plainware ceramic period in Polynesia:

“There do not appear to be new or different kinds of evidence associated with plain-ware ceramics (& lapita), only the disappearance of a minor component of material culture and faunal assemblages is apparent. There is continuity in most aspects of the archaeological record that appears to mimic post Lapita sequences of Fiji and island Melanesia (Mangaasi and Naviti pottery).”^[9]

Plain-ware pottery is found on many Western Polynesian islands and marks a transitional period between when there was only Lapita pottery and a latter period before the settlement of Eastern Polynesia when the Western Polynesians of the time had given up pottery production altogether. Archaeological evidence indicates that plain-ware pottery ceases abruptly in Samoa around the transition between BC and AD.

According to Smith:

“Ceramics were not manufactured by Polynesian societies at any time in East Polynesian prehistory.”^[9]

Matthew Spriggs stated: "The possibility of cultural continuity between Lapita Potters and Melanesians has not been given the consideration it deserves. In most sites there was an overlap of styles with no stratigraphic separation discernible. Continuity is found in pottery temper, importation of obsidian and in non-ceramic artefacts".^[10]

See also[link]

• Teouma – a major archaeological site in Vanuatu
• Archaeology in Samoa
• Early history of Tonga

References[link]

Sources[link]

• Allen, J. (1984). "In Search of the Lapita Homeland: Reconstructing the Prehistory of the Bismarck Archipelago". Journal of Pacific History (19/4): 186–187. 
• Bellwood, P. (1978). Man's conquest of the Pacific. London: Collins. 
• Chino, K. (2002). "Lapita Pottery – Ties in the South Pacific". Wave of Pacifika (Tokyo: Sasakawa Pacific Island Nations Fund (SPINF) 8. [4]
• Clark, G.; A. Anderson and T. Vunidilo (June 2000). The archaeology of Lapita dispersal in Oceania: papers from the 4th Lapita conference. Canberra: Pandanus Books. pp. 15–23. 
• Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1997). The Lapita Peoples: Ancestors of the Oceanic World. Oxford: Blackwell. 
• Noury, A.. Le reflet de l'ame Lapita. Paris: Noury. ISBN 2-9524455-0-8. 
• Summerhayes, Glenn R. (2000). "Far Western, Western and Eastern Lapita: A re-evaluation". Asian Perspectives (39/1–2): 109–138. 
• Noury, Arnaud; Galipaud J.-C. (2011). Les Lapita, nomades du Pacifique (french). France: IRD Editions. 

External links[link]

• Lapita cultural complex – brief description with picture of pottery (Central Queensland University School of Humanities)
• Extinctions connected with the spread of Lapita (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
• Lapita cultural complex, Lapita designs, texts about Lapita, LapitaDraw ("software to aid in studying archaeological ceramic artefacts") (Archéologie et Informatique, in French)
• 'Heads found in pots in Vanuatu dig', ANU media release, 14 July 2005, on discovery of Lapita skulls following 2004 find of headless Lapita skeletons
• Hundreds of Lapita photographs from the University of Auckland Anthropology Photographic Archive database
• Felgate, Matthew (2003) Reading Lapita in near Oceania : intertidal and shallow-water pottery scatters, Roviana Lagoon, New Georgia, Solomon Islands. University of Auckland PhD Thesis

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2007)

This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2007)

This article uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources. Please improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page. Help on using footnotes is available. Consider using the Checklinks tool to find, resolve and repair links. (November 2011)

Mohammed El Helani (born November 28, 1970), widely known as Assi El Helani (in Arabic عاصي الحلاني), is a Lebanese singer who has been a major figure in the music scene of the Middle East since the 1990s. Assi's musical career officially started after winning the Art Studio TV Program for young artists at the age of 17.

He has released more than a dozen albums. His biggest hits are Wani Mareq Mareet, Amshi Lihali, Mali Saber, Ahebbak Gedan, Ahla Al Oyoun, Shoag El Sahara and Kayed Ozzalak.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Assi was born in Baalbeck, Lebanon and comes third youngest among his 13 brothers and sisters. Assi's musical talent became evident very early, when as a child he was performing Lebanese songs with his friends and family. Assi studied for approximately five years (1985–1990) at the Higher Institute of Music in Lebanon concentrating on the Oud performance and Arab vocal techniques.

Present[link]

Assi El Helani has participated in numerous important musical events, including the Baalbeck International Festival, Jerash Festival, the Carthage Festival, and a number of concerts around Europe, the Arab world and America.

Despite his soaring popularity, Helani has remained consistently involved in humanitarian issues.

He regularly performs at fund-raising concerts throughout the Middle East in support of a range of charities in the region, including the Women's Development Association Hayati.

In August 2005, Helani added his voice to the growing roster of celebrities helping WFP raise awareness about global hunger and poverty, recording a Public Service Announcement drawing attention to the tragic fact that 25,000 people die of hunger every day, 18,000 of them children.^[1][2]

Helani’s recent music videos have earned him the reputation as an extremely talented actor. The singer is receiving numerous offers from Arab producers and directors for leading roles in different films and television series.

He is now married with 3 children, one son ( Walid ) and two daughters (Dana & Mareeta). His wife Colette , once Miss Lebanon, wanted to pursue a music career however, Assi was not happy about it as he believed his wife should stick to her conservative roles, so they both agreed and she did not go ahead with it.^{[citation needed]}

Discography[link]

Albums

• 1991 : Mahlana Sawa.
• 1992 : Ya Hala.
• 1993 : Mahr El Zina.
• 1994 : Wani Mareg Mareit
• 1995 : Ahebek Jedan.
• 1996 : Ya Maima.
• 1998 : Ahla El Oyoun.
• 1999 : Shog El Sahara.
• 2000 : Kid Ozzalak.
• 2001 : Ater El Mahabah.
• 2002 : E Qarar.
• 2003 : Forsat Omor.
• 2004 : Zghiri El Dinney.
• 2006 : Dagat Galbi.
• 2007 : Ouwetna Bi Wehdetna.
• 2008 : Yemkin
• 2010 : 010
• 2011 : Rouhi Ana (12-07-2011)

References[link]

1994

External links[link]

• Official Website

This Lebanese biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e