Incheon

Sunday, 23 September 2012

Walking around Incheon/Seoul Airport, Korea

Korean War - PART 11, Incheon Landings (August 1950) 6.25 전쟁

introduce video of incheon international airport

Seoul Incheon International Airport: Arrivals

120921 TVXQ Changmin & Yunho @ Incheon Airport

Korean War - PART 10, Pre-Incheon (August 1950) 6.25 전쟁

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2014 Asian Games
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Alexandria
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Anchorage, Alaska
Anchorage (officially called the Municipality of Anchorage) is the northernmost major city in the United States, and largest city in the U.S. state of Alaska. With an estimated 286,174 municipal residents in 2009 (374,553 residents within the Metropolitan Statistical Area), the city constitutes more than 40 percent of the state's total population; only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in the state's largest city.
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Andong
Andong is a city in Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, South Korea. It is the largest city in the northern part of the province with a population of almost 185,000. The Nakdong River flows through the city. Andong is a market centre for the surrounding agricultural areas.
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Ansan
Ansan is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It lies south of Seoul, and is part of the Seoul National Capital Area. It is connected to Seoul by rail via Seoul Subway Line 4.
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Anseong
Anseong is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, 80 km south of Seoul. Its geographical location is .
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Anyang, Gyeonggi
Anyang is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is located approximately 25 km south of Seoul, and 19 km north of Suwon, and is connected to Seoul Subway Line 1 and Line 4. The Anyang City motto is "Livable city, Proud citizens" while its other symbols are 'Podong-i' a grape mascot which represents Anyang's past as a grape growing area, the Forsythia (flower), Ginkgo (tree), and the Eagle.
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Asan
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Baengnyeong Island
Baengnyeong Island (sometimes spelled Baekryeong; ) is a island in Ongjin County, Incheon, South Korea, located near the Northern Limit Line, which is the maritime demarcation between North and South Korea. It has a population of approximately 4,329.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Bandung
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Bangalore
Bangalore , known as Bengaluru (), is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. As of 2009, Bangalore was inducted in the list of Global cities and ranked as a "Beta World City" alongside Geneva, Copenhagen, Boston, Cairo, Riyadh, Berlin, to name a few, in the studies performed by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network in 2008.
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Bangkok
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Banten
Banten is a province of Indonesia on the island of Java. Formerly part of the Province of West Java, it was made a separate province in 2000.
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Battle of Incheon
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Battle of Inchon
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Beijing
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Bogotá
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Boryeong
Boryeong, commonly known as Daecheon, is a city in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea. It is located at , on the coast of the Yellow Sea. It lies on the Janghang Line railroad, which connects it to Seoul via the Gyeongbu Line. It is also connected to the Seohaean Expressway. Boryeong is known around Korea for its beaches, particularly Daecheon Beach, and its annual mud festival around July, Boryeong Mud Festival. The city's beach-mud is widely touted for its cosmetic properties. As elsewhere along the southwest coast of the Korean peninsula, there are numerous small islands, many of which are connected by ferry to Daecheon Port.
http://wn.com/Boryeong
Bucheon
Bucheon is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is sandwiched between Incheon and Seoul. Manufacturing operations are located in the city.
http://wn.com/Bucheon
Burbank, California
Burbank is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The estimated population in 2007 was 107,921.
http://wn.com/Burbank_California
Busan
Busan (Officially Busan Metropolitan City), formerly spelled Pusan () is South Korea's second largest metropolis after Seoul, with a population of around 3.6 million. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth largest port in the world. The city is located on the southeasternmost tip of the Korean peninsula and faces the Korea Strait. The most densely built up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong River and Suyeong River, with mountains separating some of the districts. Administratively, it is designated as a Metropolitan City. The Busan metropolitan area is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county.
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Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
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Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia
Changwon
Changwon is a city in and the capital of Gyeongsangnam-do in South Korea.
http://wn.com/Changwon
Chennai
Chennai (Tamil: ), formerly known as Madras (Tamil: AKA ), is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai is the fourth most populous metropolitan area and the fifth most populous city in India. Located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, Chennai city had a population of 4.34 million in the 2001 census within the area administered by the Corporation of Chennai and an extended Metropolitan Population of 6.5 million. The urban agglomeration of metropolitan Chennai has an estimated population over 8.2 million people.
http://wn.com/Chennai
Cheonan
Cheonan (Cheonan-si, sometimes spelled Chonan or '''Ch'onan''') is a city located in the northeast corner of South Chungcheong, a province of South Korea, and is 83.6 km south of the capital, Seoul.
http://wn.com/Cheonan
Cheongju
Cheongju is the capital city of Chungcheongbuk-do (province), South Korea. The city is divided into two wards ("Gu"), Heungdeok-gu (western part of the city) and Sangdang-gu (eastern part of the city).
http://wn.com/Cheongju
Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
http://wn.com/Chicago
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China
Chuncheon
Chuncheon () is the capital of Gangwon Province, South Korea. The city lies in the northeast of the country, located in a basin formed by the Soyang River and Han River. There are some large lakes around the city, most notably Lake Soyang and Lake Uiam. The area is renowned for its small river islands, such as Sangjungdo, Ha-Jungdo, Bungeo Island, and Wido.
http://wn.com/Chuncheon
Chungju
Chungju is a city in North Chungcheong province, South Korea. Namsan is a mountain located on the outskirts of the city.
http://wn.com/Chungju
Daecheong Island
http://wn.com/Daecheong_Island
Daegu
Daegu (), also known as Taegu, and officially the Daegu Metropolitan City, is the third largest metropolitan area in South Korea, and by city limits, the fourth largest with over 2.5 million people. The city is the capital and principal city of the surrounding province, Gyeongsangbuk-do, although it is not legally part of the province. These two areas are often called Daegu-Gyeongbuk, and have a population of over 5 million.
http://wn.com/Daegu
Daejeon
Daejeon (; ) is located in the center of South Korea. It is the fifth largest city in South Korea, with a population of 1,442,856 at the end of 2005. It is at the crossroads of Gyeongbu railway, Honam railway, Gyeongbu Expressway, and Honam Expressway. Within the city limits lies Daedeok Science Town, an area with more than 200 research institutions.
http://wn.com/Daejeon
Dalian
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Dangjin
Dangjin Kun is an administrative district in South Chungcheong Province,
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Delhi
Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
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Dhaka
http://wn.com/Dhaka
Dongducheon
Dongducheon is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.
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Dongguan
Dongguan (, ; Cantonese: Dung1 gun2; old spelling Tung-kuan) is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Donghae City
Donghae is a city in Gangwon Province, South Korea. There are two major ports: Donghae Harbor and Mukho Harbor. The city is located on the Yeongdong Line railroad and the Donghae Expressway. Numerous caverns are found in the city, as in neighboring Samcheok. Donghae University is located here.
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East Rand
The East Rand is the name of the urban eastern part of the Witwatersrand that is functionally merged with the Johannesburg conurbation. This area became settled by Europeans after a gold-bearing reef discovered in 1886 and sparked the gold rush that gave rise to the establishment of Johannesburg.
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Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt
Foshan
http://wn.com/Foshan
Gangneung
Gangneung is a city in Gangwon-do, on the east coast of South Korea. It has a population of 229,869 (as of 2006). Gangneung is the economic centre of the Yeongdong region of eastern Gangwon Province. Gangneung has many good tourist attractions like Jeongdongjin. Jeongdongjin is also one of the famous tourist attractions in Korea. There is a ROK airbase south of Gangneung which formerly doubled as a civil airport.
http://wn.com/Gangneung
Geoje
Geoje is a city located in South Gyeongsang province, just off the coast of the port city of Busan, South Korea. Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (former Daewoo Shipyard) in Okpo and Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) in Gohyeon are both located on Geoje Island. The city also offers a wide range of tourist sights. The city is made up of a number of islands, of which by far the largest is Geoje Island.
http://wn.com/Geoje
Gimcheon
Gimcheon is a city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It is situated on the major land transportation routes between Seoul and Busan, namely the Gyeongbu Expressway and Gyeongbu Line railway.
http://wn.com/Gimcheon
Gimhae
Gimhae, also commonly spelled Kimhae, is a city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. Gimhae is known to locals as "The Paris of Gyeongsangnamdo." It is the seat of the large Gimhae Kim clan, one of the largest Kim clans in Korea. The Gimhae Kims claim descent from the ancient royal house of Geumgwan Gaya, which was based in Gimhae.
http://wn.com/Gimhae
Gimje
Gimje (Gimje-si) is a city in North Jeolla Province, South Korea.
http://wn.com/Gimje
Gimpo
Gimpo is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It borders on Incheon, with which it shares the South Korean side of the Han River estuary, as well as Seoul and the lesser cities of Paju and Goyang. It also looks across the Han River at North Korea. The current mayor is Gyeonggu Kang. The city's population of more than 220,000 is made up of more than 71,000 households.
http://wn.com/Gimpo
Gongju
Gongju (Gongju-si), also spelt Kongju, is a city in South Chungcheong province, South Korea. It is located at .
http://wn.com/Gongju
Goyang
Goyang is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Goyang includes the new city of Ilsan, which is connected to Seoul via Seoul Subway Line 3. Goyang is bordered by Seoul to the south; walls of the Bukhan Mountain Fortress lie along a small portion of this border.
http://wn.com/Goyang
Greater Buenos Aires
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Guangzhou
http://wn.com/Guangzhou
Gumi, South Korea
Gumi is the second largest city in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. It is located on the Nakdong River, half way between Daegu and Gimcheon, also lies on the Gyeongbu Expressway and Gyeongbu Line railway which are the principal traffic routes of the country.
http://wn.com/Gumi_South_Korea
Gunpo
Gunpo is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is part of the Seoul National Capital Area. Its largest immediate urban neighbor is Suwon. Hansei University is located in the city.
http://wn.com/Gunpo
Gunsan
Gunsan is a city in North Jeolla Province, South Korea. It is located on the south bank of the Geum River just upstream from its exit into the Yellow Sea. Gunsan is served by frequent railway service on the Gunsan Line from Iksan. It is also connected to the Seohaean Expressway.
http://wn.com/Gunsan
Guri
Guri is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. The name "Guri" is thought by some to mean "nine villages," which is reflected in the Hanja (Chinese characters; gu - nine; village - ri/li) for the town. It is located immediately to the east of Seoul, in the heart of the Capital Metropolitan Area.
http://wn.com/Guri
Guro Station
Guro Station is a subway station in Guro District in Seoul, South Korea. It serves Seoul Subway Line 1.
http://wn.com/Guro_Station
Gwacheon
Gwacheon is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It lies close to Seoul in the heart of the Seoul National Capital Area, and also lies just east of Anyang. Seoul Subway Line 4 passes through the city.
http://wn.com/Gwacheon
Gwangju
Gwangju (officially known as Gwangju Metropolitan City; ) is the sixth largest city in South Korea. It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government's Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province until the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005.
http://wn.com/Gwangju
Gwangju, Gyeonggi
Gwangju is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, a suburb southeast of Seoul. The city is not to be confused with the much larger Gwangju Metropolitan City, former capital of South Jeolla Province, South Korea.
http://wn.com/Gwangju_Gyeonggi
Gwangmyeong
Gwangmyeong is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It borders Seoul to the north and northeast, Anyang to the east and south, and Siheung to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Gwangmyeong
Gwangyang
Gwangyang (Gwangyang-si) is a city in South Jeolla Province, South Korea. Gwangyang city is the home of POSCO's Gwangyang Steel Works, the largest facility of its kind in the world.
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Gyeonggi Province
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Gyeonggido
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Gyeongju
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Gyeongsan
Gyeongsan is a city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. Its western border abuts the metropolitan city of Daegu, and much of Gyeongsan lies within the Daegu metropolitan area.
http://wn.com/Gyeongsan
Gyeryong
Gyeryong is a city in southeastern South Chungcheong province, South Korea. The current mayor is Hong-Mook Choi. The city was created in 2003, by a split from Nonsan city, following prolonged local agitation.
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Hai Phong
Hai Phong (occasionally Haiphong, , ; meaning "Coastal Defence") is the third most populous city in Vietnam.
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Hamilton, Ontario
:For Hamilton Township in Northumberland County, see Hamilton, Ontario (township)
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Hanam
Hanam is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Formerly a part of Gwangju County, it was designated a city in 1989. The ancient Baekje capital of Hanam Wiryeseong may have been located there.
http://wn.com/Hanam
Ho Chi Minh City
http://wn.com/Ho_Chi_Minh_City
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong
Honolulu, Hawaii
http://wn.com/Honolulu_Hawaii
Hwaseong, Gyeonggi
Hwaseong is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It has the largest area of farmland of any city or county in Gyeonggi province. Seoul Subway Line 1 passes through Hwaseong, stopping at Byeongjeom Station. Famous people from Hwaseong include soccer player Cha Bum-Kun.
http://wn.com/Hwaseong_Gyeonggi
Icheon
Icheon is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It should not be confused with the much larger Incheon Metropolitan City. Neighboring districts include Yeoju County, Gwangju City, Yongin City, and Anseong City within Gyeonggi province, as well as Eumseong County in North Chungcheong Province. Together with Yeoju, Icheon is known as a center of South Korean ceramic manufacture. Other famous local products include peaches and rice. Local institutions of higher learning include Korea Tourism College and Chungkang College of Cultural Industries.
http://wn.com/Icheon
Iksan
Iksan is a city and major railway junction in North Jeolla Province, (commonly transliterated as Jeollabuk-do or Chollabuk-do) South Korea.
http://wn.com/Iksan
Incheon
Incheon (), officially the Incheon Metropolitan City, is South Korea's third largest metropolis, after Seoul and Busan. As the largest seaport on the west coast and home to the country's largest airport, Incheon International Airport, Incheon is South Korea's most important transport hub. In the 21st century, Incheon has transformed into a global business hub centered around the high-tech and futuristic Songdo International City, which is home to South Korea's tallest building, the 305m supertall Northeast Asia Trade Tower.
http://wn.com/Incheon
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India
Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
http://wn.com/Indonesia
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel
Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
http://wn.com/Istanbul
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy
Jakarta
Jakarta (; Indonesian: ), officially the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of and a 2010 census count population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The city's name is derived from the Old Javanese word "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
http://wn.com/Jakarta
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan
Jecheon
Jecheon is a city in Chungcheongbuk-do (province), South Korea. The city is a major railway junction, served by the Jungang, Chungbuk and Taebaek Lines. Jecheon has scenic surroundings and several tourist spots like the Uirimji Reservoir, Cheongpung Lake and Cheongpung Cultural Properties Complex. It is also the home of Semyung University.
http://wn.com/Jecheon
Jeju City
Jeju (Jeju-si) is the capital of Jeju province in South Korea and the largest city on the island of Jeju. Its geographical location is . The city is served by Jeju International Airport (IATA code CJU).
http://wn.com/Jeju_City
Jeju Province
http://wn.com/Jeju_Province
Jeju-do
Jeju-do (transliterated Korean for Jeju Province, short form of Jeju Special Autonomous Province) is the only special autonomous province of South Korea, situated on and coterminous with the country's largest island. Jeju-do lies in the Korea Strait, southwest of Jeollanam-do Province, of which it was a part before it became a separate province in 1946. Its capital is the city of Jeju.
http://wn.com/Jeju-do
Jemulpo
http://wn.com/Jemulpo
Jeongeup
Jeongeup (Jeongeup-si) is a city in North Jeolla Province, South Korea. The city limits include Naejang-san National Park, a popular destination particularly in autumn due to its foliage. Jeongeup is on the Honam Expressway and Honam Line, with the Seohaean Expressway also within easy reach, providing links to Seoul and Mokpo.
http://wn.com/Jeongeup
Jeonju
Jeonju is a city in South Korea, and the capital of Jeollabuk-do, or North Jeolla Province. It is an important tourist center famous for Korean food, historic buildings, sports activities and innovative festivals.
http://wn.com/Jeonju
Jinju
Jinju is a city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It was the location of the first (1592) and second (1593) Sieges of Jinju by Japanese forces during the Imjin War. The Republic of Korea Air Force Education and Training Command is located in the western part of the city.
http://wn.com/Jinju
Johannesburg
Johannesburg (, ) also known as Jozi, '''Jo'burg or eGoli''', is the largest city in South Africa. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa.. The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world, and is also the world's largest city not situated on a river, lake, or coastline.
http://wn.com/Johannesburg
Karachi
Karachi (: , {{lang-ur|) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. With an estimated population of about 18 million, Karachi is one of the world's largest cities in terms of population, the 13th largest urban agglomeration, the 4th largest metropolitan area in the world, and the 2nd largest city within the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Islamic world.
http://wn.com/Karachi
Kinshasa
http://wn.com/Kinshasa
Kobe
http://wn.com/Kobe
Kolkata
Kolkata (Bengali: ; ), is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Kolkata is the cultural capital of India and the commercial capital of Eastern India. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the Hooghly River. The Kolkata metropolitan area including suburbs has a population exceeding 15 million, making it the third most populous metropolitan area in India and one of the most populous urban areas in the world. The city is also classified as the eighth largest urban agglomeration in the world.
http://wn.com/Kolkata
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur (translated as: "muddy confluence," "muddy estuary," and "muddy city"; in English; Malay , locally or even , and often abbreviated as K.L.) is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of , has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of population as well as economy.
http://wn.com/Kuala_Lumpur
Kyoto
http://wn.com/Kyoto
Lagos
http://wn.com/Lagos
Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
http://wn.com/Lahore
Lima
http://wn.com/Lima
Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
http://wn.com/Los_Angeles
Metro Manila
http://wn.com/Metro_Manila
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico
Mexico City
http://wn.com/Mexico_City
Miryang
Miryang, often spelled Milyang, is a city in Gyeongsangnam-do Province, South Korea. Neighboring cities include Changnyeong to the west, Cheongdo to the north, Ulsan to the east, and Yangsan, Gimhae, and Changwon to the south. The city bird is the Korean magpie, the city tree is the pine, and the city flower is the royal azalea.
http://wn.com/Miryang
Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
http://wn.com/Moscow
Muan
Muan County (Muan-gun) is a county in South Jeolla Province (Jeollanam-do), South Korea. In 2005, Muan County became the capital of Jeollanam-do following the transfer of the provincial office from its previous location, Gwangju to the village of Namak in Muan. Muan International Airport was opened here, and will eventually replace the airports in Gwangju and Mokpo.
http://wn.com/Muan
Mumbai
Mumbai (; , ', ), previously known as Bombay' (), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the second most populous city in the world, with a population of approximately 14 million. The official language of Mumbai is Marathi. But many other languages are also widely used, particularly the Mumbaiian Hindi''. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South or Central Asia.
http://wn.com/Mumbai
Mungyeong
Mungyeong (syllables: Mun-gyeong) is a city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. The local government, economy, and transportation networks are all centered in Jeomchon, the principal town. Mungyeong has a lengthy history, and is known today for its various historic and scenic tourist attractions. The city's name means roughly "hearing good news."
http://wn.com/Mungyeong
Mérida, Yucatán
http://wn.com/Mérida_Yucatán
Nagoya
is the third-largest incorporated city and the fourth most populous urban area in Japan.
http://wn.com/Nagoya
Naju
Naju (Naju-si) is a city in South Jeolla Province, South Korea.
http://wn.com/Naju
Namwon
Namwon (Namwon-si) is a city in North Jeolla Province, South Korea. Namwon is about 45 minutes from the provincial capital of Jeonju, which is three hours away from Seoul.
http://wn.com/Namwon
Namyangju
Namyangju is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. To the east is Gapyeong County, to the west is Guri City, and to the north is Pocheon City.
http://wn.com/Namyangju
New Delhi
http://wn.com/New_Delhi
New Songdo City
http://wn.com/New_Songdo_City
Nonsan
Nonsan is a city and county in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea. It is located at . Nonsan is also called Nolmoi, meaning dusk(y) or yellow mountain ; "Nonsan" means rice paddy/paddies + mountain(s).
http://wn.com/Nonsan
Osaka
http://wn.com/Osaka
Osan
Osan is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, approximately 35 km south of Seoul. The population of the city is around 120,000. The local economy is supported by a mix of agricultural and industrial enterprises.
http://wn.com/Osan
Paju
Paju is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Paju was made a city in 1997; it had previously been a county (gun).
http://wn.com/Paju
Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
http://wn.com/Panama
Panama City
Panama () is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Panama. It has a population of 813,097, with a total metro population of 1,206,792, and it is located at the Pacific entrance of the Panama Canal, at . Panama City is the political and administrative center of the country.
http://wn.com/Panama_City
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines
Phnom Penh
http://wn.com/Phnom_Penh
Pocheon
Pocheon is a landlocked city in the far northeastern region of Gyeonggi province in South Korea. It covers 826.48 km2 with a population of 160,176 people, according to the 2008 census. Pocheon lies between Seoul and the mountainous northwestern areas of Gangwon province. The city borders Yeoncheon county, with the cities of Dongducheon and Yangju to the west, along with Uijeongbu, and Namyangju of Gyeonggi province to the north. It also borders Hwacheon county of Gangwon province on its eastern border and Cheorwon is to the north. Alongside the adjoining Gapyeong, Pocheon consists of the highest mountainous areas in Gyeonggi province. The current city of Pocheon was created after Pocheon-hyeon and Yeongpyeong counties were merged. The north part of the city used to be part of Yeongpyeong county while the south used to be part of Pocheon-hyeon.
http://wn.com/Pocheon
Pohang
Pohang is a city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea, and a main seaport in the Daegu-Gyeongbuk region. The built-up area of Pohang is located on the alluvium of the mouth of the Hyeongsan River. The city is divided into two wards ("Gu"), Buk-gu (Northern Ward) and Nam-gu (Southern Ward).
http://wn.com/Pohang
Pyeongtaek
Pyeongtaek is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Located in the southwestern part of the province, Pyeongtaek was founded as a union of two districts in 940 AD, during the Goryeo dynasty. It was elevated to city status in 1986, and is home to a South Korean naval base and a large concentration of United States troops. The Korean government plans to transform Pyeongtaek city to an international economic hub to coincide with the move of the United States Forces Korea (USFK) to Pyeongtaek. During the Korean War it was the site of an early battle between US and North Korean forces, the Battle of Pyongtaek.
http://wn.com/Pyeongtaek
Qingdao
http://wn.com/Qingdao
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
http://wn.com/Rio_de_Janeiro
Ruhr
http://wn.com/Ruhr
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia
Sacheon
Sacheon is a city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. Sacheon's chief fame comes from the fact that it was the site of two naval battles in the Seven Year War.
http://wn.com/Sacheon
Samcheok
Samcheok is a city in Gangwon-do, South Korea.
http://wn.com/Samcheok
Sangju
Sangju is a city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. Although Sangju is rather rural, it is very old and was once a key city. Along with Gyeongju, it gives rise to half of the name of the Gyeongsang provinces. Sangju is nicknamed Sam Baek, or "Three Whites", referring to three prominent agricultural products rice, silkworm cocoons, and dried persimmons from the area.
http://wn.com/Sangju
Santiago
Santiago is the Spanish name for Saint James, son of Zebedee, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus.
http://wn.com/Santiago
Sejong City
http://wn.com/Sejong_City
Seogwipo
Seogwipo is a city in Jeju Province, South Korea with a pre-2008 estimated population of 155,000 inhabitants. In July, 2006, Seogwipo city was expanded to include the entire southern half of Jeju island. In 2002, it was one of the host cities for the FIFA World Cup.
http://wn.com/Seogwipo
Seongnam
Seongnam is the second largest city in South Korea's Gyeonggi province after Suwon and the 9th largest city in the country, with a population of nearly 1 million. The largely residential city is located immediately south of Seoul and belongs to the Seoul National Capital Area.
http://wn.com/Seongnam
Seosan
Seosan is a city in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea. Located at , it has a population of approximately 150,000.
http://wn.com/Seosan
Seoul
{{Infobox settlement
http://wn.com/Seoul
Seoul Station
Seoul Station is a major railway station in Seoul, South Korea. The station is served by the Gyeongbu Line, its high-speed counterpart and the Gyeongui Line, with frequent high-speed, express, and local services to various points in South Korea.
http://wn.com/Seoul_Station
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai
Shenzhen
http://wn.com/Shenzhen
Siheung
Siheung is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.
http://wn.com/Siheung
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
http://wn.com/South_Korea
Soyosan Station
Soyosan Station (Station 100) is a ground-level metro station on Line 1 of the Seoul Subway in Sangbongam Dong, Dongducheon, South Korea. It is named after the nearby Soyosan (587m), a mountain beside the U.S. Army base Camp Casey. It is on this mountain, at the Jajae'am Hermitage, that the Buddhist Saint Wonhyo is said to have reached enlightenment.
http://wn.com/Soyosan_Station
Suwon
Suwon (Suwon-si; ) is the provincial capital of Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. A major city of over a million inhabitants, Suwon lies approximately 30 kilometres (20 miles) south of Seoul. It is traditionally known as "The City of Filial Piety".
http://wn.com/Suwon
São Paulo
http://wn.com/São_Paulo
Taebaek
Taebaek is a city in Gangwon province, South Korea. Its name is shared with that of the Taebaek Mountains.
http://wn.com/Taebaek
Taipei
http://wn.com/Taipei
Tehran
http://wn.com/Tehran
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: , lit. "Spring Hill"-Jaffa; , ''Tall 'Abib''), usually referred to as Tel Aviv, is the second-largest city in Israel, with an estimated population of 393,900. The city is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, with a land area of . It is the largest and most populous city in the metropolitan area of Gush Dan, home to 3.2 million people as of 2008. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are called Tel Avivians.
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv
Tianjin
(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
http://wn.com/Tianjin
Tokyo
http://wn.com/Tokyo
Tongyeong
Tongyeong is a coastal city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. In 2007, it had an area of 238.69 km2 and a population of 136,047 people. It is divided into 1 eup (town), 6 myeon (township) and 11 dong (neighborhood). Chungmu city and Tongyeong county were reunited in 1995, creating Tongyeong City as we know it today. It consists of Goseong Peninsula, Hansan Island, Mireuk Island and other islets. It was formerly known as Chungmu, after the posthumous name of Admiral Yi Sun-sin. The name Tongyeong means "command post" and is itself associated with Admiral Yi, as it refers to his principal base that was located on nearby Hansan Island.
http://wn.com/Tongyeong
Toronto
http://wn.com/Toronto
Uijeongbu
Uijeongbu () is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Its geographical location is .
http://wn.com/Uijeongbu
Uijeongbu Station
Uijeongbu Station is a station on the Gyeongwon Line in South Korea. It is also served by trains on Seoul Subway Line 1. It is the main station in the city of Uijeongbu.
http://wn.com/Uijeongbu_Station
Uiwang
Uiwang is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is one of many satellite cities that ring Seoul, making up the Seoul National Capital Area. Its largest immediate urban neighbor is Anyang (South Korea). The low peaks of the Gwangju Mountains shape the local landscape.
http://wn.com/Uiwang
Ulsan
Ulsan (), officially the Ulsan Metropolitan City, is South Korea's seventh largest metropolis with a population of over 1.1 million. It is located in the south-east of the country, neighboring Busan to the south and facing Gyeongju to the north and the Sea of Japan (East Sea) to the east.
http://wn.com/Ulsan
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
http://wn.com/Vietnam
Weihai
Weihai ({{zh|c=|p=) is a prefecture-level city in eastern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is the easternmost prefecture-level city in the province and a major seaport. Between 1898-1930, the town was a British colony known as Weihaiwei or the Weihai Garrison ({{zh|s=|t=|p=), and sometimes as Port Edward. Weihai was not developed in the way that Hong Kong, the other British colony in China, was developed, because Weihai was inside Germany's sphere of influence and had only been obtained as a counterbalance to the Russian presence at Port Arthur. It was largely used as a naval station and a sanatorium. Weihai borders Yantai to the west and the Yellow Sea to the east.
http://wn.com/Weihai
Wonju
Wonju is the most populous city in Gangwon province, South Korea.
http://wn.com/Wonju
Yangju
Yangju is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Yangju is located south of Dongducheon and north of Uijeongbu not far from Seoul.
http://wn.com/Yangju
Yangsan
Yangsan is a city in Gyeongsangnam-do Province, South Korea.
http://wn.com/Yangsan
Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg (, also romanized Ekaterinburg), formerly Sverdlovsk () is a major city in the central part of Russia, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Situated on the eastern side of the Ural mountain range, it is the main industrial and cultural center of the Urals Federal District. Its population of which is down from 1,364,621 recorded in the 1989 Census, makes it Russia's fifth largest city. Between 1924 and 1991, the city was known as Sverdlovsk (), after the Bolshevik party leader Yakov Sverdlov.
http://wn.com/Yekaterinburg
Yeongcheon
Yeongcheon is a city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.
http://wn.com/Yeongcheon
Yeongjong
http://wn.com/Yeongjong
Yeongjong Island
Yeongjong Island is an island off the west coast of the city of Incheon, South Korea. The previously separate Yongyu, Sammok, and Sinbul Islands have been joined to Yeongjong Island by an area of reclaimed land built for the construction of Incheon International Airport. The island is an exclave of Incheon Metropolitan City's Jung-gu district, and is accessed via two bridges, Yeongjong Bridge connecting to Seo-gu and Incheon Bridge connecting to Songdo.
http://wn.com/Yeongjong_Island
Yeongju
http://wn.com/Yeongju
Yeonpyeong
Yeonpyeong Island is a group of South Korean islands in the Yellow Sea, located about 80 km west of Incheon
http://wn.com/Yeonpyeong
Yeosu
Yeosu (Yeosu-si) is a city in South Jeolla Province, South Korea. Old Yeosu City, which was founded in 1949, Yeocheon City, founded in 1986, and Yeocheon County were merged into a new city in 1998.
http://wn.com/Yeosu
Yokohama
http://wn.com/Yokohama
Yongin
Yongin is a city in the south of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea, approximately 40 km south of Seoul. It has developed very abruptly since the late 1990s. Home to Everland, South Korea's most popular amusement park, it is a large city by area, though the city centre itself is rather compact. Yongin is a very disparate city: The more recently developed areas to the northwest in Suji-gu, which borders Seongnam's Bundang Gu and the city of Suwon, are more affluent, whereas the more southern areas and the city centre itself are notably less so.
http://wn.com/Yongin
Yongsan Station
Yongsan Station is a major railway station in Seoul, South Korea. It is located in Yongsan Gu, and adjoins the Yongsan Electronics Market. The station is the terminus for high-speed and long-distance trains on a number of railway lines, including most trains on the Honam Line, its high-speed counterpart, and all trains on the Janghang and Jeolla Lines.
http://wn.com/Yongsan_Station
Yonsei University
http://wn.com/Yonsei_University

Beijing
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http://wn.com/Beijing
Bong Soo Han
http://wn.com/Bong_Soo_Han
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China
Cho Yong-Hyung
Cho Yong-Hyung (, born 3 November 1983) is a South Korean footballer who plays for Qatar Stars League club Al-Rayyan Sports Club in Qatar. He is known for his versatility as he can play as a full-back on either side of the pitch, as well as a centre back and a defensive midfielder.
http://wn.com/Cho_Yong-Hyung
Choi Minho
http://wn.com/Choi_Minho
Douglas MacArthur
http://wn.com/Douglas_MacArthur
Guangzhou
http://wn.com/Guangzhou
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong
Hyoyeon
Kim Hyo-yeon (born September 22, 1989), better known by her stage name Hyoyeon, is a South Korean recording artist and entertainer. She is a member of Korean girl group Girls' Generation, formed by SM Entertainment in 2007.
http://wn.com/Hyoyeon
Kang Hye-jeong
Kang Hye-jeong (; born January 4, 1982 in Incheon, South Korea) is a South Korean actress under record label and talent agency YG Entertainment.
http://wn.com/Kang_Hye-jeong
Kim Gu-ra
http://wn.com/Kim_Gu-ra
Kim Nam-Il
Kim Nam-il or Kim Namil (; born 14 March 1977) is a South Korean footballer. Kim is a defensive midfielder for Tom Tomsk in the Russian Premier League. He was virtually unknown before he became a superstar for his impressive defensive displays in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.
http://wn.com/Kim_Nam-Il
Korean War
http://wn.com/Korean_War
Koyote
http://wn.com/Koyote
Ryeowook
Kim Ryeo-wook (born June 21, 1987), best known mononymously as Ryeowook, is a Korean singer-songwriter and occasional actor. He is one of the four lead vocalists of the super boy band Super Junior, and is also a member of Super Junior-K.R.Y and Super Junior-M, two subgroups that are branched out from the main group. Along with four other members of Super Junior, he is one of the first Korean artists to appear on Chinese postage stamps.
http://wn.com/Ryeowook
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai
Shin Ji
Shin Ji (born Lee Jee-Seon on November 18, 1981 in Incheon, South Korea) is a South Korean singer and lyricist. She attended Dongduk Women's University, Department of Popular Music. She made her debut in 1999 in a group Koyote and has written lyrics for some of groups songs including "I Love Rock & Roll". She is the only female member in the group.
http://wn.com/Shin_Ji
Tianjin
(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
http://wn.com/Tianjin

Incheon International Airport

* This video was sponsored in part by Korea.Net: Korean Culture and Information Services. ...

published: 30 Jan 2011

Author: qiranger

New Songdo city - Incheon - KOREA

New Songdo city - Incheon KOREA...

published: 06 Oct 2009

Author: aboutkorea

Incheon

Incheon is the hub of Northeast Asia....

published: 21 Nov 2011

Author: prkorea

Walking around Incheon/Seoul Airport, Korea

towbsss.blogspot.com (110331) Here is a brief video of half the airport in Incheon. As my ...

published: 31 Mar 2011

Author: towbsss

A380 at Incheon international airport.

Korean Air conducted demonstration flight of Airbus A380 2007. 9. 6...

published: 30 Sep 2007

Author: cortsg

Korean War - PART 11, Incheon Landings (August 1950) 6.25 전쟁

The Incheon landings of Operation Chromite effectively turns around the disaster for the U...

published: 13 Jun 2009

Author: mlovmo

introduce video of incheon international airport

introduce video of incheon international airport in South Korea...

published: 17 Aug 2007

Author: woosuk9090

120506 Hyunjoog arrived Incheon

KIM HYUNJOONG...

published: 06 May 2012

Author: angiizez erojizh

Seoul Incheon International Airport: Arrivals

Seoul Incheon International Airport: International Arrivals...

published: 04 Apr 2007

Author: airportarrival

120921 TVXQ Changmin & Yunho @ Incheon Airport

Headed to Jakarta...

published: 21 Sep 2012

Author: slowdanse

Korean War - PART 10, Pre-Incheon (August 1950) 6.25 전쟁

UN forces enjoy almost complete air superiority, and the bombing campaign begins. The Nakt...

published: 13 Jun 2009

Author: mlovmo

Incheon Airport, Korea

Fast Track's Simon Hancock explores Incheon Airport...

published: 01 Apr 2008

Author: carmenroberts

120921 EXO K Incheon Airport to SMTown Indonesia/Jakarta

Twitter @limmybum 120921 EXO Incheon Airport to SMTown Indonesia/Jakarta Not sure who is w...

published: 21 Sep 2012

Author: jamielim36

120702 EXO K at Incheon Airport

...

published: 02 Jul 2012

Author: HooneyJS

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Creative Commons / Cheolstar
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
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Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
AP / Yonhap
Creative Commons
AP / Lee Jin-man, File
UN / Evan Schneider
UN / Evan Schneider
UN / Evan Schneider
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UN / Evan Schneider
UN / Evan Schneider
UN / Evan Schneider
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Nutter
AP / Lee Jin-man, Pool
US Coastguard / PA1 Amy Thomas.
US Coastguard / PA1 Amy Thomas
US Coastguard / PA1 Amy Thomas
US Coastguard / PA1 Amy Thomas
US Coastguard / PA1 Amy Thomas
US Coastguard / PA1 Amy Thomas
US Coastguard / PA1 Amy Thomas
US Coastguard / PA1 Amy Thomas
US Coastguard / PA1 Amy Thomas

Photo: AP / Marcio Jose Sanchez

Space Shuttle Endeavour mounted on NASA's Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, passes over the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, Friday, Sept. 21, 2012

Space shuttle Endeavour takes to California skies

Tampa Bay Online

21 Sep 2012

LOS ANGELES -- Space shuttle Endeavour took off Friday morning on a sightseeing tour of California, the last aerial hurrah before retiring to a Los Angeles museum. Hitching a ride on top of a jumbo...

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Photo: AP / B.K. Bangash

Pakistani protesters shout anti-U.S. slogans at a rally in Rawalpindi, Pakistan on Friday, Sept. 21, 2012.

Pakistani leaders play religious card as protests boil

Sun Sentinel

21 Sep 2012

Pakistan's government, wary of widespread frustration over its failure to provide basic services, declared Friday a day of protest over the film in an apparent bid to exploit anger which has inspired...

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Photo: AP / Shakh Aivazov

People look through a prison gate to see their family members during a protest rally against prison abuse in Tbilisi, Georgia, Friday, Sept. 21, 2012.

Protests over prison abuse rocks Georgia

Al Jazeera

21 Sep 2012

Thousands have rallied in Georgia to demand the prosecution of high-level officials fired in a prison-abuse scandal that threatens to unseat the governing pro-Western party in next month's...

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Photo: AP / Bassem Tellawi

Syrian President Bashar Assad delivering a speech in Damascus on Saturday Jan.19 2008 at the official opening of the year-long Festivity for declaring Damascus the Capital of the Arab Culture for 2008, at the Dar al-Assad for Culture and Arts.

Syria's Assad says rebels will be defeated

Herald Tribune

21 Sep 2012

BEIRUT - Syria's President Bashar Assad is adamant his regime will not fall and predicts the defeat of the armed opposition that has been fighting his troops. Assad says the rebels "will not succeed"...

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Photo: AP / Hadi Mizban

Members of the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (MEK) organization chant slogans and hold banners during a tour organized by the Iraqi government for foreign diplomats in Baghdad, Iraq, Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2012.

US 'set to remove' Iran group MEK's from terror list

BBC News

22 Sep 2012

The US is set to remove dissident Iranian group Mujahideen-e Khalq from its terror blacklist, officials say. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has sent a classified opinion to Congress and a decision...

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K-Pop Festival in Incheon Promotes 2014 Asian Games 17 Sep 2012

Chosunilbo The nation's largest K-pop festival took place at Munhak World Cup Stadium in Incheon on Sept. 9. Organized by the Incheon city government, the concert was held to promote the host city of the 2014 Asian Games and boost its tourism...(size: 1.5Kb)

D/FW Airport and South Korea’s Incheon Airport ink partnership 06 Sep 2012

The Dallas Morning News Officials of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Incheon International Airport in Seoul, South Korea, signed a partnership agreement Wednesday that they hope will lead to increased air service and the sharing of best practices. The partnership is designed to foster cooperation between the...(size: 4.7Kb)

DFW International Airport and Incheon International Airport Sign Partnership Agreement To Collaborate On Mutual Interests 05 Sep 2012

DNA India New agreement outlines cooperation and information sharing between two of the world's top airports DFW AIRPORT, Texas, Sept. 5, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Leaders from Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) International Airport and Incheon (ICN) International Airport from Seoul, South Korea, both rated among...(size: 6.0Kb)

D/FW Airport signs partnership agreement with Incheon Airport of Seoul 05 Sep 2012

The Business Review Dallas Business Journal by Matt Joyce, Staff Writer Date: Wednesday, September 5, 2012, 3:11pm CDT...(size: 8.8Kb)

Free Tickets Available for Huge K-Pop Festival in Incheon 05 Sep 2012

Chosunilbo Korea's largest K-pop festival, "Incheon K-Pop Concert 2012," will be held at Munhak World Cup Stadium in Incheon from 7 p.m. on Sunday. Admission tickets are free of charge, but...(size: 1.2Kb)

Refurbished MacArthur statue to be unveiled in Incheon 16 Aug 2012

Stars and Stripes INCHEON, South Korea — Local police have been guarding an iconic U.S. Army general around the clock, fearing an attack from people who decry his presence as symbolic of war and American imperialism. As early as Friday, the visage of the late Gen. Douglas MacArthur shall return as workers, who...(size: 4.3Kb)

Interest in Korean War Leads Chinese Students to Incheon 08 Aug 2012

Chosunilbo An Ho, a Chinese graduate student studying in Korea, was too busy with his thesis to go traveling this summer. But as he was conducting research on the 1950-53 Korean War, his thesis topic, he learned of a museum dedicated to the war in Incheon and summoned his schoolmate Cheon Yega to pay a visit...(size: 2.7Kb)

Passenger Tally at Incheon Airport Hits Fresh Record 07 Aug 2012

Chosunilbo The number of outbound passengers at Incheon International Airport has hit a new record every weekend. The airport...(size: 0.8Kb)

Thai-Korean Family Enjoy Marine-Themed Tour of Incheon 04 Jul 2012

Chosunilbo As Bangkok has hosted the Asian Games four times so far, with the last time falling in 1988, a Thai-Korean family visited Incheon recently to see what the upcoming host city has to offer ahead of the 2014 Games, which will run from Sept. 19 to Oct. 14. Bi Sontaya Copason, who married a Korean woman...(size: 2.3Kb)

Incheon Metropolitan City Hall Adopts Compuware APM for Website Performance Management 20 Jun 2012

Stockhouse Incheon...(size: 0.1Kb)

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This article is about the city. For the airport, see Incheon International Airport. For other uses, see Incheon (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 37°29′N 126°38′E / 37.483°N 126.633°E / 37.483; 126.633

Incheon
인천
仁川
Inchon

— Metropolitan City —

Korean name transcription(s)

• Hangul

인천광역시

• Hanja

仁川廣域市

• Revised Romanization

Incheon Gwang-yeoksi

• McCune-Reischauer

Inch'ŏn Kwang'yŏkshi

Korean name short form transcription(s)

• Hangul

인천

• Revised Romanization

Incheon

• McCune-Reischauer

Inch'ŏn

Top: View of night in Incheon Bridge from Songdo area, Middle left: Night in New Songdo area, Middle right: Incheon International Airport, Bottom: View of Incheon Port

Flag of Incheon
Flag

Official logo of Incheon
Emblem of Incheon

Map of South Korea with Incheon highlighted

Coordinates: 37°29′N 126°38′E / 37.483°N 126.633°E

Country

South Korea

Region

Sudogwon

Founded

1883 as Chemulpo

Subdivisions

List

8 districts ("gu")
Bupyeong-gu (부평구; 富平區)
Gyeyang-gu (계양구; 桂陽區)
Jung-gu (중구; 中區)
Nam-gu (남구; 南區)
Namdong-gu (남동구; 南洞區)
Seo-gu (서구; 西區)
Yeonsu-gu (연수구; 延壽區)
2 counties ("gun")
Ganghwa-gun (강화군; 江華郡)
Ongjin-gun (옹진군; 甕津郡)

Government

• Type

Metropolitan City

• Mayor

Song Young-gil

• Council Chairman

Ryu Su-yong

Area

• Total

1,029.43 km² (397.47 sq mi)

Population (2011)^[1]

• Total

2,710,579

• Density

2,600/km² (6,800/sq mi)

Time zone

Korea Standard Time (UTC+9)

Flower

Tree

Bird

Website

incheon.go.kr (English)

The Incheon Metropolitan City (인천, 仁川, literally 'wise river' - formerly Inchon; named Jinsen during the time of Japanese rule) is located in northwestern South Korea. The city was home to just 4,700 people when Jemulpo port was built in 1883. Today 2.76 million people live in the city, making it Korea’s third most populous city after Seoul and Busan Metropolitan City. While people have inhabited the area from the New Stone Age, the city’s growth was assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city.

Incheon has since led the economic development of Korea by opening its port to the outside world, issuing in the modernization of Korea as a center of industrialization. In 2003, the city was designated as Korea’s first free economic zone. Since then, large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in Incheon Free Economic Zone, including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry.

As an international city, Incheon has held numerous large scale international conferences, such as the Incheon Global Fair & Festival in 2009. The 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 will also be held in Incheon from September 19, 2014. Incheon has established itself as a true hub of Northeast Asia with the world renowned Incheon International Airport and Incheon Port.

History [link]

Downtown Songdo, Incheon

The first historical record of the Incheon area dates back to 475 CE. during the reign of King Jangsu of Goguryeo by the name of "Michuhol". The area underwent several name changes with successive kingdoms and dynasties. The current name was established in 1413. However, the name Jemulpo was not widely used until the opening of the port in 1883.^[2]^[3]

On September 15, 1950, during the Korean War, Incheon was the site of the Battle of Inchon, when United States troops landed to relieve pressure on the Pusan Perimeter and to launch a United Nations offensive northward. The result was a decisive UN victory.^[4] The USS Inchon was named after the tide-turning battle that ensued.

Incheon was originally part of Gyeonggi Province, but was granted Directly Governed (now Metropolitan) City status on July 1, 1981.

Incheon was known as Inchon prior to South Korea's adoption of a new Romanization system in 2000.

Major events [link]

Incheon was the site of the Battle of Inchon during the Korean War.

Incheon hosted a series of major international events. The Global Fair & Festival 2009 Incheon, Korea was held in the Songdo District in August 2009. It was open from August 7 to October 25 for a period of 80 days. It was a comprehensive international event with global institutions and corporations as participants.Various musicians and artists performed during the event.

The city hosted a meeting of the G20 Finance Ministers in February 2010.^[5]

Incheon will also be the site of the third Global Model United Nations Conference, held from 10th to the 14th of August 2011.

Incheon has also won the bid to host the Asian Games in 2014.

Education [link]

On February 27, 2007, Incheon declared itself an "English City," and inaugurated the "Incheon Free English Zone" program. The goal of the program is to make Incheon as much an English speaking city as Hong Kong and Singapore are.^[6] This is for the ultimate purpose of establishing Incheon as a commercial and business hub of northeast Asia (see Free Economic Zone below). The official slogan of the program is "Smile with English."

Higher education [link]

Incheon is home to several colleges and universities:

Gyeongin National University of Education Incheon campus
Gachon University Medical·Ganghwa campus
Gyeongin Women's College
Inha Technical College
Inha University
Incheon Catholic University
Incheon City College
University of Incheon
Jaineung College
SUNY South Korea
Anyang University Ganghwa campus
Yonsei University International campus
Korea Polytechnics Ⅱ
Seongsan Hyo University
Juan International University

Climate [link]

Incheon has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwa). Incheon's climate is about average compared to the rest of Korea, with 8 locations being cooler and 10 locations being warmer, and with 9 locations being wetter and 9 locations being drier.^[7]

Incheon experiences each of its four seasons, distinctly feeling the rise and fall of temperature and humidity. The temperature however, never rises to an extreme, and the climate of the city is essentially mild. Incheon is swept by the seasonal winds as the northwesterly winds strike the city in the winter and the summer in Incheon is affected by gusts of the warm southwesterly winds.^[8]

Climate data for Incheon (1981−2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	1.7 (35.1)	4.4 (39.9)	9.6 (49.3)	16.1 (61.0)	21.3 (70.3)	25.4 (77.7)	27.6 (81.7)	29.0 (84.2)	25.5 (77.9)	19.7 (67.5)	11.8 (53.2)	4.7 (40.5)	16.4 (61.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−2.1 (28.2)	0.3 (32.5)	5.1 (41.2)	11.3 (52.3)	16.4 (61.5)	20.9 (69.6)	24.0 (75.2)	25.2 (77.4)	21.1 (70.0)	15.0 (59.0)	7.6 (45.7)	0.9 (33.6)	12.1 (53.8)
Average low °C (°F)	−5.4 (22.3)	−3.1 (26.4)	1.7 (35.1)	7.6 (45.7)	12.8 (55.0)	17.6 (63.7)	21.5 (70.7)	22.4 (72.3)	17.5 (63.5)	11.0 (51.8)	3.9 (39.0)	−2.6 (27.3)	8.7 (47.7)
Precipitation mm (inches)	20.6 (0.811)	20.8 (0.819)	40.5 (1.594)	57.7 (2.272)	100.3 (3.949)	112.0 (4.409)	319.6 (12.583)	285.8 (11.252)	153.5 (6.043)	53.4 (2.102)	51.0 (2.008)	19.3 (0.76)	1,234.4 (48.598)
% humidity	61.5	61.8	63.4	64.1	70.3	74.8	82.2	79.1	73.1	67.3	63.9	62.0	68.6
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	6.6	5.3	6.7	7.3	8.7	9.7	14.9	12.5	8.2	6.2	8.5	7.3	101.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours	178.0	181.5	204.9	219.4	231.4	203.4	156.8	191.0	197.6	211.2	168.6	171.0	2,314.9
Source: Korea Meteorological Administration^[9]

Transportation [link]

Incheon is a major domestic and international transportation hub for Korea.

View of the station at Incheon International Airport

Air [link]

Incheon International Airport, a regional air hub, is South Korea's primary international airport.

There were a total of 160,843 flights (157,134 international, 3,709 domestic) to and from Incheon International Airport in 2005, an average of 441 flights (431 international, 10 domestic) daily. 59.7% of the flights were serviced by Korea’s two national carriers, Korean Air and Asiana Airlines, with foreign carriers servicing the remaining 40.3%, which breaks down as follows: China 45,125 flights {28.1% of total}, Japan 32,352 {20.1%}, Southeast Asia 30,567 {19%}, Americas 27,916 {17.4%}, Europe 11,082 {6.9%}, Domestic 3,709 {2.3%}, Oceania 2,811 {1.7%}, others 7,281 {4.5%}.

Also featured in the Korean drama series, "Air City."

Sea [link]

Incheon's sea port is the second largest port in Korea after Busan's sea port.

The International Passenger Terminal located at the port offers ferries to four cities in China: Dalian, Qingdao, Tianjin, and Weihai. There are also ferries to Incheon's outlying islands as well as Baengnyeong Island inside of the Northern Limit Line.

Buses [link]

Incheon Bus Terminal, located at its eponymous subway stop, offers express bus transportation to all parts of Korea. Many city bus lines offer transportation within city limits as well as to the neighboring cities of Bucheon, Gimpo, Seoul, and Siheung.

Many BRT lines offer transportation between Seoul and Incheon.

Train [link]

The main square on Rodeo street, Guwol-dong, a two minute walk from Art Centre station

Local service to Guro, Seoul, Cheongnyangni, Uijeongbu and Soyosan is offered by Seoul's subway Line 1. The line has 11 stations within Incheon and connects to the Incheon Subway at Bupyeong station.

Rapid service on the same line to Yongsan Station in Seoul depart from Dongincheon station and stops at major stations.

The Airport Express (AREX) line runs from Incheon International Airport to Seoul Station via Gimpo International Airport. The Incheon-Gimpo section was opened in March 2007 and was extended to Seoul station in December 2010. Passengers can choose a high-speed service stopping only at Incheon airport and Seoul, which takes 43 minutes but departs only every half-hour; or the all-station service which takes 53 minutes but leaves every six minutes.

Subway [link]

Main article: Incheon Subway

The Incheon Subway has a single subway line serving the city. It connects to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway system at Bupyeong station, and AREX line at Gyeyang station. The line has 28 stations on 29.4 km of track. The Incheon subway is operated by the Incheon Rapid Transit Corporation (IRTC).

Planned extensions and additions: IRTC has a plan to construct a second line, Line 2. It will extend from Oryu, Seo-gu to Incheon Grand Park, and will have 27 stations on 29.2 km of track. Line 2 is under construction from June 26, 2009 to 2014.

Korail is constructing a new subway line from Incheon station to Suwon station by 2013. It will have 10 stations within Incheon.

SMRT (one of three operating companies of Seoul Metropolitan Subway) will also extend Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 7 to Bupyeong-gu office by 2011 and provide transfers to the Incheon Subway system. It will have 3 stations within Incheon.

Free Economic Zone [link]

The Incheon Free Economic Zone consists of the three regions of Songdo, Cheongna, and the island of Yeongjong, and has a total area of 51,739 acres (20,938 ha). The goal of IFEZ is to transform these three areas into hubs for logistics, international business, leisure, and tourism for the Northeast Asian region. The term 'Free Economic Zone' applies to the development in these three areas with the aim of improving the business environment for foreign-invested enterprises and the living conditions for foreigners. The zone is a specially designated area to create the most favorable business and living environment where foreign nationals can live and invest freely and conveniently. Incheon's Free Economic Zone, the first in Korea, was officially designated by the Korean government in August 2003. IFEZ is planned to be a self-contained living and business district featuring air and sea transportation, a logistics complex, an international business center, financial services, residences, schools and hospitals, and shopping and entertainment centres.

New Songdo City [link]

New Songdo City

Songdo International City began development in 1994 and is being built on reclaimed land. It is designated to become a center of diverse international businesses, a hub for international trade, an area for knowledge-based technologies, and a place for eco-friendly urban living. Construction is due to be completed in 2020.

Development size: 13,162 acres (53.26 km²)
Planned population: 252,000 persons
Construction duration: 1994~2020

Yeongjong Island [link]

As of 2012, Yeongjong International City’s 34,183 acres (13,833 ha) centering on the Incheon International Airport is being developed as an eco-friendly airport city scheduled to be completed by 2020.

Cheongna [link]

The Cheongna district, on the mainland adjacent Yeongjong Island, will focus on entertainment and will feature a world class theme park. It will also be a residential area with sports facilities, a floriculture complex, and a business area specially designed for international finance.

Development Size: 4,394 acres (1,778 ha)
Planned population: 90,000 persons
Duration: 2004~2008

Administrative divisions [link]

Main article: Wards of Incheon

Administrative divisions of Incheon

Incheon is divided into 8 wards ("gu") and 2 counties ("gun").

Bupyeong-gu (부평구; 富平區)
Dong-gu (동구; 東區)
Gyeyang-gu (계양구; 桂陽區)
Jung-gu (중구; 中區)
Nam-gu (남구; 南區)
Namdong-gu (남동구; 南洞區)
Seo-gu (서구; 西區)
Yeonsu-gu (연수구; 延壽區)
Ganghwa-gun (강화군; 江華郡)
Ongjin-gun (옹진군; 甕津郡)

The northwestern islands of Baengnyeong Island, Yeonpyeong Island, Daecheong Island, and the much smaller Socheong Island are part of Ongjin.

Sports [link]

Incheon is home to the following professional and semi professional sports teams:

Football (Soccer)

K-League team Incheon United.
The Incheon team was known to have a popular rivalry against former Bucheon SK, (now Jeju United) due to the teams' close geographical relationship.

The National League team Incheon Korail.

Baseball

The successful KBO team SK Wyverns.
The first Incheon-based pro-baseball team was Sami(one of major steel companies in 1980s) Superstars.

Basketball

The KBL team Incheon ET Land Elephants.

Munhak Sports Complex

The Munahk Sports Complex houses both a football stadium and a baseball stadium. The football stadium was Incheon's venue for the 2002 Football World Cup, and is also the home venue for Incheon United. The baseball stadium is the home venue for the SK Wyverns.

On April 19, 2007, Incheon was selected as the host city for the 2014 Asian Games, beating out New Delhi.^[10]

Points of interest [link]

Bupyeong Station is where the Seoul Subway Line 1 and Incheon subway line intersect. There is a large under ground shopping center there mostly selling trendy women's clothing and cell phones. Above ground, there are many restaurants, additional shops, and a Lotte Mart.

A number of Korea's western islands, including Ganghwa Island, Yeongjong Island, and Baengnyeong Island are also administered by Incheon. Baengnyeong Island is South Korea's westernmost point.

Jayu (Freedom) Park- The statue of General, Douglas MacArthur, as well as a memorial to the centennial anniversary of U.S. and Korea relations is located within.

Chinatown is Korea's only official Chinatown, located across from Incheon Station near Jayu Park.

Arts Centre refers to a performance venue but also to a subway station and area. Within this district in Guwol-dong is Rodeo Street, a busy central square packed with restaurants and department stores.

Wolmido- Location of Green Beach, one of the landing sites for MacArthur's invasion force. It is now a local tourist attraction with a boardwalk, an amusement park and many raw fish restaurants. Ferries run from Wolmido to Yeongjongdo and Jakyakdo.

Jakyakdo- A tiny island located in the harbor close between Wolmido and Yeongjongdo. There are many walkways and picnic spots, a restaurant, and seasonal rental rooms.

Incheon Landing Operation Memorial Hall- A plaza and small museum dedicated to the Landing. Weapons and artifacts from the war and operation are displayed.

Incheon Dohobu Cheongsa- Located nearby Munhak Stadium, this is the old government complex for Incheon. It has existed since at least the reign of King Sejong, about 1424 A.D.

Incheon's government has many plans for restoring Incheon's old town.

Korea-us100.jpg

Monument to 100 years of friendship between Korea and the USA in Jayu Park
Jayumacarthur.jpg

The statue of MacArthur at Jayu Park
Jayuwalkway.jpg

A walkway in Jayu Park
The only official Chinatown in South Korea
Port of Incheon
Incheon Bridge
Jakyakdo.jpg

The tiny island of Jakyakdo
Interior architecture of Incheon International Airport

People from Incheon [link]

Sister cities [link]

^[11]

Burbank, California (1961)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1983)
Anchorage, Alaska (1986)
Kitakyushu (1988)
Tianjin (1993)
Hai Phong, Vietnam (1997)
Panama City, Panama (2000)
Tel Aviv, Israel (2000)
Alexandria, Egypt (2000)
Honolulu, Hawaii (2003)
Chongqing (2007)
Mérida, Mexico (2007)
Kolkata, India (2007)
Manila, Philippines (2008)
Phnom Penh, Cambodia (2009)
Yekaterinburg, Russia (2009)
Banten Province, Indonesia (2009)
Kobe (2010)
Veneto, Italy (2010)

References [link]

^ http://kosis.nso.go.kr/cgi-bin/sws_888.cgi?ID=DT_1IN0001&IDTYPE=3&A_LANG=2&FPUB=4&SELITEM=0
^ Incheon Metropolitan City
^ Ewing, Stefan. "By Train from Seoul to Incheon -- and Jemulpo, too." Korea Web, 25 January 2006.
^ Bill Sloan, The Darkest Summer: Pusan and Inchon 1950: The Battles That Saved South Korea---and the Marines---From Extinction(2009)
^ http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/g20/
^ http://www.arirang.co.kr/News/News_View.asp?nseq=69676&code=Ne4
^ Inchon, Korea: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data
^ Incheon Weather, Climate of Incheon, Incheon’s weather
^ "평년값자료 30년 (1981-2010) 인천(112)". Korea Meteorological Administration. http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/average_30years.jsp?yy_st=2011&stn=112&norm=M&x=28&y=6&obs=0&mm=11&dd=19. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
^ The Korea Herald : The Nation's No.1 English Newspaper
^ Incheon Metropolitan City

External links [link]

Find more about Incheon on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

Government Website of Incheon Metropolitan City
Pictorial history Chemulpo to Songdo IBD: Korea's International Gateway
Incheon travel guide from Wikitravel

Articles Related to Incheon

v t e Metropolitan city of Incheon

Districts	Bupyeong-gu Dong-gu Gyeyang-gu Jung-gu Namdong-gu Seo-gu Nam-gu Yeonsu-gu

County	Ganghwa Ongjin

v t e Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea

Regions	Capital area Gwandong Yeongdong Yeongseo Hoseo Honam Jeju Yeongnam Southeastern MIR

Provinces	North Chungcheong South Chungcheong Gangwon Gyeonggi North Gyeongsang South Gyeongsang North Jeolla South Jeolla

Special self-governing province	Jeju

Special city	Seoul

Special autonomous city	Sejong

Metropolitan cities	Busan Daegu Daejeon Gwangju Incheon Ulsan

Metropolitan cities of South Korea

Special city	Seoul

Metropolitan cities	Busan · Daegu · Daejeon · Gwangju · Incheon · Ulsan

Provincial capitals with special status (not included above)	Changwon · Cheongju · Jeonju · Suwon

Provincial capitals (not included above)	Chuncheon · Jeju · Muan

Cities with special status (not included above)	Ansan · Anyang · Bucheon · Cheonan · Goyang · Pohang · Seongnam · Yongin

Cities (not included above)	Andong · Anseong · Asan · Boryeong · Chungju · Dangjin · Dongducheon · Donghae · Gangneung · Geoje · Gimcheon · Gimhae · Gimje · Gimpo · Gongju · Gumi · Gunpo · Guri · Gunsan · Gwacheon · Gwangju · Gwangmyeong · Gwangyang · Gyeongju · Gyeongsan · Gyeryong · Hanam · Hwaseong · Icheon · Iksan · Jecheon · Jeongeup · Jinju · Miryang · Mungyeong · Namwon · Namyangju · Naju · Nonsan · Osan · Paju · Pocheon · Pyeongtaek · Sacheon · Samcheok · Sangju · Seogwipo · Seosan · Siheung · Sokcho · Suncheon · Taebaek · Tongyeong · Uijeongbu · Uiwang · Wonju · Yangju · Yangsan · Yeongcheon · Yeongju · Yeosu

World's fifty most-populous urban areas

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Korean War
한국전쟁(韓國戰爭)
조선전쟁(朝鮮戰爭)

Part of the Cold War

Clockwise from top: U.S. Marines retreating during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir; U.N. landing at Incheon harbor, starting point of the Battle of Inchon; Korean refugees in front of an American M26 Pershing tank; U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez, landing at Incheon; F-86 Sabre fighter aircraft.

Date	Full-scale: 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 (&100000000000000030000003 years, &1000000000000003200000032 days) Low-level: 27 July 1953 – present (&1000000000000005800000058 years, &10000000000000335000000335 days)
Location	Korean Peninsula
Status	Cease-fire armistice North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled U.N. invasion of North Korea repelled Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Demilitarized Zone established, little territorial change at the 38th parallel border, essentially uti possidetis
Territorial changes	Korean Demilitarized Zone established; both sides gained little border territory at the 38th parallel

Belligerents

Combat support

Medical support

Other support

People's Republic of Mongolia

Commanders and leaders

Rhee Syngman
Chung Il-kwon
Paik Sun-yup
Shin Sung-mo
Son Won-il
Douglas MacArthur
(Commander of the UNC)
Matthew Ridgway
(Commander of the UNC)
Mark Wayne Clark
(Commander of the UNC)

Current

Lee Myung-bak
Kim Kwan-jin
Jeong Seung-jo
Kim Sang-ki
Choi Yoon-hee
Park Jong-heon
James D. Thurman

Current

Strength

600,000
302,000^[2]
14,200^[2]
6,150^[2]
5,460^[2]
3,972^[3]
2,280^[2]
1,500^[2]
1,390^[2]
1,290^[2]
1,270^[2]
1,260^[2]
1,120^[2]
1,070^[2]
900^[2]
300^[2]
170^[2]
105^[2]
100^[2]
72^[2]
70^[2]
44^[2]

Total: 941,600

Current

653,000
28,500

Total: 681,500

260,000
1,350,000^[4]
22x20px 26,000

Total: 1,636,000
Note: The figures vary by source; peak unit strength varied during war.

Current
1,106,000

Casualties and losses

Republic of Korea:^[2]
137,899 dead
450,742 wounded
24,495 MIA
8,343 POW
United States of America:
(US sources):^[2]
36,940 dead
92,134 wounded
3,737 MIA
4,439 POW
(PRC-DPRK estimates):
397,543 in total^[5]
United Kingdom:^[2]
1,078 dead
2,674 wounded
179 MIA
977 POW
Turkey:^[2]
741 dead
2,068 wounded
163 MIA
244 POW
Commonwealth of Australia: ^[6]
339 dead
1,216 wounded
43 MIA
26 POW
Dominion of Canada:^[2]
312 dead
1,212 wounded
1 MIA
32 POW
France:^[2]
262 dead
1,008 wounded
7 MIA
12 POW
Kingdom of Greece^[2]
192 dead
543 wounded
3 POW
Colombia:^[2]
163 dead
448 wounded
28 POW
Thailand:^[2]
129 dead
1,139 wounded
5 MIA
Ethiopian Empire^[2]
121 dead
536 wounded
Netherlands:^[2]
120 dead
645 wounded
Philippines:^[2]
112 dead
229 wounded
16 MIA
41 POW
Belgium:^[2]
99 dead
336 Wounded
4 MIA
1 POW
Union of South Africa^[2]
34 dead
9 POW
New Zealand:^[2]
23 dead
79 wounded
1 MIA
Norway:^[2]
3 dead
Luxembourg:^[2]
2 dead
13 wounded

Total: 776,360–1,093,839^[5]

Democratic People's Republic of Korea:
215,000 dead
303,000 wounded
120,000 MIA or POW^[7]
People's Republic of China:
(Chinese sources):^[8]
152,000 dead
383,500 wounded
450,000 hospitalized
4,000 missing
7,110 captured
14,190 defected
(U.S. estimate):^[7]
400,000+ dead
486,000 wounded
21,000 POW
22x20px Union of Soviet Socialist Republics:
282 dead^[9]

Total: 1,545,822–1,648,582

Total civilians killed/wounded: 2.5 million (est.)^[2]
South Korea: 990,968
373,599 killed^[2]
229,625 wounded^[2]
387,744 abducted/missing^[2]
North Korea: 1,550,000 (est.)^[2]

Korean War

North Korean Offensive

Operation Pokpoong
Chuncheon
Gorangpo
Kaesong-Munsan
Korea Strait
Ongjin
Uijeongbu
Suwon Airfield
Air Campaign
Andong
Chumonchin Chan
Osan
Pyongtaek
Chonan
Chochiwon
Taejon
Sangju
Yongdong
Hwanggan
Hadong
Notch
Pusan Perimeter
- Masan
- P'ohang-Dong
- Taegu
- 1st Naktong Bulge
- Bowling Alley
- Battle Mountain
- Kyongju
- Haman
- Nam River
- Ka-San
- Tabu-Dong
- Yongsan
- 2nd Naktong Bulge

United Nations Counteroffensive

Chinese Intervention

Stalemate

Post Armistice

Korean War
Hangul	한국전쟁 or 조선전쟁
Hanja	韓國戰爭 or 朝鮮戰爭
Revised Romanization	Hanguk Jeonjaeng or Joseon Jeonjaeng
McCune–Reischauer	Han’guk Chŏnjaeng or Chosŏn Chŏnjaeng

The Korean War (Korean: 한국전쟁 or 조선전쟁, Hanja: 韓國戰爭 or 朝鮮戰爭; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953^[10]^[a]) was a war between the Republic of Korea (supported primarily by the United States of America, with contributions from allied nations under the aegis of the United Nations) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (supported by the People's Republic of China, with military and material aid from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The Korean War was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half.^[12]

The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division between the two sides; the North established a communist government, while the South established a capitalist one. The 38th parallel increasingly became a political border between the two Korean states. Although reunification negotiations continued in the months preceding the war, tension intensified. Cross-border skirmishes and raids at the 38th Parallel persisted. The situation escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950.^[13] It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War.^[14] In 1950 the Soviet Union boycotted the United Nations security council, in protest at representation of China by the Kuomintang / Republic of China government, which had taken refuge in Taiwan following defeat in the Chinese Civil War. In the absence of a dissenting voice from the Soviet Union, who could have vetoed it, the United States and other countries passed a security council resolution authorizing military intervention in Korea.

The United States of America provided 88% of the 341,000 international soldiers which aided South Korean forces in repelling the invasion, with twenty other countries of the United Nations offering assistance. Suffering severe casualties, within two months the defenders were pushed back to a small area in the south of the Korean Peninsula, known as the Pusan perimeter. A rapid U.N. counter-offensive then drove the North Koreans past the 38th Parallel and almost to the Yalu River, when the People's Republic of China (PRC) entered the war on the side of North Korea.^[13] Chinese intervention forced the Southern-allied forces to retreat behind the 38th Parallel. While not directly committing forces to the conflict, the Soviet Union provided material aid to both the North Korean and Chinese armies. The active stage of the war ended on 27 July 1953, when the armistice agreement was signed. The agreement restored the border between the Koreas near the 38th Parallel and created the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a 2.5-mile (4.0 km)-wide fortified buffer zone between the two Korean nations. Minor outbreaks of fighting continue to the present day.

With both North Korea and South Korea sponsored by external powers, the Korean War was a proxy war. From a military science perspective, it combined strategies and tactics of World War I and World War II: it began with a mobile campaign of swift infantry attacks followed by air bombing raids, but became a static trench war by July 1951.

1 Background
2 Course of the war
3 Characteristics
4 Aftermath
5 See also
6 Footnotes
7 Citations
8 References
9 External links

Background [link]

Terminology [link]

In the United States of America, the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a "police action" as it was conducted under the auspices of the United Nations.^[15] Colloquially, it has been referred to in the United States as The Forgotten War or The Unknown War because the issues concerned were much less clear than in previous and subsequent conflicts, such as World War II and the Vietnam War.^[16]^[17]

In South Korea the war is usually referred to as "625" or the 6–2–5 Upheaval (yug-i-o dongnan), reflecting the date of its commencement on 25 June.^[18] In North Korea the war is officially referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War (Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng). Alternatively, it is called the "Chosǒn War" (Chosǒn chǒnjaeng).^[19] In the People's Republic of China the war is officially called the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea (simplified Chinese: 抗美援朝战争; traditional Chinese: 抗美援朝戰爭; pinyin: Kàngměiyuáncháo zhànzhēng),^[20]^[21] although the term "Joseon War" (simplified Chinese: 朝鲜战争; traditional Chinese: 朝鮮戰爭; pinyin: Cháoxiǎn zhànzhēng) is also used in unofficial capacity.

Japanese rule (1910–1945)[link]

Main article: Korea under Japanese rule

Upon defeating the Qing Dynasty in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–96), the Empire of Japan occupied the Korean Empire – a peninsula strategic to its sphere of influence.^[22] A decade later, defeating Imperial Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05), Japan made Korea its protectorate with the Eulsa Treaty in 1905, then annexed it with the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty in 1910.^[23]

Korean nationalists and the intelligentsia fled the country, and some founded the Provisional Korean Government in 1919, which was headed by Syngman Rhee in Shanghai. This government-in-exile was recognized by few countries. From 1919 to 1925 and beyond, Korean communists led and were the primary agents of internal and external warfare against the Japanese.^[24]^[25]

Korea under Japanese rule was considered to be part of the Empire of Japan as an industrialized colony along with Taiwan, and both were part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In 1937, the colonial Governor-General, General Jirō Minami, commanded the attempted cultural assimilation of Korea's 23.5 million people by banning the use and study of Korean language, literature, and culture, to be replaced with that of mandatory use and study of their Japanese counterparts. Starting in 1939, the populace was required to use Japanese names under the Sōshi-kaimei policy. In 1938, the Colonial Government established labor conscription.^{[citation needed]}

In the People's Republic of China, the National Revolutionary Army and the Communist People's Liberation Army helped organize refugee Korean patriots and independence fighters against the Japanese military, which had also occupied parts of China. The Nationalist-backed Koreans, led by Yi Pom-Sok, fought in the Burma Campaign (December 1941 – August 1945). The Communists, led by Kim Il-sung, fought the Japanese in Korea and Manchuria.^{[citation needed]}

During World War II, the Japanese used Korea's food, livestock, and metals for their war effort. Japanese forces in Korea increased from 46,000 soldiers in 1941 to 300,000 in 1945. Japanese Korea conscripted 2.6 million forced laborers controlled with a collaborationist Korean police force; some 723,000 people were sent to work in the overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan. By 1942, Korean men were being conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army. By January 1945, Koreans comprised 32% of Japan's labor force. In August 1945, when the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, around 25% of those killed were Koreans.^[25] At the end of the war, other world powers did not recognize Japanese rule in Korea and Taiwan.

Meanwhile, at the Cairo Conference (November 1943), Nationalist China, the United Kingdom, and the United States decided "in due course Korea shall become free and independent".^[26] Later, the Yalta Conference (February 1945) granted to the Soviet Union European "buffer zones"—satellite states accountable to Moscow—as well as an expected Soviet pre-eminence in China and Manchuria, in return for joining the Allied Pacific War effort against Japan.^[27]

Soviet invasion of Manchuria (1945)[link]

Main article: Soviet invasion of Manchuria (1945)

Toward the end of World War II, as per a US-Soviet agreement, the Soviet Union declared war against Japan on 9 August 1945.^[25]^[28] By 10 August, the Red Army occupied the northern part of the Korean peninsula as agreed, and on 26 August halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of US forces in the south.^[29]

On 10 August 1945, with the 15 August Japanese surrender near, the Americans doubted whether the Soviets would honor their part of the Joint Commission, the US-sponsored Korean occupation agreement. A month earlier, Colonel Dean Rusk and Colonel Charles H. Bonesteel III divided the Korean peninsula at the 38th parallel after hurriedly deciding that the US Korean Zone of Occupation had to have a minimum of two ports.^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]

Explaining why the occupation zone demarcation was positioned at the 38th parallel, Rusk observed, "even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by US forces, in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops", especially when "faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available, and time and space factors, which would make it difficult to reach very far north, before Soviet troops could enter the area."^[27] The Soviets agreed to the US occupation zone demarcation to improve their negotiating position regarding the occupation zones in Eastern Europe, and because each would accept Japanese surrender where they stood.^[34]

Chinese Civil War (1945–1949)[link]

Main article: Chinese Civil War

After the end of Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with materiel and manpower.^[35] According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of material while thousands of Korean "volunteers" served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war.^[36] North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China.^[35]

The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 to 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they would later play a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea.^[35] China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea.^[37] The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-Sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim.^[38]

After the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government named the Western nations, led by the United States, as the biggest threat to its national security.^[39] Basing this judgment on China's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century,^[40] American support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War,^[41] and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries,^[42] the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States' crusade against Communism.^[43] As a countermeasure and to elevate China's standing among the worldwide Communist movements, the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China's periphery.^[44]

Korea divided (1945–1949)[link]

Course of the war [link]

The conflict begins (June 1950)[link]

Territory often changed hands early in the war, until the front stabilized.

In April 1950 Kim Il-sung travelled to Moscow and secured Stalin's support for a policy to unify Korea under his authority. Although agreeing with the invasion of South Korea in principle, Stalin refused to become directly involved in Kim's plans, and advised Kim to enlist Chinese support instead. In May 1950 Kim visited Beijing, and succeeded in gaining Mao's endorsement. At the time, Mao's support for Kim was largely political (he was contemplating the invasions of Taiwan and Tibet), and was unaware of Kim's precise intentions or the timing of Kim's attack. When the Korean war broke out, the Chinese were in the process of demobilizing half of the PLA's 5.6 million soldiers.^[65]

On 7 June 1950, Kim Il-sung called for an election in whole Korea on 5–8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15–17 June 1950. On June 11, the North sent three diplomats to the South, who were later arrested by the South. Fourteen days later on 25 June 1950, the North Korean People's Army (KPA) crossed the 38th parallel border and invaded South Korea.

Under the guise of counter-attacking a South Korean provocation raid, the KPA crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire at dawn on Sunday 25 June 1950.^[66] The KPA said that Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) troops, under command of the régime of the "bandit traitor Syngman Rhee", had crossed the border first, and that they would arrest and execute Rhee.^[31] Both Korean armies had continually harassed each other with skirmishes and each continually staged raids across the 38th parallel border.

On 27 June, Rhee evacuated from Seoul with government officials. Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre, which started on 28 June.^[67]^[68]^[69]

On 28 June, South Korea bombed the bridge across the Han River to stop the North Korean army.^[70]

Early on in the fighting, South Korea put its forces under the authority of the United Nations Command (Korea).^[71]

Factors in U.S. intervention [link]

The Truman Administration was caught at a crossroads. Before the invasion, Korea was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined by Secretary of State Acheson.^[72] Military strategists were more concerned with the security of Europe against the Soviet Union than East Asia. At the same time, the Administration was worried that a war in Korea could quickly widen into another world war should the Chinese or Soviets decide to get involved as well.

One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan. Especially after the fall of China to the Communists, "...Japan itself increasingly appeared as the major East Asian prize to be protected". U.S. East Asian experts saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region. While there was no United States policy that dealt with South Korea directly as a national interest, its proximity to Japan pushed South Korea to the fore. "The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman's decision to intervene... The essential point... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of US policy toward Japan."^[73] The United States wanted to shore up Japan to make it a viable counterweight against the Soviet Union and China, and Korea was seen as integral to that end.

Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded.

The other important part of committing to intervention lay in speculation about Soviet action in the event that the United States intervene. The Truman administration was fretful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the US committed in Korea. At the same time, "[t]here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from [the conflict]".^[74] In Truman's mind, this aggression, if left unchecked, would start a chain reaction that would destroy the United Nations and give the go ahead to further Communist aggression elsewhere. Korea was where a stand had to be made, the difficult part was how. The UN Security council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the US immediately began using air and naval forces in the area to that end. The Administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisors believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone.^[75]

Also, it was still uncertain if this was a clever ploy by the Soviet Union to catch the US unawares or just a test of US resolve. The decision to commit ground troops and to intervene eventually became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June from the Soviet Union that alluded it would not move against US forces in Korea. "This opened the way for the sending of American ground forces, for it now seemed less likely that a general war—with Korea as a preliminary diversion—was imminent".^[76] With the Soviet Union's tacit agreement that this would not cause an escalation, the United States now could intervene with confidence that other commitments would not be jeopardized.

United Nations Security Council Resolutions [link]

On 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea, with United Nations Security Council Resolution 82. The Soviet Union, a veto-wielding power, had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950, protesting that the Republic of China (Taiwan), not the People's Republic of China, held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.^[77] After debating the matter, the Security Council, on 27 June 1950, published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea. On 27 June President Truman ordered US air and sea forces to help the South Korean régime. On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the US of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea.^[78]

The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons. The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from US Intelligence; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN, which violated UN Charter Article 32; and the Korean conflict was beyond UN Charter scope, because the initial north–south border fighting was classed as a civil war. The Soviet representative boycotted the UN to prevent Security Council action, and to challenge the legitimacy of the UN action; legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of the five permanent members.^[79]^[80]

Comparison of military forces [link]

In early 1951 USAF recruits arrived by the train load, more than doubling the population of Lackland AFB.

By mid-1950 North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops, organized into 10 infantry divisions, one tank division, and one air force division, with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks who captured scheduled objectives and territory, among them Kaesong, Chuncheon, Uijeongbu, and Ongjin. Their forces included 274 T-34-85 tanks, some 150 Yak fighters, 110 attack bombers, 200 artillery pieces, 78 Yak trainers, and 35 reconnaissance aircraft.^[31] In addition to the invasion force, the North Korean KPA had 114 fighters, 78 bombers, 105 T-34-85 tanks, and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea.^[31] Although each navy consisted of only several small warships, the North Korean and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea-borne artillery for their in-country armies.

In contrast, the ROK Army defenders were vastly unprepared, and the political establishment in the south, while well aware of the threat to the north, were unable to convince American administrators of the reality of the threat. In South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (1961), R.E. Appleman reports the ROK forces' low combat readiness as of 25 June 1950. The ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the US military, but requests were denied), and a 22–piece air force comprising 12 liaison-type and 10 AT6 advanced-trainer airplanes. There were no large foreign military garrisons in Korea at invasion time, but there were large US garrisons and air forces in Japan.^[31]

Within days of the invasion, masses of ROK Army soldiers—of dubious loyalty to the Syngman Rhee régime—were either retreating southwards or were defecting en masse to the northern side, the KPA.^[24]

United Nations response (July – August 1950)[link]

A group of soldiers readying a large gun in some brush.

A US howitzer position near the Kum River, 15 July.

A GI comforts a grieving infantryman.

Despite the rapid post–Second World War Allied demobilizations, there were substantial US forces occupying Japan; under General Douglas MacArthur's command, they could be made ready to fight the North Koreans.^[81] Only the British Commonwealth had comparable forces in the area.

On Saturday, 24 June 1950, US Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman by telephone, "Mr. President, I have very serious news. The North Koreans have invaded South Korea."^[82]^[83] Truman and Acheson discussed a US invasion response with defense department principals, who agreed that the United States was obligated to repel military aggression, paralleling it with Adolf Hitler's 1930s aggressions, and said that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated.^[84] In his autobiography, President Truman acknowledged that fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) (declassified in 1975):

Communism was acting in Korea, just as Hitler, Mussolini and the Japanese had ten, fifteen, and twenty years earlier. I felt certain that if South Korea was allowed to fall Communist leaders would be emboldened to override nations closer to our own shores. If the Communists were permitted to force their way into the Republic of Korea without opposition from the free world, no small nation would have the courage to resist threat and aggression by stronger Communist neighbors.^[85]

President Truman announced that the US would counter "unprovoked aggression" and "vigorously support the effort of the [UN] security council to terminate this serious breach of peace."^[83] In Congress, the Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman General Omar Bradley warned against appeasement, saying that Korea was the place "for drawing the line" against communist expansion. In August 1950, the President and the Secretary of State obtained the consent of Congress to appropriate $12 billion to pay for the military expenses.^[83]

Per State Secretary Acheson's recommendation, President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer materiel to the Army of the Republic of Korea while giving air cover to the evacuation of US nationals. The President disagreed with advisors who recommended unilateral US bombing of the North Korean forces, and ordered the US Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan), whose Nationalist Government asked to fight in Korea. The US denied the Nationalist Chinese request for combat, lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation.^[86] Because the US had sent the Seventh Fleet to "neutralize" the Taiwan Strait, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and US initiatives as "armed aggression on Chinese territory."^[87]

The Battle of Osan, the first significant American engagement of the Korean War, involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith, which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division.^[88] On 5 July 1950, Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans' tanks. They were unsuccessful; the result was 180 dead, wounded, or taken prisoner. The KPA progressed southwards, pushing back the US force at Pyongtaek, Chonan, and Chochiwon, forcing the 24th Division's retreat to Taejeon, which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon;^[89] the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured, including the Division's Commander, Major General William F. Dean.^[89] Overhead, the KPAF shot down 18 USAF fighters and 29 bombers; the USAF shot down five KPAF fighters.^{[citation needed]}

By August, the KPA had pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army to the vicinity of Pusan, in southeast Korea.^[90] In their southward advance, the KPA purged the Republic of Korea's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals.^[91] On 20 August, General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung that he was responsible for the KPA's atrocities.^[91] By September, the UN Command controlled the Pusan perimeter, enclosing about 10% of Korea, in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River.

Although Kim's early successes had led him to predict that he would end the war by the end of August, Chinese leaders were more pessimistic. To counter the possibility of American invasion, Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover, and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border, under the command of Gao Gang. Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea, and directed Lei Yingfu, Zhou's military advisor in Korea, to analyze the military situation in Korea. Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon. After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur's most likely strategy, Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei's findings, and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for American naval activity in the Korea Strait.^[92]

Escalation (August – September 1950)[link]

The U.S. Air Force attacking railroads south of Wonsan on the eastern coast of North Korea.

In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter (August–September 1950), the US Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge, P'ohang-dong, and Taegu. The United States Air Force (USAF) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges, halting most daytime road and rail traffic. KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night.^[93]To deny materiel to the KPA, the USAF destroyed logistics depots, petroleum refineries, and harbors, while the US Navy air forces attacked transport hubs. Consequently, the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south.^[94]

Meanwhile, US garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and materiel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter.^[95] Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the United States mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan, the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle ready.^[96] In early September 1950, ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The UN forces, once prepared, counterattacked and broke out of the Pusan Perimeter.^[22]^[97]

Battle of Inchon (September 1950)[link]

Main article: Battle of Inchon

General Douglas MacArthur, UN Command CiC (seated), observes the naval shelling of Incheon from the USS Mt. McKinley, 15 September 1950.

Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements, the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied; unlike the UN Command, they lacked naval and air support.^[98] To relieve the Pusan Perimeter, General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Inchon, well over 100 miles (160 km) behind the KPA lines.^[99] On 6 July, he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay, Commander, 1st Cavalry Division, to plan the division's amphibious landing at Incheon; on 12–14 July, the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama, Japan to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter.^[100]

Soon after the war began, General MacArthur had begun planning a landing at Incheon, but the Pentagon opposed him.^[99] When authorized, he activated a combined United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and ROK Army force. The X Corps, led by General Edward Almond, Commander, consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division, the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers.^[101] By the 15 September attack date, the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon: military intelligence, psychological warfare, guerrilla reconnaissance, and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle. However, the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon.^[102]

After the Incheon landing the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter. "Task Force Lynch"—3rd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, and two 70th Tank Battalion units (Charlie Company and the Intelligence–Reconnaissance Platoon)— effected the "Pusan Perimeter Breakout" through 106.4 miles (171.2 km) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan.^[100] The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul, thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea,^[103].

On 18 September Stalin dispatched General H.M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il-sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul. Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans. As the overall commander of Chinese forces, Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Inchon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men; otherwise, he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north.^[104]

On 25 September Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces. American air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA, destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery. North Korean troops in the south, instead of effectively withdrawing north, rapidly disintegrated, leaving Pyongyang vulnerable.^[104] During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers managed to rejoin the Northern KPA lines.^[105]^[106] On 27 September Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo, in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat.^[104]

UN forces cross partition line (September – October 1950)[link]

Main article: UN Offensive, 1950

Combat in the streets of Seoul

On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily..."^[107] On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee.^[104] On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: "We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel."^[107] During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea.^[108]

On 30 September Zhou Enlai warned the United States that it was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel. Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s. North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively.^[109]

By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards, past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea.^[110] MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender.^[111] Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards.^[112] The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces.^[113] The Eighth United States Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950.^[114] The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ("Rakkasans") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon. The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war. At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war.

Taking advantage of the UN Command's strategic momentum against the communists, General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort. President Truman disagreed, and ordered caution at the Sino-Korean border.^[115]

China intervenes (October – December 1950)[link]

File:China Crosses Yalu.jpg

Chinese forces cross the Yalu River.

On 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC).^[116]^[117] On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force.

On 20 August 1950, Premier Zhou Enlai informed the United Nations that "Korea is China's neighbor... The Chinese people cannot but be concerned about a solution of the Korean question". Thus, via neutral-country diplomats, China warned that in safeguarding Chinese national security, they would intervene against the UN Command in Korea.^[115] President Truman interpreted the communication as "a bald attempt to blackmail the UN", and dismissed it.^[118]

Korean War flying aces,1950

1 October 1950, the day that UN troops crossed the 38th parallel, was also the first anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. On that day the Soviet ambassador forwarded a telegram from Stalin to Mao and Zhou requesting that China send five to six divisions into Korea, and Kim Il-sung sent frantic appeals to Mao for Chinese military intervention. At the same time, Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces themselves would not directly intervene.^[111]

In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2–5 October, Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea. There was considerable resistance among many leaders, including senior military leaders, to confronting the United States in Korea. Mao strongly supported intervention, and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him. After General Lin Biao refused Mao's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea (citing poor health), Mao called General Peng Dehuai to Beijing to hear his views. After listening to both sides' arguments, Peng supported Mao's position, and the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea.^[119] Later, the Chinese claimed that US bombers had violated PRC national airspace while en route to bomb North Korea before China intervened.^[120] On 8 October 1950, Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA).^[121]

In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou traveled to Stalin's summer resort on the Black Sea on 10 October. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951.^[122] Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu.^[123] Soviet shipments of materiel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.^[124]

Immediately on his return to Beijing on 18 October 1950, Zhou met with Mao Zedong, Peng Dehuai, and Gao Gang, and the group ordered two hundred thousand Chinese troops to enter North Korea, which they did on 25 October. After consulting with Stalin, on 13 November, Mao appointed Zhou the overall commander and coordinator of the war effort, with Peng as field commander. Orders given by Zhou were delivered in the name of the Central Military Commission.^[125]

New Zealand artillery crew in action

Soldiers from the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division in action near the Ch'ongch'on River, 20 November 1950

UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime, because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection.^[126] The PVA marched "dark-to-dark" (19:00–03:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared, until it flew away;^[126] PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators. Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-division army to march the 286 miles (460 km) from An-tung, Manchuria to the combat zone in some 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging 18 miles (29 km) daily for 18 days.^[31]

Meanwhile, on 10 October 1950, the 89th Tank Battalion was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division, increasing the armor available for the Northern Offensive. On 15 October, after moderate KPA resistance, the 7th Cavalry Regiment and Charlie Company, 70th Tank Battalion captured Namchonjam city. On 17 October, they flanked rightwards, away from the principal road (to Pyongyang), to capture Hwangju. Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the North's capital city, on 19 October 1950.

On 15 October 1950, President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean. This meeting was much publicized because of the General's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental US.^[127] To President Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea,^[128] and that the PRC's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed. He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria, and some 100,000–125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River. He further concluded that, although half of those forces might cross south, "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang, there would be the greatest slaughter" without air force protection.^[105]^[129]

After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October, attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. After decimating the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong, the first confrontation between Chinese and US military occurred on 1 November 1950; deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the US 8th Cavalry Regiment with three-prong assaults—from the north, northwest, and west—and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan.^[130] The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River, while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory. It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow-up their victory.

The UN Command, however, were unconvinced that the Chinese had openly intervened due to the sudden Chinese withdrawal. On 24 November, the Home-by-Christmas Offensive was launched with the US Eighth Army advancing in northwest Korea, while the US X Corps were attacking along the Korean east coast. But the Chinese were waiting in ambush with their Second Phase Offensive.

On 25 November at the Korean western front, the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and over-ran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, and then decimated the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces' right flank.^[131] The UN Command retreated; the US Eighth Army's retreat (the longest in US Army history)^[132] was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade's successful, but very costly, rear-guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days (27–9 November). On 27 November at the Korean eastern front, a US 7th Infantry Division Regimental Combat Team (3,000 soldiers) and the US 1st Marine Division (12,000–15,000 marines) were unprepared for the PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, but they managed to escape under Air Force and X Corps support fire—albeit with some 15,000 collective casualties.^[133]

By 30 November, the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the US Eighth Army from northwest Korea. Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded, the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December.^[134] The UN morale hit rock bottom when commanding General Walton Walker of the US Eighth Army was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident.^[135] In the northeast Korea by 11 December, the US X Corps managed to cripple^[136] the PVA 9th Army Group while establishing a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam. The X Corps were forced to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted US Eighth Army to the south.^[137]^[138]

Map of the UN retreat in the wake of Chinese intervention

During the Hungnam evacuation, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and materiel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan.^[139] The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city, especially the port facilities;^[105]^[140] and on 16 December 1950, President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953),^[141] which remained in force until 14 September 1978.^[b]

Fighting around the 38th parallel (January – June 1951)[link]

With Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December, the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive (also known as the "Chinese New Year's Offensive") on New Year's Eve of 1950. Utilizing night attacks in which U.N. Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise. The attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs, which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy. UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic, and as a result some soldiers "bugged out," abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south.^[142] The Chinese New Year's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces, allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951.

B-26 Invaders bomb logistics depots in Wonsan, North Korea, 1951

These setbacks prompted General MacArthur to consider using nuclear weapons against the Chinese or North Korean interiors, intending radioactive fallout zones would interrupt the Chinese supply chains.^[143] However, upon the arrival of the charismatic General Ridgway, the esprit de corps of the bloodied Eighth Army immediately began to revive.^[144]

U.N. forces retreated to Suwon in the west, Wonju in the center, and the territory north of Samcheok in the east, where the battlefront stabilized and held.^[142] The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus was forced to recoil from pressing the attack beyond Seoul;^[145] food, ammunition, and materiel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle, from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines. In late January, upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines, General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force, which became Operation Roundup (5 February 1951)^[146]. A full-scale X Corps advance gradually proceeded while fully exploiting the UN Command's air superiority,^[147] concluded with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju.^[146]

In mid-February, the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong. But the offensive was soon blunted by the IX Corps positions at Chipyong-ni in the center.^[146] Units of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division and the French Battalion fought a short but desperate battle that broke the attack's momentum.^[146] The battle is sometimes known as the Gettysburg of the Korean War. The battle saw 5,600 Korean, American and French defeat a numerically superior Chinese force. Surrounded on all sides, the US 2nd Infantry Division Warrior Division's 23rd Regimental Combat Team with an attached French Battalion was hemmed in by more than 25,000 Chinese Communist Forces. United Nations Forces had previously retreated in the face of large Communist forces instead of getting cut off, but this time they stood and fought at odds of roughly 15 to 1.^[148]

U.S. Marines move out over rugged mountain terrain while closing with the hostile North Korean forces.

In the last two weeks of February 1951, Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer, carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army. It was a full-scale, battlefront-length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible.^[146] Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River, and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong.^[149] On 7 March 1951, the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper, expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951. This was the city's fourth conquest in a years' time, leaving it a ruin; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000, and people were suffering from severe food shortages.^[149]^[106]

On 1 March 1951 Mao sent a cable to Stalin, in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the urgent need for air cover, especially over supply lines. Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort, Stalin finally agreed to supply two air force divisions, three anti-aircraft divisions, and six thousand trucks. PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war. In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy, Hong Xuezhi, to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing. What Chinese soldiers feared, Hong said, was not the enemy, but that they had nothing to eat, no bullets to shoot, and no trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded. Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply, but these efforts were never completely sufficient. At the same time, large-scale air defense training programs were carried out, and the Chinese Air Force began to participate in the war from September 1951 onward.^[150]

Chinese soldiers captured by Australians, 24 April 1951.

On 11 April 1951, Commander-in-Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur, the Supreme Commander in Korea.^[151] There were several reasons for the dismissal. MacArthur had crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war, leading to major allied losses. He believed that whether or not to use nuclear weapons should be his own decision, not the President's.^[152] MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered. While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome, Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia, and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution.^[153] MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951, which determined that he had defied the orders of the President and thus had violated the US Constitution.^[154] A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea, and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo.^[155]

General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander, Korea; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks,^[156] while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the US Eighth Army.^[157] Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations Courageous (23–28 March 1951) and Tomahawk (23 March 1951) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to "Line Kansas," north of the 38th parallel.^[158] The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ("Rakkasans") second of two combat jumps were on Easter Sunday, 1951 at Munsan-ni, South Korea codenamed Operation Tomahawk. The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north. The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations, dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission.

The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951, with the Fifth Phase Offensive (also known as the "Chinese Spring Offensive") with three field armies (approximately 700,000 men).^[159] The offensive's first thrust fell upon I Corps, which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River (22–25 April 1951) and the Battle of Kapyong (22–25 April 1951), blunting the impetus of the offensive, which was halted at the "No-name Line" north of Seoul.^[160] On 15 May 1951, the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the US X Corps in the east at the Soyang River. After initial success, they were halted by 20 May.^[161] At month's end, the US Eighth Army counterattacked and regained "Line Kansas," just north of the 38th parallel.^[162] The UN's "Line Kansas" halt and subsequent offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953.

Stalemate (July 1951 – July 1953)[link]

Two soldiers armed with a flame thrower are walking to the right with two soldiers armed with rifles. In the background a group of soldiers are resting over a desolate landscape.

American flame thrower units advancing toward a tunnel entrance

ROK soldiers dump spent artillery casings.

For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought, but exchanged little territory; the stalemate held. Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued, and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong.^[163] On the Chinese side, Zhou Enlai directed peace talks, and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team.^[150] Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated; the UN Command forces' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory.^[164] The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations, and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command's resolve to continue the war.

The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge (18 August – 15 September 1951),^[165] the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (13 September – 15 October 1951),^[166] the Battle of Old Baldy (26 June – 4 August 1952), the Battle of White Horse (6–15 October 1952), the Battle of Triangle Hill (14 October – 25 November 1952), the Battle of Hill Eerie (21 March – 21 June 1952), the sieges of Outpost Harry (10–18 June 1953), the Battle of the Hook (28–9 May 1953) and the Battle of Pork Chop Hill (23 March – 16 July 1953).

Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment, serious logistical problems, overextended communication and supply lines, and the constant threat of UN bombers. All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops. The situation became so serious that, on November 1951, Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA's logistical problems. At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area, to increase the number of trucks available to the army, and to improve air defense by any means possible. These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops.^[167]

In the months after the Shanyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the foreseeable future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: "You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots, to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government.^[168]

Armistice (July 1953 – November 1954)[link]

Men from the Royal Australian Regiment, June 1953.

The on again, off again armistice negotiations continued for two years,^[169] first at Kaesong (southern North Korea), then relocated at Panmunjom (bordering the Koreas).^[170] A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation.^[171] The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north,^[172] which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans.^[173] In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission was set up to handle the matter.^[174]

In 1952 the US elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War.^[175] With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice,^{[citation needed]} the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, US, and Joint UN Commands.

The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west. The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally lay in the pre-war ROK, but now is in the DPRK. The United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting. The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks. The war is considered to have ended at this point, even though there was no peace treaty.^[10] North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War.^[176]^[177]

After the war, Operation Glory (July–November 1954) was conducted to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead. The remains of 4,167 US Army and US Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead, and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner-of-war camps were delivered to the ROK government.^[178] After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (The Punchbowl), on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DPMO) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names, of which 858 were correct. From 4,167 containers of returned remains, forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals. Of these, 2,944 were identified as American, and all but 416 were identified by name.^[179] From 1996 to 2006, the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border.^[180]

Division of Korea (1954–present)[link]

The Korean Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission. Since 1953, the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC), composed of members from the Swiss^[181] and Swedish^[182] Armed Forces, has been stationed near the DMZ.

In April 1975, South Vietnam's capital was captures by the North Vietnam army. Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina, Kim Il-sung saw it as an opportunity to liberate the South. Kim visited China in April of that year, and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aids. Despite the Pyongyang's expectations, however, Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea.^[183]

Since the armistice, there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea. In 1976, the axe murder incident was widely publicized. Since 1974, four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered. In 2010, a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS Cheonan, resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors.^[184] Again in 2010, North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island, killing two military personnel and two civilians.^[185]

Characteristics [link]

Casualties [link]

Korean War memorials are found in every UN Command Korean War participant country; this one is in Pretoria, South Africa.

According to the data from the US Department of Defense, the United States had suffered 33,686 battle deaths, along with 2,830 non-battle deaths during the Korean War and 8,176 missing in action.^[186] Western sources estimate the PVA had suffered between 100,000 to 1,500,000 deaths (most estimate some 400,000 killed), while the KPA had suffered between 214,000 to 520,000 deaths (most estimate some 500,000). Between some 245,000 to 415,000 South Korean civilian deaths were also suggested, and the total civilian casualties during the war were estimated as 1,500,000 to 3,000,000 (most sources estimate some 2,000,000 killed).^[187]

Data from official Chinese sources, on the other hand, reported that the PVA had suffered 114,000 battle deaths, 34,000 non-battle deaths, 340,000 wounded, 7,600 missing and 21,400 captured during the war. Among those captured, about 14,000 defected to Taiwan while the other 7,110 were repatriated to China.^[188] Chinese sources also reported that North Korea had suffered 290,000 casualties, 90,000 captured and a "large" number of civilian deaths.^[188] In return, the Chinese and North Koreans estimated that about 390,000 soldiers from United States, 660,000 soldiers from South Korea and 29,000 other UN soldiers were "eliminated" from the battlefield.^[188]

Armored warfare [link]

Supporting the 8th ROK Army Division, a Sherman tank fires its 76 mm gun at KPA bunkers at "Napalm Ridge", Korea, 11 May 1952

Initially, North Korean armor dominated the battlefield with Soviet T-34-85 medium tanks designed during the Second World War.^[189] The KPA's tanks confronted a tankless ROK Army armed with few modern anti-tank weapons,^[190] including American World War II–model 2.36-inch (60 mm) M9 bazookas, effective only against the 45 mm side armor of the T-34-85 tank.^[191] The US forces arriving in Korea were equipped with light M24 Chaffee tanks (on occupation duty in nearby Japan) that also proved ineffective against the heavier KPA T-34 tanks.^[192]

During the initial hours of warfare, some under-equipped ROK Army border units used American 105 mm howitzers as anti-tank guns to stop the tanks heading the KPA columns, firing high-explosive anti-tank ammunition (HEAT) over open sights to good effect; at the war's start, the ROK Army had 91 howitzers, but lost most to the invaders.^[193]

Countering the initial combat imbalance, the UN Command reinforcement materiel included heavier US M4 Sherman, M26 Pershing, M46 Patton, and British Cromwell and Centurion tanks that proved effective against North Korean armor, ending its battlefield dominance.^[194] Unlike in the Second World War (1939–45), in which the tank proved a decisive weapon, the Korean War featured few large-scale tank battles. The mountainous, heavily forested terrain prevented large masses of tanks from maneuvering. In Korea, tanks served largely as infantry support and mobile artillery pieces.

Aerial warfare [link]

Further information: MiG Alley, USAF Units and Aircraft of the Korean War, and Korean People's Air Force

MiG Alley: A MiG-15 shot down by an F-86 Sabre

The KPAF shot down some 16 B-29 Superfortress bombers in the war.

A US Navy Sikorsky HO4S flying near the USS Sicily

The Korean War was the first war in which jet aircraft played a central role. Once-formidable fighters such as the P-51 Mustang, F4U Corsair, and Hawker Sea Fury^[195]—all piston-engined, propeller-driven, and designed during World War II—relinquished their air superiority roles to a new generation of faster, jet-powered fighters arriving in the theater. For the initial months of the war, the P-80 Shooting Star, F9F Panther, and other jets under the UN flag dominated North Korea's prop-driven air force of Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9 and Lavochkin La-9s. The balance would shift with the arrival of the swept wing Soviet MiG-15 Fagot.^[196]^[197]

The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People's Air Force (KPAF) of North Korea with the MiG-15 Fagot, one of the world's most advanced jet fighters.^[196] The fast, heavily armed MiG outflew first-generation UN jets such as the American F-80 and Australian and British Gloster Meteors, posing a real threat to B-29 Superfortress bombers even under fighter escort. Soviet Air Force pilots flew missions for the North to learn the West's aerial combat techniques. This direct Soviet participation is a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked, lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand, as the US initially feared, to include three communist countries—North Korea, the Soviet Union, and China—and so escalate to atomic warfare.^[196]

The USAF moved quickly to counter the MiG-15, with three squadrons of its most capable fighter, the F-86 Sabre, arriving in December 1950.^[198]^[199] Although the MiG's higher service ceiling—50,000 feet (15,000 m) vs. 42,000 feet (13,000 m)—could be advantageous at the start of a dogfight, in level flight, both swept wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 660 mph (1,100 km/h). The MiG climbed faster, but the Sabre turned and dived better.^[200] The MiG was armed with one 37 mm and two 23 mm cannons, while the Sabre carried six .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns aimed with radar-ranged gunsights.

By early 1951, the battle lines were established and changed little until 1953. In summer and autumn 1951, the outnumbered Sabres of the USAF's 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing—only 44 at one point—continued seeking battle in MiG Alley, where the Yalu River marks the Chinese border, against Chinese and North Korean air forces capable of deploying some 500 aircraft. Following Colonel Harrison Thyng's communication with the Pentagon, the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing finally reinforced the beleaguered 4th Wing in December 1951; for the next year-and-a-half stretch of the war, aerial warfare continued.^[201]

UN forces gained air superiority in the Korean theater after the initial months of the war and maintained it for the duration. This was decisive for the UN: first, for attacking into the peninsular north, and second, for resisting the Chinese intervention.^[194] North Korea and China also had jet-powered air forces; their limited training and experience made it strategically untenable to lose them against the better-trained UN air forces. Thus, the United States and the Soviet Union fed materiel to the war, battling by proxy and finding themselves virtually matched, technologically, when the USAF deployed the F-86F against the MiG-15 late in 1952.

Unlike the Vietnam War, in which the Soviet Union only officially sent 'advisers', in the Korean aerial war soviet forces participated via the 64th Airborn Corps. 1106 enemy airplanes were officially downed by the soviet pilots, 52 of whom earned the title of 'aces' - more than 5 confirmed kills. Since the soviet system of confirming air kills erred on the conservative side - the pilot's words were never taken into account without corroboration from other witnesses, and enemy airplanes falling into the sea were not counted, perhaps the number is greater than 1106.^[202]

After the war, and to the present day, the USAF reports an F-86 Sabre kill ratio in excess of 10:1, with 792 MiG-15s and 108 other aircraft shot down by Sabres, and 78 Sabres lost to enemy fire.^[203] The Soviet Air Force reported some 1,100 air-to-air victories and 335 MiG combat losses, while China's People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) reported 231 combat losses, mostly MiG-15s, and 168 other aircraft lost. The KPAF reported no data, but the UN Command estimates some 200 KPAF aircraft lost in the war's first stage, and 70 additional aircraft after the Chinese intervention. The USAF disputes Soviet and Chinese claims of 650 and 211 downed F-86s, respectively. However, one unconfirmed source claims that the US Air Force has more recently cited 230 losses out of 674 F-86s deployed to Korea.^[200] The differing tactical roles of the F-86 and MiG-15 may have contributed to the disparity in losses: MiG-15s primarily targeted B-29 bombers and ground-attack fighter-bombers, while F-86s targeted the MiGs.

The Korean War marked a major milestone not only for fixed-wing aircraft, but also for rotorcraft, featuring the first large-scale deployment of helicopters for medical evacuation (medevac).^[204] In 1944–1945, during the Second World War, the YR-4 helicopter saw limited ambulance duty, but in Korea, where rough terrain trumped the jeep as a speedy medevac vehicle,^[205] helicopters like the Sikorsky H-19 helped reduce fatal casualties to a dramatic degree when combined with complementary medical innovations such as Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals.^[206] The limitations of jet aircraft for close air support highlighted the helicopter's potential in the role, leading to development of the AH-1 Cobra and other helicopter gunships used in the Vietnam War (1965–75).^[204]

Bombing North Korea [link]

On 12 August 1950 the USAF dropped 625 tons of bombs on North Korea; two weeks later, the daily tonnage increased to some 800 tons.^[207] U.S. warplanes dropped more napalm and bombs on North Korea than they did during the whole Pacific campaign of World War II.^[208]

As a result, eighteen of North Korea's cities were more than 50% destroyed. The war's highest-ranking American POW, US Major General William F. Dean,^[209] reported that most of the North Korean cities and villages he saw were either ruins or snow-covered wastelands.^[210]

As well as conventional bombing, the Communist side claimed that the US had used biological weapons.^[211]

Naval warfare [link]

v t e Naval engagements of the Korean War (1950–1953) and post-armistice incidents

Pre Armistice Korea Strait Chumonchin Chan Haeju Inchon Operation Wonsan Operation Tailboard Wonsan Operation Fireball Buzz Saw Operation Kickoff USS Walke Incident Han River Post Armistice Gangneung Incident (1996) Yosu (1998) Maritime border incidents (1999–) First Yeonpyeong (1999) Second Yeonpyeong (2002) Daecheong (2009) Cheonan sinking (2010)

To disrupt North Korean communications, the USS Missouri fires a salvo from its 16-inch guns at shore targets near Chongjin, North Korea, 21 October 1950

Because neither Korea had a large navy, the Korean War featured few naval battles; mostly the combatant navies served as naval artillery for their in-country armies. A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950; the US Navy cruiser USS Juneau, the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica, and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats, and sank them.

During most of the war, the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea and sank supply and ammunition ships to deny the sea to North Korea. Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries, the main threat to US and UN navy ships was from magnetic mines the North Koreans employed for defensive purposes.

The USS Juneau sank ammunition ships that had been present in her previous battle. The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon, days before the Battle of Incheon; the ROK ship PC 703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island, near Inchon. Three other supply ships were sunk by PC-703 two days later in the Yellow Sea.^[212]

U.S. threat of atomic warfare [link]

On 5 April 1950, the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) issued orders for the retaliatory atomic bombing of Manchurian PRC military bases, if either their armies crossed into Korea or if PRC or KPA bombers attacked Korea from there. The President ordered the transfer of nine Mark 4 nuclear bombs "to the Air Force's Ninth Bomb Group, the designated carrier of the weapons ... [and] signed an order to use them against Chinese and Korean targets", which he never transmitted.^[213]

President Truman did not immediately threaten nuclear warfare after the October 1950 Chinese intervention, but, 45 days later, remarked about the possibility of using it after the PVA repelled the UN Command from North Korea.

In The Origins of the Korean War (1981, 1990), US historian Bruce Cumings reports that in a 30 November 1950 press conference, President Truman's allusions to attacking the KPA with nuclear weapons "was a threat based on contingency planning to use the bomb, rather than the faux pas so many assumed it to be." On 30 November 1950, the USAF Strategic Air Command was ordered to "augment its capacities, and that this should include atomic capabilities."^{[citation needed]}

The Indian Ambassador, K. Madhava Panikkar, reports "that Truman announced that he was thinking of using the atom bomb in Korea. But the Chinese seemed totally unmoved by this threat ... The propaganda against American aggression was stepped up. The 'Aid Korea to resist America' campaign was made the slogan for increased production, greater national integration, and more rigid control over anti-national activities. One could not help feeling that Truman's threat came in very useful to the leaders of the Revolution, to enable them to keep up the tempo of their activities."^[105]^[214]^[215]

Atom bomb test, 1951. This was the Operation Buster-Jangle Dog shot, on 1 November.

President Truman remarked that his government was actively considering using atomic weapons to end the war in Korea but that only he—the US President—commanded atomic bomb use, and that he had not given authorization. The matter of atomic warfare was solely a US decision, not the collective decision of the UN. Truman met on 4 December 1950 with UK prime minister and Commonwealth spokesman Clement Attlee, French Premier René Pleven, and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to discuss their worries about atomic warfare and its likely continental expansion. The US's forgoing atomic warfare was not because of "a disinclination by the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China to escalate" the Korean War, but because UN allies—notably from the UK, the Commonwealth, and France—were concerned about a geopolitical imbalance rendering NATO defenseless while the US fought China, who then might persuade the Soviet Union to conquer Western Europe.^[105]^[216]

On 6 December 1950, after the Chinese intervention repelled the UN Command armies from northern North Korea, General J. Lawton Collins (Army Chief of Staff), General MacArthur, Admiral C. Turner Joy, General George E. Stratemeyer, and staff officers Major General Doyle Hickey, Major General Charles A. Willoughby, and Major General Edwin K. Wright, met in Tokyo to plan strategy countering the Chinese intervention; they considered three potential atomic warfare scenarios encompassinging the next weeks and months of warfare.^[105]

In the first scenario: If the PVA continued attacking in full and the UN Command is forbidden to blockade and bomb China, and without Nationalist Chinese reinforcements, and without an increase in US forces until April 1951 (four National Guard divisions were due to arrive), then atomic bombs might be used in North Korea.^[105]
In the second scenario: If the PVA continued full attacks and the UN Command have blockaded China and have effective aerial reconnaissance and bombing of the Chinese interior, and the Nationalist Chinese soldiers are maximally exploited, and tactical atomic bombing is to hand, then the UN forces could hold positions deep in North Korea.^[105]
In the third scenario: if the PRC agreed to not cross the 38th parallel border, General MacArthur recommended UN acceptance of an armistice disallowing PVA and KPA troops south of the parallel, and requiring PVA and KPA guerrillas to withdraw northwards. The US Eighth Army would remain to protect the Seoul–Incheon area, while X Corps would retreat to Pusan. A UN commission should supervise implementation of the armistice.^[105]

In 1951, the US escalated closest to atomic warfare in Korea. Because the PRC had deployed new armies to the Sino-Korean frontier, pit crews at the Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, assembled atomic bombs for Korean warfare, "lacking only the essential pit nuclear cores." In October 1951, the US effected Operation Hudson Harbor to establish nuclear weapons capability. USAF B-29 bombers practised individual bombing runs from Okinawa to North Korea (using dummy nuclear or conventional bombs), coordinated from Yokota Air Base in east-central Japan. Hudson Harbor tested "actual functioning of all activities which would be involved in an atomic strike, including weapons assembly and testing, leading, ground control of bomb aiming". The bombing run data indicated that atomic bombs would be tactically ineffective against massed infantry, because the "timely identification of large masses of enemy troops was extremely rare."^[217]^[218]^[219]^[220]^[221]

War crimes [link]

"MEMO (25 Jul '50) to Gen. Timberlake, USAF; SUBJECT: Policy on Strafing Civilian Refugees"
2. It is reported that large groups of civilians, either composed of or controlled by North Korean soldiers, are infiltrating US positions.
3. The army has requested we strafe all civilian refugee parties approaching our positions.
4. To date, we have complied with the army request in this respect.

War crimes against civilians [link]

Civilian deaths and massacres [link]

Further information: No Gun Ri Massacre, Geochang massacre, Sancheong-Hamyang massacre, and Ganghwa massacre

In occupied areas, North Korean Army political officers purged South Korean society of its intelligentsia by executing every educated person—academic, governmental, religious—who might lead resistance against the North; the purges continued during the NPA retreat.^[222] Immediately after the invasion in June 1950 the South Korean Government ordered the nation-wide "pre-emptive apprehension" of politically suspect or disloyal citizens.

The military police and right-wing paramilitary (civilian) armies executed thousands of left-wing and communist political prisoners at Daejeon Prison and in the Jeju Uprising (1948–49).^[223] The Americans on the island documented the events, but never intervened.^[53]

U.S. diplomat Gregory Henderson, then in Korea, calculates some 100,000 pro-North political prisoners were killed and buried in mass graves.^[224] The South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission has compiled reports of hundreds of thousands of civilian killings before and during the war.^[225]

In addition to conventional military operations, North Korean soldiers fought the U.N. forces by infiltrating guerrillas among refugees. These soldiers disguised as refugees would approach UN forces asking for food and help, then open fire and attack. U.S. troops acted under a "shoot-first-ask-questions-later" policy against any civilian refugee approaching U.S. battlefield positions,^[226] a policy that led U.S. soldiers to kill an estimated 400 civilians at No Gun Ri (26–29 July 1950) in central Korea because they believed some of the refugees killed to be North Korean soldiers in disguise.^[227]

The Korean armies forcibly conscripted available civilian men and women to their war efforts. In Statistics of Democide (1997), Prof. R. J. Rummel reports that the North Korean Army conscripted some 400,000 South Korean citizens.^[222] The South Korean Government reported that the North abducted some 83,000 citizens before the US recaptured Seoul in September 1950; the North says they defected.^[228]^[229]

Bodo League anti-communist massacre [link]

ROK soldiers walk among the bodies of political prisoners executed near Daejon, July 1950

Main article: Bodo League massacre

To outmaneuver a possible fifth column in the Republic of Korea, President Syngman Rhee's régime executed its "enemies of the state"—South Koreans who are allegedly communists, pro-North Korea, or leftist—by first imprisoning them for political re-education in the Gukmin Bodo Ryeonmaeng (National Rehabilitation and Guidance League, also known as the Bodo League). The true purpose of the anti–communist Bodo League, abetted by the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK), was the régime's execution of some 10,000 to 100,000 "enemies of the state" whom they dumped in trenches, mines, and the sea, before and after the 25 June 1950 North Korean invasion. Contemporary calculations report some 200,000 to 1,200,000.^{[clarification needed]}^[230] USAMGIK officers were present at one political execution site; at least one US officer sanctioned the mass killings of political prisoners whom the North Koreans would have freed after conquering the peninsular south.^[231]

The father of Bodo League massacre survivor Kim Jong-chol was press-ganged to work with the KPA and later executed by the Rhee Government as a collaborator; his grandparents and a seven-year-old sister also were executed. About his experience in Namyangju city, he says:

Young children or whatever, were all killed en masse. What did the family do wrong? Why did they kill the family? When the people from the other side [North Korea] came here, they didn't kill many people.

—Kim Jong-chol^[231]

USAMGIK officers photographed the mass killings at Daejon city in central South Korea, where the Truth Commission believe some 3,000 to 7,000 people were shot and buried in mass graves in early July 1950. Other declassified records report that a US Army Lieutenant Colonel approved the execution of 3,500 political prisoners by the ROK Army unit to which he was military advisor when the KPA reached the southern port city of Pusan.^[231] US diplomats reported having urged the Rhee régime's restraint against its political opponents, and that the USAMGIK, who formally controlled the peninsular south, did not halt the mass executions.^[231]

War crimes against the military [link]

Prisoners of war [link]

Two men without shirts on sit surrounded by soldiers

Two Hill 303 survivors after being rescued by American units, 17 August 1950

The US reported that North Korea mistreated prisoners of war: soldiers were beaten, starved, put to forced labor, marched to death, and summarily executed.^[232]^[233]

The KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312, Hill 303, the Pusan Perimeter, and Daejeon—discovered during early after-battle mop-up actions by the UN forces. Later, a US Congress war crimes investigation, the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations reported that "... two-thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes".^[234]^[235]^[236]

An executed U.S. Army POW of the U.S. 21st Infantry Regiment killed 9 July 1950. Picture taken 10 July 1950

Although the Chinese rarely executed prisoners like their Korean counterparts, mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese run POW camps during the winter of 1950–51. About 43 percent of all US POWs died during this period. The Chinese defended their actions by stating that all Chinese soldiers during this period were suffering mass starvation and diseases due to the lack of competent logistics system. The UN POWs, however, disputed the claim by pointing out that most of the Chinese camps were located near the easily supplied Sino-Korean border, and that starvation was used to force the prisoners to accept the communism indoctrination programs, which were running in full swing after the starvation was over.^[237]

National Defense Corps soldiers in January, 1951.

The North Korean Government reported some 70,000 ROK Army POWs; 8,000 were repatriated. South Korea repatriated 76,000 Korean People's Army POWs.^[238] Besides the 12,000 UN Command forces POWs dead in captivity, the KPA might have press-ganged some 50,000 ROK POWs into the North Korean military.^[222] Per the South Korean Ministry of Defense, there remained some 560 Korean POWs detained in North Korea in 2008; from 1994 until 2009, some 79 ROK POWs escaped the North.^[239]^[240]

The North Korean Government denied having POWs from the Korean War, and, via the Korean Central News Agency, reported that the UN forces killed some 33,600 KPA POWs; that on 19 July 1951, in POW Camp No. 62, some 100 POWs were killed as machine-gunnery targets; that on 27 May 1952, in the 77th Camp, Koje Island (now in Geoje), the ROK Army incinerated with flamethrowers some 800 KPA POWs who rejected "voluntary repatriation" south, and instead demanded repatriation north.^[241]

Starvation [link]

In December 1950, National Defense Corps was founded, the soldiers were 406,000 drafted citizens.^[242] In the winter of 1951, 50,000^[243]^[244] to 90,000^[245]^[246] South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers starved to death while marching southward under the Chinese offensive when their commanding officers embezzled funds earmarked for their food.^[243]^[245]^[247]^[248] This event is called the National Defense Corps Incident.^[243]^[245]

Aftermath [link]

Main article: Aftermath of the Korean War

Korean peninsula at night in 2000.

The DMZ as seen from the north, 2005.

A U.S. Army Captain confers with ROK Army counterparts, at Observation Post (OP) Ouellette, viewing northward, April 2008.

The South Korean economy grew from nearly zero to over a trillion dollars (USD) in half a century.

Mao Zedong's decision to involve China in the Korean War was a conscientious effort to confront the most powerful country in the world, undertaken at a time when the regime was still consolidating its own power after winning the Chinese Civil War. Mao primarily supported intervention not to save North Korea or to appease the Soviet Union, but because he believed that a military conflict with the United States was inevitable after UN forces crossed the 38th parallel. Mao's secondary motive was to improve his own prestige inside the communist international community by demonstrating that his Marxist concerns were international. In his later years Mao believed that Stalin only gained a positive opinion of him after China's entrance into the Korean War. Inside China, the war improved the long-term prestige of Mao, Zhou, and Peng.^[249]

China emerged from the Korean War united by a sense of national pride, despite the war's enormous costs. The Chinese people were educated to believe that the war was initiated by the United States and Korea, and not by a fraternal communist state in the north. In Chinese propaganda, the Chinese war effort was portrayed and accepted as an example of China's engaging the strongest power in the world with an under-equipped army, forcing it to retreat, and fighting it to a military stalemate. These successes were contrasted with China's historical humiliations by Japan and by Western powers over the previous hundred years in order to promote the image of the PLA and the CCP. The most significant negative long-term consequence of the war (for China) was that it led the United States to guarantee the safety of Chiang Kai-shek's regime in Taiwan, effectively ensuring that Taiwan would remain outside of PRC control until the present day.^[249]

The Korean War affected other participant combatants. Turkey, for example, entered NATO in 1952^[250] and the foundation for bilateral diplomatic and trade relations was laid.^[251]

The beginning of racial integration efforts in the U.S. military began during the Korean War, where African Americans fought in integrated units for the first time. Among the 1.8 million American soldiers who fought in the Korean War there were more than 100,000 African Americans.^[252]

Post-war recovery was different in the two Koreas. South Korea stagnated in the first post-war decade, but later industrialized and modernized. Contemporary North Korea remains underdeveloped. South Korea had one of the world's fastest growing economies from the early 1960s to the late 1990s. In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana,^[253] and by 2010 it was ranked thirteenth in the world (Ghana was 86th).^[254]

Korean anti-Americanism after the war was fueled by the presence and behavior of American military personnel (USFK) and U.S. support for authoritarian regime, a fact still evident during the country's democratic transition in the 1980s.^[255] In a February 2002 Gallup-Korea poll, one-third of South Koreans viewed the United States favorably.^[256]

In addition a large number of mixed race 'G.I. babies' (offspring of U.S. and other western soldiers and Korean women) were filling up the country's orphanages. Korean traditional society places significant weight on paternal family ties, bloodlines, and purity of race. Children of mixed race or those without fathers are not easily accepted in Korean society. Thousands were adopted by American families in the years following the war, when their plight was covered on television.^[257] The U.S. Immigration Act of 1952 removed race as a limiting factor in immigration, and made possible the entry of military spouses and children from South Korea after the Korean War. With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965, which substantially changed U.S. immigration policy toward non-Europeans, Koreans became one of the fastest growing Asian groups in the United States.^[258]

In 2011, some former members of Chinese People's Volunteer Army, who had battled there, revisited North Korea. Afterwards they said that they were "very sad", unsatisfied with the post-war development of North Korea. "(We) liberated them, but they're still struggling for freedom", said Qu Yingkui.^[259]

Footnotes [link]

^ As per armistice agreement of 1953, the opposing sides had to "insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved".^[11]
^ See 50 U.S.C. S 1601: "All powers and authorities possessed by the President, any other officer or employee of the Federal Government, or any executive agency... as a result of the existence of any declaration of national emergency in effect on 14 September 1976 are terminated two years from 14 September 1976."; Jolley v. INS, 441 F.2d 1245, 1255 n.17 (5th Cir. 1971).

Citations [link]

^ "Cinnost CSLA za valky v Koreji... | Ross Hedvicek ... Nastenka AgitProp" (in Czech). Hedvicek.blog.cz. 27 July 1953. http://hedvicek.blog.cz/0902/cinnost-csla-za-valky-v-koreji. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap "Casualties of Korean War". Ministry of National Defense of Republic of Korea. http://www.imhc.mil.kr/imhcroot/data/korea_view.jsp?seq=4&page=1. Retrieved 14 February 2007.
^ "iii. The Netherlands Detachment United Nations (NDVN)". korean-war.com. http://www.korean-war.com/netherlands.html. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
^ Zhang 1995, p. 257.
^ ^a ^b Aug 14, 1953, 朝鲜人民军司令部和中国人民志愿军司令部联合发布战绩公报。《中国人民解放军全史》载。
^ Australian War Memorial Korea MIA Retrieved 17 March 2012
^ ^a ^b Hickey, Michael. "The Korean War: An Overview". http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/korea_hickey_04.shtml. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
^ Li, Xiaobing (2007). A History of the Modern Chinese Army. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8131-2438-4.
^ Krivošeev, Grigorij F. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill. ISBN 1-85367-280-7.
^ ^a ^b "US State Department statement regarding 'Korea: Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission' and the Armistice Agreement 'which ended the Korean War'". FAS. http://www.fas.org/news/dprk/1995/950313-dprk-usia.htm. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
^ "Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement". FindLaw. 27 July 1953. http://news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
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^ ^a ^b Devine, Robert A.; Breen, T.H; Frederickson, George M; Williams, R Hal; Gross, Adriela J; Brands, H.W (2007). America Past and Present. II: Since 1865 (8th ed.). Pearson Longman. pp. 819–821. ISBN 0-321-44661-5.
^ ^a ^b Hermes, Walter, Jr. (2002) [1966]. Truce Tent and Fighting Front. United States Army in the Korean War. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 2, 6–9. http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/truce/fm.htm.
^ Truman, Harry S. (29 June 1950). "The President's News Conference of June 29, 1950". Teachingamericanhistory.org. http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=594. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
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^ Halberstam 2007, p. 2.
^ Pratt, Keith L.; Rutt, Richard; Hoare, James (1999). Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-7007-0464-4.
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^ ^a ^b Stokesbury 1990.
^ ^a ^b ^c Schnabel, James F. (1972). Policy and Direction: The First Year. United States Army in the Korean War. 3. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 3, 18. ISBN 0-16-035955-4. http://www.history.army.mil/books/P&D.HTM.
^ ^a ^b Stokesbury 1990, p. 23.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dear & Foot 1995, p. 516.
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^ ^a ^b Goulden 1983, p. 17.
^ Whelan, Richard (1991). Drawing the Line: the Korean War 1950–53. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 22. ISBN 0-316-93403-8.
^ Stokesbury 1990, pp. 24, 25.
^ McCullough, David (1992). Truman. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. pp. 785, 786. ISBN 0-671-86920-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Appleman 1998.
^ McCune, Shannon Boyd Bailey (1946). "Physical Basis for Korean Boundaries". Far Eastern Quarterly 5: 286–7. OCLC 32463018.
^ Grajdanzev, Andrew J (1945). "Korea Divided". Far Eastern Survey 14 (20): 282. ISSN 0362-8949. OCLC 482287795.
^ Stokesbury 1990, p. 25.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chen 1994, p. 110.
^ Chen 1994, pp. 110–111.
^ Chen 1994, p. 111.
^ Chen 1994, pp. 110, 162.
^ Chen 1994, p. 26.
^ Chen 1994, p. 22.
^ Chen 1994, p. 41.
^ Chen 1994, p. 21.
^ Chen 1994, p. 19.
^ Chen 1994, pp. 25–26, 93.
^ Stokesbury 1990, p. 24.
^ Appleman 1998, pp. 24–5.
^ Cumings 1981, p. 25.
^ Becker 2005, p. 52.
^ Halberstam 2007, p. 63.
^ Stokesbury 1990, pp. 25–26.
^ Becker 2005, p. 53.
^ Cumings 1981, chapter 3, 4.
^ ^a ^b "Ghosts Of Cheju". Newsweek. 19 June 2000. http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2000/06/18/ghosts-of-cheju.html. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b Stokesbury 1990, p. 26.
^ "Korea: For Freedom". TIME. 20 May 1946. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792877-1,00.html. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
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^ "Turkey". State.gov. US Department of State. 9 December 2011. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3432.htm. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
^ "Revue de la presse turque 26.06.2010" (in French). turquie-news.fr. 26 June 2010. http://www.turquie-news.fr/spip.php?article4494. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
^ Congressional Record, V. 146, Pt. 18, November 1, 2000 to January 2, 2001. US Government Printing Office. p. 27262. http://books.google.com/?id=Qqcg22LfCa8C&pg=PA27262&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
^ "Leading article: Africa has to spend carefully". The Independent (London: INM). 13 July 2006. ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/leading-article-africa-has-to-spend-carefully-407666.html. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
^ "Country Comparison: GDP (purchasing power parity)". The World Factbook. CIA. 2011. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html?countryName=Ghana&countryCode=gh&regionCode=afr&rank=86#gh. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
^ Kristof, Nicholas D. (12 July 1987). "Anti-Americanism Grows in South Korea". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7D6113FF931A25754C0A961948260. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
^ Shin, Gi-Wook (5 January 2003). "A new wave of anti-Americanism in South Korea". articles.sfgate.com. SFGate. http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-01-05/opinion/17472716_1_korean-market-south-koreans-grand-national-party. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
^ Jang, Jae-il (11 December 1998). "Adult Korean Adoptees in Search of Roots". The Korea Times. http://www.geocities.ws/Heartland/Village/5473/articles/11.html. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
^ Choe, Yong-Ho; Kim, Ilpyong J.; Han, Moo-Young (2005). "Annotated Chronology of the Korean Immigration to the United States: 1882 to 1952". Duke.edu. http://www.duke.edu/~myhan/kaf0501.html. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
^ 志愿军老兵重返朝鲜谈感受：他们水深火热很痛心

References [link]

Appleman, Roy E (1998) [1961]. South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 3, 15, 381, 545, 771, 719. ISBN 0-16-001918-4. http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm.
Barnouin, Barbara; Yu, Changgeng (2006). Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. ISBN 962-996-280-2.
Becker, Jasper (2005). Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517044-X.
Chen, Jian (1994). China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10025-0.
Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. WW Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-31681-5.
Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun : A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Cumings, Bruce (1981). "3, 4". Origins of the Korean War. Princeton University Press. ISBN 89-7696-612-0.
Dear, Ian; Foot, M.R.D. (1995). The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 516. ISBN 0-19-866225-4.
Goulden, Joseph C (1983). Korea: The Untold Story of the War. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 17. ISBN 0-07-023580-5.
Halberstam, David (2007). The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0052-4.
Kim, Yǒng-jin (1973). Major Powers and Korea. Silver Spring, MD: Research Institute on Korean Affairs. OCLC 251811671.
Malkasian, Carter (2001). The Korean War, 1950–1953. Essential Histories. London; Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-57958-364-4.
Mossman, Billy C. (1990). Ebb and Flow, November 1950 – July 1951. United States Army in the Korean War. 5. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. OCLC 16764325. http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/ebb/fm.htm.
Rees, David (1964). Korea: The Limited War. New York: St Martin's. OCLC 1078693.
Stein, R. Conrad (1994). The Korean War: "The Forgotten War". Hillside, NJ: Enslow Publishers. ISBN 0-89490-526-0.
Stokesbury, James L (1990). A Short History of the Korean War. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-688-09513-5.
Werrell, Kenneth P. (2005). Sabres Over MiG Alley. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-933-0.
Zhang, Shu Guang (1995), Mao's Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, ISBN 0-7006-0723-4

External links [link]

Find more about Korean War on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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Historical [link]

North Korea International Documentation Project
Grand Valley State University Veteran's History Project digital collection
The Forgotten War, Remembered – four testimonials in The New York Times
Collection of Books and Research Materials on the Korean War an online collection of the United States Army Center of Military History
The Korean War at History.com
Korean-War.com
Koreanwar-educator.org
The short film Film No. 927 is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]

Media [link]

Organizations [link]

Memorials [link]

v t e Korean War

Participants	Australia Prisoners of war Missing in Action Belgium & Luxembourg Canada China Colombia Ethiopia France Greece Netherlands New Zealand North Korea Philippines Republic of Korea Thailand Turkey South Africa Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Arkansas Army National Guard Puerto Rico

Medical (Non-Combat) Participants	Denmark India Italy Norway Sweden

Popular culture	Documentary films Books Reenactment MASH

Order of battle	Australia China United Nations Contingents United States Eighth Army United States Seventh Fleet

Other	Aftermath Allegations of biological warfare American and British defectors Mig Alley Flying aces Weapons

v t e Cold War

Participants and notable figures ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact

1940s	Yalta Conference Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair War in Vietnam (1945–1946) Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel Incident Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 Tito–Stalin split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Chinese Civil War (Second round)

1950s	Korean War 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit (1955) Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Asian–African Conference Bricker Amendment McCarthyism Operation Gladio Hallstein Doctrine

1960s	Congo Crisis Sino–Soviet split 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War (Angolan War of Independence Guinea-Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence) Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War Greek military junta of 1967–1974 USS Pueblo incident Six-Day War War of Attrition Cultural Revolution Sino-Indian War Prague Spring Goulash Communism Sino-Soviet border conflict Bunkers in Albania

1970s	Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping Pong Diplomacy Four Power Agreement on Berlin 1972 Nixon visit to China 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Sino-Albanian split Cambodian–Vietnamese War Sino-Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Bangladesh Liberation War Korean Air Lines Flight 902

1980s	Soviet war in Afghanistan 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars Invasion of Grenada People Power Revolution Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 United States invasion of Panama Fall of the Berlin Wall Revolutions of 1989 Glasnost Perestroika

1990s	Democratic Revolution in Mongolia Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

Foreign policy	Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback

Ideologies	Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply-side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism–Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Left communism Maoism Stalinism Titoism Trotskyism Liberal democracy Social democracy

Organizations	ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Stasi

Propaganda	Active measures Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia

Races	Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race

See also	Brinkmanship NATO–Russia relations Soviet and Russian espionage in U.S. Soviet Union–United States relations US–Soviet summits

Category Portal Timeline

v t e Major armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces

listed chronologically

Internal	Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Dorr Rebellion Mormon War Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks–Baxter War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army

International	Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran Expedition Second Sumatran Expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican–American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North-West Pakistan Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown Libyan Civil War Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

Related articles	List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime-change actions Casualties of war

v t e Armed conflicts involving Russia (incl. Imperial and Soviet times)

Internal	Razin's Rebellion Bulavin Rebellion Pugachev's Rebellion Decembrist revolt Russian Civil War August Uprising Coup d'état attempt (1991) 1993 Russian constitutional crisis First Chechen War Second Chechen War Insurgency in the North Caucasus

External	Russo-Swedish War (1495–1497) Russo-Crimean Wars Russo-Kazan Wars Livonian War Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) and the Time of Troubles Smolensk War Russo-Manchu border conflicts (1652–1689) Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) Great Northern War Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) War of the Polish Succession (1733–1738) Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1735–1739) Seven Years' War Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) Bar Confederation Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) Russo-Polish War (1792) Kościuszko Uprising Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) Napoleonic Wars Finnish War Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) November Uprising Crimean War January Uprising Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) Boxer Rebellion Russo-Japanese War World War I Ukrainian–Soviet War Finnish Civil War Heimosodat Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanian–Soviet War Polish–Soviet War Red Army invasion of Georgia Soviet–Japanese Border Wars Sino–Soviet conflict (1929) Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang Xinjiang War (1937) Soviet invasion of Poland Winter War World War II Ili Rebellion First Indochina War Korean War Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Eritrean War of Independence War of Attrition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Sino-Soviet border conflict Vietnam War Ogaden War Soviet war in Afghanistan Russo-Georgian War

Military history of Russia Russian Winter Russian Revolution Cold War Sphere of influence

Armed conflicts involving the People's Republic of China

Internal

Cross-Strait
vs Taiwan (ROC)
(after 1 Oct 1949)

External

vs USSR	Sino-Soviet border conflict (1969)

vs USA and allies	Korean War (1950–53) Vietnam War (1965–70)

vs India	Sino-Indian War (1962) Chola incident (1967) Sino-Indian skirmish (1987)

vs Vietnam	Paracel Islands (1974, South) Sino-Vietnamese War (1979) Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1980–87) Johnson South Reef Skirmish (1988)

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Not to be confused with Kim Hyung Jun.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012)

This is a Korean name; the family name is Kim.

Kim Hyun Joong
Kim Hyun Joong at SS501 Persona Concert 2009 Hong Kong
Background information
Birth name	김현중 (金賢重)
Born	(1986-06-06) 6 June 1986 (age 26) Seoul, South Korea
Origin	South Korea
Genres	K-pop, J-pop, Dance, R&B
Occupations	Singer, Actor, Model, Dancer, MC
Instruments	Guitar, Bass, Piano, Drums, Violin
Years active	2005–present
Labels	DSP Media (2005–2010) KeyEast (2010–present) Warner Music Taiwan (2010–present) United Asia Management (2011–present) Delicious Deli Records/Universal Music Japan (2011–present)
Associated acts	SS501 (2005-present)
Website	http://www.hyun-joong.com/

Korean name
Hangul	김 현 중
Hanja	金賢重
Revised Romanization	Gim Hyeon-jung
McCune–Reischauer	Kim Hyŏn-chung

20110816 The Face Shop activities in Taiwan

Kim Hyun Joong (Hangul: 김현중, Hanja: 金賢重) was born on 6 June 1986. He is a South Korean entertainer and the leader of boyband SS501. Kim is well-known for his role as Yoon Ji Hoo in the 2009 Korean drama Boys Over Flowers, winning Best Actor Award at the Seoul International Drama Awards 2009, and Popularity Award at the 45th PaekSang Arts Awards. He is also known for playing in the late 2010 Korean drama Playful Kiss, as Baek Seung Jo. He is a style icon in Korea, winning several icon awards.

1 Biography
2 Discography
3 Filmography
- 3.1 Music videos
- 3.2 MC
4 Endorsements
5 Awards
6 References
7 External links

Biography [link]

Early life [link]

He dropped out of school when he decided to become a singer. During his school days, he played bass guitar in a band. During the years 2001 and 2002 when he was 14–15, while working as a waiter in a family restaurant, located at Jamsil-dong, he was introduced to a new set up management company CEO. Initially he was to debut in a 5 member group. Han Yeon of B2Y (now disbanded) was to be the Leader and Kim the maknae. While the group underwent training together, they were asked by their company to debut in China as a Hallyu project group, but the group rejected the offer and disbanded. Kim proceeded to audition for DSP Media (formerly DSP Entertainment) and became a member and leader of SS501. Kim returned to school and graduated in 2006 after debuting as a member of SS501. In 2011, he enrolled in Chungwoon University to study stage production management.^[1]

2005: Debut [link]

2009: Acting, Boys Over Flowers and H1N1 [link]

Whilst in Japan in 2008, Kim was cast as Yoon Ji Hoo in the Korean drama Boys Over Flowers. A role for which he won the Best Actor Award at the Seoul International Drama Awards 2009 and the Popularity Award at the 45th PaekSang Arts Awards.

In 2009, SS501 released the album SS501 Collection, in which they each sang a solo song, along with being featured in a mini drama music video. Their Asia Concert Tour began in mid-August 2009 in Seoul at the Olympic Park. They continued their tour in Shanghai, Taipei, and Bangkok before returning to Seoul for a closing encore concert. They staged two concerts for the encore closure on 27 February and 28 February 2010 respectively.

In September 2009, during promotions in Yokohama, Japan for Boys Over Flowers, Kim was diagnosed with H1N1. He was treated in a Toyko hospital and was discharged on 15 September 2009.^[2] While recovering from H1N1, he could not attend the Seoul International Drama Awards; to accept the award on his behalf, his band mates of SS501: Heo Young Saeng, Kim Kyu Jong, and Kim Hyung Jun were present for the award show.

He has also been the spokesperson for cosmetics brand, Tony Moly, an established company with numerous branches across Korea and Asia, including Taiwan and Hong Kong. He has since ended his contract with Tony Moly at the end of September 2010, and he had been chosen to be the Spokesperson for The Face Shop. He Did A Video (M et )ru- Black Glasses starring Kim Hyun Joong!

2010: SS501 comeback, leaving DSP Media, Playful Kiss, and 2010 Asian Games [link]

In April 2010, he appeared opposite Jung Ryeo Won in the music video for Korean singer Gummy's new song "As A Man" (남자라서).

In June 2010, SS501 released an album titled Destination, produced by Steven Lee. Their title song "Love Ya" was well received, rating high in record sales and online music stores, and it went on to top Music Bank's K-Chart. However, they ended promotions after two weeks, because SS501's contract with DSP Media ended.

On 19 June 2010, he appeared at a concert in the Philippines along side BEAST.

On 28 June 2010, it was announced that Kim had officially left DSP Media and joined Bae Yong Joon's KeyEast Entertainment company.^[3] Although Kim has left DSP Media he stated that SS501's activities will be top priority in their contracts^[4] and definitely has not disbanded. Kim explained in an interview that, at the time, there wasn't a company that would accepted them as a whole, thus the group decided to take the chance to focus on their solo activities.

Kim played the lead role in the drama Playful Kiss, a Korean adaptation of Japanese shōjo manga Itazura na Kiss as Baek Seung Jo, an all round perfect genius with an IQ of 200, with co star Jung So Min as Oh Hani. On 7 November, Kim was interviewed by CNN's Anna Coren due to his success in Playful Kiss. Playful Kiss Special Edition is a big hit on Youtube as it is the first Korean drama to air on YouTube. Its first episode garnered 1 million views just in 5 days and it proved so popular that there is a record channel view of 7 million and 26 million total upload views, as of January 2012.

Kim was invited to perform at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou as the representative of South Korea to sing "Sunshine Again" with other 4 other singers from Chinese-speaking countries.^[5] In early December 2010, Kim went to Singapore and Malaysia to promote The Face Shop.

2011: Solo artist [link]

In May, Kim named his official solo fanclub 'Henecia', which is a combination of 'H' and the Latin term 'benecia', which means 'blessed'.^[6]

On 8 June 2011, Kim released his first solo debut mini album, Break Down. It was produced by Steven Lee, who composed SS501's hits, "Love Like This" and "Love Ya". The title track "Break Down", featuring Double K., is a high energy dance track, with a R&B heavy "Please", as the second lead track. The album exceeded 70,000 pre-ordered copies in just 10 days.^[7] It peaked at number one on Gaon Weekly Album Chart for the week starting 5 June 2011^[8] and was the best-selling album for June on Gaon Monthly Album Chart with 100,433 copies sold. It also toped the Oricon chart in Japan in the International Imported Album category for the first week of July.^[9] The album's title track "Break Down" was the first place winner for two consecutive weeks on Mnet's M! Countdown music show, for 16 and 23 June 2011; and also won for two consecutive weeks on KBS's Music Bank.^[10] Break Down is certified platinum in Taiwan and Kim was presented with a platinum record by Warner Music Taiwan CEO Chen Ze Shan in a press conference held in Taiwan.^[11]

Kim was also the first Korean to appear on Taiwanese TV show The Person. In July 2011, he also held the first of his nationwide concerts in Japan. The tour continued from November in seven cities across Japan: Sapporo, Sendai, Hiroshima, Yokohama, Nagoya, Tokyo and Fukuoka.^[12]

On 11 October 2011, Kim released his second mini album Lucky. It debuted at number 5 on Billboard's World Chart.^[13] It topped the Gaon Chart again for the third week of October 2011 and was the highest selling album on the Hanteo Album Sales Chart for the month of October 2011. On 25 October 2011, Kim released a digital single together with Seohyun entitled "The Magic of Yellow Ribbon", which is the theme song for a commercial for The Face Shop. On 28 October, he, along with Ha Ji Won, acted as MC at the 2011 K-Pop Super Concert held at Gwangalli Beach in Busan, which was broadcast on SBS on 6 November.^[14]

In November 2011, Kim won the 2011 KIA Soul People’s Choice "Style Icon Award" for the third consecutive year.^[15] On 9 November, Kim announced at a press conference for his Japan Tour that he had signed a deal with Universal Music Japan for his Japan-based music activities.^[16] Kim successfully completed his Japan Tour that started on 9th of November, attracting over 30,000 fans. Kim won the Best Male Solo Artist at the 2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards that was held in Singapore.

On 15 December 2011, Kim released his digital album : Marry You/Marry Me. The digital album consists of 4 songs, namely Marry Me, Marry You, Marry Me (instrumental) and Marry You (instrumental). The music videos for Marry Me and Marry You were both released on his official Youtube account on 15th December 2011 12 AM KST.

2012: Upcoming Drama, 2012 Fan Meeting Tour [link]

On January 26 2012, Kim Hyun Joong released his first Japanese single (Kiss Kiss & Lucky Guy) (Japanese version). The singer who has focused mostly on his album promotions after his drama ‘Playful Kiss‘ which came to an end in 2010 has recently been confirmed for a role in ‘City Conquest‘. Kim Hyun Joong is going to be the main lead for the upcoming drama, "Conquest for City" which is also known as "City Conquest". Kim Hyun Joong will be playing the role as a wild man (Baek Mir), a strong individual who experienced and went through many kinds of hardships and difficulties and lived through a harsh life, growing up without parents, but a man who becomes infinitely weak when it comes to love. ‘City Conquest’ is a drama that’s been adapted from the original comic by author Shin Hyung Bin. This new project brings together humanism and action, and it tells the story of main character Baek Mir who grew up resentful towards his father who left his mother and himself. He takes revenge against the evils of society which drove his family into destruction.

In related news, Kim Hyun Joong will be holding his ‘Kim Hyun Joong Fan Meeting Tour 2012‘ in May, making stops in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, and more.

Discography [link]

Albums [link]

2008 – Digital Single Thank You
2011 – 1st mini album Break Down
2011 – 2nd mini album Lucky
2011 - Digital Single Marry You/ Marry Me
2012 - 1st Japanese Single "" [Kiss Kiss/Lucky Guy] (Japanese Version)

DVDs [link]

2010 – Ready,Action! Spain Photo Book
2010 – Kim Hyun Joong's "First Love Story DVD"

Soundtrack Contributions (OSTs)[link]

2009 - Because I'm Stupid Acoustic Version - Boys Over Flowers (KBS drama)
2009 - A Thing Called Happiness - Boys Over Flowers Special Edition (KBS drama)
2010 - One More Time - Playful Kiss (MBC drama)
2012 - If You're Like Me - The Marriage Plot (tvN drama)

Filmography [link]

2005: Nonstop – ep 208 (MBC)
2005: Can Love Be Refilled? – as William (KBS2 sitcom)
2006: Pi Story – (voice)
2007: Hotelier – with SS501 cameo ep 7 (TV Arashi)
2008: Spotlight – with SS501 cameo (MBC)
2008: We Got Married – ep 9 to 38 (MBC)
2009: Boys Before Flowers – as Yoon Ji Hoo (KBS2)
2009: Samsung Anycall Haptic Mission with F4 and Som Dam-Bi
2009: Family Outing – guest ep 64–65 (SBS)
2010: Playful Kiss – as Baek Seung Jo (MBC)
2011: Running Man – guest ep 46–47 (SBS)
2011: Dream High – cameo ep 1 (KBS2)
2012: Kpop Star conquering the world Documentary (MBC)
2012: Conquest of the City/City Conquest - as Baek Mir (SBS)

MC [link]

2005 – M! Countdown – Mnet
2006 – Music Core
2011 – Super K-pop Busan Concert

Hotsun Chicken
Samsung Card
MVIO
Basic House
I'm David
Tony Moly
The Face Shop (with Seohyun)
Hang Ten
Coupang Spring Campaign
Lotte Duty Free
Aeon Heatfact (Japan)
Aeon Coolish Fact (Japan)
Seoul Ambassador to Tourism
Slim Beauty House (Japan)
March 2012 Honorary Ambassador of the United Nations Millennium Development
Centerpole

Awards [link]

Years	Awards
2008	MBC Entertainment Award: Best Couple Award on MBC's We Got Married with Hwang Bo MBC Entertainment Award: Best Brand of The Year Special Award on MBC's We Got Married with other WGM Cast
2009	45th PaekSang Arts Awards Male Popularity Award for Television on KBS2's Boys Over Flowers^[17] Best Actor for Seoul's International Drama Awards^[18] Most Popular Icon for Style Icon Awards 2009 Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: Koreans Top Buzz Male Artist Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: Taiwan's Top Buzz Korean Artist Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: Asia Top Buzz Male Artist
2010	Mnet 20's Choice Award: Most Influential Star 2010 Sky Perfect TV Awards – Best Dresser Award 2010 Style Icon Awards – Popularity Award Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: Hong Kong's Top Buzz Korean Artist Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: Taiwan's Top Buzz Korean Artist Yahoo Asia Buzz Award: The Best Search Asia Buzz Award 2010 MBC Drama Award – Male Popularity Award
2011	2011 Best CF Model given by MTN (Bloomberg TV) 2011 Style Icon Awards – People's Choice Award^[15] 13th Mnet Asian Music Awards – Best Male Solo Artist^[19] Yahoo Asia Buzz Awards: Hong Kong's Top Buzz Solo Artist Yahoo Asia Buzz Awards: Taiwan's Top Buzz Solo Artist Yahoo Asia Buzz Awards: Korea's Top Buzz Solo Artist Yahoo Asia Buzz Awards: Asia Top Buzz Solo Artist
2012	2012 Allkpop Awards: Best Solo Artist

References [link]

^ "SS501's Kim Hyun Joong goes back to school" Channel News Asia. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-05
^ "Kim Hyun-joong Heading to Korea After Overcoming H1N1 Flu" Chosun Ilbo. 16 September 2009. Retrieved 2011-10-25
^ "Kim Hyun-joong signs with Bae Yong-joon's agency" 10 Asia. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-25
^ (Korean) "Kim Hyun Joong states SS501 will not be disbanding" Nate News.
^ "Kim Hyun-joong to Sing at Opening of Asian Games" Chosun Ilbo. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-25
^ (Korean)"김현중, 6월 솔로활동 앞서 공식팬클럽 ‘헤네치아’ 모집" Nate News. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-09
^ "Kim Hyun-joong's 1st Solo Album Exceeds 70,000 Pre-orders" Chosun Ilbo. 1 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-25
^ Kim, Heidi "Gaon Weekly Album Chart: 5–11 June 2011" 10 Asia. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-13
^ (Korean) "김현중 앨범발매 2주만에 10만장, 올해 최다 판매량 등극" Nate News. 22 June 2011. Retireved 2011-10-25
^ (Korean) "김현중, 공식 팬클럽 '헤네치아' 구성" Nate News. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-25
^ (Chinese) "韓國首席新巨星的金賢重，14日傾盆大雨下舉辦見面會仍聚集超過2,000名粉絲" Yam News. 15 August 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-25
^ (Japanese) "キム・ヒョンジュン、初の全国ツアー決定" Sanapo. 30 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-09
^ "Kim Hyun Joong's album storms into Billboard World charts Top 5" Channel News Asia. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-26
^ Park So-Jung "Ha Ji-won, Kim Hyun-joong to host upcoming K-pop concert" 10 Asia. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-11
^ ^a ^b (Korean) "김현중, 3년 연속 인기상 '위엄' 4회 SIA" Daum. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-22
^ "Kim Hyun-joong Inks Deal with Universal Japan" Chosun Ilbo. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-22
^ (Korean) "45th PaekSang Arts Awards winners list" PaekSang Arts Awards, and also for playing in the late 2010 Korean drama Playful Kiss, as Baek Seung Jo. Retrieved 2011-11-06
^ "Popular Prize winners – 4th SDA 2009" Seoul International Drama Awards. Retrieved 2011-10-20
^ "Award winners - 13th MAMA" Mnet Asian Music Awards. Retrieved 2012-03-04

External links [link]

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Taeyang	13th Mnet Asian Music Awards - Best Male Solo Artist 2011	Succeeded by Incumbent

SS501

Studio albums

Korean	S.T 01 Now (2006)

Japanese	SS501 (2007) All My Love (2009)

Mini albums

Korean	Warning (2005) Snow Prince (2005) Deja Vu (2008) Find (2008) U R Man (2008) Solo Collection (2009) Rebirth (2009) Destination (2010)

Japanese	Kokoro (2007) Distance (2007) Lucky Days (2009)

Solo albums

Kim Hyun Joong	Break Down (2011) Lucky (2011)

Heo Young Saeng	Let It Go (2011)

Kim Kyu Jong	Turn Me On (2011)

Park Jung Min	Not Alone (2011) Wara Wara The, Park Jung Min (2011)

Kim Hyung Jun	My Girl (2011) Long Night (2011)

DSP Media

Current

Kara
Rainbow
Rainbow Pixie
A-JAX

Former

Bands	2Shai A'st1 Click-B CO CO Fin.K.L IDOL Mountain Mue Sechskies SS501

Solo Artists	Azuma Tomoki Ding Haiming Eun Ji Won Heo Young Saeng Kim Hyun Joong Kim Hyung Jun Kim Kyu Jong Kim Kyu Min Kim Sunghee Lee Hyori Lim Hanbyul MayBee Ock Joo-hyun Park Jung Min Shyne Sunha Zam

Actors/Actresses	Jo Ah-ra Jo Myung-woon Ryu Ji-seok

Daesung Entertainment → DSP Entertainment → DSP Media

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Hyun-joong

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Persondata
Name	Kim, Hyun Joong
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	June 6, 1986
Place of birth	Seoul, South Korea
Date of death
Place of death

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