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Almeria
http://wn.com/Almeria -
Baja California
Baja California (, ) officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California () is one of the 31 states which with the Federal District comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. Is both the northernmost and westernmost state of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1953, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California. It has an area of , or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California peninsula, north of the 28th parallel. The state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Sonora, the U.S. State of Arizona, and the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez), and on the south by Baja California Sur. Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California.
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Bolivia
Bolivia (), officially known as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, (, ) is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.
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Centro (Mexico City)
http://wn.com/Centro_(Mexico_City) -
Chapultepec
Chapultepec Park, which consists of the hill and of surrounding land, has many attractions, including Chapultepec Castle, where Maximilian I of Mexico and Empress Carlota of Mexico once lived. The castle's sumptuous interior now houses the National History Museum.
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Chile
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Ciudad Universitaria
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Costa Rica
:For the plant genus Costarica, see its synonym Sicyos.
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Coyoacán
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Cuernavaca
Cuernavaca (; ) is the capital and largest city of the state of Morelos in Mexico. Established at the archeological site of Gualupita I by the Olmecs, "the mother culture" of Mesoamerica, approximately 3200 years ago. It is also a municipality located about south of Mexico City on the D-95 freeway.
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Ecuador
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El Colegio de México
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Fudan University
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Greater Mexico City
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Guatemala
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Keio University
is a Japanese university located in Minato, Tokyo. It is the oldest institute of higher education in Japan. Founder Fukuzawa Yukichi originally established it as a school for Western studies in 1858 in Edo (now Tokyo). It has eleven campuses in Tokyo and Kanagawa. It has nine faculties, which cover a wide range of academic fields, with each operating independently and offering a broad spectrum of creative and unique educational and research activities. The faculties are: Letters, Economics, Laws, Business and Commerce, Medicine, Science and Technology, Policy Management, Environment and Information Studies, Nursing and Medical Care, and Pharmacy. Keio's baseball team plays in the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League.
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Korea University
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Kosovo
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Kyoto University
, or is a major national university in Kyoto, Japan. It is the second oldest university in Japan, and formerly one of Japan's Imperial Universities. The university has about 22,000 students enrolled in its undergraduate and graduate programs.
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Leon, Guanajuato
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Mexico City
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Morelia
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Mérida, Yucatán
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Nanjing University
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Nankai University
Nankai University (NKU; ), commonly known as Nankai, is a public university in Tianjin, P.R. China.
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NIH
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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Osaka University
, or , is a major national university in Osaka, Japan. It is the sixth oldest university in Japan as the Osaka Prefectural Medical College, and formerly one of the Imperial Universities of Japan.
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Peking University
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Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States. The university is located on an campus in northwestern Santa Clara Valley approximately southeast of San Francisco and approximately northwest of San Jose.
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Tierra del Fuego
: "Land of Fire" redirects here. For info on the fictional nation, see World of Naruto.
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Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University (THU; ), colloquially known in Chinese as Qinghua, is a university in Beijing, China. The school is one of the nine universities of the C9 League. It was established in 1911, originally under the name "Tsinghua Xuetang". The school was renamed the "Tsinghua School" in 1912. The university section was founded in 1925 and the name "National Tsinghua University" adopted in 1928. With a motto of Self-Discipline and Social Commitment, Tsinghua University describes itself as being dedicated to academic excellence, the well-being of Chinese society and to global development. Today, many national and international rankings place Tsinghua amongst the best universities in mainland China.
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University of Malaya
The University of Malaya (Abbreviation: UM; ) is the oldest university in Malaysia. The university motto is Ilmu Punca Kemajuan ().
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Zhejiang University
Zhejiang University (ZJU; ), sometimes referred to as Zheda, is a national university in China. Founded in 1897, Zhejiang University is one of China's oldest and most prestigious institutions of higher education. The university is one of the nine members of the C9 League.
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Zocalo
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Abel Pacheco
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Alejandro Corichi
Alejandro Corichi is a theoretical physicist working at the Quantum Gravity group of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He obtained his bachelor degree at UNAM (1991) and his PhD at Pennsylvania State University (1997).
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Alejandro Rossi
Alejandro Rossi (Alessandro Rossi, September 22, 1932 - June 5, 2009. He was born in Florence, Italy of Venezuelan mother and Italian father) is a Mexican writer.
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Alfonso Caso
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Alfonso Portillo
Alfonso Antonio Portillo Cabrera (born 24 September 1951) is a Guatemalan politician. He served as the President of the Republic of Guatemala from 2000 to 2004.
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Alfonso Reyes
:For the professional basketball player, see Alfonso Reyes (basketball)
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Antonio Lazcano
Antonio Lazcano is a Mexican biology researcher and professor of the School of Sciences at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in Mexico City. He has studied the origin and early evolution of life for more than 35 years.
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Arturo Rosenblueth
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Audre Lorde
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Axel Didriksson
http://wn.com/Axel_Didriksson -
Ayako Tsuru
Ayako Tsuru is a contemporary artist from Mexico city.
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Benito Juárez
http://wn.com/Benito_Juárez -
Carlos Frenk
Professor Carlos Silvestre Frenk (born October 27, 1951) is a Mexican-British cosmologist. His main interests lie in the field of cosmology, galaxy formation and computer simulations of cosmic structure formation.
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Carlos Fuentes
http://wn.com/Carlos_Fuentes -
Carlos Mendoza Davis
The original version of this article has been edited in Spanish Language.
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Carlos Monsiváis
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Carmen Aristegui
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Diego Rivera
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Domingo García Ramos
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Edmundo O'Gorman
http://wn.com/Edmundo_O'Gorman -
Elena Poniatowska
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Enrique Krauze
http://wn.com/Enrique_Krauze -
Erich Fromm
http://wn.com/Erich_Fromm -
Ernesto Zedillo
http://wn.com/Ernesto_Zedillo -
Fernando del Paso
Fernando del Paso Morante (born April 1, 1935) is a Mexican novelist, essayist and poet.
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Guillermo Haro
http://wn.com/Guillermo_Haro -
Gustave Eiffel
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Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
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Horst Matthai Quelle
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Hugo Sánchez
http://wn.com/Hugo_Sánchez -
Jacobo Zabludovsky
Jacobo Zabludovsky Kraveski (born May 24, 1928) is a Mexican journalist. He was the first anchorman in Mexican television and his TV news program, 24 Horas (24 Hours) was for decades the most important in the country.
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Jaime Sabines
http://wn.com/Jaime_Sabines -
Jaime Torres Bodet
http://wn.com/Jaime_Torres_Bodet -
Javier Garciadiego
http://wn.com/Javier_Garciadiego -
Jerzy Rzedowski
http://wn.com/Jerzy_Rzedowski -
Jorge Volpi
http://wn.com/Jorge_Volpi -
José Clemente Orozco
http://wn.com/José_Clemente_Orozco -
José Gaos
http://wn.com/José_Gaos -
José López Portillo
http://wn.com/José_López_Portillo -
José Miguel Insulza
http://wn.com/José_Miguel_Insulza -
José Narro Robles
http://wn.com/José_Narro_Robles -
José Vasconcelos
http://wn.com/José_Vasconcelos -
Juan García Esquivel
http://wn.com/Juan_García_Esquivel -
Justo Sierra
http://wn.com/Justo_Sierra -
Kiyoto Ota
Kiyoto Ota Okuzawa (born 1948 in Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan) is a Japanese-Mexican sculptor.
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Larry Laudan
Larry Laudan (b. Austin, Texas 1941) is a contemporary philosopher of science and epistemologist. He has strongly criticized the traditions of positivism, realism, and relativism, and he has defended a view of science as a privileged and progressive institution against popular challenges. Laudan's philosophical view of "research traditions" is seen as an important alternative to Imre Lakatos's "research programs."
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Luis Cabrera Lobato
Luis Vicente Cabrera Lobato (July 17, 1876 – April 12, 1954) was a Mexican lawyer, politician and writer. His pen name for his political essays was "Lic. Blas Urrea"; the more literary works he wrote as "Lucas Rivera".
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Luis E. Miramontes
http://wn.com/Luis_E_Miramontes -
Luis Echeverría
http://wn.com/Luis_Echeverría -
Manuel Gómez Morín
http://wn.com/Manuel_Gómez_Morín -
Marcos Moshinsky
Marcos Moshinsky (1921-2009) was a Mexican physicist of Ukrainian origin whose work in the field of elementary particles won him the Prince of Asturias Prize for Scientific and Technical Investigation in 1988 and the UNESCO Science Prize in 1997.
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Mario Pani
http://wn.com/Mario_Pani -
Maruxa Vilalta
Maruxa Vilalta is a Mexican playwright and a theatre director.
http://wn.com/Maruxa_Vilalta -
Max Cetto
Max Ludwig Cetto (February 20, 1903 – April 5, 1980) was a German-Mexican architect, historian of architecture, and professor.
http://wn.com/Max_Cetto -
Mexican Revolution
http://wn.com/Mexican_Revolution -
Miguel Alcubierre
http://wn.com/Miguel_Alcubierre -
Miguel Alemán Valdés
http://wn.com/Miguel_Alemán_Valdés -
Miguel de Icaza
Miguel de Icaza (born c. 1972) is a Mexican free software programmer, best known for starting the GNOME and Mono projects.
http://wn.com/Miguel_de_Icaza -
Narciso Bassols
http://wn.com/Narciso_Bassols -
Nora Volkow
Nora Volkow is director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. She is Leon Trotsky's great-granddaughter.
http://wn.com/Nora_Volkow -
Paul Kirchhoff
http://wn.com/Paul_Kirchhoff -
Peking University
http://wn.com/Peking_University -
Philip II of Spain
http://wn.com/Philip_II_of_Spain -
Porfirio Díaz
http://wn.com/Porfirio_Díaz -
Reform War
http://wn.com/Reform_War -
Ricardo Legorreta
Ricardo Legorreta Vilchis is a Mexican architect. He was born in Mexico City on May 7, 1931. He studied architecture at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. He was awarded the prestigious UIA Gold Medal in 1999.
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Rosario Green
http://wn.com/Rosario_Green -
Salvador Elizondo
Salvador Elizondo Alcalde (Mexico City, December 19, 1932 - March 29, 2006) was a Mexican writer of the 60s Generation of Mexican literature.
http://wn.com/Salvador_Elizondo -
Salvador Zubirán
http://wn.com/Salvador_Zubirán -
Sara Sefchovich
Dra. Sara Sefchovich (born Sara Sefchovich Wasongarz on April 2, 1949 in Mexico City) is a Mexican writer
http://wn.com/Sara_Sefchovich -
The Times
The Times is a daily national newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785, when it was known as The Daily Universal Register.
http://wn.com/The_Times -
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University (THU; ), colloquially known in Chinese as Qinghua, is a university in Beijing, China. The school is one of the nine universities of the C9 League. It was established in 1911, originally under the name "Tsinghua Xuetang". The school was renamed the "Tsinghua School" in 1912. The university section was founded in 1925 and the name "National Tsinghua University" adopted in 1928. With a motto of Self-Discipline and Social Commitment, Tsinghua University describes itself as being dedicated to academic excellence, the well-being of Chinese society and to global development. Today, many national and international rankings place Tsinghua amongst the best universities in mainland China.
http://wn.com/Tsinghua_University -
Veton Surroi
Veton Surroi (born July 17, 1961) is a popular Kosovo Albanian publicist and politician. Surroi is the founder and former leader of the ORA reformist political party, and was a member of Kosovo assembly from 2004 to 2008. Veton Surroi in 1997 established one of the biggest Kosovo Albanian daily newspapers Koha Ditore and was the editor-in-chief for a number of years before deciding to enter politics in Kosovo. Surroi's father, Rexhai Surroi, was one of the very few Albanians to become ambassadors of the former Yugoslavia. His father was the Yugoslav ambassador to Spain and a number of Latin American countries. As a result, Surroi spent a part of his life in the Spanish speaking world where he was also educated.
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Víctor Neumann-Lara
http://wn.com/Víctor_Neumann-Lara -
Álvaro García Linera
http://wn.com/Álvaro_García_Linera
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What is UNAM?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:52
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
What is UNAM?
http://wn.com/What_is_UNAM?
9.27.11 CCL Highlights Toronto vs. Pumas UNAM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 03 Apr 2012
CONCACAF Champions League Group Stage, Round 5
http://wn.com/92711_CCL_Highlights_Toronto_vs_Pumas_UNAM
UNAM IN SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Since its creation in 1944, UNAM in San Antonio has symbolized a tradition of academic and cultural collaboration between Mexico and the United States. Our mission is to promote a better understanding between both countries, pursuing our goals of teaching, research and the dissemination of culture.
http://wn.com/UNAM_IN_SAN_ANTONIO,_TEXAS
UNAM Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
--MY UNIVERSITY!! --THE BEST IN ALL MEXICO --THE 40 IN THE RANK OF THE BEST UNIVERSITIES IN THE WORLD - --AND YEAH, IS IN THE BEST CITY OF THE WORLD.. MEXICO CITY!!
http://wn.com/UNAM_Universidad_Nacional_Autonoma_de_México
¿Qué es la UNAM ?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:33
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
¿Qué es la UNAM ?
http://wn.com/¿Qué_es_la_UNAM_?
UNAM México: Guía de sitios y espacios (1/2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:36
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Recorrido que descubre uno de los lugares emblemáticos de nuestra universidad nacional, guiados por el profesor emérito de la UNAM Juan B. Artigas.
http://wn.com/UNAM_México_Guía_de_sitios_y_espacios_1_2
Taller Coreográfico de la UNAM - Promotional video 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
2010 promotional video for the mexican ballet company "The Taller Coreográfico de la UNAM". It shows selected fragments with the best of the repertoire. Producer and Director: Gerardo Donneaud. Choreographer: Gloria Contreras. Cast: The Taller Coreográfico de la UNAM Dancers. Production Year: 2009.
http://wn.com/Taller_Coreográfico_de_la_UNAM_Promotional_video_2010
Se ganan su lugar en la UNAM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Son cuatro de los cinco alumnos que lograron la mayor calificación en el examen de ingreso a la UNAM
http://wn.com/Se_ganan_su_lugar_en_la_UNAM
UNAM 100 %
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
video documental sobre los cien años de la UNAM para el concurso como la ves como la vives
http://wn.com/UNAM_100_
Rostros del Mundo en la UNAM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
¿Por qué estudiar en la UNAM?
http://wn.com/Rostros_del_Mundo_en_la_UNAM
UNAM REFUTA CALUMNIAS SOBRE TITULACION DE AMLO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:33
- Updated: 26 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/UNAM_REFUTA_CALUMNIAS_SOBRE_TITULACION_DE_AMLO
Bienvenido a la UNAM - Generacion 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:05
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Alumno de nuevo ingreso de la generación 2013. ¡Bienvenido a la UNAM!
http://wn.com/Bienvenido_a_la_UNAM_Generacion_2013
PUMAS UNAM SEASON 1990 - 1991 BEST CHAMPION EVER
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:53
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
One of the best season in Mexican Soccer league. Pumas won the championship, the best attack team, the best defense, the best goal keeper (Jorge Campos) the best player (Luis Garcia). Pumas de la UNAM, best of the best. |O|R|G|U|U|L|L|O||A|Z|U|L||Y||O|R|O| This video is only for reference. If you want to see more, please buy the DVD
http://wn.com/PUMAS_UNAM_SEASON_1990_1991_BEST_CHAMPION_EVER
UNAM union nationale des administrateurs marocains
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:21
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/UNAM_union_nationale_des_administrateurs_marocains
Enorgullece a la UNAM premio Príncipe de Asturias
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
Ver mas aqui: www.hechos.tv José Narro Robles, rector de la UNAM, aseguró vía telefónica para Hechos am que toda la sociedad mexicana debe sentirse orgullosa de contar con una institución como la máxima casa de estudios. Desde Oviedo, España, donde será otorgado el Premio Príncipe de Asturias de Comunicación y Humanidades a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Narro Robles afirmó que la educación es un área prioritaria y es necesario otorgarle más recursos.
http://wn.com/Enorgullece_a_la_UNAM_premio_Príncipe_de_Asturias
Simeone Monarres nos habla sobre los ambulantes en la UNAM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Simeone, esta vez nos habla del grave problema que sufre la UNAM con los ambulantes, un problema que nadie toma en serio
http://wn.com/Simeone_Monarres_nos_habla_sobre_los_ambulantes_en_la_UNAM
Highlights Espectacular Clasico Pumas CU UNAM vs Aguilas Blancas IPN 22Sep2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:37
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Ante una espectacular entrada de más de 40 mil aficionados en el Estadio Olímpico México 68 de Ciudad Universitaria, se llevó a cabo el Clásico del Futbol Americano de México entre los Pumas de la UNAM y las Águilas Blancas del IPN el sábado 22 de septiembre de 2012. Los universitarios derrotaron a los politécnicos por marcador de 28-10. Passion Films te trae este resumen, pronto habrá dos videos más que podrás disfrutar.
http://wn.com/Highlights_Espectacular_Clasico_Pumas_CU_UNAM_vs_Aguilas_Blancas_IPN_22Sep2012
La UNAM Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
La Unesco declaró a la UNAM como Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad. Nota de Maritza Rivera de Televisa.
http://wn.com/La_UNAM_Patrimonio_Cultural_de_la_Humanidad
Paro en Ingeniería, UNAM. El director responde...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
El ing. Gonzalo Zepeda, director de la facultad de Ingeniería (UNAM) hace un llamado a la NO violencia durante el paro de actividades que hubo a partir de las 9 pm del día anterior.
http://wn.com/Paro_en_Ingeniería,_UNAM_El_director_responde
Fractal desde la UNAM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:36
- Updated: 19 Jun 2012
Fractal desde la UNAM
http://wn.com/Fractal_desde_la_UNAM
AMLO se reunira con jóvenes de la UNAM, UAM, IPN, Chapingo y no descarto ir a CU
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
AMLO se reunira con jóvenes de la UNAM, UAM, IPN, Chapingo y no descarto ir a CU Aquí la convocatoria portal.radioamlo.org
http://wn.com/AMLO_se_reunira_con_jóvenes_de_la_UNAM,_UAM,_IPN,_Chapingo_y_no_descarto_ir_a_CU
Luis Echeverría en la UNAM 1975 la historia se repite
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
Luego de los acontecimientos de 1968 y 1971, el presidente Luis Echeverría trataría de restablecer relaciones con los estudiantes. En la UNAM se le recibió con recelo y desconfianza. El vídeo es del 14 de marzo de 1975, es el auditorio de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Original www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Luis_Echeverría_en_la_UNAM_1975_la_historia_se_repite
LA REBEL-CAR'sC-A LA UNAM-PUMAS VS ATLANTE APERTURA 2010 (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
EL CAR'sC.NAVAL ENTRANDO A LA CUEVA YEAH!!!! A LA UNAM PACION INFINITA A LA UNAM LOKURA TOTAL GRACIAS A TI YO VIVO KONTENTO AURIAZUL YO MUERO POR TI... YEAH YEAH!!!!!!!
http://wn.com/LA_REBEL-CAR'sC-A_LA_UNAM-PUMAS_VS_ATLANTE_APERTURA_2010_HD
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29 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Yesterday while protesting with striking mine workers in South Africa, Mohandas Gandhi was gunned down by heavily armed security forces. Gandhi, who...
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MSNBC
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"UNAM" redirects here. For other uses, see UNAM (disambiguation).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2008) |
| Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | |
|---|---|
| National Autonomous University of Mexico | |
 Official seal |
|
| Motto | Por mi raza hablará el espíritu |
| Motto in English | The spirit shall speak for my race. |
| Established |
22 September 1910[1][2][3][4][5] [6] |
| Type | Public university |
| President | José Narro Robles |
| Admin. staff | 35,679 (As of 2010[update])[7] |
| Students | 314,557 (2009–2010 academic year[update]) [7] |
| Undergraduates | 179,052 (As of 2010[update])[7] |
| Postgraduates | 25,036 (As of 2010[update])[7] |
| Location | Mexico City,  Mexico19°19′44″N 99°11′14″W / 19.32889°N 99.18722°W / 19.32889; -99.18722Coordinates: 19°19′44″N 99°11′14″W / 19.32889°N 99.18722°W / 19.32889; -99.18722 |
| Campus | Urban, 7.3 km2 (2.8 sq mi), main campus only |
| Colors | Blue & Gold |
| Athletics | 41 varsity teams [8] |
| Mascot | Puma |
| Website | unam.mx/index/en |
The Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) (National Autonomous University of Mexico) is a university in Mexico.[7] UNAM was founded on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra[1][2][3][4] as a liberal alternative to the Roman Catholic-sponsored Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico (founded on 21 September 1551 by a royal decree of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and brought to a definitive closure in 1867 by the liberals).[9][dead link][citation needed] UNAM's autonomy, granted in the 1920s[vague], has given it the freedom to define its own curriculum and manage its own budget without interference from the government. This has had a profound effect on academic life at the university, which some claim boosts academic freedom and independence.[10]
The UNAM generates a number of different publications in diverse areas, such as mathematics, physics and history. It is also the only university in Mexico with Nobel Prize laureates among its alumni: Alfonso García Robles (Peace), Octavio Paz (Literature), and Mario Molina (Chemistry).
Besides being one of the most recognized universities in Latin America, it is one of the largest and the most artistically detailed. Its main campus is a World Heritage site that was designed by some of Mexico's best-known architects of the 20th century. Murals in the main campus were painted by some of the most recognized artists in Mexican history, such as Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros.
Contents |
History[link]
The university was founded on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra,[1][2][3][4] then Minister of Education in the Porfirio Díaz regime, who sought to create a very different institution from its 19th century precursor, the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico, which had been founded on 21 September 1551 by a royal decree signed by Crown Prince Phillip on behalf of Charles I of Spain[11] and brought to a definitive closure in 1867 by Benito Juárez and his fellow Liberals.[9][dead link][citation needed] Instead of reviving what he saw as an anachronistic institution with strong ties to the Roman Catholic Church,[12] he aimed to create a new university, secular in nature and national in scope, that could reorganize higher education within the country, serve as a model of positivism and encompass the ideas of the dominant Mexican liberalism.[2]
The project initially unified the Fine Arts, Business, Political Science, Jurisprudence, Engineering, Medicine, Normal and the National Preparatory schools;[13] its first rector was Joaquin Eguía y Lis.[14]
The new university's challenges were mostly political, due to the ongoing Mexican Revolution and the fact that the federal government had direct control over the university's policies and curriculum; some resisted its establishment on philosophical grounds. This opposition led to disruptions in the function of the university when political instability forced resignations in the government, including that of President Díaz. Internally, the first student strike occurred in 1912 to protest examination methods introduced by the director of the School of Jurisprudence, Luis Cabrera. By July of that year, a majority of the law students decided to abandon the university and join the newly-created Free School of Law.[14]
In 1914, initial efforts to gain autonomy for the university failed.[14] In 1920, José Vasconcelos became rector. In 1921, he created the school's coat-of-arms: the image of an eagle and a condor surrounding a map of Latin America, from Mexico's northern border to Tierra del Fuego, and the motto, "The Spirit shall speak for my race." Efforts to gain autonomy for the university continued in the early 1920s. In the mid-1920s, a second wave of student strikes opposed a new grading system. The strikes included major classroom walkouts in the law school and confrontation with police at the medical school. The striking students were supported by many professors and subsequent negotiations eventually led to autonomy for the university. The institution was no longer a dependency of the Secretariat of Public Education; the university rector became the final authority, eliminating much of the confusing overlap in authority.[15]
In 1943, initial decisions were made to move the university from the various buildings it occupied in the city center to a new and consolidated university campus; the new Ciudad Universitaria (lit. University City) would be in San Ángel, to the south of the city.[16] The first stone laid was that of the faculty of Sciences, the first building of Ciudad Universitaria. President Miguel Alemán Valdés participated in the ceremony on 20 November 1952. The University Olympic Stadium was inaugurated on the same day. In 1957, the Doctorate Council was created to regulate and organize graduate studies.[17]
Another major student strike, again over examination regulations, occurred in 1966. Students invaded the rectorate and forced the rector to resign. The Board of Regents did not accept this resignation, so the professors went on strike, paralyzing the university and forcing the Board's acceptance. In the summer, violent outbreaks occurred on a number of the campuses of the University-affiliated preparatory schools; police took over a number of high school campuses, with injuries. During August 1968, protests formed on the main campus against the police actions on the main campus and in the center of the city. The protests grew into a student movement that demanded the resignation of the police chief, among other things. More protests followed in September, gaining frequency and numbers. During a meeting of the student leaders, the army fired on the Chihuahua building in Tlatelolco, where the student organization supposedly was. They also fired on the crowd that was outside, with many dead, wounded and detained. Protests continued after that. Only ten days later, the 1968 Olympic Games opened at the University Stadium. The University was shut down for the duration. Finally, some progress was made toward restoring order.[18]
The 1970s and 1980s saw the opening of satellite campuses in other parts of Mexico and nearby areas, to decentralize the system. There were some minor student strikes, mostly concerning grading and tuition.[19][20] The last major student strike at the university occurred in 1999–2000 when students shut down the campus for almost a year to protest a proposal to charge students the equivalent of US$150 per semester for those who could afford it. Referendums were held by both the university and the strikers, but neither side accepted the others' results. Acting on a judge's order, the police stormed the buildings held by strikers on 7 February 2000, putting an end to the strike.[21][22][23]
In 2009, the university was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities[24] and began the celebration of its centennial anniversary with several activities that will last until 2011.[25]
Campuses[link]
University City[link]
Main article: Ciudad Universitaria
"Ciudad Universitaria" (University City) is UNAM's main campus, located within the Coyoacán borough in the southern part of Mexico City. It was designed by architects Mario Pani, Enrique del Moral, Domingo García Ramos, Armando Franco Rovira and others, and it encloses the Estadio Olímpico Universitario, about 40 faculties and institutes, the Cultural Center, an ecological reserve, the Central Library, and a few museums. It was built during the 1950s on an ancient solidified lava bed to replace the scattered buildings in downtown Mexico City, where classes were given. It was completed in 1954, and is almost a separate region within Mexico City, with its own regulations, councils, and police (to some extent), in a more fundamental way than most universities around the world.
In June 2007, its main campus, Ciudad Universitaria, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[26]
Satellite campuses[link]
Apart from Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM has several campi in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (Acatlán, Aragón, Cuautitlán, Iztacala, and Zaragoza), as well as many others in several locations across Mexico (in Santiago de Querétaro, Morelia, Mérida, Ensenada, Cuernavaca and Leon), mainly aimed at research and graduate studies. It has also four small foreign campuses in the United States and Canada, focusing on the Spanish language and Mexican culture: UNAM San Antonio, Texas; Chicago; Los Angeles; Gatineau, Quebec.
External buildings of interest[link]
Palacio de Minería[link]
Under the care of UNAM's Engineering Faculty, the Colonial Palace of Mining is located in the historical center of Mexico City. Formerly the School of Engineering, it has three floors, and hosts the International Book Expo ("Feria Internacional del Libro" or "FIL") and the International Day of Computing Security Congress ("DISC"). It also has a permanent exhibition of historical books, mostly topographical and naturalist works of 19th century Mexican scientists, in the former library of the School of Engineers. It also contains several exhibitions related to mining, the prime engineering occupation during the Spanish colonization. It is considered to be one of the most significant examples of Mexican architecture of its period, conceived by Manuel Tolsa during de Spanish colonial rule in a neoclassical style (18th century).
Casa del Lago[link]
The House of the Lake, in Chapultepec Park, is a place devoted to cultural activities, including dancing, theatre plays and ballet. It also serves as meeting place for university-related organizations and committees.
Museum of San Ildefonso[link]
Main article: San Ildefonso College
This museum and cultural center is considered to be the birthplace of the Mexican muralism movement.[27][28] San Ildefonso began as a prestigious Jesuit boarding school, and after the Reform War, it gained educational prestige again as National Preparatory School, which was closely linked to the founding of UNAM. This school, and the building, closed completely in 1978, then reopened as a museum and cultural center in 1994, administered jointly by UNAM, the National Council for Culture and Arts and the government of the Federal District of Mexico City. The museum has permanent and temporary art and archaeological exhibitions, in addition to the many murals painted on its walls by José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera and others.[29][30] The complex is located between San Ildefonso Street and Justo Sierra Street in the historic center of Mexico City .[27]
Chopo University Museum[link]
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The Chopo University Museum possesses an artistic architecture, large crystal panels and two iron towers designed by Gustave Eiffel. It opened with part of the collection of the now-defunct Public Museum of Natural History, Archeology and History, which eventually became the National Museum of Cultures.[31] It served the National Museum of Natural History for almost 50 years, and is now devoted to the temporary exhibitions of visual arts.
National Astronomical Observatory[link]
Main article: National Astronomical Observatory (Mexico)
The National Astronomical Observatory is located in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir mountain range in Baja California, about 130 km south of United States-Mexican border. It has been in operation since 1970, and it currently has three large reflecting telescopes.
Organization[link]
UNAM is organized in faculties, rather than departments. Both undergraduate and graduate studies are available. UNAM is also responsible for the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria (ENP) (National Preparatory School), and the Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (CCH) (Science and Humanities College), which consist of several high schools, in Mexico City. Counting ENEP, CCH, FES (Facultad de Estudios Profesionales) undergraduate and graduate students, UNAM has over 314,557 students, making it one of the world's largest universities.[7]
Faculties and National Schools[link]
UNAM recognizes two different types of university schools: Faculties and National Schools. Only faculties have postgraduate studies. Currently, most of the schools, either inside or outside the University City, have this title. A National School is an institution that cannot offer all postgraduate studies (Master's degrees and Doctorates). This is the case of the National School of Music, the National School of Arts, the National School of Nursery and Obstetrics, and the National School of Social Work.[32]
List of Faculties, National Schools and Institutes[link]
- Faculties
- Faculty of Accounting and Administration
- Faculty of Architecture
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Faculty of Economics
- Faculty of Engineering
- Faculty of High Studies (FES) Aragón
- Faculty of High Studies (FES) Acatlán
- Faculty of High Studies (FES) Cuautitlán
- Faculty of High Studies (FES) Iztacala
- Faculty of High Studies (FES) Zaragoza
- Faculty of Law
- Faculty of Medicine
- Faculty of Odontology
- Faculty of Philosophy and Literature
- Faculty of Political and Social Sciences
- Faculty of Psychology
- Faculty of Sciences
- Faculty of Veterinarian Medicine and Animal Science
- National Schools
- College of Sciences and Humanities (with 5 high schools)
Academics[link]
Rankings[link]
According to the 2009 THES - QS World University Rankings, the University is the 190th best-ranked university in the world and the second best in Ibero-America.[33] According to the 2008 Academic Ranking of World Universities, developed by the Institute of Higher Education of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, UNAM is ranked in the 152–200 tier,[34] and holds second place among Ibero-American universities in a tie between the University of Buenos Aires and Brazilian University, below the University of São Paulo (101–151 tier).[34] The university was also ranked joint 169th with University of São Paulo in the 2011 QS World University Rankings.[35]
Research[link]
UNAM has excelled in many areas of research and houses many of Mexico's premiere research institutions. In recent years, it has attracted students and hired professional scientists from all over the world (most notably from Russia, India and the United States),[citation needed] which has created a unique and diverse scientific community.
Scientific research at UNAM is divided between faculties, institutes, centers and schools, and covers a range of disciplines in Latin America. Some of the more noted institutes include: the Institute of Astronomy, the Institute of Biotechnology, the Institute of Nuclear Sciences, the Institute of Ecology, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Cell Physiology, the Institute of Geophysics, the Institute of Engineering, the Institute of Materials Research, the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and the Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute.
Research centers tend to focus on multidisciplinary problems particularly relevant to Mexico and the developing world, most notably, the Center of Applied Sciences and Technological Development, which focuses on connecting the sciences to real-world problems (e.g., optics, nanosciences), and Center of Energy Research, which conducts world-class research in alternative energies.
All research centers are open to students from Mexico and around the world. The UNAM holds a number of programs for students within the country, using scientific internships to encourage research in the country.
UNAM's scientific output continues to grow; despite numerous attempts by the Mexican government to curtail its budget, the University currently produces 60% of all scientific publications in Mexico.[citation needed]
As for basic sciences, UNAM currently has two Howard Hughes Medical Institute Scholars and an endowment from the NIH extramural research program.[citation needed]
Students and faculty[link]
Sports, clubs, and traditions[link]
Professional football team[link]
UNAM's football team, Club Universidad Nacional, participates in the Primera División de México of the Mexican Football League Division. The club became two-time consecutive champions of the Apertura, and the Clausura in 2004. Their home ground is the Estadio Olímpico Universitario stadium.
Cultural traditions[link]
The University has as an annual tradition to make a large display of Day of the Dead offerings (Spanish: ofrenda) all over the main square of Ciudad Universitaria. Each school builds an offering, and in the center, there is usually a large offering made according to a theme corresponding to the festivities of the University for that year.[36]
Political activism[link]
UNAM students and professors are regarded throughout Mexico as very politically-aware and sometimes intensely politically active. While most of its students usually adhere to left-wing political ideologies and movements, the University has also borne a number of prominent right-wing and neo-liberal politicians, including Carlos Salinas de Gortari and Manuel Gómez Morín.
Student associations[link]
The UNAM contains several associations of current students and alumni that provide extra-curricular activities to the whole community, enriching the University's activities with cultural, social and scientific events.
Noted alumni[link]
Many of the most prominent figures in the economical, political, scientific and artistic life in Mexico were members of the UNAM alumni or faculty:
Heads of state[link]
- Miguel Alemán Valdés (President of Mexico 1946–1952)
- Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (President of Mexico 1982–1988)
- Luis Echeverría Álvarez (President of Mexico 1970–1976)
- José López Portillo y Pacheco (President of Mexico 1976–1982)
- Abel Pacheco de la Espriella (President of Costa Rica 2002–2006)
- Alfonso Portillo (President of Guatemala 2000–2004)
- Carlos Salinas de Gortari (President of Mexico 1988–1994)
Politicians[link]
- Antonio Carrillo Flores (Cabinet Minister in several previous administrations, 1929, 1950[37])
- Alfonso Caso y Andrade (a very noted archaeologist)
- Alan Cranston (U.S. Senator from California)
- Carlos Mendoza Davis (Baja California Sur politician)
- Álvaro García Linera (Vice-President of Bolivia)
- Andrés Manuel López Obrador (Head of Government of the Federal District from 2000 to 2005, candidate for the Presidency of Mexico in 2006 and 2012[38])
- Abel Pacheco (President of Costa Rica)
- Alfonso Portillo (President of Guatemala)
- Veton Surroi (Kosovo publicist and leader of the Kosovar Party ORA)
- Fernando Baeza Melendez (Mexico, Senator from Chihuahua, Ex-Head of Government of Chihuahua, Politician)
- Luis Félix López (Secretary of Government of Ecuador)
Diplomats[link]
- Narciso Bassols (former ambassador to Russia, France, and Great Britain; former director of UNAM's School of Law)
- Antonio Carrillo Flores (Ministry of Mexican Foreign Affairs during the Díaz Ordaz administration)
- Alfonso García Robles (a Nobel Peace Prize laureate)
- Antonio Gómez Robledo (Ministry of Mexican Foreign Affairs during the López Portillo administration)
- Rosario Green (Ministry of Mexican Foreign Affairs during the Zedillo administration)
- Jorge Alvarez Fuentes (Currently ambassador to Lebanon, Qatar and UAE. Previous posting in New Zealand from 1999–2004)
Artists, writers and humanists[link]
- Carmen Aristegui, journalist
- William F. Buckley (writer and political philosopher; attended in 1943 prior to being commissioned in the US Army during the World War II)
- Alfonso Caso (archaeologist)
- Salvador Elizondo (writer and a member of El Colegio Nacional)
- Bolívar Echeverría (Ecuadorian writer and philosopher)
- Julio Estrada (composer, writer and UNAM scholar)
- Carlos Fuentes (writer, essayist and a member of El Colegio Nacional)
- Alfonso García Robles (a Nobel Peace Prize laureate)
- Teodoro González de León (architect and responsible for the original urban planning of the university's campus: Ciudad Universitaria, now cataloged by Unesco as World Heritage)
- Enrique Krauze (historian, essayist and publisher, director of Letras Libres journal)
- Agustín Landa Verdugo (architect and urban planner)
- Ricardo Legorreta (laureated architect)
- Audre Lorde (writer, poet and activist)
- Horst Matthai Quelle (philosopher)
- Carlos Monsiváis (editorialist and writer)
- José Emilio Pacheco (writer and a member of El Colegio Nacional)
- Eduardo Pareyón Moreno (archaeologist)
- Fernando del Paso (writer)
- Octavio Paz (poet and essayist; Literature Nobel Prize laureate)
- Elena Poniatowska (journalist and writer)
- Alfonso Reyes (writer, philosopher and diplomat)
- Alejandro Rossi (philosopher and writer)
- Jaime Sabines (poet)
- Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez (philosopher and writer)
- Enrique Semo (historian, writer, activist, Mexico City Secretary of Culture)
- Jaime Torres Bodet (writer and politician)
- Ayako Tsuru (mural artist)
- Jorge Volpi (novelist and essayist; current director of Canal 22 in Mexican free television)
- Maruxa Vilalta (dramaturg)
- Jacobo Zabludovsky (lawyer, journalist and first TV anchorman in Mexico)
- Juan García Esquivel (musician)
Physicians and surgeons[link]
- Carlos Fernández del Castillo (specialist in pancreatic diseases, pancreatobiliary surgery, gastrointestinal surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital, USA) [1]
- Guillermo Soberón Acevedo (biochemist, member of El Colegio Nacional)
- Jorge Calles-Escandón (endocrinologist, specializing in thyroid biopsy, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and insulin pumps at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, USA)
- Ignacio Chávez (Prominent Mexican physician, founded the first cardiology area in the General Hospital of Mexico. He was the rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (1965–1966). Founded several Mexican institutions in Cardiology and he was appointed honorary doctor or rector of 95 universities around the world. He was a founding member of El Colegio Nacional (1943).)
- Jorge Soní Cassani
- Fernando Antonio Bermudez Arias (prominent physician, cardiologist, scientist, writer, teacher, historian, artist and social defender)
- Jorge Eduardo Cortes-Franco (prominent hematologist at Houston, Texas' M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and Hospital)
- Nora Volkow (Director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse)
Scientists[link]
- Miguel Alcubierre (theoretical and computational physicist; see Alcubierre metric)
- Nabor Carrillo Flores (a soil mechanics expert, a nuclear energy advisor and former president of UNAM)
- Carlos Frenk (astronomer, a pioneer in simulations of large-scale structures)
- Guillermo Haro (astronomer, co-discoverer of Herbig–Haro objects)
- Miguel de Icaza (free software programmer)
- Antonio Lazcano (a notable biologist working in the field of origin of life; a current member of the group of scientists working to understand and fight against the A/H1N1 virus)
- Luis E. Miramontes (co-inventor of the contraceptive pill)
- Mario J. Molina (a Chemistry Nobel Prize laureate)
- Marcos Moshinsky (a theoretical physicist)
- Rodolfo Neri Vela (the first Mexican in space)
- Víctor Neumann-Lara (a pioneer in graph theory in Mexico)
- Ruy Pérez Tamayo (a pathologist and a member of El Colegio Nacional)
- Miguel Reyes Mugica (noted pediatric pathologist and expert on children's cancer)
- Constantino Reyes-Valerio (chemist and historian who coined the term arte indocristiano and contributed to the discovery of the production of Maya blue pigment)
- Jerzy Rzedowski (plant scientist; pioneer in the field of Neotropical florsitics)
- Salvador Zubirán (a physician, founder of the National Institute of Nutrition)
Businesspeople[link]
- Gilberto Borja Navarrete (engineer, founder of Grupo ICA, one of the main national and international building companies)
- Carlos Slim Helú (businessman and the richest person in the world)[39]
Sports stars[link]
- Hugo Sánchez Márquez (one of Mexico's most acknowledged football players; Real Madrid legend and former Mexican National football team and Almeria manager)
- María Eugenia "Cuca" Huerta (one of Mexico's top female football flag players and multiple champion at local and international leagues)
Noted faculty[link]
- Jorge González Reyna, architect.
- Max Cetto, architect.
- Alejandro Corichi, astrophysicist.
- Axel Didriksson, a writer education researcher and current Secretary of Education working for the Government of Mexico City.
- Erich Fromm, a German-born philosopher and psychoanalyst, founder of the Mexican Institute of Psychoanalysis.
- José Gaos, philosopher.
- Pablo González Casanova (Spanish), sociologist and former president of the UNAM.
- Jorge González Torres, politician, former presidential candidate.
- Paul Kirchhoff, anthropologist and ethnohistorian, one of the founders of anthropological studies at UNAM.
- José Miguel Insulza, a Chilean politician, secretary of the Organization of American States.
- Larry Laudan, philosopher
- Miguel León-Portilla, historian and náhuatl language researcher.
- Florian Luca, mathematician
- Rodolfo Neri Vela, the first Mexican astronaut to go into space.
- Edmundo O'Gorman, historian and writer.
- Imanol Ordorika, a specialist in education.
- Kiyoto Ota, sculptor.
- Arturo Rosenblueth, physiologist.
- Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, a Spanish-born philosopher.
- Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, physicist and cosmic ray researcher.
- Sara Sefchovich, writer.
- Surendra Pal Verma, Volcanologist
- John S. Armstrong-Altrin, Sedimentologist
UNAM's Philharmonic Orchestra (OFUNAM)[link]
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See also[link]
- XHUNAM-TV ("TVunam", UNAM's educational and cultural television channel)
- DGSCA (Dirección General de Servicios de Cómputo Académico, Hub of Computer Sciences/Engineering in UNAM)
References[link]
- ^ a b c Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. "UNAM Through Time". http://www.unam.mx/EN/aboutunam/unam_tiempo/unam/1910.html. "Later, on April 26, [1910] he set the National University's founding project in motion. The new institution would be composed of the National Preparatory High School and the School of Higher Studies, along with the schools of Jurisprudence, Medicine, Engineering and Arts (Architecture). The project was approved and the National University of Mexico was solemnly inaugurated on September 22. The universities of Salamanca, Turkey and Berkeley were its 'godmothers'."
- ^ a b c d Justo Sierra (1910-09-22). "Discurso en el acto de la inauguración de la Universidad Nacional de México, el 22 de septiembre de 1910" (in Spanish) (PDF). http://www.ses.unam.mx/docencia/Lectura1.pdf. "¿Tenemos una historia? No. La Universidad mexicana que nace hoy no tiene árbol genealógico"
- ^ a b c Annick Lempérière. "Los dos centenarios de la Independencia mexicana (1910–1921): de la historia patria a la antropología cultural" (in Spanish) (PDF). University of Paris I. http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1937_16329.pdf. "La universidad soñada por Justo Sierra, ministro de Instrucción Pública, última creación duradera del régimen porfirista, se inauguró al mismo tiempo que la Escuela Nacional de Altos Estudios, que debía ceder su lugar a las humanidades, junto a los programas científicos de los cursos porfiristas. El discurso inaugural de Sierra iba a tono con el espíritu de las celebraciones. La universidad naciente no tenía nada en común, insistía, con la que la precedió: no tenía 'antecesores', sino 'precursores'."
- ^ a b c Javier Garciadiego. "De Justo Sierra a Vasconcelos. La Universidad Nacional durante la Revolución Mexicana" (in Spanish) (PDF). El Colegio de México. http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1866_16697.pdf. "El mayor esfuerzo en la vida de Sierra fue, precisamente, revertir tal postura; así, se afanó obsesivamente en crear una universidad de ese tipo, pues era la institución que mejor encabezaba "los esfuerzos colectivos de la sociedad moderna para emanciparse integralmente del espíritu viejo". Al margen de numerosas diferencias sustanciales con los liberales, los positivistas, que dominaron el sistema nacional de instrucción pública superior desde 1865, también eran contrarios al establecimiento de una universidad, tanto por conveniencias políticas como por principios doctrinales. Esto hace más admirable el esfuerzo de don Justo, pues era un miembro destacado —canonizado, dice O'Gorman— del grupo de positivistas mexicanos. Su lucha no fue sólo pedagógica sino también política. Si bien no se puede coincidir con [Edmundo] O'Gorman respecto al carácter de Sierra como jerarca del positivismo mexicano, pues siempre fue cuestionado por los más ortodoxos como un pensador ecléctico, falto de disciplina, es de compartirse la admiración que profesa a don Justo, pues su lucha por la fundación de la Universidad Nacional implicó serios distanciamientos de sus principales compañeros políticos e intelectuales, ya fueran liberales o positivistas."
- ^ Manuel López de la Parra. "La casi centenaria UNAM" (in Spanish). http://www.informador.com.mx/editorial/2008/28260/6/la-casi-centenaria-unam.htm. ""Ciertamente no ha transcendido el hecho de que la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; autónoma desde 1929, está próxima a cumplir su primer centenario de vida académica, pues fue inaugurada el 22 de septiembre de 1910, en ocasión de los festejos del primer centenario del inicio de la Revolución de Independencia durante los últimos tiempos del Gobierno de don Porfirio Díaz, y con base en un proyecto elaborado por don Justo Sierra, por entonces, secretario de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes con la participación técnica de don Ezequiel A. Chávez, de acuerdo con el modelo típico de las universidades europeas, precisamente con mucho de la Universidad de París; por ese entonces la influencia europea estaba presente, y en especial, la cultura francesa."
- ^ Marissa Rivera. "Arrancan festejos por los 100 años de la UNAM" (in Spanish). http://www2.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/mexico/026654/arrancan-festejos-100-aos-unam. "El rector José Narro anuncia el programa de actividades para conmemorar los 100 años de UNAM, que iniciaron este miércoles y concluirán el 22 de septiembre de 2011."
- ^ a b c d e f "La UNAM en numeros". http://www.estadistica.unam.mx/numeralia/. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
- ^ http://www.deportes.unam.mx/?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=38
- ^ a b Javier Garciadiego. "De Justo Sierra a Vasconcelos. La Universidad Nacional durante la Revolución Mexicana" (in Spanish) (PDF). http://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/pdf/13/art_13_1866_16697.pdf. "Durante el siglo XIX los gobiernos liberales consideraron una "obligada muestra" de sus convicciones suprimir la Universidad, heredera de la Nacional y Pontificia, como para los conservadores reinstalarla era signo de lealtad a sus principios."
- ^ Elizalde,Guadalupe, Piedras en el Camino de la UNAM, EDAMEX, 1999 p.49.
- ^ Méndez Arceo, Sergio (1990) (in Spanish). La Real y Pontificia Universidad de México: antecedentes, tramitación y despacho de las reales cédulas de erección. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 93–100. ISBN 968-36-1704-2. OCLC 25290441.
- ^ Justo Sierra. "Discurso en el acto de la inauguración de la Universidad Nacional de México, el 22 de septiembre de 1910" (in Spanish) (PDF). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. http://www.ses.unam.mx/docencia/Lectura1.pdf.
- ^ "UNAM through time – 1960". http://www.unam.mx/acercaunam/unam_tiempo/unam/antecedentes.html. Retrieved 2009-10-18. [dead link]
- ^ a b c "UNAM through time – 1910". http://www.unam.mx/EN/aboutunam/unam_tiempo/unam/1910.html. Retrieved 2009-10-18. [dead link]
- ^ "UNAM through time – 1920". http://www.unam.mx/EN/aboutunam/unam_tiempo/unam/1920.html. Retrieved 2009-10-18. [dead link]
- ^ "UNAM through time – 1940". http://www.unam.mx/EN/aboutunam/unam_tiempo/unam/1940.html. Retrieved 2009-10-18. [dead link]
- ^ "UNAM through time – 1950". http://www.unam.mx/EN/aboutunam/unam_tiempo/unam/1950.html. Retrieved 2009-10-18. [dead link]
- ^ "UNAM through time – 1960". http://www.unam.mx/EN/aboutunam/unam_tiempo/unam/1960.html. Retrieved 2009-10-18. [dead link]
- ^ "UNAM through time – 1970". http://www.unam.mx/EN/aboutunam/unam_tiempo/unam/1970.html. Retrieved 2009-10-18. [dead link]
- ^ "UNAM through time – 1980". http://www.unam.mx/EN/aboutunam/unam_tiempo/unam/1980.html. Retrieved 2009-10-18. [dead link]
- ^ Preston, Julia (1999)University Officials Yield to Student Strike in Mexico June 8. Retrieved on February 14, 2006 from The New York Times site
- ^ Preston, Julia (2000) Big Majority Votes to End Strike at Mexican University January 21, 2000. Retrieved on February 14, 2006 from The New York Times site
- ^ Mexican police storm university February 7, 2000. Retrieved on February 14, 2006 from the BBC site
- ^ "The National Autonomous University of Mexico, Prince of Asturias Award Laureate for Communication and Humanities". Oviedo: Prince of Asturias Foundation. 2009-06-10. http://fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/en/press/news/mexico-university-prince-of-asturias-award-laureate-for-communication-and-humanities/. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
- ^ "UNAM celebra desde ahora su centenario [UNAM now celebrates its centennial]" (in Spanish). Milenio online (Mexico City: Milenio). 2009-10-16. http://impreso.milenio.com/node/8657952. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ UNESCO
- ^ a b Galindo, Carmen; Magdelena Galindo (2002). Mexico City Historic Center. Mexico City: Ediciones Nueva Guia. pp. 86–91. ISBN 968-5437-29-7.
- ^ Horz de Via (ed), Elena (1991). Guia Oficial Centro de la Ciudad d Mexico. Mexico City: INAH-SALVAT. pp. 46–50. ISBN 968-32-0540-2.
- ^ "San Ildefonso en el tiempo". http://www.sanildefonso.org.mx/frame.php?sec=11. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
- ^ Bueno de Ariztegui (ed), Patricia (1984). Guia Turistica de Mexico Distrito Federal Centro 3. Mexico City: Promexa. pp. 80–84. ISBN 968-34-0319-0.
- ^ "Museo Nacional de las Culturas, En la Ciudad de Mexico, Una ventana al Mundo" (in Spanish). http://dti.inah.gob.mx/index.php?Itemid=49&id=171&option=com_content&task=view. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
- ^ "Unidades Académicas". http://www.unam.mx/pagina/es/8/docencia-unidades-academicas. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
- ^ The Times - Quacquarelli Symonds (2009). "THES - QS World University Rankings 2009 - Top 200 Universities". http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
- ^ a b Institute of Higher Education (2008-08-15). "Top 500 World Universities (101-200)". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822033345/http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopAmer(EN).htm. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
- ^ http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2011?page=3
- ^ Noticias - En Día de Muertos en la UNAM imponen récord; decenas de calles del DF tienen nombres alusivos a La Catrina
- ^ http://www.colegionacional.org.mx/SACSCMS/XStatic/colegionacional/template/content.aspx?mi=160&se=vida&te=detallemiembro
- ^ http://www.eleccionesenmexico.com/archivos/noticias/el_licendiado_lopez_obrador.php
- ^ "#1 Carlos Slim Helu & family". Forbes. 2010-03-10. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Carlos-Slim-Helu-family_WYDJ.html.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: National Autonomous University of Mexico |
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2009) |
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Echeverría and the second or maternal family name is Álvarez.
| Luis Echeverría | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| President Echeverría (Right) with Alfredo Ruiz del Rio | |
| 50th President of Mexico | |
| In office December 1, 1970 – November 30, 1976 |
|
| Preceded by | Gustavo Díaz Ordaz |
| Succeeded by | José López Portillo |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1922-01-17) 17 January 1922 (age 90) Mexico City |
| Nationality | Mexican |
| Political party | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| Spouse(s) | María Esther Zuno |
Luis Echeverría Álvarez (born 17 January 1922) served as President of Mexico from 1970 to 1976.
Contents |
Early history[link]
Echeverría joined the faculty of the National Autonomous University of Mexico in 1947 and taught political theory. He rose in the hierarchy of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and eventually became the private secretary of the party president, General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada. Echeverría served as Interior Secretary under President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz from 1964 to 1970. He maintained a hard line against student protesters throughout 1968. Clashes between the government and protesters culminated in the Tlatelolco massacre in October 1968, a few days before the 1968 Summer Olympics were held in Mexico City.[1][2] In a separate incident, he ordered the transfer of 15% of the Mexican military to the state of Guerrero to counter guerrilla groups operating there.
Presidency[link]
At one point during his campaign for the presidency, Echeverría called for a moment of silence to remember the victims of the Tlatelolco massacre, an act which enraged President Díaz Ordaz and almost prompted him to call for Echeverría's resignation. Once Echeverría became president, he embarked on a far-reaching program of populist political and economic reform, nationalizing the mining and electrical industries, redistributing private land in the states of Sinaloa and Sonora to peasants, opposing American "expansionism," supporting the leftist Chilean leader Salvador Allende, condemning Zionism, allowing the Palestine Liberation Organization to open an office in the capital, and imposing limits on foreign investment, and extending Mexico's patrimonial waters to 370 kilometres (230 mi). He also created a special commission to destroy Mexico's forests, believing they were of no economic benefit, using that land for agriculture.[citation needed] State spending on health, housing construction, education, and food subsidies was also significantly increased,[3] while the percentage of the population covered by the social security system was doubled.[4]
At the same time, he enraged the left because he did not bring the perpetrators of the Corpus Christi Massacre to justice, and he angered the business community with his populist rhetoric and his moves to nationalize industries and redistribute land. He was also unpopular within the rank and file of his own party.
Echeverría's candidacy rode a wave of anger by citizens in northwestern Mexico against the United States for its use (and perceived misappropriation) of water from the Colorado River, which drains much of the U.S. southwest before crossing into Mexico. The established treaty between the U.S. and Mexico called for the U.S. to allow a specified volume of water, 1.85 cubic kilometres (0.44 cu mi), to pass the U.S.-Mexican border, but it did not establish any quality levels. Throughout the 20th century, the United States, through its water policy managed through the United States Bureau of Reclamation, had developed wide-ranging irrigation along the river which had led to progressively higher levels of salinity in the water as it moved downstream. By the late 1960s, the high salinity of the water crossing into Mexico had resulted in the ruin of large tracts of the irrigated land along the lower Colorado. The sudden increase in oil prices in 1973 coupled with the possibility of new Mexican oil deposits in the Bay of Campeche, gave Echeverría a strong bargaining position against the Nixon Administration in the United States. Echeverría threatened to bring the issue to the World Court, prompting the Nixon Administration to renegotiate the treaty to include a salinity-control agreement. The implementation of salinity control at the border (specified to be at U.S. expense) has been on-going and slow, however, and the lower Colorado remains largely a desolate shadow of what it once was.
He is accused of irresponsible government spending, increasing inflation, and cronyism – which is symbolized by appointing his good friend and eventual successor José López Portillo as Finance Minister – violent devaluations of the peso, from 12.50 MXP per dollar in 1954 to 20 per dollar in late 1976, as well as for rising debt. During his period, the country's external debt soared from $6 billion in 1970 to $20 billion in 1976. This caused the ruling party, at least in terms of its economic policies, to gradually lose prestige at home and abroad.
Continued influence[link]
Echeverría has been suspected of wielding power behind the throne even long after his presidential term ended, mostly through his alleged influence over the “old guard” wing of the PRI, the myriad special police forces in Mexico, as well as the drug cartels.
Echeverría’s brother-in-law, Rubén Zuno Arce, was convicted by a California court in 1992 and sentenced to life for his role as leader of the Guadalajara drug cartel and the murder of a U.S. federal agent seven years earlier.[5] Echeverría repeatedly requested President Carlos Salinas to pressure Washington for the release of Zuno Arce, to no avail.
After leaving office, Salinas (who was president from 1988 to 1994) publicly accused Echeverría of inspiring the murder of their party’s presidential candidate in March 1994 and of leading a conspiracy against his reformist allies inside the PRI, which had led to a systemic political and economic crisis.[6] Salinas claimed that Echeverría pressed him to replace the murdered candidate, Luis Donaldo Colosio, with an old-guard figure. Echeverría brushed off the accusations as absurd.
After the defeat of the PRI in the general elections of July 2000, it emerged that Vicente Fox (president from 2000 to 2006) had met privately with Echeverría at the latter’s home in Mexico City numerous times during his presidential campaign in 1999 and 2000.[7] Fox did appoint several Echeverría loyalists to top positions in his government, such as Adolfo Aguilar (who headed Echeverría’s “Third World University” in the 1970s) as national security advisor, and Juan José Bremer (Echeverría’s personal secretary) as ambassador to Washington. The most controversial was Alejandro Gertz Manero, who had been accused by the Mexican press of bearing responsibility for the suicide of a museum owner in 1972, as Gertz, then working for Echeverría’s attorney general, attempted to confiscate his private collection of pre-Hispanic artefacts (Echeverría has a collection of such artefacts).[8] Fox appointed Gertz as chief of the Federal Police. Shortly thereafter, a major drug boss, Joaquín Guzmán (“El Chapo”), escaped from a maximum-security penitentiary. He had been with the Sinaloa drug cartel, but had worked for Zuno Arce in the Guadalajara drug cartel in the 1980s.
Later years[link]
On 23 July 2006 a special prosecutor indicted Echeverría and requested his arrest for allegedly ordering the killing of 25 student demonstrators and the wounding of dozens of others during a student protest in Mexico City over education funding on 10 June 1971; the incident became known as the Corpus Christi Massacre for the feast day on which it took place, but also as the Halconazo – "Falcon Strike" – since the special unit involved was called Los Halcones ("The Falcons"). The evidence against Echeverría appeared to be based on documents that allegedly show that he ordered the formation of special army units that committed the killings and that he received regular updates about the episode and its aftermath from his chief of secret police. At the time, the government argued police forces and civilian demonstrators were attacked (and people on both sides killed) by armed civilians, who were convicted and later freed because of a general amnesty.
After the political transition of 2000, Echeverría was charged with genocide by the special prosecutor (an untested charge in the Mexican legal system), partly because the statute of limitations for charges of homicide had expired (charges of genocide under Mexican law have no statute of limitations from 2002). On 24 July 2004, a judge refused to issue an arrest warrant for Echeverría because of statute of limitations problems with the indictment, apparently rejecting the special prosecutor's assertion of genocide-based special circumstances. The special prosecutor said that he would appeal the judge's decision. Echeverría has steadfastly denied any complicity in the killings.
On 24 February 2005 the Supreme Court of Justice decided, four votes against one, that the statute of limitations (30 years) had expired by the time the prosecution began, and that Mexico's ratification by Congress in 2002 to the United Nations convention against war crimes from 26 November 1968, signed by the President on 3 July 1969 but ratified by Congress on 10 December 2001 and coming into effect 90 days later, stating that genocide has no statute of limitations could not be applied retroactively to Echeverría's case, since only Congress can make those agreements part of the legal system.
Charges of genocide (which would have been difficult to sustain if accepted) were about the last hope of the prosecution and while the case is still technically open in court it will be difficult to obtain a conviction. The prosecution argued before the Supreme Court that (a) political conditions prevented an earlier prosecution, (b) the president was constitutionally protected against charges for his full term so the statute of limitations should be extended because of that and (c) the UN convention accepted by Mexico covered past events of genocide. The Supreme Court said that the law did not take into account political conditions and presidential immunity when calculating the statute of limitations, that the prosecution failed to prove earlier charges against the defendants (producing only photocopies with no legal value of supposed legal proceedings from the late 1970s and early 1980s) and that article 14 of the Mexican constitution establishes the principle of non-retroactivity.
On 20 September 2005 the special prosecutor for crimes of the past filed genocide charges against Echeverría for his responsibility, as interior minister at the time, in the 2 October 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. Again, the assigned criminal judge dismissed the filing, holding, first, that the statute of limitations had expired and, second, that the massacre did not constitute genocide. An arrest warrant for Echeverría was issued by a Mexican court on 30 June 2006, but was found not guilty of charges on 8 July 2006. Echeverría is now suing the PRD for untrue allegations. On 29 November 2006, he was charged with the massacres and ordered under house arrest by a Mexican judge.[9]
Finally, on 26 March 2009 a federal court ordered the absolute freedom of ex-president as well as exemptions from the charge of genocide for the events of Tlatelolco.
Post-presidential Events[link]
In 2002 was the first political officer called to testify before the Mexican justice for the massacre of students in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco massacre in 1968 and 1971.
In February 2006, at 84, was hospitalized for a problem of blood supply to the brain.
On 4 April 2006 he seized a total of 14 sites in Cozumel accumulated tax debt in 30 years. These debts accumulated nearly 2 million pesos.
On 30 June 2006 a federal judge ordered his arrest for the 1968 massacre. It acquitted on 8 July 2006 due to statute of limitations in November 2005, that declared his house arrest had ended.
On 26 March 2009 a federal court ordered the absolute freedom of ex-president as well as exemptions from the charge of genocide for the acts of Tlatelolco.
References[link]
- ^ Yoram Shapira. 1977. Mexico: The Impact of the 1968 Student Protest on Echeverria's Reformism. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Vol. 19, No. 4 (Nov., 1977), pp. 557-580 [1]
- ^ Merilee S. Grindle. 1977. Policy Change in an Authoritarian Regime: Mexico under Echeverria Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Vol. 19, No. 4 (Nov., 1977), pp. 523-555
- ^ The Penguin History of Latin America by Edwin Williamson
- ^ Gendered struggles against globalisation in Mexico by Teresa Healy
- ^ See www.ca9.uscourts.gov/ca9/newopinions.nsf/B989B7B5F7111E9C88256E5A00707ADE/$file/9856770.pdf?openelement
- ^ See Julia Preston, “Salinas Denies New Charges by Mexico,” New York Times, 5 December 1995. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E3DB1139F936A35751C1A963958260
- ^ See Martin Walker, “Walker’s World: Why President Fox Failed,” United Press International, 26 December 2006. http://www.upi.com/International_Intelligence/Analysis/2006/12/26/walkers_world_why_president_fox_failed/8628/
- ^ See “Dejó Fox en manos de Luis Echeverría los mandos de las policías federales,” El Heraldo de Chihuahua, 6 April 2006. http://www.ariasking.com/files/HeraldoChih4.pdf
- ^ "Warrant for Mexico ex-president". BBC News. 30 June 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5135378.stm. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
Sources[link]
- Werner, Michael. (Ed.) (1997). Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society, and Culture. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.
- Cadillac Desert, Marc Reisner (regarding lower Colorado water issues)
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Gustavo Díaz Ordaz |
President of Mexico 1 December 1970 – 30 November 1976 |
Succeeded by José López Portillo |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Echeverria, Luis |
| Alternative names | Echeverría Álvarez, Luis (Spanish) |
| Short description | President of Mexico (1970–1976) |
| Date of birth | 1922-01-17 |
| Place of birth | Mexico City, Mexico |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Luis_Echeverría
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Luis Echeverría
http://ru.wn.com/Эчеверриа, Луис
http://nl.wn.com/Luis Echeverría
http://pt.wn.com/Luis Echeverría
http://de.wn.com/Luis Echeverría Álvarez
http://it.wn.com/Luis Echeverría
http://pl.wn.com/Luis Echeverría
http://es.wn.com/Luis Echeverría Álvarez
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Echeverría
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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