Mango of Bangladesh

Australian Mango with its cross section

Ripe Sindhri mangoes from Sindh, Pakistan

The mango is a fleshy stone fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The mango is native to the Indian subcontinent from where it spread all over the world. It is one of the most cultivated fruits of the tropical world. While other Mangifera species (e.g. horse mango, M. foetida) are also grown on a more localized basis, Mangifera indica – the common mango or Indian mango – is the only mango tree commonly cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions, and its fruit is distributed essentially worldwide.

In several cultures, its fruit and leaves are ritually used as floral decorations at weddings, public celebrations and religious ceremonies.

Etymology[link]

The English word "mango" originated from the Tamil word māṅgai or mankay^[1][2][3][4](Tamil: மாங்காய்) or Malayalam māṅṅa^[5][6] (Malayalam: മാങ്ങ; from the Dravidian root word for the same), via Portuguese (also manga).^[7][6] The word's first recorded attestation in a European language was a text by Ludovico di Varthema in Italian in 1510, as manga; the first recorded occurrences in languages such as French and post-classical Latin appear to be translations from this Italian text. The origin of the "-o" ending in English is unclear.^[8]

When mangoes were first imported to the American colonies in the 17th century, they had to be pickled due to lack of refrigeration. Other fruits were also pickled and came to be called "mangoes", especially bell peppers, and by the 18th century, the word "mango" became a verb meaning "to pickle".^[9]

Description[link]

Mango inflorescence and immature fruit

Immature fruits of Mango in the Philippines

Close-up image of the inflorescence and immature fruits of Alphonso mango

A mango tree in full bloom in Kerala, India

The seed of mango can be hairy or fibrous

The "hedgehog" style is a common way of eating mangoes^{[citation needed]} (left). A cross section of a mango can be seen on the right, not quite fully halving the fruit, as the stone is not visible

Mango orchard in Multan, Pakistan

Unripe mangoes on a mango tree

A view of Mangifera indica in South India

An unripe mango of Ratnagiri (India)

Alphonso (हापुस Haapoos in Marathi, હાફુસ in Gujarati, ಆಪೂಸ್ Aapoos in Kannada) India is a mango cultivar that is considered by many[who?] to be one of the best in terms of sweetness, richness and flavor. It has considerable shelf life of a week after it is ripe making it exportable. It is also one of the most expensive kinds of mango and is grown mainly in Konkan region of western India. (Gujarat & Maharastatra) The southern districts of Valsad and Navsari in Gujarat state and particularly Alphonso mangoes from the Amalsad region (including villages such as Dhamadachha, Kacholi, and all villages of Gandevi) produce Alphonso mangoes as well. Southern States in India are also major mango producing areas.

Native, green mangoes from the Philippines

A basket of ripe mangoes from Bangladesh

Mango trees (Mangifera indica L.) grow up to 35–40 m (115–130 ft) tall, with a crown radius of 10 m (33 ft). The mango tree is long-lived, as some specimens still fruit after 300 years. In deep soil, the taproot descends to a depth of 6 m (20 ft), with profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots; the tree also sends down many anchor roots, which penetrate several feet of soil. The leaves are evergreen, alternate, simple, 15–35 cm (5.9–14 in) long and 6–16 cm (2.4–6.3 in) broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark, glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The flowers are produced in terminal panicles 10–40 cm (3.9–16 in) long; each flower is small and white with five petals 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long, with a mild, sweet odor suggestive of lily of the valley. The fruit takes three to six months to ripen.

The ripe fruit varies in size and color. Cultivars are variously yellow, orange, red or green, and carry a single flat, oblong pit that can be fibrous or hairy on the surface, and which does not separate easily from the pulp. Ripe, unpeeled fruit gives off a distinctive resinous, sweet smell. Taste of mango fruit could be described as combination of a nectarine, a pineapple and an orange. Inside the pit 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) thick is a thin lining covering a single seed, 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long. The seed contains the plant embryo.

A mango bunch eaten by a squirrel.

Cultivation[link]

Mangoes have been cultivated in South Asia for thousands of years^[10] and reached East Asia between the fifth and fourth centuries BC. By the 10th century AD, cultivation had begun in East Africa.^[10] The 14th century Moroccan traveler, Ibn Battuta, reported it at Mogadishu.^[11] Cultivation came later to Brazil, the West Indies and Mexico, where an appropriate climate allows its growth.^[10]

The mango is now cultivated in most frost-free tropical and warmer subtropical climates; more than a third of the world's mangoes are cultivated in India alone, with the second being China.^[12][13][14]

Mangoes are also grown in Andalusia, Spain (mainly in Málaga province), as its coastal subtropical climate is one of the few places in mainland Europe that allows the growth of tropical plants and fruit trees. The Canary Islands are another notable Spanish producer of the fruit. Many commercial cultivars are grafted on to the cold-hardy rootstock of Gomera-1 mango cultivar, originally from Cuba. Its root system is well adapted to coastal mediterranean climate.^[15] Many of the 1,000+ mango cultivars are easily cultivated using grafted saplings, ranging from the "turpentine mango" (named for its strong taste of turpentine^[16]) to the huevos de toro.^{[citation needed]}

Other cultivators include North, South and Central America, the Caribbean, south, west and central Africa, Australia, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Southeast Asia.

Though India is the largest producer of mangoes, it accounts for less than one percent of the international mango trade; India consumes most of its own production.^[17]

Dwarf or semidwarf varieties serve as ornamental plants and can be grown in containers.

A wide variety of diseases can afflict mangoes; see List of mango diseases.

Potential for contact dermatitis[link]

Mango peel and sap contain urushiol, the chemical in poison ivy and poison sumac that can cause urushiol-induced contact dermatitis in susceptible people.^[18] Cross-reactions between mango contact allergens and urushiol have been observed.^[19] Those with a history of poison ivy or poison oak contact dermatitis may be most at risk for such an allergic reaction.^[20] Urushiol is also present in mango leaves and stems. During mango's primary ripening season, it is the most common source of plant dermatitis in Hawaii.^[21]

Food[link]

The mango is generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh varies across cultivars, some having a soft, pulpy texture similar to an overripe plum, while the flesh of others is firmer, like a cantaloupe or avocado, or may have a fibrous texture. For consumption of unripe, pickled or cooked fruit, the mango skin may be consumed comfortably, but has potential to cause contact dermatitis of the lips, gingiva or tongue in susceptible people (see above). Under-ripe mangoes can be ripened by placing them in brown paper bags. They will then keep in a plastic bag in the refrigerator for about four or five days.^[22] In ripe fruits which are commonly eaten fresh, the skin may be thicker and bitter tasting, so is typically not eaten.

Cuisine[link]

Mangoes are widely used in cuisine. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in chutneys, athanu, pickles, or side dishes, or may be eaten raw with salt, chili, or soy sauce. A cooling summer drink called panna or panha comes from mangoes. Mango jelly made of mango pulp called mamidi thandralu (మామిడి తాండ్రలు) in Telugu and mambazha vettu (மாம்பழ வெட்டு) in Tamil is very popular. A dish called mamidikaya pappu(మామిడికాయ పప్పు) in Telugu and mangai paruppu(மாங்காய் பருப்பு) in Tamil, where mangoes are cooked with red gram dhal and green chillies, is served with cooked rice and clarified but raw mangoes are typically eaten fresh; however, they can have many other culinary uses. Mango lassi, a popular drink made throughout South Asia,^[23] is created by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with buttermilk and sugar. Ripe mangoes are also used to make curries. Aamras is a popular pulp/thick juice made of mangoes with sugar or milk, and is consumed with bread, rice or pooris. The pulp from ripe mangoes is also used to make jam called mangada.

Mangoes are used in preserves such as moramba, amchur (dried and powdered unripe mango) and pickles, including a spicy mustard-oil pickle and alcohol. Ripe mangoes are often cut into thin layers, desiccated, folded, and then cut. These bars are similar to dried guava fruit bars available in some countries. The fruit is also added to cereal products such as muesli and oat granola.

Unripe mango may be eaten with bagoong (especially in the Philippines), fish sauce or with dash of salt. Dried strips of sweet, ripe mango (sometimes combined with seedless tamarind to form mangorind) are also popular. Mangoes may be used to make juices, mango nectar, and as a flavoring and major ingredient in ice cream and sorbetes.

Mango is used to make juices, smoothies, ice cream, fruit bars, raspados, aguas frescas, pies and sweet chili sauce, or mixed with chamoy, a sweet and spicy chili paste. It is popular on a stick dipped in hot chili powder and salt or as a main ingredient in fresh fruit combinations. In Central America, mango is either eaten green mixed with salt, vinegar, black pepper and hot sauce, or ripe in various forms. Toasted and ground pumpkin seed (called pepita) with lime and salt are the norm when eating green mangoes. Some people also add soy sauce or chili sauce.

Pieces of mango can be mashed and used as a topping on ice cream or blended with milk and ice as milkshakes. Sweet glutinous rice is flavored with coconut, then served with sliced mango as a dessert. In other parts of Southeast Asia, mangoes are pickled with fish sauce and rice vinegar. Green mangoes can be used in mango salad with fish sauce and dried shrimp. Mango with condensed milk may be used as a topping for shaved ice.

Nutrients and phytochemicals[link]

The energy value per 100 g (3.5 oz) is 250 kJ (60 kcal), and that of the apple mango is slightly higher (79 kcal per 100g). Mango contains a variety of phytochemicals^[24] and nutrients. The fruit pulp is high in prebiotic dietary fiber, vitamin C, diverse polyphenols and provitamin A carotenoids.^[25]

In mango fruit pulp, the antioxidant vitamins A and C, Vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine), folate, other B vitamins and essential nutrients, such as potassium, copper and amino acids, are present. Mango peel and pulp contain other phytonutrients, such as the pigment antioxidants – carotenoids and polyphenols – and omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.^[26]

Mango peel contains pigments that may have antioxidant properties,^[24][27] including carotenoids, such as the provitamin A compound, beta-carotene, lutein and alpha-carotene,^[28] polyphenols^[29][30] such as quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechins, tannins, and the unique mango xanthonoid, mangiferin,^[31] any of which may counteract free radicals in various disease processes as revealed in preliminary research.^[32][33] Phytochemical and nutrient content appears to vary across mango species.^[34] Up to 25 different carotenoids have been isolated from mango pulp, the densest of which was beta-carotene, which accounts for the yellow-orange pigmentation of most mango species.^[35] Peel and leaves also have significant polyphenol content, including xanthonoids, mangiferin and gallic acid.^[36]

The mango triterpene, lupeol,^[37] is an effective inhibitor in laboratory models of prostate and skin cancers.^[38][39][40] An extract of mango branch bark called Vimang, isolated by Cuban scientists, contains numerous polyphenols with antioxidant properties in vitro^[41] and on blood parameters of elderly humans.^[42]

The pigment euxanthin, known as Indian yellow, is often thought to be produced from the urine of cattle fed mango leaves; the practice is described as having been outlawed in 1908 due to malnutrition of the cows and possible urushiol poisoning.^[43] This supposed origin of euxanthin appears to rely on a single, anecdotal source, and Indian legal records do not outlaw such a practice.^[44]

Cultural significance[link]

Mango roundabout, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

The mango is the national fruit of India,^[45] Pakistan and the Philippines. It is also the national tree of Bangladesh.^[46]

In Hinduism, the perfectly ripe mango is often held by Lord Ganesha as a symbol of attainment, regarding the devotees potential perfection. Mango blossoms are also used in the worship of the goddess Saraswati. No Telugu/Kannada New Year's Day called Ugadi passes without eating ugadi pacchadi made with mango pieces as one of the ingredients. In Tamil Brahmin homes mango is an ingredient in making vadai paruppu on Sri Rama Navami day (Lord Ram's Birth Day) and also in preparation of pachchadi on Tamil New Year's Day.

The Jain goddess Ambika is traditionally represented as sitting under a mango tree.^[47]

An image of Ambika under a mango tree in Cave 34 of the Ellora Caves

Mango leaves are used to decorate archways and doors in Indian houses and during weddings and celebrations like Ganesh Chaturthi. Mango motifs and paisleys are widely used in different Indian embroidery styles, and are found in Kashmiri shawls, Kanchipuram silk sarees, etc. Paisleys are also common to Iranian art, because of its pre-Islamic Zoroastrian past.

In Tamil Nadu, the mango is considered, along with banana and jackfruit, as one of the three royal fruits (Mukkani-முக்கனி) occupying first place in terms of sweetness and flavor. Ma-pala-vazhai (மா-பலா-வாழை)

Famous Urdu poet Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib was very fond of mangoes. There are many anecdotes concerning his love for mangoes.. Rabindranath Tagore was fond of mangoes and has written poems about its flowers- aamer monjori. Poet Sa'd Bin Ard has written some poems about mangoes.

In Australia, the first tray of mangoes of the season is traditionally sold at an auction for charity. ^[48] In the 90's American sitcom, "Seinfeld", George eats a mango to find that it aides him while dating in an episode called "The Mango".

Production and consumption[link]

Mangoes account for approximately half of all tropical fruits produced worldwide. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates worldwide production at nearly 35,000,000 tonnes (39,000,000 short tons) in 2009 (table below). The aggregate production of the top 10 countries is responsible for roughly 80% of worldwide production.

Alphonso, Benishaan or Benisha (Banginapalli in Telugu and other south Indian languages) and Kesar mango varieties are the most popular varieties in India's southern states, while Chausa, Dasheri and Langra varieties are most popular in the northern states. Names of other varieties of mango available in India are malgova, peethar, rumani, bangalura, rasalu, thothapari, neelam, sindhoora, and salem.

Generally, ripe mangoes have an orange-yellow or reddish peel and are juicy for eating, while exported fruit are often picked while underripe with green peels. Although producing ethylene while ripening, unripened exported mangoes do not have the same juiciness or flavor as fresh fruit.

Like other drupaceous fruits, mangoes come in both freestone and clingstone varieties.

Top producers of mangoes, mangosteens, guavas, 2008-9

Country	Production in millions of tons
India	~ 13.6
People's Republic of China	4.2
Thailand	2.5
Indonesia	2.2
Mexico	~ 1.9
Pakistan	~ 1.8
Brazil	~ 1.2
World total	34.9
Key ~ 2008 data Source Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division

Cultivars[link]

Alphonso mangoes (local name: Hapoos) are grown mainly in Devgad, Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri districts of Maharashtra and Valsad district of Gujarat, India, and favored there, and are now popular in the United States.^[49][50]

Many hundreds of named mango cultivars exist. In mango orchards, several cultivars are often crossed to improve pollination. Many desired cultivars are monoembryonic and must be propagated by grafting or they do not breed true. A common mono-embryonic cultivar is Alphonso, an important export product.

Cultivars that excel in one climate may fail elsewhere. For example, Indian cultivars such as Julie, a prolific cultivar in Jamaica, require annual fungicide treatment to escape a lethal fungal disease known as anthracnose in Florida. Asian mangoes are resistant to anthracnose.

The current world market is dominated by the cultivar Tommy Atkins, a seedling of Haden that first fruited in 1940 in southern Florida, U.S. It was initially rejected commercially by Florida researchers.^[51] For example, 80% of mangoes in UK supermarkets are Tommy Atkins. Despite its fibrous flesh and only fair taste, growers worldwide have embraced the cultivar for its exceptional productivity and disease resistance, shelf-life, transportability and size and appealing color.

Co-evolution[link]

The mango may be an example of an evolutionary anachronism, a fruit adapted for ecological relationship with now-extinct large mammals such as giant ground sloths or gomphotheres. Most large fleshy fruits serve the function of seed dispersal, accomplished by their consumption by large animals and excreted in their dung, ready to sprout. Since there are no extant native animals large enough to effectively disperse mango seeds in this fashion, the fruit may have co-evolved with Pleistocene megafauna. If so, the mango occupies an ecological niche similar to that of the avocado.^[52][53]

Gallery[link]

• 

  Mango tree with flowers

• 

  Mature Mangifera indica after annual flowering, note the budding fruits and residual flowers.

• 

  Immature fruit of Mangifera, approximately six weeks after annual flowering

• 

  Flowers of Mangifera indica

• 

  Banganpalli mangoes sold at Guntur, India

• 

  Freshly harvested mangoes and bananas at a fruit stand on the island of Maui, Hawaii

• 

  A mango stand in Merritt Island, Florida

• 

  A nearly ripened purple mango, Israel

See also[link]

• Ethanolic extract of mango peel

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Ensminger, Audrey H.; et al. (1995). The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods & Nutrition. CRC Press. p. 651. ISBN 0-8493-4455-7. 
• Litz, Richard E. (editor, 2009). The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses. 2nd edition. CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-489-7
• Susser, Allen (2001). The Great Mango Book: A Guide with Recipes. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-58008-204-4

External links[link]

Wikispecies has information related to: Mangifera

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mango

• Common Mango
• Mango
• Mango Nutrition Information from USDA SR 22 database
• Mango-related dermatitis
• Sorting Mangifera species
• Tropical fruits: Mango
• Processed Mango Fruit Products

v t e Mangoes List List of mango cultivars Mango cultivars Aamras Alampur Baneshan Alice Alphonso Anderson Angie Ataulfo Bailey's Marvel Bennet Alphonso Beverly Bombay Brahm Kai Meu Brooks Carrie Cecil Chaunsa Chok anan Cogshall Cushman Dasheri Dot Duncan Earlygold Edward Eldon Emerald Fairchild Fascell Florigon Ford Gary Glenn Golden Lippens Gold Nugget Graham Haden Hatcher Ice Cream Irwin Jakarta Jean Ellen Julie Keitt Kensington Pride Kent Lancetilla Langra Lippens Maha Chanook Mallika Manilita Mulgoba Nam Doc Mai Osteen Palmer Parvin Peach Pettigrew Pickering Po Pyu Kalay Rosigold Ruby Saigon Sammar Bahisht Sensation Shan-e-Khuda Sophie Fry Southern Blush Spirit of '76 Springfels Sunset Tebow Timotayo Tommy Atkins Torbert Turpentine Valencia Pride Van Dyke Young Zill Other topics International Mango Festival Category:Mangoes

• New York Times: Mango Mania in India [http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/travel/10mumbailetter.html

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Angus & Julia Stone
Angus & Julia Stone performing at Falls Festival, 2007
Background information
Origin	Sydney, Australia
Genres	Folk, blues, acoustic
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, harmonica, trumpet, cello, mandolin, drums
Years active	2006–present
Labels	EMI, Flock Music/PIAS, Nettwerk, Discograph
Website	www.angusandjuliastone.com
Members
Angus Stone Julia Stone

Angus & Julia Stone are an Australian brother-sister duo from Newport on the Northern Beaches of Sydney. Forming in 2005, their parents are both musical and played as a folk duo before Angus and Julia were born.^[1]

History[link]

Early years and musical style[link]

Angus and Julia began to collaborate on their musical endeavours in early 2006.^[2] Prior to that, both performed as solo artists, principally at open mic nights, but with each using the other as a backing partner. They first performed together at the Coogee Bay hotel in Sydney in 2005 with Angus performing and Julia singing back-up.^[3] In terms of composing material, they write on their own, then work together on structure and harmonies.

Both Angus and Julia have distinctive vocal styles. The Sydney Morning Herald's Bernard Zuel described their vocals as such: "Her voice has a fractured feel like Jolie Holland; his has a smoke-on-the-beach drawl." UK journalist Johnny Sharp of Mojo stated, "Most impressive, though, are the songs – simple but blindingly effective acoustic compositions, warm boy-girl harmonies and delicate, less-is-more arrangements. Resistance is surely futile."

[edit] 2006: Chocolates and Cigarettes and Heart Full of Wine EPs

Angus and Julia began recording their first EP Chocolates and Cigarettes in March 2006. It was officially released on 26 August 2006. Their first single "Paper Aeroplane" was played on Australian radio in April on local radio station FBI. That same month Angus and Julia played at The Great Escape Festival in Sydney, Australia.

At the end of July 2006, the Stones played to two hundred people packed in a tiny tent at the Splendour in the Grass festival in Byron Bay, Australia. By August they had signed a two-EP distribution deal with EMI Music in Australia and independent label Independiente Records in the UK and had packed their bags and headed for London to live.^[4]

While in the UK, they were invited into Chris Potter's studio (The Verve/Richard Ashcroft) to record. Fran Healy from UK band Travis had also just heard their debut EP and also invited them to his house to record. The result of these two matchups was the duo's second EP, Heart Full of Wine.

During their time together, Healy also helped the brother and sister with material which would later become a part of their debut album A Book Like This. With a producer to guide them, Angus & Julia sat on Fran's lounge-room floor, continuing to record songs, using vintage guitars and microphones.^[5] The rest of the songs from the album would be recorded in their mother's lounge room back in Newport with producer and friend, Ian Pritchett.^[6]

At the end of 2006, Angus & Julia signed a worldwide publishing deal with Sony/ATV Music Publishing and CAA came on board as their UK/Europe agent.

[edit] 2007–2009: A Book Like This and Lady of the Sunshine's Smoking Gun

Angus & Julia Stone

The year 2007 commenced with Angus & Julia at home in Australia playing at January's Big Day Out Festival.^[7] Their single "Paper Aeroplane" reached No. 43 on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2006,^[8] and the duo signed an album deal with EMI Music Australia.

In February they played their first national Australian tour which sold out. In the same month, Chocolates and Cigarettes and Heart Full of Wine were double-packed and released in Australia and the UK. The double EP rocketed to No. 12 on UK iTunes and their single "Private Lawns" was Single of the Week on BBC Radio 2, the UK's largest radio station, and received great reviews – "Their finest track, it's cheeky toe-taping rhythm impossible to resist" by London's^[9] . The double EP has sold over 35,000 copies in Australia.^[10]

In late March 2007 the Stones' signed on with the William Morris Agency as their US agent. In May 2007 they played at The Great Escape Festival in Brighton. The Evening Standard said, "Potentially chart-bound tracks were in far greater supply when Angus and Julia Stone took to the stage".

Angus and Julia released their debut album A Book Like This in Australia on 8 September 2007. The album debuted at #6 and has since reached Platinum plus sales in Australia.

The Stones spent the rest of 2007 dividing their time between Australia and the UK. They toured nationwide around Australia and gigged extensively in the UK, Ireland and Scotland including support slots with The Magic Numbers and a winning display at the Latitude Festival.

They welcomed in 2008 performing at the end of year Falls Festival in Australia before heading back to the UK to support Newton Faulkner and David Gray as well as playing their own sold-out London shows at Scala in London.^[11] Two of their songs again made the Triple J Hottest 100, 2007, with "Wasted" coming in at #31 and "The Beast" at #45.^[12]

A Book Like This was released in the UK in March 2008. The UK press lauded the duo; Uncut magazine said they performed "Fragile, beautiful songs"; a reviewer for The Guardian said "Angus and Julia Stone fill [my] heart to bursting point with joy".

The second half of 2008 was filled with more touring including a support spot with Martha Wainwright across the UK and Europe playing to over 25,000 people.

In March 2009, A Book Like This was released in the USA. The brother and sister supported Brett Dennen around the US and also performed on the KCRW stage at SXSW as well as playing their own US shows being represented by William Morris Agency.

In April 2009, Angus released a solo album, Smoking Gun, under the name Lady of the Sunshine.^[13]

[edit] 2009–2010: Down the Way

Angus and Julia Stone spent most of 2009 writing, recording and self-producing Down the Way. The album was mixed by Kieran Kelly at The Buddy Project^[14] in Astoria Queens, NY.

On 18 November 2009, Angus and Julia appeared on triple j's Dools show with Scott Dooley and premiered the single "And the Boys". They stated their forthcoming album would be called Down the Way and it would be released in March 2010 with a coinciding Australian tour.^[15] After six months apart (Angus back in Australia, Julia in New York), they recorded the album in studios in Sawmills Cornwall England, Brooklyn in New York and with Govinda Doyle^[16] in Coolangatta, Queensland. About the new album, Angus stated: "All the songs were written so far [apart] that the styles and moods are really different." The album debuted at number 1 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) albums chart.

The first single "And the Boys" became Angus & Julia Stone's second single to chart in the top 50 of the ARIA Charts. The first single to chart was "The Beast", which charted in September 2007. "Big Jet Plane" also peaked at #33 on the ARIA chart.

[edit] 2010: "Big Jet Plane" and Julia's The Memory Machine

In May 2010, the "Big Jet Plane EP" was released that featured Julia singing a cover version of "You're the One That I Want" from Grease.^[17]

In an interview with the Australian edition of Rolling Stone magazine, Julia revealed she recorded a solo album in New York in late 2008. Her song "This Love" appears in the Australian film The Waiting City.^[18] The album, The Memory Machine, was released in a low-key fashion in October 2010. She has described the album as mellow but darker and spookier in tone.^[19]

In 2010 they won three ARIA Awards for Album of the year, Best Adult Alternative Album and Single of the year for "Big Jet Plane" in addition to Artisan Awards for Producer of the Year and Best Cover Art.^[20]

2011–present: Touring Australia, the US, UK and Europe[link]

Their song "Big Jet Plane" was announced as #1 on Triple J Hottest 100 on 26 January Australia Day 2011.

In an interview with Rolling Stone, the duo confirmed they were already writings songs for their third album with Angus stating "I want to write stuff that makes me wanna move, more groove-based stuff.".^[21]

They performed at the 2011 Falls Festivals^[22] and Big Day Out festivals in Australia, followed by the Coachella festival in California. During July 2011, the band toured for a month visiting six different countries: Portugal, Holland, Belgium, France, Switzerland and Italy.^[23] The pair have planned to travel and holiday overseas for the rest of the year, while also writing and recording. According to Triple J, Angus & Julia aim to release new music at the end of 2012.^[24]

On 26 September 2011 Angus & Julia's song "Love Will Take You" was announced as the second track on the soundtrack for the Twilight Saga's latest film, Breaking Dawn – Part 1.^[25] On the same day, the band was selected as a top ten finalist in MTV Iggy's "Best New Band in the World!" 2011 competition.^[26][27]

In an interview with Rolling Stone Australia, Julia revealed she and Angus started recording songs for a third album in January 2011, but shelved them indefinitely. She said: "It was too much to think we could only pick six songs each… We were both in a place where we really wanted creative space to go in whatever direction we wanted so we were like 'let’s just take a year out.'"

She said those songs were unlikely to be heard, but maintained she and Angus will reunite after their solo projects.^[28]

Discography[link]

Albums

• A Book Like This (2007) AUS #6^[29]
• Down the Way (2010) AUS #1^[29]
• "For You" Boxset (2010) containing A Book Like This, Down The Way and Memories of An Old Friend

EPs

• Chocolates and Cigarettes EP (26 August 2006)
• Heart Full of Wine EP (2007)
• The Beast EP (2007; the single "The Beast" is taken from the album A Book Like This) AUS #40^[29]
• Hollywood EP (2008; the single "Hollywood" is taken from the album A Book Like This)
• Live Session (iTunes Exclusive) (2009)
• And the Boys EP (12 December 2009) AUS #44^[29]
• Big Jet Plane EP (Exclusive with September concert ticket sale; May 2010) AUS #21^[29]
• iTunes Live: Live from Sydney (October 2010) AUS #26

Compilations

• Memories of an Old Friend (2010) AUS #69^[30]

Videos[link]

• Chocolates & Cigarettes EP
  • "Paper Aeroplane" – Directed by Angus and Julia Stone
  • "Mango Tree" – Directed by Angus and Julia Stone, edited and animated by Richard Cullen^[31]
  • "Private Lawns" – Directed by Angus and Julia Stone
  • "Chocolates & Cigarettes" – Directed by Angus and Julia Stone
  • "Babylon" – Directed by Josh Groom

• Heart Full of Wine EP
  • "What You Wanted" – Directed by Angus and Julia Stone
  • "Heart Full of Wine" – Directed by Angus and Julia Stone
  • "I'm Yours" – Directed by Angus and Julia Stone

• A Book Like This
  • "The Beast" – Directed by Angus and Julia, illustrated by Caroline Pedler, produced by Molotov Productions
  • "Wasted" – Directed by Angus and Julia, filmed by Cameron McNee and edited/animated by Molotov Productions
  • "Just a Boy" – Directed by Angus & Julia and Josh Groom and Andrew Yoole
  • "Hollywood" – Directed by Angus & Julia, animated by Andrew Yoole

• Down the Way
  • "Black Crow" – Directed and animated by Nick Murray Willis
  • "And The Boys" – Directed by Kiku Ohe
  • "Big Jet Plane" – Directed by Kiku Ohe, featuring Emily Barclay
  • "Hold On" – Directed by Kiku Ohe
  • "I'm Not Yours" – Directed and animated by Nick Murray Willis

• Solo projects
  • "River" – Joni Mitchell cover by Angus Stone for compilation No Man's Woman, released in October 2007
  • Lady of the Sunshine – pseudonym for Angus's solo album titled Smoking Gun, released in April 2009
  • "Four Seasons in One Day" by Angus Stone and Paul Kelly for He Will Have His Way: The Songs of Tim & Neil Finn, released on 12 November 2010
  • The Memory Machine – Julia's solo album released in October 2010

TV[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Angus and Julia Stone songs that have been played on TV shows, in films and featured in advertisements worldwide include:

• "Paper Aeroplane"
  • 90210 (Season 2)
  • David Blaine TV special
  • Peace Corps spot
  • Telekom Austria Group ad

• "Mango Tree"
  • Life (Season 2, episode 6)
  • Raising the Bar (Season 2, episode 15)
  • Good Morning America
  • Hung

• "What You Wanted"
  • Lipstick Jungle (Season 2, episode 1)

• "The Beast"
  • Privileged

• "And the Boys"
  • Skins (Season 5, episode 7)
  • Young Soldiers (The song was sampled during BBC Three advertisements for the show)

• "Babylon"
  • House Rules pilot
  • The Slap (episode 8)

• "Draw Your Swords"
  • Grey's Anatomy

• "Hold On"
  • Grey's Anatomy
  • Life Unexpected (Season 2, episode 10)
  • Revenge (Season 1, episode 1)
  • The Client List (TV_series) (Season 1, episode 1)

• "The Devil's Tears"
  • Brothers & Sisters
  • Grey's Anatomy
  • Life Unexpected (Season 2, episode 11)

• "Santa Monica Dream"
  • Private Practice

• "Big Jet Plane"
  • One Tree Hill (Season 8, episode 22)
  • Verbotene Liebe
  • 90210
  • Don't Tell the Bride

• "Chocolates & Cigarettes"
  • Pretty Little Liars (Season 1, episode 10)

• "For You"
  • Hand Aufs Herz (Hand on Heart, German telenova; episode 153)
  • Revenge (Season 1, episode 1)
  • Pretty Little Liars (Season 2, episode 20)

• "Another Day"
  • Underbelly: Razor (Season 1, episode 2)

Cinema[link]

• "Big Jet Plane"
  • Les émotifs anonymes (Romantics Anonymous, French film)
  • Easy A
  • What a Man (German film)

• "For You"
  • Death of a Superhero

• "Love Will Take You"
  • Breaking Dawn (2011)'"

Awards and nominations[link]

Awards

• 2011 APRA Awards – Song of the Year, "Big Jet Plane"
• 2011 APRA Awards – Songwriter of the Year
• Number 1 song in Triple J's hottest 100 (2010), "Big Jet Plane"
• 2010 ARIA Awards – Album of the Year (Down the Way)
• 2010 ARIA Awards – Best Adult Alternative Album
• 2010 ARIA Awards – Single of the year, "Big Jet Plane"
• 2008 Inside Film Awards – Best Music Video, "Just a Boy"

Nominations

• Julia was nominated in the music category of YEN Magazine's^[32] Young Woman of the Year Awards which took place 25 November 2008.
• The video for "Just a Boy" also received a nomination at the 2008 J Awards
• 2008 ARIA Awards – Nominated for Best Group
• 2008 ARIA Awards – Nominated for Breakthrough Artist – Album
• 2008 ARIA Awards – Nominated for Breakthrough Artist – Single ("The Beast")
• 2008 ARIA Awards – Nominated for Best Blues and Roots Album
• 2008 ARIA Awards – Nominated for Best Cover Art
• 2008 ARIA Awards – Nominated for Best Video ("Just a Boy")

• 2010 ARIA Awards – Album of the Year (Down the Way)
• 2010 ARIA Awards – Most Popular Australian Album
• 2010 ARIA Awards – Nominated for Best Music Video ("Big Jet Plane")
• 2010 ARIA Awards – Best Adult Alternative Album
• 2010 ARIA Awards – Single of the Year ("Big Jet Plane")
• 2010 ARIA Awards – Nominated for Best Group

References[link]

External links[link]

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (April 2012)

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011)

• Angus and Julia Stone official website
• Angus and Julia Stone MySpace site
• Angus and Julia at muchmusic.com
• Review of Angus and Julia Stone, The Ruby Lounge Manchester, 21 April 2010
• Review vom Angus and Julia Stone Konzert in Berlin, 28. April 2010
• Live Chat on CanalChat.com with Angus & Julia Stone, Paris, France, 17 mai 2010
• http://musichead.com.au/site/artist.asp?actID=166741
• http://www.musictimes.com.au/angus-and-julia-stone/
• http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23702347-5003421,00.html
• http://www.inthenews.co.uk/inconversation/entertainment/music/whos-next/angus-and-julia-stone-simplicity-beats-sibling-troubles-$1217610.htm
• http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2008/05/25/2254929.htm

Garth Brooks
Background information
Birth name	Troyal Garth Brooks
Born	(1962-02-07) February 7, 1962 (age 50) Tulsa, Oklahoma
Origin	Yukon, Oklahoma, U.S.
Genres	Country
Occupations	Singer-songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano, saxophone, harmonica
Years active	1984–2001 2009–present
Labels	Capitol Nashville, Liberty, Big Machine
Associated acts	Chris Gaines, Trisha Yearwood,Tommy Redmond, Steve Wariner, George Jones, Huey Lewis, Chris LeDoux, George Strait
Website	garthbrooks.com

Troyal Garth Brooks (born February 7, 1962) is an American country music artist. His eponymous first album was released in 1989 and peaked at number 2 in the US country album chart while climbing to number 13 on the Billboard 200 album chart. Brooks' integration of rock elements into his recordings and live performances has earned him immense popularity. This progressive approach allowed him to dominate the country single and album charts while quickly crossing over into the mainstream pop arena, exposing country music to a larger audience.^[1]

Brooks has enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history, breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the 1990s. Garth Brooks still continues to sell well and according to Nielsen Soundscan, his albums sales through October 2011 are at 68,561,000, which makes him the best-selling albums artist in the United States in the SoundScan era (since 1991), a title held since 1991, well over 5 million ahead of his nearest rival, The Beatles.^[2] Furthermore, according to RIAA he is the second best-selling solo albums artist in the United States of all time behind Elvis Presley (overall is third to the Beatles and Elvis Presley) with 128 million units sold.^[3] Brooks has released six albums that achieved diamond status in the United States, those being: Garth Brooks (10× platinum), No Fences (17× platinum), Ropin' the Wind (14× platinum), The Hits (10× platinum), Sevens (10× platinum) and Double Live (21× platinum).^[4] Since 1989, Brooks has released 19 records in all, which include; 9 studio albums, 1 live album, 4 compilation albums, 3 Christmas albums and 2 box sets, along with 77 singles. He won several important awards in his career as 2 Grammy Awards, 16 American Music Awards (not including the poll of "Artist of the '90s") and the RIAA Award as Best selling solo albums artist of the Century in the United States. As of 2010, Brooks' world-wide sales now exceed 190 million albums, singles and videos.^[5]

Troubled by conflicts between career and family, Brooks officially retired from recording and performing from 2001 until 2009.^[1] During this time he sold millions of albums through an exclusive distribution deal with Walmart and sporadically released new singles.^[6][7] In 2005, Brooks started a partial comeback, and has since given several performances and released two compilation albums.

On October 15, 2009, Garth Brooks announced the end of his retirement. In December 2009, he began a 5-year concert deal with the Encore Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. On March 6, 2012, it was announced that Brooks will be inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.^[8]

Early life[link]

Garth Brooks was born on February 7, 1962, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He was the youngest child of Troyal Raymond Brooks, a draftsman for an oil company, and Colleen Carroll, a 1950s-era country singer who recorded on the Capitol Records label and appeared on Ozark Jubilee.^{[9][9][10][11]} This was the second marriage for each of his parents, giving Garth four older half-siblings (Jim, Jerry, Mike, and Betsy). The couple had two children together, Kelly and Garth.^[12] At their home in Yukon, Oklahoma, the family hosted weekly talent nights. All of the children were required to participate, either by singing or doing skits.^[13] Brooks learned to play both the guitar and banjo.^[14]

As a child, he often sang in casual family settings but his primary focus was athletics. In high school, he played football and baseball and ran track and field. He received a track scholarship to Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, where he competed in the javelin.^[11][15] Brooks graduated in 1984 with a degree in advertising.^[15]

Later that year, Brooks began his professional music career, singing and playing guitar in Oklahoma clubs and bars, particularly the Tumbleweed in Stillwater.^[11][15] Through his elder siblings, Brooks was exposed to a wide range of music. Although he listened to some country music, especially that of George Jones, Brooks was most fond of rock music, citing James Taylor, Dan Fogelberg, and Townes Van Zandt as major influences.^[13] After hearing Unwound, George Strait's debut single, in 1981, Brooks decided that he was more interested in playing country music.^[13]

In 1985, entertainment attorney Rod Phelps drove from Dallas to listen to Brooks. Phelps liked what he heard and offered to produce Garth's first demo. With Phelps's encouragement, including a list of Phelps' contacts in Nashville and some of his credit cards,^[16] Brooks traveled to Nashville to pursue a recording contract; he returned to Oklahoma within 24 hours. Phelps continued to urge Brooks to return to Nashville, which he did. In 1986, Brooks married Sandy Mahl, whom he had met while working as a bouncer. In 1987, the couple moved to Nashville, and Brooks began making contacts in the music industry. The couple later had three daughters: Taylor Mayne Pearl (born 1992), August Anna (born 1994) and Allie Colleen (born 1996). The couple divorced in 1999. Garth Brooks remarried on December 10, 2005, to Trisha Yearwood, a leading country singer.^[11][15]

Music career[link]

This section requires expansion with: Critical reception, musical stylings.

1989–1990: Breakthrough success[link]

Garth Brooks's eponymous first album, was released in 1989 and was a critical and chart success. It peaked at number 2 in the US country album chart and reached number 13 on the Billboard 200 pop album chart. Most of the album was traditionalist country, influenced in part by George Strait.^[10] The first single, "Much Too Young (To Feel This Damn Old)", was a country top 10 success. It was followed by his first country number-one, "If Tomorrow Never Comes". "Not Counting You" reached number 2, and then "The Dance" put him at number-one again; this song's theme of people dying while doing something they believe in resonated strongly and, together with a popular music video, gave Brooks his first push towards a broader audience. Brooks has claimed that of all the songs he has recorded, "The Dance" is his favorite.^[10]

His follow-up album, No Fences, was released in 1990 and spent 23 weeks as number-one on the Billboard country music chart.^[17] The album also reached number 3 on the pop chart, and eventually became Brooks's highest-selling album, with domestic shipments of 17 million.^[18] It contained what would become Brooks's signature song, the blue collar anthem "Friends in Low Places", as well as two other Brooks classics, the dramatic and controversial "The Thunder Rolls" and the philosophically ironic "Unanswered Prayers".