Mahavira, 24th and last Tīrthaṅkara

Jainism
This article is part of a series on Jainism
Jain Prayers
Ṇamōkāra mantra · Micchami Dukkadam
Philosophy
Anekāntavāda · Syādvāda · Nayavāda · Cosmology  · Ahimsa · Karma · Dharma · Nirvana  · Kevala Jñāna  · Mokṣa · Dravya · Navatattva · Asteya · Aparigraha · Gunasthana · Samsara
Major figures
The 24 Tirthankaras · Rishabha · Mahavira · Acharya  · Ganadhara · Siddhasena Divakara · Haribhadra
Sects
Digambara · Śvētāmbara
Texts
Kalpa Sūtra · Āgama · Tattvartha Sutra · Naaladiyar · Sanmatti Prakaran
Other
Parasparopagraho_Jivanam · Jain symbol · Jain flag · Timeline · Topics list
Festivals
Mahavir Jayanti · Paryushana · Diwali
Jainism Portal v t e

In Jainism, a Tīrthaṅkara (Sanskrit: तीर्थंकर "ford-Maker", Tamil: கடவுள் Kaṭavuḷ) is a human being who in addition to achieving liberation and enlightenment as an "Arihant" by destroying all of their soul constraining (ghati) karmas, became a role-model and leader for those seeking spiritual guidance.^[1][2] Tirthankaras revitalize Jain Society by organisation of fourfold Jain Order consisting of monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen.^[3] Not all Arihants can become Tīrthaṅkaras. There are 24 Tīrthaṅkaras in this time era and each of them revitalized the Jain Order.

Tirthankara is also said to mean “full moon,” a metaphorical reference to Keval Gnan, (see Kevala Jnana), the spiritual state achieved by exalted and rare beings. Keval Gnan is a state of permanent, perpetual, absolute knowledge of the Soul; it is the precursor to moksha, final liberation from samsara, the cycle of birth and death.

Overview[link]

Tīrthaṅkaras religious teaching form the basis for Jain canons. The inner knowledge of all Tīrthaṅkaras is perfect and identical in every respect and their teachings do not contradict one another. However, the degree of elaboration varies according to the spiritual advancement and purity of the society during their period of leadership. The higher the spiritual advancement and purity of mind of the society, the lower the elaboration required.

While Tirthankaras are documented and revered by those of Jain faith, their grace is said to be available to all living beings, regardless of religious orientation.

Tirthankaras dwell exclusively within the realm of their Soul, and are entirely free of kashayas, inner passions, and all personal desires. As a result of this, unlimited siddhis, spiritual powers, are readily available to them – which they use exclusively for the spiritual elevation of all living beings. Through their darshan, divine vision, and deshna, divine speech, they grant their own state of Keval Gnan, and moksha, final liberation to anyone seeking it sincerely.

At the end of his human life-span, a Tīrthaṅkara achieves siddha status, ending the cycle of infinite births and deaths.

Jainism postulates that time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. Jains believe that exactly twenty-four Tīrthaṅkaras are born in each half-cycle of time in this part of the universe. The first Tīrthaṅkara is Rishabha, who is credited for formulating and organising humans to live in a society harmoniously. The 24th and last Tīrthaṅkara was Mahavira (599-527 BC). Digambara Jains believe that all twenty-four Tīrthaṅkaras were men, but Svetambara Jains believe that the 19th Tīrthaṅkara, Mallinath, was a woman.

Particular Tīrthaṅkaras[link]

Tīrthaṅkaras in British Museum

Tīrthaṅkara images are usually seated with their legs crossed in front, the toes of one foot resting close upon the knee of the other, and the right hand lying over the left in the lap.^[4]

All but two of the Jains are ascribed to the Ikshvaku dynasty. Munisuvrata, the twentieth, and Neminatha, the twenty-second, were of the Harivamsa. Jain canons state that Rishabha, the first Tīrthaṅkara, founded the Ikshvaku.

Twenty Tīrthaṅkaras achieved siddha status on Shikharji. Vasupujya attained nirvana at Champapuri in North Bengal; Neminatha on Girnar in Gujarat; and Mahavira, the last at Pawapuri, near modern Bihar's capital, Patna.

Twenty-one of the Tīrthaṅkaras are said to have attained moksha in the kayotsarga “standing mediation” posture and Rishabha, Nemi and Mahavira in the lotus position.

Narration Chart of 24 Tīrthaṅkaras[link]

In chronological order, the names, signs, colors etc. of the 24 Tīrthaṅkaras of this age are mentioned below^{[5][6][7][clarification needed]}

The total length of the lifespans of all 24 Tīrthaṅkaras combined equals 2.603672 Sextillion years.

Living Tīrthaṅkaras[link]

At present time and age, there are no living Tīrthaṅkaras on this Earth. The last living on Earth in this age was Mahavira, who attained omniscience some 2500 years ago. Nevertheless, Jains believe the universe is never devoid of living Tīrthaṅkaras at any point of time, even though they may at times exist only in other parts of the universe. Jains believe that currently in Mahavideh Kshetra there are 20 living tirthankars and their names are :

   Shri Simandhar Swami
   Shri Yughmandhar Swami
   Shri Bahu Swami
   Shri Subahu Swami
   Shri Sujat Swami
   Shri Swayamprabha Swami
   Shri Rhushabbhanan Swami
   Shri Anantavirya Swami
   Shri Soorprabha Swami
   Shri Vishalprabha Swami
   Shri Vajadhar Swami
   Shri Chandranan Swami
   Shri Chandrabahu Swami
   Shri Bhuyoung Swami
   Shri Ishwar Swami
   Shri Namiprabha Swami
   Shri Virsen Swami
   Shri Mahabhadra Swami
   Shri Devyash Swami
   Shri Abhivirya Swami

Shri Simandhar Swami[link]

Simandhar Swami is a living Tirthankar who is said to be arihant, currently present and accessible, in another world within our universe. Tirthankara means “full moon,” a metaphorical reference to Keval Gnan (see Kevala Jnana), the spiritual state achieved by rare beings. Keval Gnan is a state of absolute knowledge of the Soul; it is the precursor to moksha, final liberation from samsara, the cycle of birth and death. While Tirthankaras are documented and revered by those of Jain faith, their grace considered to be available to all living beings, regardless of religious orientation.

Tirthankaras dwell exclusively within the realm of their Soul, and are free of kashayas, inner passions, and personal desires. As a result of this, siddhis, spiritual powers, are available to them – which they use for the spiritual elevation of living beings. Through their darshan, spiritual vision, and deshna, spiritual speech, they grant their own state of Keval Gnan, and moksha, final liberation to anyone seeking it sincerely. Where is Simandhar Swami?

Tirthankara Simandhar Swami resides on Mahavideh Kshetra, another world within our extended universe (see Jain cosmology). Our world, also called Bharat Kshetra, is currently in Kali Yuga, a degraded time-cycle in which Tirthankaras do not incarnate. The most recent Tirthankara present on Bharat Kshetra was Mahavira, who lived from 599 BCE to 527 BCE, and was last in a cycle of 24 Tirthankaras.

On Mahavideh Kshetra, Sat Yuga, a spiritually elevated time-cycle exists continuously. There, living Tirthankaras perpetually incarnate. At present, 20 Tirthankaras reside there, Simandhar Swami being one among them.

Worship of Simandhar Swami is said to be particularly beneficial because, of the 20 living Tirthankaras on Mahavideh Kshetra, he resides in closest proximity to our world, Bharat Kshetra. Also, due to a binding-intent from a previous birth, he carries a karmic obligation to serve the spiritual liberation of Bharat Kshetra’s jiva, living beings. Simply knowing of Simandhar Swami’s existence allows anyone to receive his grace.

Details of Simandhar Swami’s Life

Simandhar Swami is currently 150,000 years old, and has a remaining life span of 125,000 years.

He lives in the city of Pundarikgiri, the capital of Pushpakalavati, one of 32 geographical divisions on Mahavideh Kshetra, a planet located millions of miles from earth’s north-eastern direction.

Pundarikgiri is ruled by King Shreyans, who is Simandhar Swami’s father. His mother is Queen Satyaki. While pregnant with Simandhar Swami, Queen Satyaki had a sequence of 14 dreams indicating that she would give birth to a Tirthankar.

Simandhar Swami was born with three complete aspects of Gnan, Self-knowledge:

• Mati Gnan (see Mati Jnana), knowledge of the 5-sense realm
• Shruta Gnan (see Sruta Jnana), knowledge of all forms of communication
• Avadhi Gnan (see Avadhi Jnana), clairvoyant knowledge (limited)

As a young adult, he married Rukamani Devi and then, later in life, took diksha, renunciation from worldly life. At the time of diksha, he attained a fourth complete aspect of Gnan, Self-knowledge:

• Manahparyaya Gnan (see Manahparyaya Jnana), knowledge of (and ability to read) all the mind’s phases.

After spending 1,000 years as a sadhu, ascetic, his ghati karmas, Soul-restricting karmas were exhausted, and he attained Keval Gnan.

Simandhar Swami’s Keval Gnan Kalyanak, anniversary of attaining Keval Gnan, is the same as Mahavira’s Janma Kalyanak, birthday.

Present on the day of Simandhar Swami’s Keval Gnan were:

• 84 Ganadhar, prime disciples
• 1 million Keval Gnani Maharajas, rulers who have attained Keval Gnan
• 10 million Sadhu, male ascetics
• 10 million Sadhvi, female ascetics
• 10 million Mumukshu, spiritual seekers
• 200 million Shravak, male devotees
• 200 million Shravika, female devotees

Chandrayan Yakshadev is Simandhar Swami’s shashan dev, protector god, and Panchanguli Yakshinidevi is his shashan devi, protector goddess. Together they serve Simandhar Swami’s spiritual mission, assisting beings on the path to moksha.

Simandhar Swami’s height is 500 dhanushya, approximately 1,500 feet, which is considered an average height for the people of Mahavideh Kshetra.

Simandhar Swami and the other 19 Tirthankaras living on Mahavideh Kshetra will attain moksha, final liberation after completing their ayushya karma, life-span karma.

There are numerous references to Simandhar Swami in Jain scriptures.

Reported contact with Simandhar Swami

The following Gnanis, representatives of Self-knowledge, ascetic-teachers, and saints have reported personal contact with Simandhar Swami; each has credited him for informing their spiritual teaching and writing:

• Kundkund Acharya
• Srimad Rajchandra
• Kanji Swami
• Dada Bhagwan

“From my left shoulder springs forth a light form…this goes to where Simandhar Swami is, and returns with solutions to all questions. Otherwise Mahavideh Kshetra is such that I cannot physically go back and forth…. Wherever any clarification is needed, the light goes there and returns with the answers….To date, hundreds of thousands of questions have been asked and the answers have been given to the world by me. I do not answer them independently…. I have a direct connection with Simandhar Swami.” –Dada Bhagwan

Worship of Simandhar Swami – Why and How

Gnanis explain that, after locating a living Tirthankar, if one cultivates devotion for him through worship, one will eventually experience pratyaksh darshan, live spiritual vision, and thereafter attain Keval Gnan and moksha.

How to worship

* 4-6AM is ideal, as this is a time in nature when the influence of Sat Yuga predominates, even in the midst of Kali Yuga.
* Invoke Simandhar Swami along with the name of any Gnani, teacher-ascetic, or saint who has had contact with him.
* Pray from your heart, with simplicity and sincerity.
* Request his grace for spiritual progress and not for worldly gain.

Simandhar Swami Temples

* Adalaj, Gujarat, India.
* Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
* Bhuj, Gujarat, India.
* Godhara, Gujarat, India.
* Surat, Gujarat, India.
* Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
* Simandhar Swami murtis, statues or divine representations, are present in Jain temples around the world.

Books and videos on Simandhar Swami

• http://www.dadabhagwan.org/trimandir/lord-simadhar-swami/
• http://www.dadabhagwan.org/spiritual-media/books/5/
• http://www.dadabhagwan.org/spiritual-media/videos/
• http://www.dadabhagwan.tv/default.aspx?vid=2258
• http://www.dadabhagwan.tv/default.aspx?vid=2260
• http://www.trimandir.org/shri-simandhar-swami.html

Bibliography

Bhagwan, Dada (2005). The Living God Shree Simandhar Swami. Ahmedabad: Mahavideh Foundation.

See also[link]

Jainism portal

• Ahimsa in Jainism
• Arihant (Jainism)
• Deshna
• Dharma (Jainism)
• Jain cosmology
• Karma in Jainism
• Moksa (Jainism)
• Samsara (Jainism)
• Tattva (Jainism)
• Types of Karma
• Kevala Jnana
• Kanji Swami
• Kundakunda

References[link]

External links[link]

• AtmaDharma.com Library of Jain Literature in English, Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Prakrit & Sanskrit) - all freely downloadable.
• www.jaina.org
• www.jainsamaj.org
• JainReligion.in Jain Dharma, Jain Tīrthaṅkara, Jainism, Jain Songs.
• www.dadabhagwan.org Shri Simandhar Swami.
• www.dadashri.org Shri Simandhar Swami.
• www.trimandir.org Shri Simandhar Swami.

v t e Jainism topics 24 Tirthankars of Jainism  · Rishabha or Adinath · Ajitnath · Sambhavanath · Abhinandannath · Sumatinath · Padmaprabha · Suparshvanath · Chandraprabha · Pushpadanta · Sheetalnath · Shreyansanath · Vasupujya · Vimalnath · Anantnath · Dharmanath · Shantinath · Kunthunath · Aranath · Mallinath · Munisuvrata · Naminatha · Neminath · Parshva · Mahavira Philosophy  · Anekāntavāda · Aparigraha · Syādvāda · Nayavāda · Jain Cosmology · Ahimsa · Karma · Dharma · Nirvana · Kevala Jñāna · Mokṣa · Dravya · Navatattva By country  · India · Canada · Europe · United States · Japan · Singapore · Hong Kong · Pakistan · Belgium Jainism Portal

Mahāvīra
24th Jain Tirthankara
Miniature painting of Mahāvīra
Details
Alternate names:	Vardhamana,Sanmatinayak,Vir,Maha-ativeer, Shramana, Niggantha
Historical date:	599–527 BCE
Family
Father:	Siddaratha
Mother:	Trishala (Priyakarni)
Dynasty:	Ikshvaku
Places
Birth:	Kundalagrama near Vaishali
Nirvana:	Pavapuri, Nalanda district, Bihar
Attributes
Colour:	Yellow
Symbol:	Lion
Height:	6 Feet
Age At Death:	72 years old
Attendant Gods
Yaksha:	Matang
Yaksini:	Siddhayika

Idol of Lord Mahavir

Jainism
This article is part of a series on Jainism
Jain Prayers
Ṇamōkāra mantra · Micchami Dukkadam
Philosophy
Anekāntavāda · Syādvāda · Nayavāda · Cosmology  · Ahimsa · Karma · Dharma · Nirvana  · Kevala Jñāna  · Mokṣa · Dravya · Navatattva · Asteya · Aparigraha · Gunasthana · Samsara
Major figures
The 24 Tirthankaras · Rishabha · Mahavira · Acharya  · Ganadhara · Siddhasena Divakara · Haribhadra
Sects
Digambara · Śvētāmbara
Texts
Kalpa Sūtra · Āgama · Tattvartha Sutra · Naaladiyar · Sanmatti Prakaran
Other
Parasparopagraho_Jivanam · Jain symbol · Jain flag · Timeline · Topics list
Festivals
Mahavir Jayanti · Paryushana · Diwali
Jainism Portal v t e

Mahāvīra (Sanskrit: महावीर "Great Hero", Kannada: ಮಹಾವೀರ Mahāvīra, Malayalam: മഹാവീരൻ Mahāvīran and Tamil: அருகன் Arukaṉ) is the name most commonly used to refer to the Indian sage Vardhamāna (Sanskrit: वर्धमान; traditionally 599–527 BCE^[1]) who established what are today considered to be the central tenets of Jainism. According to Jain tradition, he was the 24th and the last Tirthankara. In Tamil, he is referred to as Arukaṉ or Arukadevan. He is also known in texts as Vira or Viraprabhu, Sanmati, Ativira,and Gnatputra. In the Buddhist Pali Canon, he is referred to as Nigantha Nātaputta and Gyatra Putta.

Life[link]

Birth of Prince Vardhaman[link]

In a place called Kundalagrama (Vaishali district) situated close to Besadha Patti, 27 miles from Patna in modern day Bihar, India, Mahavira was born in a royal family to King Siddartha and Queen Trishala on the 13th day under the rising moon of Chaitra (12 April according to the Gregorian calendar). While still in his mother's womb it is believed he brought wealth and prosperity to the entire kingdom, which is why he was named Vardhaman. An increase of all good things, like the abundant bloom of beautiful flowers, was noticed in the kingdom after his conception. Trishala had a number of auspicious dreams before giving birth to Vardhaman (14 according to the Svetambaras and 16 according to the Digambaras), signs foretelling the advent of a great soul.He found "Nirvana" at the age of 72 in 527 BC near Rajgir, Bihar .Vardhaman's birthday is celebrated as Mahavir Jayanti, the most important religious holiday of Jains around the world.

Early years[link]

As King Siddartha's son, he lived as a prince. However, even at that tender age he exhibited a virtuous nature. He started engaging in meditation and immersed himself in self-contemplation. He was interested in the core beliefs of Jainism and began to distance himself from worldly matters.

Spiritual pursuit[link]

At the age of thirty Mahavira renounced his kingdom and family, gave up his worldly possessions, and spent twelve years as an ascetic. During these twelve years he spent most of his time meditating. He gave utmost regard to other living beings, including humans, animals and plants, and avoided harming them. He had given up all worldly possessions including his clothes, and lived an extremely austere life. He exhibited exemplary control over his senses while enduring the penance during these years. His courage and bravery earned him the name Mahavira. These were the golden years of his spiritual journey at the end of which he achieved arihant status.

Ascetic practices[link]

The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira for a year and a month wore clothes; after that time he walked about naked, and accepted the alms in the hollow of his hand. For more than twelve years the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira neglected his body and abandoned the care of it; he with equanimity bore, underwent, and suffered all pleasant or unpleasant occurrences arising from divine powers, men, or animals.

—Kalpa Sutra 117

Henceforth the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira was houseless, circumspect in his walking, circumspect in his speaking, circumspect in his begging, circumspect in his accepting (anything), in the carrying of his outfit and drinking vessel; circumspect in evacuating excrements, urine, saliva, mucus, and uncleanliness of the body; circumspect in his thoughts, circumspect in his words, circumspect in his acts; guarding his thoughts, guarding his words, guarding his acts, guarding his senses, guarding his chastity; without wrath, without pride, without deceit, without greed; calm, tranquil, composed, liberated, free from temptations, without egoism, without property; he had cut off all earthly ties, and was not stained by any worldliness: as water does not adhere to a copper vessel, or collyrium to mother of pearl (so sins found no place in him); his course was unobstructed like that of Life; like the firmament he wanted no support; like the wind he knew no obstacles; his heart was pure like the water (of rivers or tanks) in autumn; nothing could soil him like the leaf of a lotus; his senses were well protected like those of a tortoise; he was single and alone like the horn of a rhinoceros; he was free like a bird; he was always waking like the fabulous bird Bharundal, valorous like an elephant, strong like a bull, difficult to attack like a lion, steady and firm like Mount Mandara, deep like the ocean, mild like the moon, refulgent like the sun, pure like excellent gold'; like the earth he patiently bore everything; like a well-kindled fire he shone in his splendour.

—Kalpa Sutra 118

Various literatures indicate the fact that Jamui was known as Jambhiyaagram. According to Jainism, the 24th Tirthankar lord Mahavir got divine knowledge in Jambhiyagram situated on the bank of river named Ujjihuvaliya. Another place of a divine light of Lord Mahavir was also traced as "Jrimbhikgram "on the bank of Rijuvalika river which resembles Jambhiyagram Ujjhuvaliya.

The Hindi translation of the words Jambhiya and Jrimbhikgram is Jamuhi which is developed in the recent time as Jamui. With the prassage of time, the river Ujhuvaliya /Rijuvalika is supposed to be deoveloped as the river Ulai river is still flowing nearby Jamui. The old name of Jamui has been traced as Jambhubani in a copper plate which is kept in Patna Museum. This plate clarifies that in the 12th century, Jambudani was nothing but today's Jamui. Thus, the two ancient names as Jambhiyagram and Jambubani prove that this district was important as a religious place for Jains and it was also a place of Gupta dynasty in the 19th century. The historian Buchanan also visited this place in 1811 and found the historical facts. According to other historians Jamui was also famous in the era of Mahabharata.

According to available literature, Jamui was related to Gupta and Pala rulers before 12th century. But after that this place became famous for Chandel rulers. Prior to Chandel Raj, this place was ruled by Nigoria, who was defeated by Chandels and the dynasty of Chandels founded in 13th century. The kingdom of Chandels spread over the whole of Jamui. Thus Jamui has a glorious history.

Later years[link]

Mahavira devoted the rest of his life to preaching the eternal truth of spiritual freedom to people around India. He traveled barefoot and without clothes, enduring harshest of climates, meeting people from all walks of life who came to listen to his message. Mahavira's preaching and efforts to explain Jain philosophy is considered the real catalyst to the spread of this ancient religion throughout India.

At the age of 72 years and 4 and a half months, he attained nirvana in the area known as Pava on the last day of the Indian and Jain calendars, Diwali. Jains celebrate this as the day he attained liberation or moksa. Jains believe Mahavira lived from 599–527 BCE, though some scholars prefer 549–477 BCE.^[2]

Philosophy[link]

Mahavira's philosophy has eight cardinal principals – three metaphysical and five ethical. The objective is to elevate the quality of life.

Mahavira preached that from eternity, every living being (soul) is in bondage to karmic atoms accumulated by good or bad deeds. In a state of karmic delusion, the individual seeks temporary and illusory pleasure in material possessions, which are the root causes of self-centered violent thoughts and deeds as well as anger, hatred, greed, and other vices. These result in further accumulation of karma.

To liberate one's self, Mahavira taught the necessity of right faith (samyak-darshana), right knowledge (samyak-gyana), and right conduct (samyak-charitra'). At the heart of right conduct for Jains lie the five great vows:

• Nonviolence (Ahimsa) – to cause no harm to any living being;
• Truthfulness (Satya) – to speak the harmless truth only;
• Non-stealing (Asteya) – to take nothing not properly given;
• Chastity (Brahmacharya) – to indulge in no sensual pleasure;
• Non-possession/Non-attachment (Aparigraha) – to detach completely from people, places, and material things.

These vows cannot be fully implemented without accepting the philosophy of non-absolutism (anekantavada) and the theory of relativity (syādvāda, also translated "qualified prediction"). Monks and nuns adhere strictly to these vows, while the laypeople observe them as best they can.

Mahavira taught that men and women are spiritual equals and that both may renounce the world in search of moksha or ultimate happiness.

Mahavira attracted people from all walks of life, rich and poor, men and women, touchable and untouchable. He organized his followers into a fourfold order; monk (sādhu), nun (sādhvī), layman (Śrāvaka), and laywoman (Śrāvikā). This order is known as Chaturvidh Jain Sangha.

Mahavira's sermons were preserved orally by his immediate disciples known as Ganadharas in the Jain Agamas. Through time many Agama Sutras have been lost, destroyed, or modified. About one thousand years after Mahavira's time the Agama Sutras were recorded on palm leaf paper. Svetambaras accept these sutras as authentic teachings while Digambaras use them as a reference.

Jainism existed before Mahavira, and his teachings were based on those of his predecessors. Thus Mahavira was a reformer and propagator of an existing religion, rather than the founder of a new faith. He followed the well established creed of his predecessor Tirthankara Parshva. However, Mahavira did reorganize the philosophical tenets of Jainism to correspond to his times.

A few centuries after Mahavira's Nirvana, the religious order grew more and more complex. There were schisms on minor points, although they did not affect Mahavira's original doctrines. Later generations saw the introduction of rituals and complexities that some criticize as placing Mahavira and other Tirthankaras on the throne similar to those of Hindu deities.

Previous births[link]

Mahavira’s previous births are discussed in many Jain texts like Trisastisalakapurusa Charitra and Uttarapurana. While a soul undergoes countless reincarnations in transmigratory cycle of samsara, the births of a Tirthankara are reckoned from the time he secures samyaktva or Tirthankar-nam-and-gotra-karma. Jain texts discuss 26 births of Mahavira prior to his incarnation as a Tirthankara.^[3] They are:^[4]

1. Nayasara – A village headman who secured or partial enlightenment in this birth on account of preaching of true dharma by Jain monks.^{[clarification needed]}
2. Demi-god in First Saudharma (Name of Heaven as per Jain cosmology)
3. Prince Marichi – Grandson of Rsabha, the first Tirthankara.
4. Demi-god in Fifth Brahma (Name of heaven as per Jain cosmology)
5. Kaushika – A Brahmin
6. Pushyamitra – A Brahmin
7. Demi-god in First Saudharma
8. Agnidyota – A Brahmin
9. Demi-god in Second Ishana (Name of heaven as per Jain cosmology)
10. Agnibhuti – A Brahmin
11. Demi-god in Third Saudharma
12. Bharadwaja – A Brahmin
13. Demi-god in Fourth Mahendra (Name of Heaven as per Jain cosmology)
14. Sthavira – A Brahmin
15. Demi-god in Fifth Brahma
16. Prince Vishvabhuti
17. Demi-god in Seventh Mahashukra (Name of heaven as per Jain cosmology)
18. Triprishtha Vasudeva – First Vasudeva of this half-time-cycle
19. Naraka in the seventh hell
20. A lion
21. Naraka in the fourth hell
22. A human being (Prince Vimal)
23. Priyamitra – A Chakvartin (The universal ruler of seven continents)
24. Demi-god in Seventh Mahashukra (Name of heaven as per Jain cosmology)
25. Prince Nandana – Accepted the vow of self control and gained Tirthankara nama karma.
26. Demi-god in tenth Pranata (Name of heaven as per Jain cosmology)
27. Vardhamana Mahavira (The final birth)

Texts[link]

Folio from a Kalpasutra (Book of Sacred Precepts) by Acharya Bhadrabahu, c. 1400 CE

There are various Jain texts describing the life of Lord Mahavira. The most notable of them is Kalpasutra by Acharya Bhadrabahu I. The first Sanskrit biography of Mahavira was Vardhamacharitra by Asaga in 853 CE^[5]

Quotes[link]

• "Once when he sat [in meditation]... they cut his flesh... tore his hair... picked him up and... dropped him... the Venerable One accepted the pain." (from the Acaranga Sutra)

See also[link]

Jainism portal

• Tirthankara
• Jain philosophy
• Jainism
• History of Jainism
• Trishala

Notes[link]

Further reading[link]

• "Sraman Mahavira" by Acharya Mahapragya
• "Lord Mahavira and his times" by Kailash Chand Jain (1991) Motilal Banarsidass Publishers PVT LTD Delhi (India)
• "Lord Mahavira (A study in historical perspective)" by Bool Chand ( 1987 ) P.V. Research Institute I.T.I Road Varanasi 5 (India)
• "Lord Mahavira in the eyes of foreigners" by Akshaya Kumar Jain ( 1975 ) Meena Bharati New Delhi 110003 (India)vaibhav singh 8th

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mahavira

• http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/mahavira.html
• Shri Mahavir Swami Jain temple in Osiya
• Bhagwan Mahavir Swami's Message