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Aberdeen
Aberdeen (; , (pronounced ) is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 29th most populous city. It has an official population estimate of .
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Amber Valley
Amber Valley is a local government district and borough in Derbyshire, England. It takes its name from the River Amber and covers a semi-rural area with a number of small towns formerly based around coal mining and engineering. The parliamentary constituency of Amber Valley covers a similar area.
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Armagh
Armagh (pronounced ar-maa, ) is a large settlement in Northern Ireland, and the county town of County Armagh. It is an ancient site of worship for both Celtic paganism and Christianity. Although classed as a medium-sized town, Armagh was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994. Its population of 14,590 (2001 Census) makes it the least-populated city in both Northern Ireland and the island of Ireland.
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Ashfield
Ashfield is a local government district in western Nottinghamshire, England. According to the 2001 UK census, it has a population of 111,387. The borough is mostly urban, with a tradition of coal mining. There are three towns in the district; the largest being Sutton-in-Ashfield. Settlements in the district include:
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Aspley, Nottingham
Aspley is a suburb of the city of Nottingham. It is located within the boundaries of Nottingham City Council.
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Bangor, Gwynedd
Bangor is a city in Gwynedd, north west Wales, and one of the smallest cities in Britain. It is a university city with a population of 13,725 at the 2001 census, not including around 10,000 students at Bangor University. Including nearby Menai Bridge on Anglesey, which does not however form part of the City of Bangor itself, the population is about 18,000. Although it is Wales's fourth largest city, this is somewhat misleading as it only ranks as 36th largest urban area in Wales. According to the census, 46.6% of the population speak Welsh.
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Barnsdale
Barnsdale, or Barnsdale Forest, is a relatively small area of South Yorkshire, England which has a rich history and the region is steeped in folklore. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. Barnsdale lies in the immediate vicinity north and north-west of Doncaster, and which was formerly forested and a place of royal hunts, and also renowned as a haunt of the outlaw Robin Hood in early ballads.
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Basford, Nottingham
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Bassetlaw
Bassetlaw is the northernmost district of Nottinghamshire, England, with a population according to the 2001 UK census of 107,713. The borough is predominantly rural, with two towns: Worksop, site of the borough offices, and Retford. The district was formed on April 1, 1974 by the merger of the boroughs of Worksop and East Retford and most of Worksop Rural District and most of East Retford Rural District. It is named for the historic Bassetlaw wapentake of Nottinghamshire.
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Bath, Somerset
Bath ( or ) is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset in the south west of England. It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol. The population of the city is 83,992. It was granted city status by Royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1590, and was made a county borough in 1889 which gave it administrative independence from its county, Somerset. The city became part of Avon when that county was created in 1974. Since 1996, when Avon was abolished, Bath has been the principal centre of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset (B&NES;).
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Belarus
Belarus, ( ; , ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of its is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
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Belfast
Belfast () is the capital of and the largest city in Northern Ireland. It is the seat of devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly. It is the largest urban area in Northern Ireland, the second-largest city in Ireland and the 15th-largest city in the United Kingdom. It is the main settlement in the province of Ulster. The city of Belfast has a population of 267,500 and lies at the heart of the Belfast urban area, which has a population of 483,418. The Belfast metropolitan area has a total population of 579,276. Belfast is also the 100th-largest urban zone in the EU. Belfast was granted city status in 1888.
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Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
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Bilborough College
Bilborough College is a sixth form college in College Way, Bilborough, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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Birmingham
Birmingham ( , locally ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands county of England. It is the most populous British city outside London with a population of 1,028,700 (2009 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the United Kingdom's second most populous Urban Area with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area, which includes surrounding towns to which it is closely tied through commuting, is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
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Blaby (district)
Blaby is a local government district in Leicestershire, England.
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Blackpool
Blackpool () is a seaside town and unitary authority in Lancashire, England. Situated along the coast of the Irish Sea, it has a population of 142,900, making it the third-largest settlement in North West England behind Manchester and Liverpool. It lies 40 miles (64 km) north-west of the city of Manchester, and less than north of Liverpool City centre. Blackpool is the fourth most densely populated local authority district of England & Wales outside Greater London.
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Borough of Halton
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Boston (borough)
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Bracknell Forest
Bracknell Forest is a unitary authority and borough in Berkshire in southern England. It covers the towns of Bracknell, North Ascot, Sandhurst, Crowthorne and surrounding villages and hamlets.
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Bradford
Bradford () lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, in Northern England. It is situated in the foothills of the Pennines, west of Leeds, and northwest of Wakefield. Bradford became a municipal borough in 1847, and received its charter as a city in 1897. Following local government reform in 1974, city status was bestowed upon the wider metropolitan borough.
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Bridlesmith Gate
Bridlesmith Gate is a bustling pedestrianised shopping street which is the heart of Nottingham City Centre's fashion core.
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Brighton & Hove
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Brighton and Hove
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Bristol
Bristol () is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, with an estimated population of 433,100 for the unitary authority in 2009, and a surrounding Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with an estimated 1,006,600 residents, it is England's sixth, and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of the group of English Core Cities and the most populous city in South West England.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
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Broxtowe
Broxtowe is a local government district with borough status in Nottinghamshire, England, west of the City of Nottingham. It is part of the Greater Nottingham metropolitan area. Broxtowe's neighbour to the west is the borough of Erewash, which is in Derbyshire.
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Bulcote
Bulcote is a village and civil parish in the Newark and Sherwood district of Nottinghamshire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 330. The village is on the fringe of the Greater Nottingham area, and is about 7 miles north-east of Nottingham city centre. Nearby places are Burton Joyce (to the southwest) and Lowdham (to the northeast).
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Bulwell
Bulwell is an English market town which lies approximately northwest of Nottingham city centre, on the northern edge of the city. The United Kingdom Census 2001 showed there were almost 30,000 people living in the Bulwell area, accounting for over 10% of the population of the city of Nottingham.
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Burton Joyce
Burton Joyce is a large village and civil parish in the Gedling district of Nottinghamshire, England. It has a population of 4,000 and acts mainly as a commuter village for Nottingham.
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Cambridge
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Cardiff
Cardiff (, {{lang-cy|) is the capital, largest city and most populous county of Wales. The city is Wales' chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales. According to recent estimates, the population of the unitary authority area is 324,800, while the wider metropolitan area has a population of nearly 1.1 million, more than a third of the total Welsh population. Cardiff is a significant tourism centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 14.6 million visitors in 2009.
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Caribbean
The CaribbeanPronounced or . Both pronunciations are equally valid; indeed, they see equal use even within areas of the Caribbean itself. Cf. Royal Caribbean, which stresses the second syllable. In this case, as a proper noun, those who would normally pronounce it a different way may use the pronunciation associated with the noun when referring to it. More generic nouns such as the Caribbean Community are generally referred to using the speaker's preferred pronunciation.; Dutch ; or more commonly Antilles is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America.
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Castle Donington
Castle Donington is a village, with a population of around 7000 in the North West of Leicestershire, part of the Derby postcode area and on the edge of the National Forest. It is the closest town to East Midlands Airport.
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Central Bedfordshire
Central Bedfordshire is a unitary authority in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England. It was created from the merger of Mid Bedfordshire and South Bedfordshire on 1 April 2009. In addition to taking over the powers of the two district councils, it has also taken over the powers previously exercised by Bedfordshire County Council in the two districts.
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Charnwood (borough)
Charnwood is a local government district with borough status in northern Leicestershire, England. It is named after Charnwood Forest, which it contains. The main town is Loughborough.
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Chester
Chester () is a city in Cheshire, England. Lying on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales, it is home to 77,040 inhabitants, and is the largest and most populous settlement of the wider unitary authority area of Cheshire West and Chester, which had a population of 328,100 according to the 2001 Census. Chester was granted city status in 1541.
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Chesterfield
Chesterfield is a market town and a borough of Derbyshire, England. It lies north of the city of Derby, on a confluence of the rivers Rother and Hipper. Including Staveley, the population (2001) is 100,879, although that of the town itself is 70,260. It is Derbyshire's largest town, although the county town of Derbyshire is Matlock in the Derbyshire Dales.
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Chichester
Chichester () is a cathedral city in West Sussex, South-East England. It has a long history as a settlement; its Roman past and its subsequent importance in Anglo-Saxon times are only its beginnings. It is the seat of a bishopric, with a 12th century cathedral, and is home to some of the oldest churches and buildings in Great Britain.
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Chilwell
Chilwell is a residential suburb of Greater Nottingham, in the Borough of Broxtowe of Nottinghamshire, west of Nottingham city. Until 1974 it was part of Beeston and Stapleford Urban District, having been in Stapleford Rural District until 1935.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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City of Caves
City of Caves is an award-winning visitor attraction in Nottingham which consists of a network of caves, carved out of sandstone that have been variously used over the years as a tannery, public house cellars, and as an air raid shelter.
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City of Lancaster
The City of Lancaster (), is a local government district of Lancashire, England, with the status of a city and non-metropolitan district. It is named after its largest settlement, Lancaster, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Morecambe, Heysham, and Carnforth, as well as outlying villages and rural hinterland. The city has a population of 133,914, and an area of .
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City of Leeds
The City of Leeds is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England, governed by Leeds City Council, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. The district includes Leeds and other smaller towns such as Guiseley, Morley, Rothwell, Otley, Pudsey and Wetherby. It has a population of () and is the second largest local government district in England by population; and the second largest metropolitan district by area.
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City of London
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City of St Albans
The City of St Albans (), also known as the City and District of St Albans or District of St Albans, is a local government district, in Hertfordshire, England. It was created in 1974 and since then has held the status of non-metropolitan district and city. The local authority is St Albans City Council. It has routes to the M1 motorway via the A414 road (formerly the M10 motorway), and rail routes to London St Pancras and Watford via St Albans City railway station and St Albans Abbey railway station respectively.
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City of Westminster
The City of Westminster () is a London borough occupying much of the central area of London, England, including most of the West End. It is located to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea , and its southern boundary is the River Thames. It is an Inner London borough and was created in 1965 when Greater London was established. At its creation Westminster was awarded city status, which had been previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster. Aside from a number of large parks and open spaces, the density of the district is high. Many sites thought of as being in London are actually in Westminster, including Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, and 10 Downing Street. The city is divided into a number of localities including the ancient political district of Westminster around the Palace of Westminster; the shopping areas around Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Bond Street; and the night time entertainment district of Soho. Much of the city is residential, and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000. The local authority is Westminster City Council.
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City of Winchester
Winchester () is a local government district in Hampshire, England, with city status. It covers an area of central Hampshire including the city of Winchester itself, and neighbouring towns and villages including New Alresford, Colden Common and Bishops Waltham.
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Clumber Park
Clumber Park is a country park in the Dukeries near Worksop in Nottinghamshire, England. It was the seat of the Pelham-Clintons, Dukes of Newcastle.
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Colwick
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Corby
Corby is a borough and an industrial town located in the county of Northamptonshire in the English East Midlands. The borough had a population of 53,174 at the 2001 Census; the town on its own accounted for 49,222 of this figure. Figures released in March 2010 revealed that Corby has the fastest growing population in England and Wales. Corby is in a triangle formed by Leicester, Peterborough and Northampton. The Borough of Corby borders onto the Borough of Kettering, the District of East Northamptonshire and the District of Harborough.
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Cornwall
Cornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county and unitary authority of England, United Kingdom, forming the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain. It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Taken with the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall has a population of , and covers an area of . The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
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Cotgrave
For the lexicographer, see Randle Cotgrave
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Coventry
Coventry ( or ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom. It is also the second largest city in the English Midlands, after Birmingham, with a population of 300,848, although Leicester and Nottingham have larger urban areas. The population of Coventry has risen to 309,800 as of 2008.
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Creswell Crags
Creswell Crags is a limestone gorge on the border between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, England near the villages of Creswell, Whitwell and Elmton. The cliffs of the ravine contain several caves that were occupied during the last ice age, between around 43,000 and 10,000 years ago.
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Danelaw
The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; ), is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the "Danes" held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons. It is contrasted with "West Saxon law" and "Mercian law". The term has been extended by modern historians to be geographical. The areas that comprised the Danelaw are in northern and eastern England. The origins of the Danelaw arose from the Viking expansion of the 9th century, although the term was not used to describe a geographic area until the 11th century. With the increase in population and productivity in Scandinavia, Viking warriors, having sought treasure and glory in nearby Britain, "proceeded to plough and support themselves", in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, under the year 876.
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Daventry (district)
The Daventry district is the largest local government district of western Northamptonshire, England. The district is named after the town of Daventry which is the administrative headquarters and largest town. The district is predominantly rural, other significant settlements include Brixworth, Long Buckby and Weedon Bec.
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Daybrook
Daybrook is a suburb of Arnold, Nottinghamshire. The area is located just outside the city of Nottingham but inside the conurbation of Greater Nottingham. It lies next to the areas of Arnold town centre, Sherwood, Woodthorpe, Redhill and Bestwood.
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Delhi
Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
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Derby
Derby ( ), is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands region of England. It lies upon the banks of the River Derwent and is located in the south of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire. In the 2001 census, the population of the city was 233,700, whilst that of the Derby Urban Area was 229,407. According to the 2001 census, Derby was at that time the 18th largest settlement in England, measured by urban area.
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Derbyshire
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Derbyshire Dales
Derbyshire Dales is a local government district in Derbyshire, England. Much of the district is situated in the Peak District, although most of its population lies along the River Derwent.
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Derry
Derry or Londonderry is the second-biggest city in Northern Ireland and the fourth-biggest city on the island of Ireland. The name Derry is an Anglicisation of the word Doire or Doire Cholmchille meaning "oak-wood of Colm Cille" , the original name of the city in Irish. In 1613, the city was granted a Royal Charter by King James I and the "London" prefix was added, changing the name of the city to Londonderry. While the city is more usually known as Derry, Londonderry is also used and remains the legal name.
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Dudley
Dudley () is a large town in the West Midlands, England, with a population of 194,919. Since 1974 it has been the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Dudley; the original County Borough had undergone a lesser expansion in 1966. It is the 19th largest settlement in England measured by Urban Sub-Area, the second largest town in the United Kingdom, behind Reading and the largest settlement in the UK without its own university.
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Dundee
Dundee () (from the ) is the fourth-largest city in Scotland; fully named as Dundee City, it is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. It lies on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea.
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Durham
Durham (, locally ) is a city in the North East of England. It is within the County Durham local government district, and is the county town of the larger ceremonial county. It lies to the south of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Chester-le-Street and Sunderland and to the north of Darlington.
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East Leake
East Leake (), is a large village and civil parish in the Rushcliffe district of Nottinghamshire, England, although its closest town and postal address is Loughborough across the border in Leicestershire. It has a population of around 7,000. The original village was located on the Sheepwash Brook. Kingston Brook also runs through the village. Near the centre of the village is the historic St. Mary's Church which dates back to the 11th century. The church has six bells.
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East Lindsey
East Lindsey is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England. The council is based in Manby near Louth, and other major settlements in the district include Alford, Spilsby, Mablethorpe, Skegness, Horncastle and Chapel St Leonards.
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Edinburgh
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Ely, Cambridgeshire
Ely ( ) is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England. It is 14 miles (23 km) north-northeast of Cambridge.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Erewash
Erewash () (Erry-wash) is a local government district and borough in eastern Derbyshire, England, to the east of Derby and the west of Nottingham. It contains the towns of Ilkeston, Long Eaton and Sandiacre and fourteen civil parishes.
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European Parliament
The European Parliament (abbreviated as Europarl or the EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU). Together with the Council of the European Union (the Council), it forms the bicameral legislative branch of the EU and has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. The Parliament and Council form the highest legislative body within the EU. The Parliament is composed of 736 MEPs (Member of the European Parliament), who serve the second largest democratic electorate in the world (after India) and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world (375 million eligible voters in 2009).
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Exeter
Exeter () is a historic city in Devon, England. It lies within the ceremonial county of Devon, of which it is the county town as well as the home of the county council. Currently the administrative area has the status of a non-metropolitan district, and is therefore under the administration of the County Council. The city is on the River Exe, about northeast of Plymouth, and southwest of Bristol. According to the 2001 Census, its population in that year was 111,076.
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Flying Horse Walk
The Flying Horse Walk, or FH Mall as it says at the entrance, is an elegant shopping arcade located at the heart of Nottingham City Centre in Nottingham, England. The arcade houses a variety of exclusive boutiques and is tucked away just off the city's Old Market Square on The Poultry.
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Forest Fields
Forest Fields is an inner-city area of the City of Nottingham in the county of Nottinghamshire, England.
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Gamston, Rushcliffe
Gamston is a civil parish and a suburb of West Bridgford, in the Rushcliffe district of Nottinghamshire, England. It is situated approximately south-east of Nottingham and is part of the West Bridgford postcode of NG2.
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Gedling
Gedling is a local government district with borough status in Nottinghamshire, England. Its council is based in Arnold. It is part of the Greater Nottingham metropolitan area lying to the North and East of the City of Nottingham.
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Gem 106
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Gibraltar
Gibraltar () is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean, overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar. The territory itself is a peninsula of whose isthmus connects to the north with Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the area and gives its name to the densely populated town, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians.
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Giltbrook
Giltbrook is a village situated approximately 10 kilometres West-northwest of Nottingham and within close reach of junction 26 of the M1 motorway. It is part of Greasley (Giltbrook and Newthorpe) ward, which had a population of 6,076 in 2001.
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Glasgow
Glasgow ( (); (pronounced )) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands. A person from Glasgow is known as a Glaswegian, which is also the name of the local dialect.
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Gloucester
Gloucester ( ) is a city, district and county town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, and on the River Severn, approximately north-east of Bristol, and south-southwest of Birmingham.
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Grantham
Grantham is a market town within the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It bestrides the East Coast Main Line railway (London-Edinburgh), the historic A1 main north-south road, and the River Witham. Grantham is located approximately south of the city of Lincoln, and approximately east of Nottingham. The resident population at the 2001 census was 34,592 in around 18,000 households, excluding the adjacent village of Great Gonerby. With the housing estates in Londonthorpe and Harrowby Without (around a population of 4,500), this figure would be around 42,000.
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Greater Nottingham
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Green's Windmill
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Hamilton, Bermuda
Hamilton is the capital of the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda. It is the territory's financial centre and a major port and tourist destination.
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Harare
Harare ( or , before 1982 known as Salisbury) is the largest city and capital of Zimbabwe. It has an estimated population of 1,600,000, with 2,800,000 in its metropolitan area (2006). Administratively, Harare is an independent city equivalent to a province. It is Zimbabwe's largest city and its administrative, commercial, and communications centre. The city is a trade centre for tobacco, maize, cotton, and citrus fruits. Manufactures include textiles, steel, and chemicals, and gold is mined in the area. Harare is situated at an elevation of 1483 metres (4865 feet) and its climate falls into the warm temperate category.
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Harborough
Harborough () is a local government district of Leicestershire, England, named after its main town, Market Harborough. Covering 230 square miles, the District is by far the largest of the eight district authorities in Leicestershire and covers almost a quarter of the County.
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Heanor
Heanor is a town in the Amber Valley district of Derbyshire in the East Midlands of England. It is northeast of Derby. According to the census of 2001 the town's population was 22,620.
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Hereford
Hereford () is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately east of the border with Wales, southwest of Worcester, and northwest of Gloucester. With a population of 55,700 people, it is the largest settlement in the county.
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Herefordshire
Herefordshire () is a historic and ceremonial county in the West Midlands region of England. It also forms a unitary district known as the County of Herefordshire. It borders the English ceremonial counties of Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south-east, and the Welsh preserved counties of Gwent to the south-west and Powys to the west. Hereford is a cathedral city and is the county town; with a population of approximately 55,700 inhabitants it is also the largest settlement.
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High Pavement Chapel
High Pavement Chapel is a building on High Pavement in Nottingham. It is now the Pitcher and Piano public house and is Grade II listed.
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Hockley
Hockley is a large village and civil parish in Essex, England located between Chelmsford and Southend-on-Sea. More specifically it lies between Rayleigh and Rochford. It came to prominence during the coming of the railway in the 1890s and has a population of around 10,000 people where many are commuters to London The parish of Hockley itself has a population of 8,909 (2001 census), while the urban area runs into the neighbouring parish of Hawkwell. Hockley railway station serves the village.
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Hockley Village
Hockley Village is the marketing name for the Hockley - an area near the centre of Nottingham, UK, adjacent to the Lace Market. With many bars, restaurants and trendy clothes shops, it is a vibrant, modern section of the city, described by one fan as [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/content/articles/2005/02/14/features_miscellaneous_close_up_on_hockley_jay_martin_feature.shtml "the Soho of Nottingham"]. It is, however, housed in some fine old buildings, and there has been a mercantile presence on the land since at least the 13th century.
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Holme Pierrepont
Holme Pierrepont is a hamlet located south of the city of Nottingham in Nottinghamshire, England. It is in the Gamston ward of the Rushcliffe local authority in the East Midlands region.
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Home Office
The Home Office is the United Kingdom government department responsible for immigration control, security and order. As such it is responsible for the police, United Kingdom Borders Agency and MI5. It is also in charge of government policy on security-related issues such as drugs, counter-terrorism and ID cards. It was formerly responsible for the Prison Service and Probation Service, but these are now under a newly created Ministry of Justice.
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Hyson Green
Hyson Green is a small area located to the north-west of Nottingham City. The second most used shopping area after the city centre and is now home to a variety of cultures with a thriving local economy. Hyson Green has the largest ethnic population in the city with many multicultural shops and supermarkets offering foods from West Africa and Southern Africa, Arabia, Iran, Indian, Pakistani,European etc. Since 2006 Hyson Green has seen a big rise in development and direct international investment than any other area of Nottingham. According to new research Hyson Green has the fastest GDP growth in nottingham.
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Ilkeston
Ilkeston (also locally known as Ilson) is a town within the Borough of Erewash, in Derbyshire, England. It lies on the River Erewash, from which the local borough takes its name. Its population at the 2001 census was 37,550. Its major industries were traditionally coal mining, iron working and lace making / textiles, but these have all but disappeared in the last few decades.
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Inverness
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Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
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Isle of Wight
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Kettering (borough)
Kettering is a local government district and borough in Northamptonshire, England. It is named after its main town Kettering where the council is based. It borders onto the District of Harborough in the neighbouring county of Leicestershire, the Borough of Corby, the District of East Northamptonshire, the District of Daventry and the Borough of Wellingborough. The village of Cranford was used to film the US blockbuster "Nanny Mcphee" starring local Lucy Naylor as Nanny Mcphee.
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Keyworth
Keyworth is a village and civil parish in Nottinghamshire, England. It is located about 6 miles (10 km) southeast of the centre of Nottingham. The village sits on a small, broad hilltop about 200 feet above sea level which is set in the wider undulating boulder clay that characterises the area south of Nottingham.
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Killisick
Kilisick is an area of Arnold, Nottingham.
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Kingston upon Hull
Kingston upon Hull ( usually referred to as Hull, is a city and unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Hull at its junction with the Humber estuary, 25 miles (40 km) inland from the North Sea. Hull has a resident population of ().
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Kirkby-in-Ashfield
Kirkby-in-Ashfield is a market town in Nottinghamshire, England, with a population of 25,265 (according to the 2001 National Census). It is a part of the Mansfield Urban Area. The Head Offices of Ashfield District Council are located there.
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Lace Market
The Lace Market is an historic quarter-mile square area of Nottingham, UK.
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Langley Mill
Langley Mill is a small town in the Amber Valley district of Derbyshire, England. It is very close to the border with Nottinghamshire, and runs into the towns of Aldercar (to the north) and Heanor (to the south-west). Across the River Erewash is the Nottinghamshire town of Eastwood. It is part of the Aldercar and Langley Mill parish. Although the town has an "NG" postcode, either Nottinghamshire or Derbyshire can be used in its postal address, however it is firmly part of Derbyshire. (The boundary used to be the River Erewash, but the canal basin moved from Nottinghamshire to Derbyshire a few years ago, and the A610 is the new boundary.)
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Leeds
Leeds () is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. In 2001 Leeds' main urban subdivision had a population of 443,247, while the entire city had a population of (). Leeds is the cultural, financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which at the 2001 census had a population of 1.5 million, and the Leeds city region, an economic area with Leeds at its core, had a population of 2.9 million. Leeds is the UK's largest centre for business, legal, and financial services outside London, and according to the most recent Office for National Statistics estimates, Leeds is the fastest growing city in the UK.
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Leicester
Leicester (, ) is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands area of England. It is also the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and at the edge of the National Forest. In 2006, the population of the Leicester unitary authority was estimated at 289,700, the largest in the East Midlands, whilst 441,213 people lived in the wider Leicester Urban Area. Eurostat's Larger Urban Zone listed the population of the area at 772,400 people as of 2004. Leicester is the 10th most populous settlement in the United Kingdom using the 2001 census definitions and the urban area is the fifteenth largest conurbation in the UK, the second largest in the region behind the Nottingham Urban Area.
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Leicestershire
Leicestershire ( or ; abbreviation Leics.) is a landlocked county in central England. It takes its name from the heavily populated City of Leicester, traditionally its administrative centre, although the City of Leicester unitary authority is today administered separately from the rest of Leicestershire. The county borders onto Derbyshire to the north-west, Nottinghamshire to the north, Rutland to the east, Warwickshire to the south-west, Staffordshire to the west, Lincolnshire to the north-east, and Northamptonshire to the south-east. The border with Warwickshire is Watling Street (the A5).
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Lenton Abbey
Lenton Abbey is a place in Nottingham, in the Wollaton East and Lenton Abbey ward of Nottingham City Council.
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Lenton, Nottingham
Lenton is an area of the City of Nottingham in the county of Nottinghamshire, England. Politically, it falls within the Nottingham South constituency. Most of the area lies within the electoral ward of "Dunkirk and Lenton", however the "Lenton Triangle" area, considered by most residents to be part of Lenton due to its similar character, falls into a neighbouring electoral ward. The name "Lenton", meanwhile, is derived from the River Leen, which runs nearby.
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Lincoln, England
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Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire ( or ; abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. It borders Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Rutland, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, South Yorkshire, and the East Riding of Yorkshire. It also borders Northamptonshire for just 19 metres (20 yards), England's shortest county boundary. The county town is the city of Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters.
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Lisburn
Lisburn () is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland and the fifth-largest on the island of Ireland, though will be over taken by Tallaght when the west Dublin suburb is awarded city status as proposed. It is situated south-west of Belfast on the River Lagan, which lies as the boundary between County Antrim and County Down. Lisburn forms part of the Belfast metropolitan area. It had a population of 71,465 people in the 2001 Census.
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Liverpool
Liverpool () is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. Liverpool is the fourth largest city in the United Kingdom (third largest in England) and has a population of 435,500, and lies at the centre of the wider Liverpool Urban Area, which has a population of 816,216.
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Ljubljana
Ljubljana (; , , ) is the capital of Slovenia and its largest city. It is the centre of the City Municipality of Ljubljana. It is located in the centre of the country in the Ljubljana Basin, and is a mid-sized city of some 280,000 inhabitants. Throughout its history, it has been influenced by its geographic position at the crossroads of Germanic, Latin and Slavic cultures.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Long Eaton
Long Eaton is a town in Derbyshire, England. It lies just north of the River Trent about southwest of Nottingham and is part of the Nottingham Urban Area. Since 1974, Long Eaton has been part of the Borough of Erewash.
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Loughborough
Loughborough ( , or ) is a town within the Charnwood borough of Leicestershire, England. It had a population of 57,600 in 2004. It is the second largest settlement in Leicestershire after Leicester, is the seat of Charnwood Borough Council, and the home of Loughborough University.
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Lowdham
Lowdham is a village in Nottinghamshire between Nottingham and Southwell.
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Luton
Luton ( or locally ) is a large town and unitary authority of Bedfordshire, England, 30 miles (51 kilometres) north of London. Luton and its near neighbours, Dunstable and Houghton Regis, form the Luton/Dunstable Urban Area with a population of over 240,000.
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Manchester
Manchester () is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2009, the population of the city was estimated to be 483,800, making it the seventh-most populous local authority district in England. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas; the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester had an estimated population of 2,600,100, the Greater Manchester Urban Area a population of 2,240,230, and the Larger Urban Zone around Manchester, the second-most-populous in the UK, had an estimated population in the 2004 Urban Audit of 2,539,100. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian.
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Mansfield
Mansfield is a town in Nottinghamshire, England. It is the largest town in the county (Nottingham being a city), lying on the River Maun, from which the name of the town is derived. It is the main town in the Mansfield local government district. Mansfield is a part of the Mansfield Urban Area.
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Mansfield (district)
Mansfield is a local government district in Nottinghamshire, England. According to the 2001 UK census, its population was 98,181.
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Mapperley
Mapperley is a north-eastern residential and commercial area of Nottingham, England. The area is bounded by Sherwood to the north-west, Thorneywood to the south and Gedling to the east.
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Mapperley Park
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Matlock, Derbyshire
Matlock is the county town of Derbyshire, England. It is situated at the south eastern edge of the Peak District, and forms part of the Sheffield City Region. The town is twinned with the French town Eaubonne. The former spa resort Matlock Bath lies immediately south of the town on the A6. Matlock, as a town, has a population of 10,689. The wider population of the Matlock urban area is approximately 20,000 (including Darley Dale, Tansley, Hackney and Matlock Bath). Often, the Matlock area is considered to include Wirksworth, due to the close proximity of the two towns. This would bring the area's population closer to 30,000.
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Melton (borough)
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Melton Mowbray
Melton Mowbray is a town in the Melton borough of Leicestershire, England. It is to the northeast of Leicester, and southeast of Nottingham. The town lies along the course of both the River Eye and the River Wreake and currently has a population of 25,554.
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Mercia
Mercia (, ) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
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Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough () is a large town situated on the south bank of the River Tees in North East England, that sits within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire. The local authority is Middlesbrough Borough Council.
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Minsk
Minsk (, ; , ) is the capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). As the national capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is also the administrative centre of Minsk voblast (province) and Minsk raion (district). It has a population of 1,837,000 inhabitants (2009).
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National Ice Centre
The National Ice Centre (NIC) is located in Nottingham, England. Just east of the city centre, it is close to the historic Lace Market area. As well as hosting ice skating and ice hockey, it also doubles as the Trent FM Arena Nottingham, where many popular bands play, and it serves as a conference centre.
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Newark and Sherwood
Newark and Sherwood is a local government district of eastern Nottinghamshire, England. The district is predominantly rural, with some large forestry plantations, and the towns of Newark-on-Trent, Southwell and Ollerton.
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Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne (locally ) (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, in North East England. Situated on the north bank of the River Tyne, the city developed in the area that was the location of the Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, though it owes its name to the castle built in 1080, by Robert II, Duke of Normandy, the eldest son of William the Conqueror. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade and it later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards lower down the river, was amongst the world's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. These industries have since experienced severe decline and closure, and the city today is largely a business and cultural centre, with a particular reputation for nightlife.
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Newport
Newport () is a city and unitary authority area in Wales. Standing on the banks of the River Usk, it is located about east of Cardiff and is the largest urban area within the historic county boundaries of Monmouthshire and the preserved county of Gwent. The City of Newport, which includes rural areas as well as the built up area, is governed by the unitary Newport City Council, and has a population of 140,200, making it the seventh most populous unitary authority in Wales.
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Newry
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NG postcode area
The NG postcode area, also known as the Nottingham postcode area, is a group of postcode districts around Nottingham that covers all but the Bassetlaw district of Nottinghamshire, south east Derbyshire, south west Lincolnshire and part of north east Leicestershire.
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Ningbo
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North Kesteven
North Kesteven is a local government district in the East Midlands, situated just over north of London. It is located east of Nottingham and south of Lincoln. North Kesteven is one of seven districts in Lincolnshire, England and is in the centre of the County. Its council, North Kesteven District Council, is based in Sleaford in the former offices of Kesteven County Council.
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North Somerset
North Somerset is a unitary authority in England. Its area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters are in the town hall in Weston-super-Mare.
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Northampton
Northampton () is a large market town and local government district in the East Midlands region of England. It is about north-west of London and around south-east of Birmingham, and lies on the River Nene. It is the county town of Northamptonshire.
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Northamptonshire
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Northumberland
Northumberland () is the northernmost ceremonial county and a unitary district in the North East of England. It borders Cumbria to the west, County Durham to the south and Tyne and Wear to the south east, as well as having a border with the Scottish Borders council area to the north, and a North Sea coastline of outstanding natural beauty with a 103 km long distance path. Since 1981, the county council has been located in Morpeth, situated in the east of the county.
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Norwich
Norwich ( or ) is a city in England. It is the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the second largest city in England, after London, and one of the most important places in the kingdom.
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Nottingham
Nottingham () is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands region of the United Kingdom. It is located in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, and is one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group. Whilst the City of Nottingham has a historically tightly drawn boundary which accounts for its relatively small population of 288,700, the wider Nottingham Urban Area has a population of 667,000 and is the seventh-largest urban area in the United Kingdom, ranking between those of Liverpool and Sheffield.
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Nottingham Arboretum
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Nottingham Canal
The Nottingham Canal was a long canal between Langley Mill in Derbyshire and Nottingham, England. It opened in 1796, and most of it was closed in 1937. The southern section is now part of the River Trent Navigation, and the northern section is a nature reserve.
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Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire ( or ; abbreviated Notts) is an English county in the East Midlands, which borders South Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. The county town is traditionally Nottingham, though the council is now based in West Bridgford, a suburb of Greater Nottingham (at a site facing Nottingham City over the River Trent).
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Nuthall
Nuthall is a village located in Nottinghamshire, England, neighbouring Kimberley, Watnall, Cinderhill and Basford.
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Oadby and Wigston
Oadby and Wigston is a local government district and borough in the English county of Leicestershire. It is composed of the areas of Oadby, Wigston Magna and South Wigston. It is predominantly urban, and runs directly into Leicester, to the north-west.
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Oakham
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Ofsted
The '''Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted''') is the non-ministerial government department of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools In England (HMCI).
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Old Market Square
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Ollerton
Ollerton is a town in Nottinghamshire, England, on the edge of Sherwood Forest in the area known as the Dukeries. It forms part of the civil parish of Ollerton and Boughton.
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Oxford
Oxford () is a city, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. For a distance of some along the river, in the vicinity of Oxford, the Thames is known as The Isis.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Perth, Scotland
Perth () is a town and former city and royal burgh in central Scotland. Sitting on the banks of the River Tay, it is the administrative centre of Perth and Kinross council area and the historic county town of Perthshire. According to an estimate taken in 2008, Perth has a population of 44,820.
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Peterborough
Peterborough ( or ) is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in the East of England, with an estimated population of as of June 2007. For ceremonial purposes it is in the county of Cambridgeshire. The Town Hall is north of Charing Cross, London. The city stands athwart the River Nene, which flows into the North Sea approximately to the north-east, and the East Coast Main Line railway.
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Plymouth
Plymouth () is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England, about south-west of London. It is built between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west, where they join Plymouth Sound. Since 1967 the City of Plymouth has included the suburbs of Plympton and Plymstock, which are on the east side of the River Plym.
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Poole
Poole () is a large coastal town and seaport in the county of Dorset, on the south coast of England. The town is east of Dorchester, and Bournemouth adjoins Poole to the east. The Borough of Poole was made a unitary authority in 1997, gaining administrative independence from Dorset County Council. The town had a population of 138,288 according to the 2001 census, making it the second largest settlement in Dorset.
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Portsmouth
Portsmouth () is a city located in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is the United Kingdom's only island city, being mainly located on Portsea Island. The City of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club are both nicknamed Pompey. As a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth is home to the world's oldest dry dock still in use and also home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior and Lord Nelson's flagship HMS Victory. Although smaller than in its heyday, the naval base remains a major dockyard and base for the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Commandos whose Headquarters resides there. There is also a thriving commercial ferryport serving destinations on the continent for freight and passenger traffic. The nickname Pompey is thought to have derived from shipping entering Portsmouth harbour making an entry in their logs as Pom. P. in reference to Portsmouth Point. Navigational charts also use this abbreviation.
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PRC
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Radcliffe-on-Trent
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Reading, Berkshire
Reading ( ) is the largest town in England, located at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway, some west of London. For ceremonial purposes it is in the Royal County of Berkshire and has served as the county town since 1867.
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Redcar and Cleveland
The borough of Redcar & Cleveland is a unitary authority in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England consisting of Redcar, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Guisborough, and small towns such as Brotton, Eston, Skelton and Loftus. It had a resident population of 139,132 in 2001, and is part of the Tees Valley economic area. It is represented in Parliament by Ian Swales (Liberal Democrat) for the Redcar constituency and by Tom Blenkinsop (Labour) for the Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland constituency.
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Retford
Retford is a market town in Nottinghamshire in the East Midlands of England, located 31 miles from the city of Nottingham, in the district of Bassetlaw. The town is situated in a valley with the River Idle and the Chesterfield Canal running through the centre of the town. The village of Ordsall is attached the town, divided from Retford by the River Idle and the East Coast Main Line railway.
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Reykjavik
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Ripley, Derbyshire
Ripley is a town in the Amber Valley area of Derbyshire in England.
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Ripon
Ripon is a cathedral city, market town and successor parish in the Borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, located at the confluence of two streams of the River Ure in the form of the Laver and Skell. The city is noted for its main feature the Ripon Cathedral which is architecturally significant, as well as the Ripon Racecourse and other features such as its market. The city itself is just over 1,300 years old. It is one of only two cities in North Yorkshire, the other being York.
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Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
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Rufford Country Park
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Rushcliffe
Rushcliffe is a local government district with borough status in Nottinghamshire, England. Its council is based in West Bridgford. It was formed on 1 April 1974 by merging the West Bridgford Urban District, the Bingham Rural District and part of Basford Rural District.
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Rutland
Rutland () is a landlocked county in central England, bounded on the west and north by Leicestershire, northeast by Lincolnshire, and southeast by Peterborough (a unitary authority ceremonially in Cambridgeshire) and Northamptonshire.
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Salisbury
Salisbury ( , or locally ) is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England. It has also been called New Sarum to distinguish it from the original site of settlement to the north of the city at Old Sarum, but this alternative name is not in common use.
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Sandiacre
Sandiacre is a town in the Borough of Erewash in Derbyshire, in the East Midlands region of England adjoining the border with Nottinghamshire.
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Sawley, Derbyshire
Sawley is a village and civil parish within the Borough of Erewash, in southeast Derbyshire, England. Around 6,500 people live in the parish. with a slightly higher than average number of people over 65. This results in the common nickname of "old codger town".
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Sheffield
Sheffield () is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. Its name derives from the River Sheaf, which runs through the city. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is () and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the English Core Cities Group.
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Sherwood Forest
Sherwood Forest is a Royal Forest in Nottinghamshire, England, that is famous through its historical association with the legend of Robin Hood. Continuously forested since the end of the Ice Age, Sherwood is today reduced to a 423 hectare (1.63 square-mile) remnant surrounding the village of Edwinstowe, the site of Thoresby Hall. The wooded forest of today is a remnant of a much larger royal hunting forest, named as the "shire wood" of Nottinghamshire, which in fact extended into several neighbouring counties (shires), bordered on the west along the River Erewash and the Forest of East Derbyshire.
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Sherwood, Nottingham
Sherwood is a largely residential area in the north east of Nottingham, England. It is approximately 1.5 miles (2.3 km) North of Nottingham City Centre. It is bounded by Woodthorpe to the north-east, Mapperley to the east, Carrington and Sherwood Rise to the south, Forest Fields and New Basford to the south west and Basford and Bestwood to the north east and north respectively.
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Shropshire
Shropshire ( or ; alternatively Salop; abbreviated, in print only, Shrops) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. It borders Wales to the west. Shropshire is one of England's most rural and sparsely populated counties with a population density of 91/km2 (337/sq mi). The shire county and its districts were replaced by a unitary authority on 1 April 2009. The borough of Telford and Wrekin, included in Shropshire for ceremonial purposes, has been a unitary authority since 1998.
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Sky Mirror
Sky Mirror by the internationally acclaimed artist Anish Kapoor was commissioned by the Nottingham Playhouse from the artist and is installed outside the theatre in Wellington Circus, Nottingham.
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Slough
Slough () is a borough and unitary authority within the ceremonial county of Berkshire, England. The town stands athwart the Great West Road and the Great Western Main Line, west of central London. At the 2001 census, the population of Slough was 119,070 (est. 122,000 in 2006) and the borough area was the most ethnically diverse local authority area outside London in the United Kingdom. Slough has the highest proportion of religious adherents in England.
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Slovenia
Slovenia ( ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (, ), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy on the west, the Adriatic Sea on the southwest, Croatia on the south and east, Hungary on the northeast, and Austria on the north. The capital and largest city of Slovenia is Ljubljana.
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South Derbyshire
South Derbyshire is a local government district in Derbyshire, England. It contains a third of the National Forest, and the council offices are in Swadlincote.
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South Kesteven
South Kesteven is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England, forming part of the traditional Kesteven division of the county. It covers Grantham, Stamford, Bourne and Market Deeping.
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Southampton
Southampton () is the largest city in the county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated south-west of London and north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the River Test and River Itchen, with the River Hamble joining to the south of the urban area. The local authority is Southampton City Council, which is a unitary authority.
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Southend-on-Sea
Southend-on-Sea () is a unitary authority area, town, and seaside resort in Essex, England. The district has Borough status, and comprises the towns of Chalkwell, Eastwood, Leigh-on-Sea, Prittlewell, Shoeburyness, Southchurch, Thorpe Bay, and Westcliff-on-Sea. The district is situated within the Thames Gateway on the north side of the Thames estuary 40 miles (64 km) east of central London. It is bordered to the north by Rochford and to the west by Castle Point.
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St Ann's, Nottingham
'''St. Ann's''' is a large urban area of Nottingham, UK, with a population of around 15,000 people (2005 figures).
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Stirling
Stirling (Gaelic: Sruighlea , Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient burgh in Scotland, and is at the heart of the wider Stirling council area. The city is clustered around a large fortress and medieval old-town beside the River Forth. Historically it was strategically important as the "Gateway to the Highlands", with its position near the boundary between the Scottish Lowlands and Highlands, and its crossing of the Forth, the nearest to the river mouth.
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Strelley, Nottingham
Strelley is the name of a village and civil parish to the west of Nottingham. It is also the name of the nearby post war council housing estate. The village lies within Broxtowe, whilst the estate is in the City of Nottingham. The village is separated from the housing estate by the A6002 road.
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Sutton Bonington
Sutton Bonington () is a village lying along the valley of the River Soar in the Borough of Rushcliffe, south west Nottinghamshire, England. It is close to the border with Leicestershire and Derbyshire, and the town of Loughborough.
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Sutton-in-Ashfield
Sutton-in-Ashfield is a town in the Ashfield district of Nottinghamshire, England, with a population of around 43,000. It is situated four miles west of Mansfield, close to the Derbyshire border.
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Swansea
Swansea ( , , "mouth of the Tawe") is a coastal city and county in Wales, United Kingdom. Swansea is in the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan. Situated on the sandy South West Wales coast, the county area includes the Gower Peninsula and the Lliw uplands. Swansea is the second most populous city in Wales after Cardiff and the third most populous county in Wales after Cardiff and Rhondda Cynon Taf. During its 19th century industrial heyday, Swansea was one of the key centres of the world copper industry, earning the nickname 'Copperopolis'.
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Tamworth
Tamworth is a town and local government district in Staffordshire, England, located north-east of Birmingham city centre and north-west of London. The town takes its name from the River Tame, which flows through the town, as does the River Anker. At the 2001 census the town had a population of 74,531.
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Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: , lit. "Spring Hill"-Jaffa; , ''Tall 'Abib''), usually referred to as Tel Aviv, is the second-largest city in Israel, with an estimated population of 393,900. The city is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, with a land area of . It is the largest and most populous city in the metropolitan area of Gush Dan, home to 3.2 million people as of 2008. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are called Tel Avivians.
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The Park Estate
The Park Estate is a private residential estate just to the west of the city centre of Nottingham, England that was built in what was once the deer park of Nottingham Castle.
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Thurrock
Thurrock is a unitary authority with borough status in the English ceremonial county of Essex. It is part of the London commuter belt and an area of regeneration within the Thames Gateway redevelopment zone.
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Timişoara
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Toton
Toton is a small suburb of Nottingham. It forms part of the Greater Nottingham urban area, and is in the Borough of Broxtowe. The inhabited area is contained within the electoral ward of Toton and Chilwell Meadows. In 2001, the population of this ward was 7298, in 2913 households.
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Trent Bridge
Trent Bridge is a Test, One-day international and County cricket ground located in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England and is also the headquarters of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club. As well as International cricket and Nottinghamshire's home games, the ground has hosted the Finals Day of the Twenty20 Cup twice. In 2009 the ground was used for the ICC World Twenty20 and hosted the semi-final between South Africa and Pakistan. The site takes its name from the nearby main bridge over the River Trent and is also close to Meadow Lane and the City Ground, the football stadia of Notts County and Nottingham Forest respectively.
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Trowell
Trowell is a village and civil parish in Nottinghamshire, England. It lies a few miles west of Nottingham, in the borough of Broxtowe on the border with Derbyshire. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 2,568
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Truro
Truro (; ) is a city and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration, leisure and retail in Cornwall, with a population of 17,431. Truro urban statistical area, which includes parts of surrounding parishes, has a population of 20,920. It is the only city in the county, and the most southerly city in Great Britain. People from Truro are known as Truronians.
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UK Parliament
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Warrington
Warrington is a large town, borough and unitary authority area of Cheshire, England. It stands on the banks of the River Mersey, which is tidal to the west of the weir at Howley. It lies 16 Miles east of Liverpool, 18.9 miles west of Manchester and 8 miles south of St Helens. The population of the town is 80,661, and the Borough of Warrington, including its 18 civil parishes, is around 194,000. Its population has more than doubled since its designation as a New Town in 1968.
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Wells
Wells is a small cathedral city and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England, on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills. Although the population, recorded in the 2001 census, is only 10,406, it has had city status since 1205. It is the second-smallest city in England, following the City of London, though St David's in Wales is the smallest city in the UK.
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Wentbridge
Wentbridge is a small village in the the Benefice of the Went Valley and Parish of Darrington, West Yorkshire, England.
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West Bridgford
West Bridgford is a town in the county of Nottinghamshire, England. West Bridgford is a suburb of Nottingham, despite being outside of the administrative boundaries of the City of Nottingham. It lies south of the city boundary, delimited by the River Trent, and forms the largest town in the borough of Rushcliffe and is also the Administrative centre of Nottinghamshire with County Hall situated on its side of the river.
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West End of London
The West End of London (more commonly referred to as simply The West End) is an area of Central London, England, United Kingdom, containing many of the city's major tourist attractions, businesses, headquarters and the commercial West End theatres. Use of the term began in the early 19th century to describe fashionable areas to the west of Charing Cross. For strategic planning the area is identified as one of two international centres in the London Plan. The West End is the entertainment centre of the UK with the largest shopping district in Europe, the home of the UK theatre and film industry as well as numerous up-scale bars, restaurants, hotels and nightclubs.
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West Lindsey
West Lindsey is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England.
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Wilford
Wilford is a village close to the centre the city of Nottingham, UK, on the banks of the River Trent. It has been described as a semi-rural village in a city. The village is bounded to the north and west by the River Trent and to the east by the embankment of the now closed Great Central Railway. The now demolished Wilford Power Station was located on the bank of the River Trent.
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Wiltshire
Wiltshire ( or , formerly ; or the County of Wilts) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire. It contains the unitary authority of Swindon and covers . The ancient county town was Wilton, but since 1930 Wiltshire County Council and its successor Wiltshire Council (from 2009) have been based at Trowbridge.
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Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton () is a city and metropolitan borough in the Black Country area of the West Midlands, England. In 2004, the local government district had an estimated population of 239,100; the wider Urban Area had a population of 251,462, which makes it the 13th most populous city in England.
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Worcester
Worcester (, ), pronounced locally and in most parts of England as , is a city and county town of Worcestershire in the West Midlands of England. Worcester is situated some 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Birmingham and 29 miles (47 km) north of Gloucester, and has an approximate population of 94,000 people. The River Severn runs through the middle of the city, overlooked by the twelfth-century Worcester Cathedral.
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York
York () is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence.
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Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe ( ; officially the Republic of Zimbabwe and formerly Southern Rhodesia, the Republic of Rhodesia, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia) is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three official languages: English, Shona (a Bantu language), and Ndebele (also a Bantu language).
http://wn.com/Zimbabwe
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Alfred Waterhouse
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Anglo-Saxons
Anglo-Saxons is the term usually used to describe the invading Germanic tribes in the south and east of Great Britain from the early 5th century AD, and their creation of the English nation, to the Norman conquest of 1066. The Benedictine monk, Bede, writing three centuries later, identified them as the descendants of three Germanic tribes:
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Anish Kapoor
Anish Kapoor CBE RA (born 12 March 1954) is an Indian sculptor. Born in Bombay (Mumbai), Kapoor has lived and worked in London since the early 1970s where he moved to study art, first at the Hornsey College of Art and later at the Chelsea School of Art and Design.
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Bill Newton Dunn
William "Bill" Newton Dunn (born 3 October 1941 in Greywell, Hampshire) is a British politician. He is a Member of the European Parliament for the East Midlands for the Liberal Democrats.
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Brian Clough
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Dale Winton
Dale Winton (born Dale Jonathan Winton 22 May 1955, London) is an English radio DJ and television presenter.
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Danelaw
The Danelaw, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (also known as the Danelagh; Old English: Dena lagu; ), is a historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the "Danes" held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons. It is contrasted with "West Saxon law" and "Mercian law". The term has been extended by modern historians to be geographical. The areas that comprised the Danelaw are in northern and eastern England. The origins of the Danelaw arose from the Viking expansion of the 9th century, although the term was not used to describe a geographic area until the 11th century. With the increase in population and productivity in Scandinavia, Viking warriors, having sought treasure and glory in nearby Britain, "proceeded to plough and support themselves", in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, under the year 876.
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Derek Clark
Derek Roland Clark (born 10 October 1933 in Bristol) is a British politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the East Midlands region. He is a member of the United Kingdom Independence Party, first elected in 2004, and subsequently re-elected in 2009.
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Emma McClarkin
Emma McClarkin (born 9 October 1978 in Stroud, Gloucestershire) is a British politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the East Midlands region for the Conservative Party.
http://wn.com/Emma_McClarkin -
Feeder
Feeder are a Brit-nominated alternative rock group, formed in Newport, Wales in 1991. Feeder's original line-up consisted of vocalist and guitarist Grant Nicholas, drummer Jon Lee and bass player Taka Hirose. By 1995 they released their debut EP Two Colours and a second EP titled Swim, which was followed by their 1997 debut album Polythene, after being met with critical acclaim and made the UK Top 75. Their second album, Yesterday Went Too Soon (1999), again found favour with critics and reached number eight in the UK. The band's cult status was followed by mainstream success in 2001, as they scored a UK Top 10 and South Africa airplay number one hit with the single "Buck Rogers", and the attendant album Echo Park (2001), which reached number five in the UK. Their next release, Comfort in Sound (2002) was released nine months after Jon Lee committed suicide in his Miami home in January 2002, it spawned the hit singles "Come Back Around", their second top 10 single "Just the Way I'm Feeling", "Forget About Tomorrow" and "Find the Colour". The album was recorded with then former Skunk Anansie drummer Mark Richardson, before charting at number six. Two more studio albums were released, which also included a 2006 singles compilation which charted at number two, with those being Pushing the Senses (2005) which also reached number two and spawned four hit singles including their third UK top 10 "Tumble and Fall". The album was followed by Silent Cry (2008) which charted at number eight, before becoming the last album recorded with Mark Richardson before he returned to a reformed Skunk Anansie in 2009. In 2008 Echo ceased operations as a record company.
http://wn.com/Feeder -
Francis Cheetham
Francis William Cheetham (5 February 1928 - 8 November 2005) was a leading authority on Nottingham Alabaster and the author of several books and articles on the subject.
http://wn.com/Francis_Cheetham -
Glenis Willmott
Glenis Willmott (born 4 March 1951) is a British politician, currently leader of the European Parliamentary Labour Party (EPLP) and Labour member of the European Parliament for East Midlands.
http://wn.com/Glenis_Willmott -
Gordon Brown
James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is a British Labour Party politician, who has been a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1983, currently for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. He served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 until 2010. Brown became Prime Minister in June 2007, after the resignation of Tony Blair and three days after becoming leader of the governing Labour Party. Immediately before this, he had served as Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Labour Government from 1997 to 2007. His tenure ended in May 2010, when he resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party.
http://wn.com/Gordon_Brown -
John Boot
http://wn.com/John_Boot -
Kid Jensen
http://wn.com/Kid_Jensen -
Lilian Greenwood
Lilian Rachel Greenwood (born 26 March 1966) is a British Labour Party politician, who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Nottingham South since 2010.
http://wn.com/Lilian_Greenwood -
Mercia
Mercia (, ) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
http://wn.com/Mercia -
Penny Smith
Penelope Jane Smith (born 21 September 1956, in Eastwood, England) is an English television presenter and newsreader, and also worked on the breakfast TV show GMTV. She has previously worked for Sky News and Classic FM.
http://wn.com/Penny_Smith -
PRC
http://wn.com/PRC -
Queen Victoria
http://wn.com/Queen_Victoria -
Quentin Tarantino
http://wn.com/Quentin_Tarantino -
Reform Act 1832
The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament (2 & 3 Will. IV)
http://wn.com/Reform_Act_1832 -
Richard I of England
http://wn.com/Richard_I_of_England -
Robin Hood
Robin Hood is a heroic outlaw in English folklore. A highly skilled archer and swordsman, he is known for "robbing from the rich and giving to the poor," assisted by a group of fellow outlaws known as his "Merry Men." Traditionally Robin Hood and his men are depicted wearing Lincoln green clothes. The origin of the legend is claimed by some to have stemmed from actual outlaws, or from ballads or tales of outlaws.
http://wn.com/Robin_Hood -
Roger Helmer
Roger Helmer (born 25 January 1944 in London) is a British politician and a Conservative Party Member of the European Parliament for the East Midlands region. He has described himself as a eurosceptic and is a supporter of the Better Off Out campaign. He was first elected to the European Parliament in 1999 as a Conservative Party MEP, and re-elected in 2004. He was subsequently suspended from the party Whip on 26 May 2005 after voting against party instructions on a motion to censure the European Commission and openly criticising his delegation leader, Timothy Kirkhope, in a parliamentary debate. As of 13 September 2006, he has had the Conservative party whip restored, but remained Non-Inscrit. He joined the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR), with the other Conservative MEPs, in July 2009.
http://wn.com/Roger_Helmer -
Sat Bains
Sat Bains is a chef and restaurateur from Derby, England. He runs Restaurant Sat Bains with Rooms, the only Michelin starred restaurant in Nottingham.
http://wn.com/Sat_Bains -
Settler
http://wn.com/Settler -
Simon Mayo
Simon Mayo (born 21 September 1958 in Southgate, London) is an English radio presenter, who has worked for BBC Radio since 1981. As of January 2010, Mayo is presenter of "Simon Mayo Drivetime" on BBC Radio 2, and with Mark Kermode, presenter of "Kermode and Mayo's Film Review" on BBC Radio 5 Live.
http://wn.com/Simon_Mayo -
Snotingas
The Snotingas were an Anglian tribe who either took their name from a chieftain called 'Snot' or 'Snod', or from the word Snottenga, meaning 'caves'. The snotingas occupied the settlement of Snottengaham or Snodengaham (modern Nottingham).
http://wn.com/Snotingas -
The Pogues
The Pogues is a band of mixed Irish and English background, playing traditional Irish music with influences from punk rock and folk, formed in 1982 and fronted by Shane MacGowan. The band reached international prominence in the 1980s and early 1990s. MacGowan left the band in 1991 due to drinking problems but the band continued first with Joe Strummer and then with Spider Stacy on vocals before breaking up in 1996. The band reformed in 2001, and has been playing regularly ever since, most notably on the US East Coast every spring (bar 2010) and around the UK and Ireland every December. The group has yet to record any new music and according to Spider Stacy on Pogues.com has no inclination to do so.
http://wn.com/The_Pogues -
Thomas Chambers Hine
Thomas Chambers Hine 1814 - 1899 was an architect based in Nottingham.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Chambers_Hine -
William Booth
http://wn.com/William_Booth
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Nottingham City Center 1974
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:19
- Published: 14 Oct 2009
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
This movie was originally filmed on super 8mm film so the video quality is not as good as today's camcorders but I hope it brings back some memories for some folks
http://wn.com/Nottingham_City_Center_1974
Britain's Best Breaks ~ Nottingham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 20 Mar 2007
- Updated: 11 Aug 2012
Welcome to Robin Hood Country. Historic Nottingham -- the Queen of The Midlands, the vibrant city of tomorrow with a fabulous past. Details at www.britainsbestbreaks.co.uk or watch full programme at www.britainsbestbreaks.tv (more)
http://wn.com/Britain's_Best_Breaks_~_Nottingham
Nottingham woman claims to have caught ghost on CCTV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Published: 09 Aug 2012
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Nottingham - life in the city
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 06 Jul 2012
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
Have a look at just some of the things that make Nottingham great and find out what our students love about the city.
http://wn.com/Nottingham_life_in_the_city
This is... Nottingham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Published: 22 Nov 2010
- Updated: 02 Aug 2012
The Student Learning Experience At Nottingham University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Published: 22 Dec 2009
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
A short film about the student learning experience at Nottingham University. Created by Nic Gilbert and Jonathan Kogan. Enjoy Nottingham...
http://wn.com/The_Student_Learning_Experience_At_Nottingham_University
Nottingham Nights (2009)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:33
- Published: 10 Oct 2009
- Updated: 07 Jul 2012
One typical summer night out in the city of Nottingham. Filmed with a Sony HDR-CX6. Music by illuminatus: www.illuminnatus.uk.com
http://wn.com/Nottingham_Nights_2009
Nottingham Forest The Executive Crew FEC Hooligans Top Boys Casuals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Published: 11 Feb 2011
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Top Boys TV: Gary 'Boatsy' Clarke is one of the founder members of the Forest Executive Crew. He was also the first person in Nottinghamshire to receive a civil banning order and has received five banning orders since their introduction. So we ask if a firm can still operate if its members are on banning orders and discover how it's becoming increasingly popular for league fans to now link with a non-league club. It's a known fact Forest sometimes link up with Mansfield.
http://wn.com/Nottingham_Forest_The_Executive_Crew_FEC_Hooligans_Top_Boys_Casuals
UK Riots (Nottingham) 2011: The Day After
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Published: 09 Aug 2011
- Updated: 15 Aug 2012
This piece first broadcast on 9 Aug 2011. Televisedon UK's regional television BBC East Midlands. Programme (Program) -- East Midlands Today.
http://wn.com/UK_Riots_Nottingham_2011_The_Day_After
UFO over Nottingham, United Kingdom - April 18, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Published: 18 Apr 2012
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
UPDATE: This video has been confirmed to be real. Those objects aren't UFO, those are Jet Fighters. In the advanced video file you can hear the loud sound of Jets. UFO sighting in Nottingham, United Kingdom on April 18, 2012. Two Unidentified Flying Objects were flying very fast and passed close to an airplane. Those objects seem to be wingless, as you can see in the enlarged view of the video. Two UFOs were caught on camera in Nottingham, UK. ----- General Statement: Crazy Breaking News CBN is a young news agency that make videos available by sharing them on YouTube. Unless otherwise specified, CBN is the owner of the commercial and property rights. If you want to use our videos for private use, so feel free to do it. If you want to use our video for commercial use or broadcasting - include new uploads on Webpages, YouTube or any other Video Sharing Website - so please contact us for license before you will publish it. Remember that we have to respect the agreements while reporting any copyright infringement. CBN will never fake any video or photography. However, it could happen that we receive a faked video. If you think one of our video is fake and you can prove it, so please get in contact with us and help us to find the truth. We do our best to solve the case or to delete the video from our Channel. On the other hand, we are looking forward to every new video. If you have filmed an Unidentified Flying Object, please get in touch with us. Thank you.
http://wn.com/UFO_over_Nottingham,_United_Kingdom_April_18,_2012
Honorary Graduates 2012 - Desmond Wilson - on Nottingham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:49
- Published: 20 Jul 2012
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
Desmond Wilson, twice Lord Mayor of Nottingham who made a rich contribution to the city of Nottingham, the communities of Radford and St Ann's, and more widely in the East Midlands region and nationally, has been awarded the honorary degree Doctor of Laws by The University of Nottingham. The Doctorate is a mark of significant distinction given to very few by the University. It recognises his outstanding contributions to the West Indian community and to the people of Nottingham, as well as generations of schoolchildren and international students at The University of Nottingham.
http://wn.com/Honorary_Graduates_2012_Desmond_Wilson_on_Nottingham
Police 'punch' suspect during arrest in Nottingham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Published: 15 Jun 2009
- Updated: 06 Aug 2012
LBC's Nottingham newsroom has received video footage which appears to show a police officer punching a suspect in Nottingham city centre three times, despite him not appearing to resist arrest. More info at lbc.co.uk
http://wn.com/Police_'punch'_suspect_during_arrest_in_Nottingham
Not In Nottingham - Mumford & Sons (Robin Hood)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Published: 27 May 2010
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Update (Apr 1, 2011): link to live performance below... Mumford & Sons perform the classic song "Not In Nottingham" from "Robin Hood". Song was performed on BBC Radio One, dubbed with clip from Robin Hood (quick dub, unedited clip, no syncing) Watch Mumford & Sons perform Not In Nottingham live... www.youtube.com (not my video) Just came across this and wanted to share. There are several videos of this performance around, but this one seems to be the best quality.
http://wn.com/Not_In_Nottingham_Mumford_Sons_Robin_Hood
UFO's in Formation NOTTINGHAM England JULY 6th 2012 (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Published: 07 Jul 2012
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
AMAZING UFO TRIANGLE AND RED ORB FORMATION FILMED YESTERDAY AT MY BIRTH CITY NOTTINGHAM ENGLAND 6TH JULY 2012.. SUBSCRIBE:- www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com And Visit:- www.danielofdoria.whynotnews.eu BE LOVE ((((O)))) Come Join!! SHINE & RIPPLE The Wave of Love!!
http://wn.com/UFO's_in_Formation_NOTTINGHAM_England_JULY_6th_2012_HD
Queen, William & Kate in Nottingham 2012 Diamond Jubilee
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:32
- Published: 13 Jun 2012
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
20000 people in Old Market Square. June 13th 2012. The Queen, Duke & Duchess of Cambridge, arrive at Nottingham train station and then go by car to the Old Market Square and the Council House. Copyright (c) 2012 Sneinton Free State Ministry of Antiquities.
http://wn.com/Queen,_William_Kate_in_Nottingham_2012_Diamond_Jubilee
Cars drive thru Flood, Nottingham Bestwood July 6th 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Published: 06 Jul 2012
- Updated: 19 Jul 2012
A Month's rain in one day. Nottingham Bestwood Village July 6th 2012. Traffic negotiating flooded road Copyright (c) 2012 Sneinton Free State Ministry of Meteorology
http://wn.com/Cars_drive_thru_Flood,_Nottingham_Bestwood_July_6th_2012
Royals visit Nottingham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Published: 14 Jun 2012
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
Prince William and wife Kate have joined the Queen on the latest leg of her Diamond Jubilee tour of the UK.
http://wn.com/Royals_visit_Nottingham
The Love Bus - The Love Bus: Series 1 - Nottingham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:18
- Published: 06 Mar 2012
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
Lucky Craig from Nottingham meets a red-hot line-up of single ladies.
http://wn.com/The_Love_Bus_The_Love_Bus_Series_1_Nottingham
Hamilton 15's Beat Nottingham in State Tournament
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Published: 24 Jul 2012
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
Video highlights from Nottingham vs. Hamilton Babe Ruth in State Tournament.
http://wn.com/Hamilton_15's_Beat_Nottingham_in_State_Tournament
khaled alrashidi nottingham خالد الرشيدي
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:55
- Published: 23 Jul 2012
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
خالد الرشيدي الاخطبوط
http://wn.com/khaled_alrashidi_nottingham_خالد_الرشيدي
The Queen Visits Nottingham - 13/06/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Published: 13 Jun 2012
- Updated: 15 Jun 2012
Rocked up to the square to find a slight comotion, managed to capture what was going on.
http://wn.com/The_Queen_Visits_Nottingham_13_06_12
Moving to Nottingham.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Published: 22 Jul 2012
- Updated: 23 Jul 2012
QOTV: What are you guys doing this summer? www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Moving_to_Nottingham
iPhone 4 battery connector damage - The Computer Room Nottingham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Published: 28 Jul 2012
- Updated: 28 Jul 2012
www.thepersonalcomputerservice.co.uk - 0115 972 1120 07545 251 571Serving Nottingham Derby and Leicester with computer service for pc and mac. This is showing an iPhone 4 that was sent to us after suffering battery connector damage. This movie is for showing an example of what The Computer Room Nottingham can do for any issues you may have with computers, iphones and ipods. It was made by Leon Stacey and is no way a guide of how repairs can be performed by anyone else and to that end, The Computer Room Nottingham and Leon Stacey cannot be held responsible for anything that happens from you undertaking repairs yourself of any nature. Terms and Conditions of using our services are at www.thecomputerroomnottingham.co.uk/ terms-and-conditions.
http://wn.com/iPhone_4_battery_connector_damage_The_Computer_Room_Nottingham
Creative Commons / JuWiki
Creative Commons / Dave Bevis
Creative Commons / Russ Hamer
Creative Commons / Dave Bevis
Creative Commons / ArildV![Bridge 66 on the Grantham Canal at Harlaxton. The A1 main road from London to Edinburgh runs past the town, which was bypassed in 1962. High Street, until recently,[when?] was part of the A52, which runs to Nottingham.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120916232823im_/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/0a/c6/80cd566b137bc74eb62ad1fc1de1_small.jpg "Bridge 66 on the Grantham Canal at Harlaxton. The A1 main road from London to Edinburgh runs past the town, which was bypassed in 1962. High Street, until recently,[when?] was part of the A52, which runs to Nottingham.")
Creative Commons / Adhemarius
Creative Commons / Adhemarius
Creative Commons / DuchessofSutherland
Creative Commons / Thomas H-Taylor
Creative Commons / Thomas H-Taylor
Creative Commons / Thomas H-Taylor
Creative Commons / Thomas H-Taylor
Creative Commons / Thomas H-Taylor
Creative Commons / Superhasn
Creative Commons / Superhasn![Nottingham Trent University, Arkwright Building. The western third of the city has most of the city's modern office complexes.[citation needed] Tall office buildings line Maid Marian Way.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120916232823im_/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/5f/ae/e4f06736bdde81b83c48ee6c300e_small.jpg "Nottingham Trent University, Arkwright Building. The western third of the city has most of the city's modern office complexes.[citation needed] Tall office buildings line Maid Marian Way.")
Creative Commons / Superhasn
Creative Commons / Superhasn
Creative Commons / Superhasn
Creative Commons / JeremyA
Creative Commons / Ruddred0![Rushcliffe Country Park Country Park (Grid Reference SK577320) is an open park space covering approximately 210 acres (0.85 km2), located on Mere Way just south of Ruddington[1] on the A60 in the borough of Rushcliffe, Nottingham shire.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120916232823im_/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/a2/4d/bf163430297575d9144d83af8fc6_small.jpg "Rushcliffe Country Park Country Park (Grid Reference SK577320) is an open park space covering approximately 210 acres (0.85 km2), located on Mere Way just south of Ruddington[1] on the A60 in the borough of Rushcliffe, Nottingham shire.")
Creative Commons / Ruddred0
Creative Commons / Justinc
Creative Commons / Andy Jakeman
Creative Commons
Creative Commons
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Creative Commons / Russ Hamer
Creative Commons / Russ Hamer
Creative Commons / Luiscarlosrubino
AP / Paul Sakuma
![Bridge 66 on the Grantham Canal at Harlaxton. The A1 main road from London to Edinburgh runs past the town, which was bypassed in 1962. High Street, until recently,[when?] was part of the A52, which runs to Nottingham.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120916232823/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/0a/c6/80cd566b137bc74eb62ad1fc1de1_medium.jpg "Bridge 66 on the Grantham Canal at Harlaxton. The A1 main road from London to Edinburgh runs past the town, which was bypassed in 1962. High Street, until recently,[when?] was part of the A52, which runs to Nottingham.")
![Nottingham Trent University, Arkwright Building. The western third of the city has most of the city's modern office complexes.[citation needed] Tall office buildings line Maid Marian Way.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120916232823/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/5f/ae/e4f06736bdde81b83c48ee6c300e_medium.jpg "Nottingham Trent University, Arkwright Building. The western third of the city has most of the city's modern office complexes.[citation needed] Tall office buildings line Maid Marian Way.")
![Rushcliffe Country Park Country Park (Grid Reference SK577320) is an open park space covering approximately 210 acres (0.85 km2), located on Mere Way just south of Ruddington[1] on the A60 in the borough of Rushcliffe, Nottingham shire.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120916232823/http://cdn8.wn.com/pd/a2/4d/bf163430297575d9144d83af8fc6_medium.jpg "Rushcliffe Country Park Country Park (Grid Reference SK577320) is an open park space covering approximately 210 acres (0.85 km2), located on Mere Way just south of Ruddington[1] on the A60 in the borough of Rushcliffe, Nottingham shire.")
Photo: AP / Chris Clark
14 Sep 2012
Britain's royal family says it is suing the French magazine that published topless photos of Kate Middleton sunbathing....
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
14 Sep 2012
Consumers can expect the price of milk to rise over the coming months as supply drops, according to industry experts. Tom Turner, a dairy farmer in Nottingham Road and the president of the Milk...
Photo: AP / Darron Cummings
11 Sep 2012
Murray's route to a Grand Slam started back in 1999 at the National Junior Championships under 14s in Nottingham His first taste of success at Flushing Meadows came in 2004, when he won the...
Photo: AP / Themba Hadebe
27 Aug 2012
John Arne-Riise also offers an injury update, Jason Roberts reveals he never wants to lose, Joleon Lescott is following the yellow brick road and Gary Lineker puts rumours to bed By John Stammers More...
The Daily Mail
Nottingham Forest fought...(size: 0.2Kb)
noodls
(Source: EIHA - English Ice Hockey Association) Nottingham Lions snapped up 21 year-old American import The Nottingham Lionshave snapped up 21 year-old American import Luke Braninfor the 2012/13 season. The right-winger and play-maker has been training with the Lions for the past few weeks whilst...(size: 2.7Kb)
BBC News
Lincoln City manager David Holdsworth has signed midfielder David Morgan on a 28-day youth loan from Championship side Nottingham Forest. The 18-year-old has yet to play a first-team game for Forest. Northern...(size: 1.4Kb)
noodls
A new £45 million flood defence, which will protect more inland properties than any other in England, was opened today in Nottingham by Environment Secretary Owen Paterson. Stretching along a 27 kilometre stretch of the River Trent, from Sawley to Colwick, the flood defence will protect 16,000...(size: 4.3Kb)
BBC News
A three year project to raise flood barriers along a 27km (16 miles) stretch of the River Trent is nearly complete, according to...(size: 0.8Kb)
Sky Sports
...(size: 1.1Kb)
BBC News
A Nottingham man has been jailed after he ignored a warning over selling goods to elderly people through his mobility aid business. Carl Mould, 46, admitted breaching a previous court order imposed on him under the Enterprise Act. Mould, along with his business...(size: 1.7Kb)
Sky Sports
Nottingham Forest are waiting to learn the extent of Simon Cox's foot injury after the Republic of Ireland international was sent for a scan....(size: 1.2Kb)
Nottingham Forest wait on Simon Cox foot injury
12 Sep 2012
BBC News
Nottingham Forest striker Simon Cox is having a scan to discover the extent of a foot injury sustained while on international duty on Tuesday. The 25-year-old, a summer signing from West Brom, was hurt during the Republic of Ireland's 4-1 win over Oman. and is being assessed on Wednesday....(size: 2.4Kb)
The Daily Mail
Joseph Moran, 19, of...(size: 0.2Kb)
This article is about the City of Nottingham in England. For the county, see Nottinghamshire. For The University of Nottingham, see The University of Nottingham. For other uses, see Nottingham (disambiguation).
| City of Nottingham | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City & Unitary authority — | |||
 |
|||
|
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| Nickname(s): Queen of the Midlands, The Lace City | |||
| Motto: Vivit Post Funera Virtus (Virtue Outlives Death)[1] | |||
 |
|||
| Coordinates: 52°57′N 1°08′W / 52.95°N 1.133°W / 52.95; -1.133Coordinates: 52°57′N 1°08′W / 52.95°N 1.133°W / 52.95; -1.133 | |||
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom | ||
| Constituent country | England | ||
| Region | East Midlands | ||
| Ceremonial county | Nottinghamshire | ||
| Admin HQ | Nottingham Council House | ||
| Settled | 600 | ||
| City Status | 1897 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Unitary authority, City | ||
| • Governing body | Nottingham City Council | ||
| • Council Leader | Coun. Jon Collins (Lab) | ||
| • Executive | Labour | ||
| • MPs | Chris Leslie (Lab) Graham Allen (Lab) Lilian Greenwood (Lab) |
||
| • Lord Mayor | Coun. Michael Wildgust | ||
| Area | |||
| • City & Unitary authority | 28.81 sq mi (74.61 km2) | ||
| Elevation[2] | 200 ft (61 m) | ||
| Population (2010 est.) | |||
| • City & Unitary authority | 306,700 | ||
| • Density | 9,670/sq mi (3,735/km2) | ||
| • Urban | 666,358(LUZ:825,600) | ||
| • Ethnicity (2005 Estimate)[3] |
81.6% White (76.5% White British) 7.7% S. Asian 4.7% Black British 3.2% Mixed Race 2.8% Chinese and other |
||
| Time zone | Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | British Summer Time (UTC+1) | ||
| Postal Code | NG | ||
| Area code(s) | 0115 | ||
| Twin cities | |||
•  — Ghent |
Belgium (since 1985) | ||
•  — Harare |
Zimbabwe (since 1981) | ||
•  — Karlsruhe |
Germany (since 1969) | ||
•  — Ljubljana |
Slovenia (since 1963) | ||
•  — Minsk |
Belarus (since 1966) | ||
•  — Ningbo |
China (since 2005) | ||
•  — Timişoara |
Romania (since 2008) | ||
| Grid Ref. | SK570400 | ||
| ONS code | 00FY | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | GB-NGM | ||
| NUTS 3 | UKF14 | ||
| Website | www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/ | ||
Nottingham (
i/ˈnɒtɪŋəm/ NOT-ing-əm) is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire and is one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group.
Nottingham is famed for its links with the legend of Robin Hood and, during the Industrial Revolution, obtained worldwide recognition for its lace-making, bicycle and tobacco industries. With origins tracable back to 600 AD, Nottingham was granted its city charter as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria in 1897 and has since been officially titled the City of Nottingham. The city has historically been nicknamed The Queen of the Midlands, being the smaller yet less industrialised regional neighbour to the Midlands biggest city, Birmingham. Nottingham is considered the primary centre of England's East Midlands region, being home to numerous regional headquarters and media stations including the BBC East Midlands and the Regional Government Office.
Whilst Nottingham has always had a tightly-drawn authority boundary, accounting for its relatively small population of 306,700, Nottingham's Urban Area has a population of approximately 670,000; in the 2001 census, it was the eighth largest urban area in the United Kingdom.[4][5] Eurostat's concept of the Larger Urban Zone listed the area's population at 825,600 as of 2004.
Contents |
History[link]
See also: History of Nottingham
In Anglo-Saxon times, around 600 AD[citation needed] the site formed part of the Kingdom of Mercia and was known in the Brythonic language as Tigguo Cobauc, meaning Place of Caves. In Welsh it is known poetically as Y Ty Ogofog, "The Cavey Dwelling".[6] When it fell under the rule of a Saxon chieftain named Snot it became known as "Snotingaham"; the homestead of Snot's people (Inga = the people of; Ham = homestead).[7] Snot brought together his people in an area now known as the Lace Market. Some authors derive "Nottingham" from Snottenga, caves, and ham, but "this has nothing to do with the English form".[8]
Nottingham was captured in 867 by Danish Vikings[citation needed] and later became one of the Five Burghs – or fortified towns – of The Danelaw.
In the 11th century Nottingham Castle was constructed on a sandstone outcrop by the River Leen. The Anglo-Saxon settlement developed into the English Borough of Nottingham and housed a Town Hall and Law Courts. A settlement also developed around the castle on the hill opposite and was the French borough supporting the Normans in the castle. Eventually, the space between was built on as the town grew and the Old Market Square became the focus of Nottingham several centuries later. On the return of Richard Coeur de Lion from the Crusades, the castle stood out in Prince John's favour. So, it was besieged by Richard, and after a sharp conflict, captured.[9]
By the 15th century, Nottingham had established itself as the centre of a thriving export trade in religious sculpture made from alabaster.[10] The town became a county corporate in 1449[11] giving it effective self-government, in the words of the charter, "for eternity". The Castle and Shire Hall were expressly excluded and technically remained as detached Parishes of Nottinghamshire.
During the Industrial Revolution, much of Nottingham's prosperity was founded on the textile industry; in particular, Nottingham was an internationally important centre of lace manufacture. However, the rapid and poorly planned growth left Nottingham with the reputation of having the worst slums in the British Empire outside India.[citation needed] Residents of these slums rioted in 1831, in protest against the Duke of Newcastle's opposition to the Reform Act 1832, setting fire to his residence, Nottingham Castle.
In common with the UK textile industry as a whole, Nottingham's textile sector fell into headlong decline in the decades following World War II, as British manufacturers proved unable to compete on price or volume with the output of factories in the Far East and South Asia.[citation needed] Very little textile manufacture now takes place in Nottingham, but the city's heyday in this sector endowed it with some fine industrial buildings in the Lace Market district. Many of these have been restored and put to new uses.
Nottingham was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and at that time consisted of the parishes of Nottingham St Mary, Nottingham St Nicholas and Nottingham St Peter. It was expanded in 1877 by adding the parishes of Basford, Brewhouse Yard, Bulwell, Radford, Sneinton, Standard Hill and parts of the parishes of West Bridgford, Carlton, Wilford (North Wilford). In 1889 Nottingham became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888. City status was awarded as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria, being signified in a letter from the Prime Minister the Marquess of Salisbury to the Mayor, dated 18 June 1897. Nottingham was extended in 1933 by adding Bilborough and Wollaton, parts of the parishes of Bestwood Park and Colwick, and a recently developed part of the Beeston Urban District. A further boundary extension was granted in 1951 when Clifton and Wilford (south of the River Trent) were incorporated into the city.[12][13]
Demographic evolution of Nottingham
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Electric trams revolutionised public transport in Nottingham on their inception in 1901; they served the city for 35 years until the trolleybus network was expanded in 1936. The city's road network was improved drastically between 1922 and 1932 when a new dual carriageway was built. Housing conditions also began to improve the city's poorer residents at this time, when the first council houses were built on new suburban estates to rehouse families from slum clearances. Mass private house building also took place, with the process continuing to boom until some 30 years after World War II ended in 1945. Trams made their comeback after 68 years when a new network opened in 2004.[14]
In the sporting world, one of Nottingham's biggest claims to fame is being home to the world's oldest professional football club, Notts County, which was formed in 1862, although the team's subsequent history has been relatively low profile. However Nottingham Forest, under manager Brian Clough, had a period of success between 1977 and 1993, winning the First Division, four League Cups, a UEFA Super Cup and two European Cups.[15] During this time Forest signed Trevor Francis, Britain's first £1million footballer, who joined the club in February 1979 from Birmingham City.[16]
Four years after Nottingham Forest's second European Cup success in 1984, ice dancers Torvill and Dean also affirmed Nottingham's place on the world sporting map with a superb Gold medal winning performance at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo. The performance was the first and only since to obtain a perfect 6.0 score from all the judging panel, and shot them to international fame which still sees them feature weekly on prime-time national television series today.
During the second half of the 20th century Nottingham saw unprecidented urban growth with the development of new urban public and private housing estates and new urban centres, which have engulfed former rural villages such as Bilborough, Wollaton, Gedling and Bramcote. South of the river there has also been expansion with new areas such as Edwalton and West Bridgford, adding to Nottingham's urban sprawl. Although this growth slowed towards the end of the century, the modern pressures for more affordable and council housing is back on the political agenda and there is now pressure on the Green Belt which surrounds the city.
Recent years have seen Nottingham rise into the national spotlight for both positive and negative news. In the early 2000's Nottingham gained a reputation for gang warfare, and a series of high-profile public shootings gained Nottingham the unenviable nickname "Shottingham". However, strong growth in high-tech, educational and medical industries, as well as high profile innovative transport development such as the Nottingham Express Transit and the Workplace Parking Levy, have raised the national profile to one of an ambitious, modern city.
Government[link]
Nottingham is represented by three tiers of elected government: Nottingham City Council (local), UK Parliament (national), and European Parliament (Europe). The city also has a Lord Mayor; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. In 2010 the Lord Mayor of Nottingham was Brian Grocock. In a city-wide referendum in May 2012, residents voted for Nottingham not to have a directly elected Mayor.
The city is the seat of regional government bodies, including the East Midlands Development Agency and Government Office East Midlands.
Emergency services are provided by Nottinghamshire Police, Nottinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service and East Midlands Ambulance Service.
Nottingham City Council[link]
It consists of 55 councillors, representing 20 wards. It is led by Jon Collins, of the majority Labour Party. It is elected every four years, the last elections being held on 5 May 2011. The council meets in Nottingham Council House in the Old Market Square.
UK Parliament[link]
Nottingham has three UK parliamentary constituency seats within its boundaries. Nottingham North has been represented since 1987 by Labour MP Graham Allen, Nottingham East since 2010 by Labour MP Chris Leslie and Nottingham South since 2010 by Labour MP Lilian Greenwood.
European Parliament[link]
Nottingham lies within the East Midlands European parliamentary constituency. In 2009 it elected five MEPs; Derek Clark (UKIP), Bill Newton Dunn (Liberal Democrat), Roger Helmer (Conservative), Emma McClarkin (Conservative) and Glenis Willmott (Labour).
Geography[link]
Nottingham is located at 52°58′00″N 01°10′00″W / 52.9666667°N 1.1666667°W / 52.9666667; -1.1666667 (52.9667,-1.1667).
The City of Nottingham's boundaries are tightly drawn and exclude several suburbs and satellite towns that are usually considered part of Greater Nottingham, including Arnold, Carlton, West Bridgford, Beeston and Stapleford. Outlying towns and villages include Hucknall, Eastwood, Tollerton, Bingham, Ruddington, Ilkeston and Long Eaton of which the last two are in Derbyshire. The geographical area of Greater Nottingham includes several local authorities: Gedling, Broxtowe, Rushcliffe, Ashfield, Erewash and Amber Valley.
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Sheffield, Ripley, Heanor, Matlock | Arnold, Hucknall, Mansfield | Gedling, Newark-on-Trent, Southwell, Lincoln | |
| University of Nottingham, Beeston, Stapleford, Ilkeston, Wollaton, Derby, Stoke on Trent |  |
Carlton, Grantham, Bingham | ||
 Nottingham East |
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| Long Eaton, East Midlands Airport, Tamworth, Birmingham | West Bridgford, Clifton, Ruddington, Edwalton, Leicester, Loughborough | Melton Mowbray, Oakham |
Main article: List of places in Nottinghamshire
Within the city[link]
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Around the city[link]
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Climate[link]
Two official weather reporting stations are in close proximity to Nottingham - The University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington agricultural campus, about 10 miles to the South West of the city centre, and Watnall, previously known as Nottingham Weather Centre, about 6 miles North West of the city centre. Sutton Bonington is perhaps more representative of the lower lying areas of the city such as the city centre, and southern suburbs around the river Trent, lying as it does only 48 m (147 ft) above sea level, while Watnall is perhaps more relevant to some of the hillier northern suburbs with an evelation of 117 m (384 ft).
The absolute maximum temperature at Watnall stands at 34.6 C (94.3 F)[17] whilst at Sutton Bonington it is 34.8 C (94.6 F)[18] Both occurred on 3 August 1990. 10.7 days annually will record a temperature of 25.1 C (77.2 F)[19] or above on average at Watnall (1971-00) and the warmest day of the year should reach 29.0c(84.2f)[20] for the same location.
For the period 1971-00 Watnall should record 44.3 days of air frost,[21] Sutton Bonington 47.9.[22] Also reflecting the lower frost tendency at Watnall is the absolute minimum temperature, a relatively high (for a inland location) -13.3c(8.1f), recorded in both January 1963[23] and January 1987.[24] Most recently, the temperature fell to -11.9c(10.6f)[25] during December 2010.
| Climate data for Nottingham Watnall, elevation 117m, 1971-2000 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13.5 (56.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.4 (90.3) |
34.6 (94.3) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.4 (83.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.7 (58.5) |
34.6 (94.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
13.4 (56.1) |
9.2 (48.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) |
0.9 (33.6) |
2.5 (36.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
11.6 (52.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
3.5 (38.3) |
1.9 (35.4) |
5.8 (42.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.3 (8.1) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
4.4 (39.9) |
4.5 (40.1) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 64.82 (2.552) |
51.11 (2.0122) |
54.19 (2.1335) |
52.11 (2.0516) |
49.84 (1.9622) |
61.13 (2.4067) |
52.03 (2.0484) |
57.04 (2.2457) |
59.88 (2.3575) |
64.48 (2.5386) |
63.18 (2.4874) |
70.85 (2.7894) |
714.42 (28.1268) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 50 | 61 | 93 | 128 | 179 | 170 | 185 | 177 | 124 | 94 | 61 | 42 | 1,364 |
| Source no. 1: YR.NO[26] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: KNMI[27] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Sutton Bonington, elevation 48m, 1971-2000 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.1 (70.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
7.6 (45.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) |
1.2 (34.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
3.8 (38.8) |
6.3 (43.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
3.7 (38.7) |
2.1 (35.8) |
5.8 (42.4) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 54.8 (2.157) |
42.7 (1.681) |
45.3 (1.783) |
46.6 (1.835) |
42.4 (1.669) |
60.8 (2.394) |
43.8 (1.724) |
51.0 (2.008) |
52.5 (2.067) |
54.0 (2.126) |
53.0 (2.087) |
59.3 (2.335) |
606.2 (23.866) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 50.5 | 64.7 | 100.4 | 133.5 | 179.2 | 157.5 | 185.1 | 180.4 | 132.6 | 102.0 | 61.2 | 40.9 | 1,388.0 |
| Source: Met Office[28] | |||||||||||||
Architecture[link]
Nottingham is home to a multitude of different architectural styles, with buildings dating from the 1100s.[citation needed] Architects such as Alfred Waterhouse, Thomas Chambers Hine and Nottingham's own Watson Fothergill produced elaborate buildings in the 19th century to meet the expansion generated by increasing industrial output.
The geographical centre of Nottingham is usually defined as the Old Market Square, the largest city square in the UK. The square is dominated by the Council House, which replaced The Nottingham Exchange Building, built in 1726. The Council House was built in the 1920s to display civic pride, ostentatiously using baroque columns and placing stone statues of two lions at the front to stand watch over the square. The Exchange Arcade, on the ground floor, is an upmarket shopping centre containing high-end boutiques. Portland Stone was used to construct the Council House and Exchange Arcade.
West of the centre[link]
The western third of the city has most of the city's modern office complexes.[citation needed] Tall office buildings line Maid Marian Way. The Georgian area around Oxford and Regent Streets is dominated by small professional firms. The Albert Hall faces the Gothic revival St Barnabas' Cathedral by Pugin. Nottingham Castle and its grounds are located further south in the western third of the city. The central third descends from the University district in the north, past Nottingham Trent University's Gothic revival Arkwright Building. The University also owns many other buildings in this area. The Theatre Royal on Theatre Square, with its pillared façade, was built in 1865. King and Queen Streets are home to striking Victorian buildings designed by the likes of Alfred Waterhouse and Watson Fothergill.
South of the centre[link]
To the south, is Broadmarsh Shopping Centre. The Canal-side further south of this is adjacent to Nottingham railway station and home to numerous redeveloped 19th Century industrial buildings reused, as bars and restaurants.
East of the centre[link]
The eastern third of the city centre contains the Victoria Shopping Centre, built in the 1970s on the site of the demolished Victoria Railway Station. All that remains of the old station is the clock tower and the station hotel, now the Nottingham Hilton Hotel. The 250 feet-high Victoria Centre flats stand above the shopping centre and are the tallest buildings in the city. The eastern third contains Hockley Village. Hockley is where many of Nottingham's unique, independent shops are to be found. It is also home to two alternative cinemas. The Screen Room in Hockley claims to be the smallest cinema in the world with only 21 seats.
Lace Market[link]
The Lace Market area just south of Hockley has densely packed streets full of four to seven-story red brick warehouses, ornate iron railings and red phone boxes.
New College Nottingham occupies the Adams Building, built by Thomas Chambers Hine for Thomas Adams (1817–1873). Many buildings have been converted into apartments, bars and restaurants. St. Mary's Church, Nottingham on High Pavement is the largest medieval building still standing in Nottingham. The Georgian-built Shire Hall is home to the Galleries of Justice and was Nottingham's main court and prison building, for 200 years from 1780, although the site's use as a court stretches back as far as 1375.
Pubs[link]
Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem, partially built into the cave system beneath Nottingham Castle, is a contender for the title of "England's Oldest Pub" due to its supposed establishment in 1189. The Bell Inn on the Old Market Square, and Ye Olde Salutation Inn on Maid Marian Way, have both disputed this claim. An episode of the Channel 4 TV documentary series History Hunters tested attributes of the three claimants and found that, while each has its own evidence, none can claim exclusivity. The Trip, whilst the oldest building, was for most of its early life a brewery and not a public house. The "Salutation" sits on the oldest recognised public house site, but the current building is comparatively recent. "The Bell Inn", although not in such an antiquated location, boasts the oldest public house building. There is also conflicting information available: dendrochronology from roof timbers in the "Salutation" give a date for the building of c. 1420 with similar dates for the "Bell". Ultimately, the roots of the multiple claims can be traced to various subtleties of definition in terms such as public house and inn.
Education[link]
Secondary education[link]
Nottingham's state schools consistently rank poorly in national league tables. Despite a lot of investment, the closure of numerous schools and the opening of new city academies, Nottingham City LEA remains near the bottom of the league tables at both primary school and secondary school levels. However, there are some exceptions with Secondary schools such as Rushcliffe School and George Spencer Academy attaining a 100% GCSE pass rate in 2010-2011, with the latter receiving an "Outstanding" Ofsted Report in 2010. At primary level, Nottingham was ranked fourth from bottom in the country, at 147th out of 150 local authorities rated in 2006,[29] whilst at secondary level, Nottingham came eighth from bottom nationally in terms of GCSE results attained.[30]
Nottingham also has a number of independent schools, with Nottingham High School, which was founded in 1513, being the city's oldest educational establishment by far. Nottingham High School came eighth nationally for A-Levels in 2008 according to the Sunday Times.
Further education[link]
Four further education colleges are located in Nottingham. Castle College is the largest and was formed from the merger of Broxtowe College and The People's College, Nottingham. New College Nottingham is the result of the merger of four smaller further education colleges, whilst Bilborough College is solely a Sixth Form college. South Nottingham College also has a campus in the city centre.
Higher education[link]
Nottingham is home to two universities: the University of Nottingham (formerly University College Nottingham), and Nottingham Trent University, (formerly Trent Polytechnic), centred on Burton Street in the City. Together they are attended by over 40,000 full-time students. The University of Nottingham's teaching hospital, University of Nottingham Medical School, is part of the largest hospital in the UK, the Queen's Medical Centre (or QMC). There is also a large college, Victoria College Nottingham, primarily teaching foreign students, and the city is home to the headquarters of the National College for School Leadership.
Economy[link]
Nottingham is home to the headquarters of many well-known companies. One of the best known is Boots the Chemists (now Alliance Boots), founded in the city by John Boot in 1849 and substantially expanded by his son Jesse Boot, 1st Baron Trent and grandson John Boot, 2nd Baron Trent into a retail company known throughout the world. Other large current employers include the credit reference agency Experian, the energy company E.ON UK, the tobacco company John Player & Sons, betting company Gala Group, amusement and gambling machine manufacturer Bell-Fruit-Games, engineering company Siemens, sportswear manufacturers Speedo, high street opticians Vision Express, games and publishing company Games Workshop (creator of the popular Warhammer series), PC software developer Serif Europe (publisher of PagePlus and other titles), Web hosting provider Heart Internet, the American credit card company Capital One, whose European offices are situated by the side of Nottingham railway station. Nottingham is also the home of HM Revenue and Customs, the Driving Standards Agency, and Nottingham Building Society, set up in 1849.
Although Boots itself is no longer a research-based pharmaceutical company, a combination of former Boots researchers and university spin-off companies have spawned a thriving pharmaceutical/science/biotechnology sector. BioCity, the UK's biggest bioscience innovation and incubation centre, sits in the heart of the city and houses around seventy science-based companies. Other notable companies in the sector include Perceptive Informatics (ClinPhone plc before being bought by Parexel) and Pharmaceutical Profiles. The city was made one of the UK's six Science Cities[31] in 2005 by the then Chancellor Gordon Brown.
Until recently bicycle manufacturing was a major industry, the city being the birthplace of Raleigh Cycles in 1886 and later joined by Sturmey-Archer, the creator of 3-speed hub gears. However, Raleigh's factory on Triumph Road, famous as the location for the filming of Saturday Night and Sunday Morning, was demolished in Summer 2003 to make way for the University of Nottingham's expansion of Jubilee Campus. However the bicycles are still designed and assembled close to Nottingham in Eastwood, and still bare the city's name on its logo.
Nottingham is also birthplace of, and joint headquarters of Paul Smith, the high fashion house.
Creative Industries are a target growth sector for the city[32] with graphic design, interiors and textile design being a particular focus. There is already a thriving design and new media industry in the city.
Nottingham City Council announced that other target sectors include Financial and Business Services, Science and Technology, Public Sector and Retail and Leisure as part of their economic development strategy for the city.[citation needed][33] The global Business SMS company Esendex was founded in the Lace Market district and now operates in 6 markets across the world. Ceramics manufacturer Mason Cash was founded and continues to have operations in Nottingham.
The schools and aerial photographers, H Tempest Ltd were Nottingham-based for many years, until relocating to St. Ives (Cornwall) around 1960. A skeleton office remained for many years in the original building next to Mundella School.
Many of the UK's railway ticket machines and platform departure boards run software written by Atos Origin in their offices in Nottingham. Other major industries in the city include engineering, textiles, knitwear and electronics. An increasing number of software developers are located in Nottingham: Reuters, Crytek UK and Monumental Games are based in the city centre, and Serif Europe are based between Wilford and Ruddington, south west of the Trent and east of Clifton.
Nottingham is progressively changing from an industrial city to one based largely in the service sector. Tourism — particularly from the United States and the Far East — is becoming an increasingly significant part of the local economy.[citation needed]
In 2004 Nottingham had a GDP per capita of £24,238 (US$48,287, €35,529), which was the highest of any English city after London, and the fourth highest of any city of the UK, after London, Edinburgh and Belfast.[34]
| Year | Regional Gross Value Added (£m) |
Agriculture (£m) |
Industry (£m) |
Services (£m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 4,149 | 2 | 1,292 | 2,855 |
| 2000 | 5,048 | 1 | 912 | 4,135 |
| 2003 | 5,796 | – | 967 | 4,828 |
| source: Office for National Statistics | ||||
Shopping[link]
In 2010, Nottingham was positioned sixth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK, behind the West End of London, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool.[35]
There are two main shopping centres in Nottingham: Victoria Centre and Westfield Broadmarsh. The Victoria Centre was established on the site of the former Nottingham Victoria railway station, and was the first to be built in the City, with parking for up to 2,400 cars on several levels and two levels of shopping with bus station. Victoria Centre is also topped by 26 floors of flats, the tallest building in Nottingham. Work on redeveloping Westfield Broadmarsh at a cost of £400 million (creating 400 stores, 136,000 m2 of shopping space) was due to start in 2008. However, the downturn in the economy meant that redevelopment was delayed throughout from 2008 to 2010. Finally in 2010, Westfield announced that it would not be redeveloped but would benefit from a $40 million refurbishment instead[citation needed]. Months after this announcement, the Victoria Centre also announced plans for expansion, to compete with new centres in Derby and Leicester[citation needed]. In 2011, in light of the Victoria Centre's redevelopment plans, Westfield announced that it was once again planning a £500 million development which is planned to start in 2012. Smaller shopping centres are The Exchange Arcade, the Flying Horse Walk and new developments in Trinity Square and The Pod. The new developments will increase the shopping sales area in the city centre by 28% to 4,300,000 square feet (400,000 m2). The Bridlesmith Gate area has numerous designer shops, and is the home of the original Paul Smith boutique. There are also various side streets and alleys that hide some interesting and often overlooked buildings and shops – streets such as Poultry Walk, West End Arcade and Hurts Yard. These are home to many specialist shops, as is Derby Road, near the Cathedral and once the antiques area but now home to some the city's most interesting independent shops.
Nottingham has a number of department stores including the House of Fraser, John Lewis, and Debenhams. Hockley Village caters to alternative tastes with shops like 'Ice Nine', 'Void' and 'Fuzz Guitar Boutique', famous across the city.
Culture[link]
Theatres[link]
Nottingham has two large-capacity theatres, the Nottingham Playhouse and the Theatre Royal (which, together with the neighbouring Nottingham Royal Concert Hall forms the Royal Centre) and a smaller theatre space at the University of Nottingham's Lakeside Arts Centre. The city is also host to smaller theatre venues, such as the Nottingham Arts Theatre and the Lace Market Theatre. Also, within the University of Nottingham Campus grounds, the New Theatre, the only entirely student-run theatre in England.
Galleries and museums[link]
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There are also several art galleries which often receive national attention, particularly the Nottingham Castle Museum, the University of Nottingham's Djanogly Gallery and Wollaton Park's Yard Gallery. Both of the city's universities also put on a wide range of theatre, music and art events open to the public throughout the year.
- Brewhouse Yard Museum, the museum of Nottingham Life based within five 17th Century cottages at the base of the rock of Nottingham Castle. Once a refuge for persecuted members of dissenting religious groups, today, the museum investigates over 300 years of local history.
- The Galleries of Justice – Museum of Law Trust based at the Shire Hall in the Lace Market
- Green's Windmill and Science Centre – A unique working windmill in the heart of the city that was home to the 19th Century mathematical physicist and miller, George Green.
- New Art Exchange – an award-winning contemporary art gallery based in Hyson Green. Focus on African, African Caribbean and South Asian art.
- Nottingham Castle Museum and Art Gallery – home to the city’s Decorative Art and Fine Art collections, along with the Story of Nottingham galleries, and the Sherwood Foresters Regimental Museum.
- Nottingham Contemporary – Nottingham's newest art centre.
- Nottingham Industrial Museum
- Nottingham Natural History Museum – based at Wollaton Hall, an Elizabethan mansion in the heart of Nottingham.
- Nottingham Transport Heritage Centre in Ruddington is a museum of local transport. It has an eight mile (13 km) long railway where Heritage steam trains and Diesel locomotives are used on passenger runs, a classic Road Transport collection with many Nottingham associated vehicles, a miniature and model railway.
- Nottingham's Independent Arts Centre
- Lakeside is the University of Nottingham's unique public arts and craft centre.
Cinemas[link]
The city has many multiplex cinemas, the largest being the Cineworld complex sited within The Corner House and Showcase Cinema operated by National Amusements, as well an Arthouse cinema in Hockley. Independent cinemas include the Broadway Cinema,[36] one of the major independent cinemas in the UK, Savoy Cinema,[37] a four-screen Art Deco cinema. Broadway was redeveloped and expanded in 2006. Quentin Tarantino held the British premiere of Pulp Fiction there in 1994.
Music[link]
There is a classical music scene, with long-established groups such as the city's Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonic Orchestra, Nottingham Harmonic Society, Bach Choir, Early Music Group Musica Donum Dei and the Symphonic Wind Orchestra giving regular performances in the city.
Nottingham is also well known for Rock City, a concert venue, along with its sister venues – Rescue Rooms, The Bodega Social Club and Stealth. The city is home to a few independent record labels actively contributing for the alternative rock, pop and garage music scene, such as Hello Thor, Dead by Mono Records. The Sumac Centre based in Forest Fields has for many years supported local upcoming musicians, artists and film makers, and a variety of campaign groups. There are also a large number of live music venues promoting rock and metal music throughout the city, including The Central, The Old Angel, The Maze and Ye Olde Salutation Inn.
Although it has generally had a rather sparse output in terms of pop and rock music, in recent years local bands have been touted in the media both within the city and across the country. Dog Is Dead, an indie quintet have been signed to Atlantic Records. Other prominent artists include Jake Bugg, Frontiers, Great British Weather and Hhymn.
Wollaton Park in Nottingham hosts an annual family-friendly music event called Splendour. In 2009 it was held on Sunday 19 July and was headlined by Madness and The Pogues. Splendour returned on 24 July 2010, headlined by The Pet Shop Boys and featuring Calvin Harris, Noisettes, Athlete and OK Go among others.[38] It returned again in 2011, featuring headline acts Scissor Sisters, Blondie, Eliza Doolittle and Feeder, alongside many others.
Nottingham is renowned as one of the biggest cities supporting the Dubstep movement of dance music. Nottingham has several weekly and monthly Dubstep and Drum and Bass nights.[citation needed] It also has a strong 'DIY' music scene, with a large number of independent promoters using a variety of venues, pubs/bars, warehouse spaces and gallerys to host gigs throughout the city.
Nottingham is also one of the most well known cities outside of London for Grime music, along with Birmingham and Manchester. There are countless MC's from Nottingham, some of whom have garnered national attention, like Wariko and Fangol, who have both appeared on London radio shows. There are also a few notable grime producers, most recently the likes of the Beat Geeks. This thriving scene could be seen as a result of Nottingham's close cultural affiliation with London, and its diverse ethnic background.
Nottingham's City Ground also played host to rock band R.E.M. in 2005, the first time a concert had been staged at the football stadium.[39]
Arts and Crafts[link]
The Hockley Arts Market, is a new arts market that runs alongside Sneinton Market on the fourth Saturday of every month. Started by a collective of Textile graduates from Nottingham Trent University, the market acts as a platform for independent artists to showcase and sell their wares. Nottingham artists are represented by The Nottingham Society of Artists, formed in 1880, to bring together artists and art lovers. They have regular exhibitions at their headquarters in St. Lukes House
Food[link]
In the 1980s, Nottingham was barely mentioned in the Good Food Guide; but now there are several restaurant entries and a range of cuisine reflecting the ethnic diversity of the city. The Nottingham Restaurant Awards play a leading role in promoting the industry.[citation needed]
There are several hundred restaurants in Nottingham, with several AA rosette winning restaurants[40] and one two Michelin starred restaurant, Sat Bains.
The Old Market Square is host to the Nottingham Food and Drink Festival.
Tourism[link]
Nottingham receives around 300,000 overseas visitors each year.[41] Many visitors are attracted by Nottingham's nightlife and shops, by its history, and by the legend of Robin Hood, visiting Sherwood Forest and Nottingham Castle. Popular history-based tourist attractions in central Nottingham include the Castle, City of Caves, Lace Market, The Galleries of Justice, and the City's ancient pubs.
Parks and gardens include Wollaton Park (over 500 acres) near the University Highfields Park on the University of Nottingham campus, Colwick Park, which includes the racecourse, and the Nottingham Arboretum, Forest Recreation Ground and Victoria Park which are in or close to the city centre. Sherwood Forest, Rufford Country Park, Creswell Crags and Clumber Park are further away from the city itself. A new park is being developed in the city at the Eastside City development.[citation needed]
The Nottingham Robin Hood Society was originally formed by Robin Hood historian Jim Lees[42] and two Nottingham teachers Steve and Ewa Theresa West in 1972. Steve and Ewa Theresa played the part of Maid Marion and Robin Hood and attracted a ' band' of like minded followers who ' costumed up ' nearly every weekend for a function. The then society acted in street theatre, appeared at charity events and functions and for several years ' held up ' the appointed Sheriff of Nottingham at the opening of the annual Nottingham Festival. The society also made a film for Japanese Television and joined in picnics and midnight vigils around in Major Oak to promote tourism. Although a Nottingham Robin Hood Society remains, the original society members disbanded after the death of Jim Lees.
There are two main Robin Hood events throughout the Nottingham area, including the Robin Hood Pageant during October, and the Robin Hood Festival during the summer. The pageant is held at the Castle, whilst the festival is held in nearby Sherwood Forest.
In 2009 the Sheriff of Nottingham, Councillor Leon Unczur set up a Commission to look at the possibility of setting up a World Class Robin Hood Attraction. The Commission was due to report in May 2010.
In February 2008, a Ferris wheel was put up in the Old Market Square and was a major attraction of Nottingham City Council's 'Light Night' on February 8. The wheel returned to Nottingham in February 2009 to mark another night of lights, activities, illuminations and entertainment. Initially marketed as the Nottingham Eye, it was later redubbed as the Nottingham Wheel, to avoid any association with the London Eye.[43] It was seen again in 2010, and is now a much welcomed annual event happening in Nottingham.
In 2010, Nottingham has seen a rise in recommendations from publications around the world, including a positive write up in the New York Times[44] as well as being touted as one of the Top 10 Cities to Visit in 2010, alongside Delhi, Nara, Tel Aviv and Reykjavik, by DK Travel.[45]
Entertainment[link]
The 2,500-capacity Nottingham Royal Concert Hall and 10,000-capacity Nottingham Arena attract the biggest names in popular music. For less mainstream acts and a more intimate atmosphere, Nottingham has a selection of smaller venues, including Ye Olde Salutation Inn, Seven (formerly Junktion 7) and The Old Angel. Nottingham is host to the award-winning dedicated rock music venue Rock City and its smaller sister venues, The Rescue Rooms, The Bodega, Social Club and Stealth. These venues, with their close proximity, make Nottingham one of the centres of live popular music in the UK.
The large number of students within the city bolsters its night-time entertainment scene. There are several well established areas of the city centre focused on evening entertainment, such as Lace Market, Hockley, The Waterfront and The Corner House.
People[link]
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People from Nottingham are know as Nottinghamians, and the people have a proud identity, often focused on the legend of Robin Hood. Many residents speak using a unique East Midlands dialect. The friendly term of greeting 'Ayup me Duck' is a famously humorous constitute of the local dialect.
The cultural diversity of Nottingham's population has led to a mixture of cultures from all across the world contributing to the city's cosmopolitan feel. In the 1960's and 1970's Nottingham's Asian and Caribbean population grew through immigration, which has left it's mark in the culture of the city including food, dance and celebrations, such as the Nottingham Carnival. The recent ties between Nottingham University and China have also led to a growth in the Chinese population, and as a result the cultural impact of this community on the city.
Miscellaneous[link]
The annual Nottingham Goose Fair is held during the first week of October and is one of the largest and oldest travelling fairs in Europe, having only been cancelled for The Plague and both world wars since 1284. The fair has been held on the Forest Recreation Ground since 1928, having previously been held in the Old Market Square.
Nottingham won the Britain in Bloom competition, in the Large City category, in 1997, 2001, 2003 and 2007. It also won the Entente Florale Gold Award in 1998.
Nottingham has one of the oldest city farms in the UK, Stonebridge city farm, dating back to 1978.
Nottingham is home to the GameCity annual videogame festival, which attracts leading industry speakers from around the world.
Sport[link]
Main article: Sport in Nottingham
Football[link]
Nottingham is home to two high profile football clubs.
Nottingham Forest, who current play in the Football League Championship, were English league champions in 1978 and won the European Cup twice over the next two seasons under the management of Brian Clough, who was the club's manager from January 1975 to May 1993 and also led them to four Football League Cup triumphs in that time. They have played at the City Ground, on the south bank of the River Trent, since 1898. Numerous high profile English and non-English international footballers have turned out for Forest over the years. Nottingham Forest joined the Football League in 1892, four years after its inception, and 100 years they were among the FA Premier League's founder members in 1992 - though they have not played top division football since May 1999.
Notts County, are the oldest of all the clubs in the world that are now professional, having been formed in 1862.[46] They were also among the Football League's founder members in 1888. For most of their history they have played their home games at Meadow Lane, which currently holds some 20,000 spectators all-seated. They currently play in Football League One - the third tier of English league football - and most recently played top division football in May 1992.
The two grounds are notable for being the closest in English league football.
The City Ground played host to group stage games in the 1996 European Football Championships.
Cricket[link]
Nottingham is also home to the 2010 Cricket County Champions Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club, who play at Trent Bridge (a major international cricket venue with a capacity of 17,000) and a regular host of Test Cricket each summer. In 2009 the city was chosen as one of the three host cities for the ICC T20 tournament.
National Watersports Centre[link]
The National Water Sports Centre is based at Holme Pierrepont, with a 2000 metre regatta lake for rowing, canoeing and sailing, and a white water slalom canoe course fed from the river.
Rugby League[link]
Nottingham Outlaws are an amateur rugby league club who play in the Rugby League Conference National Division. They play their home games at Harvey Hadden Stadium, which has a capacity of 1600.
Rugby Union[link]
Nottingham is also home to Championship Nottingham RFC who play their home games at League One Notts County's Meadow Lane stadium
Ice hockey[link]
The city is home to one of the biggest ice hockey teams in Britain, the Nottingham Panthers. The team compete in the 10 team professional Elite Ice Hockey League, and share an intense rivalry with the Sheffield Steelers.
The city is also home to the Nottingham Mavericks, a University team of players from the city's two universities.
Ice skating[link]
The city was the birthplace and training location for ice dancers Torvill and Dean, who won Gold at the 1984 Sarajevo Olympics and are co-hosts of the ITV series Dancing on Ice. The citys National Ice Centre, opened by Torvill and Dean, is a national centre for ice sports and the Great Britain Olympic Speed Skating team train in Nottingham.
Other sports[link]
Notable sporting events that take place in the city include the annual tennis AEGON Trophy which is staged at the City of Nottingham Tennis Centre, the Robin Hood Marathon, the Great Nottinghamshire Bike Ride [47] and the Outlaw Triathlon. [48] Nottingham also has three Roller derby teams: Nottingham Roller Girls [49] and Hellfire Harlots [50] (women's teams) and Super Smash Brollers (men's team).
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Nottingham
Nottingham is served by East Midlands Airport at Castle Donington which is within 20 miles of Nottingham and is the 10th busiest airport in the UK in terms of passenger traffic. It is connected to the city by the Skylink bus service. Nottingham is also well connected by both road and rail. The M1 motorway is close by and rail services to other major cities which are all operated by East Midlands Trains with the exception of the Nottingham to Cardiff service run by CrossCountry and the Nottingham to Leeds service run by Northern Rail. The Robin Hood Line links the city with Mansfield and other towns in the north of the county.
The opening of Nottingham Express Transit in 2004 made Nottingham one of only six English cities to have a light rail system. The trams run from the city centre to Hucknall in the north, with an additional spur to the Phoenix Park Park and Ride close to Junction 26 of the M1. Two new lines are in the planning process to the southern suburbs of Wilford and Clifton and the western suburbs of Beeston and Chilwell.
The vast majority of Nottingham’s local bus services are operated by Nottingham City Transport which runs a colour-coded network of 68 routes and is the city’s fifth largest private employer. Trent Barton is the other major bus operator, running services from Nottingham to locations throughout the East Midlands. Both companies are frequent winners at the National Bus Operator of the Year awards.
Nottingham’s waterways have been extensively used for transport in the past, with the River Trent, up until the mid 20th century, providing important industry transport links, along with both the Nottingham and Beeston Canals. These are now primarily used for leisure.
In September 2010 research by the Campaign for Better Transport rated Nottingham as the least car dependent city in England with London and Brighton & Hove in second and third place respectively.[51]
In November 2010, Nottingham City Council won Transport Authority of the Year by the UK Bus Awards, for services for providing safer and sustainable public transport.[52][53]
Crime[link]
Nottingham is served by Nottinghamshire Police and has a Crown Court and Magistrates' Court.
Between 2000 and 2003 the press and other media claimed that Nottingham was the 'gun-crime capital of the UK', and was dubbed "Shottingham" in some areas.[54][55] In 2005, it had one of the highest crime rates in the country, with 115.5 crimes per 1000 people.[56] By 2007 the BBC reported that the number of shootings in the city had fallen from 51 (in 2003) to 13 (in 2006).[57] However, in January 2008 it was reported that gun crime in the city had risen for a second consecutive year, with a 50% increase in gun crime during 2007.[58] The incidence rate of many crimes in Nottingham is several times higher than the English average.[59] A crime survey by Reform stated that Nottingham topped the crime rankings for police statistics on murders, burglaries, and vehicle crime, and "had almost five times the level of crime as the safest town in the rankings". The survey was condemned as inaccurate by Nottingham City Council and Nottinghamshire Police[60] due largely to the use of out of date (2001) population figures. The University of Nottingham argued that the way in which statistics such as these are calculated is severely flawed; if the population of the entire conurbation were taken into account instead of just the centre of the city then a more accurate picture would be revealed.[61] A revised survey based on 2004 population estimates, however, appeared to back up the original rankings.[62] In 2007 TV programme Location, Location, Location named Nottingham as the 4th worst city to live in, stating the city has "loads of good aspects but crime lets it down".[63] The programme also ranked the neighbouring Nottinghamshire borough of Rushcliffe, which contains suburbs of greater Nottingham, among the best 20 places to live in the UK.[63]
While the crime figures in the city are high, initiatives introduced to tackle the levels of crime appear to be having an effect, with a 2006 Home Office survey showing that the overall level of crime in the city was down by 12% since 2003.[64] Initiatives include the Community and Neighbourhood Protection Service developed by Nottingham City Council, Nottinghamshire Police and Nottingham City Homes to take an uncompromising stance towards anti-social behaviour.[65] It comprises Community Protection Officers (CPOs), Police Officers, Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) and Anti-Social Behaviour Officers who work with internal and external agencies to reduce anti-social behaviour and the fear of crime.
Community Protection Officers (also known as City Wardens) in their high-visibility stab vests, are accredited by the Chief Constable of Nottinghamshire Police to issue Fixed Penalty Notices (FPNs) for littering and are employed to tackle other anti-social behaviour.
Like most industrialised cities and large towns, Nottingham attracted a significant influx of Commonwealth immigrants after the Second World War. These immigrants, from Ireland, Asia and the Caribbean, were greeted with hostility from a large percentage of the city's residents, and in the summer of 1958 Nottingham was the scene of some of Britain's very first race riots.[66]
More recently, racial tension in Nottingham has been a major factor in a number of serious crimes.[citation needed] In July 2005, shortly after the London terrorist attacks in which 52 people were killed by Muslim suicide bombers, 48-year-old Pakistan born Muslim man Kamal Raza Butt was beaten to death in the Meadows area of the city.[67] 17-year-old white British teenager Nathan Williams was accused of his murder in May 2006 but cleared on the charge after witnesses refused to testify in court. Nathan Williams was fatally shot in the chest in the Meadows area just four months later.[68]
Religion[link]
Nottingham has three notable historic Anglican parish churches all of which date back to mediæval times. St. Mary the Virgin, in the Lace Market, a member of the Greater Churches Group is the oldest foundation (dating from the eighth or ninth centuries) but the building is at least the third on the site dating from 1377 to 1485. St. Mary's is considered the mother church of the city and civic services are held here, including the welcome to the new Lord Mayor of Nottingham each year. St.Peter's in the heart of the city is the oldest building in continuous use in Nottingham, with traces of building starting in 1180. St. Nicholas' was rebuilt after destruction in the Civil War.
Non-conformism was strong from the 17th century onwards[citation needed] and a variety of chapels and meeting rooms proliferated throughout the town. Many of these grand buildings have been demolished, including Halifax Place Chapel, but some have been re-used, notably High Pavement Chapel which is now a public house. The offices of the Congregational Federation are in Nottingham. William Booth, the founder of the Salvation Army, was born in Nottingham in 1829.
The Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Barnabas on Derby Road was designed by the architect Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, it was consecrated in 1844 and is the cathedral church for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nottingham established in 1850 which covers Nottinghamshire (except Bassetlaw District), Leicestershire, Derbyshire (except Chesterfield and parts of the High Peak), Rutland and Lincolnshire (pre-1974 boundaries).
Today there are places of worship for all major religions, including Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Taoism and Judaism. The Nottingham Inter-faith Council works to make connections between faith groups and show the wider public the importance of spiritual aspects of life and the contribution faith groups make to the community.
Media[link]
Television[link]
The BBC has its East Midlands headquarters in Nottingham on London Road. BBC East Midlands Today is broadcast from the city every weeknight at 6:30. Central Television the ITV region for the East Midlands until recently broadcast regional news from the city, but has now been moved to Birmingham. This decision was controversial and although a petition was set up to try to stop it, the TV studios were shut down in early 2005. Central News still keep a news bureau outside of the city at Chilwell, however. The former studios were purchased by the University of Nottingham to accommodate their administrative departments.
Radio[link]
In addition to the national commercial and BBC radio stations the Nottingham area is served by four licenced commercial radio stations (though all broadcast to a wider area than the city), three community radio stations, one student station broadcasting on a Low powered AM Restricted Service Licence and a BBC local radio station.
BBC Radio Nottingham[link]
BBC Radio Nottingham is broadcast across the county from the BBC East Midlands studios on London Road, which were once home to BBC Radio Five Live's Simon Mayo, who was the rival to Trent's Dale Winton.
Gold[link]
Gold is a quasi national MW station playing classic hits across the UK. The station started life in the East Midlands as GEM AM on 4 October 1988 as a split service from Radio Trent and Leicester Sound and was initially broadcast to Nottingham, Derby, and Leicester – however broadcasts on MW ceased in Leicester in 1995. The station was rebranded Classic Gold GEM in the mid 1990s and by 2007 most local programming had already ceased, at which point it became part of the new national Gold service, with all local programming (except news and advertising) ending.
Gem 106[link]
Gem 106 (formerly Radio 106, Century FM and Heart 106) is a regional Adult Contemporary radio station which has broadcast to the whole East Midlands from its headquarters in the City Link business park (the same location as the BBC) since its launch in 1997.
Smooth[link]
Smooth Radio was launched (as Saga 106.6 fm) in 2004 as a new service for the East Midlands serving the over 50s from its base in Nottingham. In 2008 the station was relaunched as 106.6 Smooth Radio playing classic hits and modern easy listening music to an older audience. In October 2010 the station became part of the national Smooth Radio and all local programming ended – only local news and advertising remains.
Capital FM[link]
Capital FM (was Trent FM, originally Radio Trent) was Nottinghamshire's first commercial radio station and currently broadcasts across the East Midlands from its studios in Nottingham. Prior to 2008, the Trent FM building was a converted Victorian hospital which connects to the underground network of caves. Many famous presenters have been employed at Trent FM (formerly Radio Trent), including Dale Winton, Kid Jensen, John Peters and Penny Smith.
The station was rebranded and merged with neighbouring stations Leicester Sound and Ram FM on Monday 3 January 2011, airing regional breakfast and drivetime programming alongside networked output from London.
Student Radio[link]
Student Radio is broadcast in the city permanently by URN (University Radio Nottingham). URN has won many awards for quality and is broadcast on medium wave (AM) around the main campus (University Park) at 1350 kHz and from Sutton Bonnigton campus on 1602 kHz. It is also streamed over the Internet.[69] Nottingham Trent University also runs the equally successful FlyFM, based at the university's city campus, broadcasting online at www.flyfm.co.uk. New College Nottingham also broadcast an online radio station, NCN RADIO which has received wide notability for its shows.[says who?]
There are also three community radio stations serving the city; Faza FM on 97.1FM is aimed at Asian women and their families. Faza has been broadcasting since 2002; Dawn FM on 107.6FM used to share its broadcast hours with Faza, but in 2006 became a separate service in its own right – broadcasting news, current affairs and music of relevance to the Asian (specifically Islamic) community within the city; Kemet Radio on 97.5 broadcasts urban music while also serving the Afro-Caribbean community. Prior to its launch in 2007 such programming had only been available on pirate radio stations Unique 106.3 (later 107.3) and 107.9 Switch FM (later Freeze FM, networked with the London pirate of the same name), both of which appear to have ceased broadcasts as of late 2006.
Newspapers and magazines[link]
Nottingham's main local newspaper, the Nottingham Post, is owned by Northcliffe Media and is published daily from Monday to Saturday each week. There are also a number of other publications which focus on individual areas within the city, for instance the Hucknall and Bulwell Dispatch.
A local culture and listings magazine is available free from many sites around the city called LeftLion, whilst a complimentary, bi-monthly glossy magazine is also available from a number of outlets across the city called Life&Style Magazine. This consists of features typically focused on the area's interest in fashion, entertainment and politics.
Nottingham Trent University's Student Union produces the regular Platform Magazine, while Impact Magazine is a monthly magazine written for, and written by students at the University of Nottingham. It has won many national awards for student journalism, and is entirely run by, compiled, and edited by students at the University.
The quarterly Ceasefire Magazine is also based in Nottingham.
Alternative media[link]
Community news project Nottinghamshire Indymedia, which was set up in April 2005, works within a variety of groups to create community media and collaboration between communities throughout the county. At the centre of the project is an online news site, which is run on the principles of open publishing.
Online entertainment guide NG Magazine covers music, events and entertainment in the city, while This City exclusively covers local music.
Film[link]
Nottingham has been used as a location in many locally, nationally, and internationally produced films. Movies that have been filmed (partly or entirely) in Nottingham include:[70]
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Nottingham is home to Wellington Films, an independent production company most notable for their award-winning film London to Brighton.
Twin cities[link]
Nottingham is twinned with the following cities:[71]
- Ljubljana, Slovenia (1963)
- Minsk, Belarus (1966)
- Karlsruhe, Germany (1969)
- Harare, Zimbabwe (1981)
- Ghent, Belgium (1985)
- Ningbo, China (2005)
- Timişoara, Romania (2008)
Notable people[link]
Main article: List of people from Nottingham
See also: Category:People from Nottingham
List of Mayors and Lord Mayors[link]
Main article: Lord Mayor of Nottingham
The Sheriff of Nottingham[link]
Main article: Sheriff of Nottingham
Main article: Sheriff of Nottingham (position)
See also[link]
References[link]
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- ^ Bremner, Charles; Robertson, David (2009-11-25). "The Top 10 cities to visit in 2010". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article6930112.ece?token=null&offset=12&page=2. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
- ^ Notts County - A Pictorial History by Paul Wain, page 8, ISBN 0-9547830-3-4
- ^ "http://www.greatnottsbikeride.com"
- ^ "http://www.theoutlawtriathlon.com"
- ^ "nottinghamrollergirls.com"
- ^ "www.hellfire-harlots.co.uk/"
- ^ "Car Dependency Scorecard". Campaign for Better Transport. 20 September 2010. http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/campaigns/traffic_reduction/scorecard#not. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
- ^ "City Council is Bus Authority of the Year". Nottingham City Council. 17 November 2010. http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=12504. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ "Transport Authority of the Year 2010". ukbusawards.org.uk. November 2010. http://www.ukbusawards.org.uk/content/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=441&Itemid=194. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ Doward, Jamie (2007) "Brutal ganglord who fell victim to his own drugs", The Observer, 5 August 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
- ^ Alderson, Andrew & Copping, Jasper (2007) "Police joined dark side to regain Nottingham", Daily Telegraph, 5 August 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
- ^ Games, Alex (2007). Balderdash & piffle : one sandwich short of a dog's dinner. London?: BBC. ISBN 978-1-84607-235-2.
- ^ "Slight rise in shootings in city". BBC. 2007-03-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/6472687.stm. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
- ^ "City sees new rise in shootings". BBC. January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/7170441.stm. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
- ^ "Crime figures for 2005/2006". UpMyStreet. http://www.upmystreet.com/local/police-crime/l/Nottingham.html. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
- ^ "Rebuttal of reform's urban crimes ranking report". Nottingham City Council. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927222736/http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/sitemap/policing_and_public_safety/wt_rebuttal_of_reform_s_urban_crimes_ranking_report.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
- ^ "Nottingham Life – NOT Capital for Crime". The University of Nottingham. May 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-03-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20080317130307/http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nottingham-life/truecrime.php. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
- ^ Blair Gibbs & Andrew Haldenby (July 2006). "Urban crime rankings" (PDF). Reform. Archived from the original on 2008-03-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20080308195432/http://www.reform.co.uk/filestore/pdf/Urban+crime+rankings,+Reform,+July+2006.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
- ^ a b "Nottingham: 4th Worst Place To Live 2007". Channel 4. June 2010. http://www.channel4.com/4homes/on-tv/best-and-worst/nottingham-4th-worst-place-to-live-in-the-uk-08-06-05_p_1.html. [dead link]
- ^ "Some facts about crime in Nottinghamshire". Nottingham City Council. July 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-05-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20080503090412/http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/sitemap/policing_and_public_safety/wt_facts_crime_nottm.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
- ^ "Community and Neighbourhood Protection Service". Nottingham City Council. Archived from the original on 2008-03-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20080318230600/http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/sitemap/services/policing_and_public_safety/ns_neighbourhood_wardens.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
- ^ "Riots and lynchings, fascists and immigrants: what’s changed?". Searchlight Magazine. http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/index.php?link=template&story=35. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
- ^ "Forty-seven race murders in Britain since Macpherson". IRR. http://www.irr.org.uk/2005/august/ak000005.html. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
- ^ Askill, John (2006-09-28). "Shot lad, 17, 'was killer' | The Sun |News". The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article65022.ece. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
- ^ "Urn1350.net". Urn1350.net. http://www.urn1350.net/. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
- ^ "Most Popular Titles With Filming Locations Matching "Nottingham"". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/search/text?realm=title&field=locations&q=Nottingham. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ "Nottinghamcity.gov.uk". Nottinghamcity.gov.uk. 2010-04-28. http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=2636. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Robin Hood (disambiguation).
Robin Hood was a heroic outlaw in English folklore. A highly skilled archer and swordsman, he is known for "robbing from the rich and giving to the poor",[1] assisted by a group of fellow outlaws known as his "Merry Men".[2] Traditionally, Robin Hood and his men are depicted wearing Lincoln green clothes.[3] The origin of the legend is claimed by some to have stemmed from actual outlaws, or from ballads or tales of outlaws.[4]
Robin Hood became a popular folk figure in the medieval period continuing through to modern literature, films and television. In the earliest sources, Robin Hood is a yeoman, but he was often later portrayed as an aristocrat wrongfully dispossessed of his lands and made into an outlaw by an unscrupulous sheriff.[5]
Contents |
History[link]
In popular culture, Robin Hood and his band of "merry men" are usually portrayed as living in Sherwood Forest, in Nottinghamshire, where much of the action in the early ballads takes place.[6] So does the very first recorded Robin Hood rhyme, four lines from the early 15th century, beginning: "Robyn hode in scherewode stod."[7] However, the overall picture from the surviving early ballads and other early references[7] suggest that Robin Hood may have been based in the Barnsdale area of what is now South Yorkshire (which borders Nottinghamshire).
Other traditions point to a variety of locations as Robin's "true" home both inside Yorkshire and elsewhere, with the abundance of places named for Robin causing further confusion.[8][9] A tradition dating back at least to the end of the 16th century gives his birthplace as Loxley, Sheffield in South Yorkshire, while the site of Robin Hood's Well in Skellow, South Yorkshire, has been associated with Robin Hood since at least 1422. Records show a man named Robin Hood lived in Wakefield, Yorkshire, in the 13th and 14th centuries.[10] His grave has been claimed to be at Kirklees Priory near Mirfield in West Yorkshire, as implied by the 18th-century version of Robin Hood's Death, and there is a headstone there of dubious authenticity.[11]
The first clear reference to "rhymes of Robin Hood" is from the late 14th-century poem Piers Plowman, but the earliest surviving copies of the narrative ballads that tell his story date to the 15th century, or the first decade of the 16th century. In these early accounts, Robin Hood's partisanship of the lower classes, his Marianism and associated special regard for women, his outstanding skill as an archer, his anti-clericalism, and his particular animosity towards the Sheriff of Nottingham are already clear.[12] Little John, Much the Miller's Son and Will Scarlet (as Will "Scarlok" or "Scathelocke") all appear, although not yet Maid Marian or Friar Tuck. It is not certain what should be made of these latter two absences as it is known that Friar Tuck, for one, has been part of the legend since at least the later 15th century.[13]
In popular culture, Robin Hood is typically seen as a contemporary and supporter of the late 12th-century king Richard the Lionheart, Robin being driven to outlawry during the misrule of Richard's brother John while Richard was away at the Third Crusade. This view first gained currency in the 16th century.[14] It is not supported by the earliest ballads. The early compilation, A Gest of Robyn Hode, names the king as "Edward", and while it does show Robin Hood as accepting the King's pardon he later repudiates it and returns to the greenwood.
The oldest surviving ballad, Robin Hood and the Monk, gives even less support to the picture of Robin Hood as a partisan of the true king. The setting of the early ballads is usually attributed by scholars to either the 13th century or the 14th, although it is recognised they are not necessarily historically consistent.[15]
The early ballads are also quite clear on Robin Hood's social status: he is a yeoman. While the precise meaning of this term changed over time, including free retainers of an aristocrat and small landholders, it always referred to commoners. The essence of it in the present context was "neither a knight nor a peasant or 'husbonde' but something in between".[16] We know that artisans (such as millers) were among those regarded as "yeomen" in the 14th century.[17] From the 16th century on, there were attempts to elevate Robin Hood to the nobility and in two extremely influential plays Anthony Munday presented him at the very end of the 16th century as the Earl of Huntingdon, as he is still commonly presented in modern times.[18]
As well as ballads, the legend was also transmitted by "Robin Hood games" or plays that were an important part of the late medieval and early modern May Day festivities. The first record of a Robin Hood game was in 1426 in Exeter, but the reference does not indicate how old or widespread this custom was at the time. The Robin Hood games are known to have flourished in the later 15th and 16th centuries.[19] It is commonly stated as fact that Maid Marian and a jolly friar (at least partly identifiable with Friar Tuck) entered the legend through the May Games.[20]
The early ballads link Robin Hood to identifiable real places and many are convinced that he was a real person, more or less accurately portrayed. A number of theories as to the identity of "the real Robin Hood" have their supporters. Some of these theories posit that "Robin Hood" or "Robert Hood" or the like was his actual name; others suggest that this may have been merely a nickname disguising a medieval bandit perhaps known to history under another name.[21] One historian claims Robin Hood was a pseudonym by which the ancient Lords of Wellow, Nottinghamshire, were once known.[22] It is interesting that the village has such a strong connection with maypole celebrations, considering Robin Hood's links with the same thing.
At the same time it is possible that Robin Hood has always been a fictional character; the folklorist Francis James Child declared "Robin Hood is absolutely a creation of the ballad-muse" and this view has been neither proven or disproven.[23] Another view is that Robin Hood's origins must be sought in folklore or mythology;[24] Despite the frequent Christian references in the early ballads, Robin Hood has been claimed for the pagan witch-cult supposed by Margaret Murray to have existed in medieval Europe.[25]
Early references[link]
The oldest references to Robin Hood are not historical records, or even ballads recounting his exploits, but hints and allusions found in various works. From 1228 onwards, the names 'Robinhood', 'Robehod' or 'Robbehod' occur in the rolls of several English Justices. The majority of these references date from the late 13th century. Between 1261 and 1300, there are at least eight references to 'Rabunhod' in various regions across England, from Berkshire in the south to York in the north.[26]
In a petition presented to Parliament in 1439, the name is used to describe an itinerant felon. The petition cites one Piers Venables of Aston, Derbyshire, "who having no liflode, ne sufficeante of goodes, gadered and assembled unto him many misdoers, beynge of his clothynge, and, in manere of insurrection, wente into the wodes in that countrie, like as it hadde be Robyn Hude and his meyne."[27] The name was still used to describe sedition and treachery in 1605, when Guy Fawkes and his associates were branded "Robin Hoods" by Robert Cecil.
The first allusion to a literary tradition of Robin Hood tales occurs in William Langland's Piers Plowman (c. 1362–c. 1386) in which Sloth, the lazy priest, confesses: "I kan [know] not parfitly [perfectly] my Paternoster as the preest it singeth,/ But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood and Randolf Erl of Chestre."[28]
The first mention of a quasi-historical Robin Hood is given in Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Chronicle, written in about 1420. The following lines occur with little contextualisation under the year 1283:
- Lytil Jhon and Robyne Hude
- Wayth-men ware commendyd gude
- In Yngil-wode and Barnysdale
- Thai oysyd all this tyme thare trawale.
The next notice is a statement in the Scotichronicon, composed by John of Fordun between 1377 and 1384, and revised by Walter Bower in about 1440. Among Bower's many interpolations is a passage that directly refers to Robin. It is inserted after Fordun's account of the defeat of Simon de Montfort and the punishment of his adherents. Robin is represented as a fighter for de Montfort's cause.[29] This was in fact true of the historical outlaw of Sherwood Forest Roger Godberd, whose points of similarity to the Robin Hood of the ballads have often been noted.[30][31]
Bower writes:
- Then [c. 1266] arose the famous murderer, Robert Hood, as well as Little John, together with their accomplices from among the disinherited, whom the foolish populace are so inordinately fond of celebrating both in tragedies and comedies, and about whom they are delighted to hear the jesters and minstrels sing above all other ballads.
The word translated here as "murderer" is the Latin siccarius, from the Latin for "knife". Bower goes on to tell a story about Robin Hood in which he refuses to flee from his enemies while hearing Mass in the greenwood, and then gains a surprise victory over them, apparently as a reward for his piety.[32]
Another reference, discovered by Julian Luxford in 2009, appears in the margin of the "Polychronicon" in the Eton College library. Written around the year 1460 by a monk in Latin, it says:
- Around this time, according to popular opinion, a certain outlaw named Robin Hood, with his accomplices, infested Sherwood and other law-abiding areas of England with continuous robberies.[33]
William Shakespeare makes reference to Robin Hood in his late 16th-century play The Two Gentlemen of Verona, one of his earliest. In it, the character Valentine is banished from Milan and driven out through the forest where he is approached by outlaws who, upon meeting him, desire him as their leader. They comment, "By the bare scalp of Robin Hood's fat friar, This fellow were a king for our wild faction!"[34] Robin Hood is also mentioned in As You Like It. When asked about the exiled Duke Senior, the character of Charles says that he is "already in the forest of Arden, and a many merry men with him; and there they live like the old Robin Hood of England."
References to Robin as Earl of Huntington[link]
Another reference is provided by Thomas Gale, Dean of York (c. 1635–1702),[35] but this comes nearly four hundred years after the events it describes:
- [Robin Hood's] death is stated by Ritson to have taken place on the 18th of November, 1247, about the 87th year of his age; but according to the following inscription found among the papers of the Dean of York...the death occurred a month later. In this inscription, which bears evidence of high antiquity, Robin Hood is described as Earl of Huntington - his claim to which title has been as hotly contested as any disputed peerage upon record.
-
- Hear undernead dis laitl stean
- Lais Robert Earl of Huntingun
- Near arcir der as hie sa geud
- An pipl kauld im Robin Heud
- Sic utlaws as hi an is men
- Vil England nivr si agen.
- Obiit 24 Kal Dekembris 1247
This inscription also appears on a grave in the grounds of Kirklees Priory near Kirklees Hall (see below).
Robert is largely fictional by this time. The Gale note is inaccurate. The medieval texts do not refer to him directly, but mediate their allusions through a body of accounts and reports: for Langland, Robin exists principally in "rimes", for Bower, "comedies and tragedies", while for Wyntoun he is "commendyd gude". Even in a legal context, where one would expect to find verifiable references to Robert, he is primarily a symbol, a generalised outlaw-figure rather than an individual. Consequently, in the medieval period itself, Robin Hood already belongs more to literature than to history. In fact, in an anonymous song called Woman of c. 1412, he is treated in precisely this manner - as a joke, a figure that the audience will instantly recognise as imaginary:
- He that made this songe full good,
- Came of the northe and the sothern blode,
- And somewhat kyne to Robert Hoad.[36][37]
Sources[link]
There is at present little scholarly support for the view that tales of Robin Hood have stemmed from mythology or folklore, from fairies or other mythological origins, any such associations being regarded as later development.[38] The mythological theory does go back to at least to 1584, when Reginald Scot identified Robin Hood with the Germanic goblin "Hudgin" or Hodekin and associated him with Robin Goodfellow.[39] Maurice Keen[40] provides a brief summary and useful critique of the once-popular view that Robin Hood had mythological origins, while (unlike some)[41] refraining from utterly and finally dismissing it.[42] While Robin Hood and his men often show great skill in archery, swordplay and disguise, they are no more exaggerated than those characters in other ballads, such as Kinmont Willie, which were based on historical events.[43]
Robin Hood's role in the traditional May Day games could suggest pagan connections, but that role has not been traced earlier than the early 15th century. However, it is uncontroversial that a Robin and Marion figured in 13th-century French "pastourelles" (of which Jeu de Robin et Marion c. 1280 is a literary version) and presided over the French May festivities, "this Robin and Marion tended to preside, in the intervals of the attempted seduction of the latter by a series of knights, over a variety of rustic pastimes."[44]
In the Jeu de Robin and Marion, Robin and his companions have to rescue Marion from the clutches of a "lustful knight".[45] Dobson and Taylor in their survey of the legend, in which they reject the mythological theory, nevertheless regard it as "highly probable" that this French Robin's name and functions travelled to the English May Games where they fused with the Robin Hood legend.[44]
The origin of the legend is claimed by some to have stemmed from actual outlaws, or from tales of outlaws, such as Hereward the Wake, Eustace the Monk, Fulk FitzWarin[4] and William Wallace.[46] Hereward appears in a ballad much like Robin Hood and the Potter, and as the Hereward ballad is older, it appears to be the source. The ballad Adam Bell, Clym of the Cloughe and Wyllyam of Cloudeslee runs parallel to Robin Hood and the Monk, but it is not clear whether either one is the source for the other, or whether they merely show that such tales were told of outlaws.[47]
Some early Robin Hood stories appear to be unique, such as the story wherein Robin gives a knight, generally called Richard at the Lee, money to pay off his mortgage to an abbot, but this may merely indicate that no parallels have survived.[48]
There are a number of theories that attempt to identify a historical Robin Hood. A difficulty with any such historical search is that "Robert" was in medieval England a very common given name, and "Robin" (or Robyn), especially in the 13th century, was its very common diminutive.[49] The surname "Hood" (or Hude or Hode etc.), referring ultimately to the head-covering, was also fairly common. Unsurprisingly, therefore, there are a number of people called "Robert Hood" or "Robin Hood" to be found in medieval records. Some of them are on record for having fallen afoul of the law, but this is not necessarily significant to the legend.[50]
The early ballads give a number of possible historical clues: notably, the Gest names the reigning king as "Edward", but the ballads cannot be assumed to be reliable in such details.[51] For whatever it may be worth, however, King Edward I took the throne in 1272, and an Edward remained on the throne until the death of Edward III in 1377.
On the other hand, what appears to be the first known example of "Robin Hood" as stock name for an outlaw dates to 1262 in Berkshire, where the surname "Robehod" was applied to a man apparently because he had been outlawed.[52] This could suggest two main possibilities: either that an early form of the Robin Hood legend was already well established in the mid 13th century; or alternatively that the name "Robin Hood" preceded the outlaw hero that we know; so that the "Robin Hood" of legend was so called because that was seen as an appropriate name for an outlaw.
It has long been suggested, notably by John Maddicott, that "Robin Hood" was a stock alias used by thieves.[53] The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica remarks that 'hood' was a common dialectical form of 'wood'; and that the outlaw's name has been given as "Robin Wood".[24] There are indeed a number of references to Robin Hood as Robin Wood, or Whood, or Whod, from the 16th and 17th centuries. The earliest recorded example, in connection with May games in Somerset, dates from 1518.[54]
One well-known theory of origin was proposed by Joseph Hunter in 1852. Hunter identified the outlaw with a "Robyn Hode" recorded as employed by Edward II in 1323 during the king's progress through Lancashire. This Robyn Hode was identified with (one or more people called) Robert Hood living in Wakefield before and after that time. Comparing the available records with especially the Gest and also other ballads, Hunter developed a fairly detailed theory according to which Robin Hood was an adherent of the rebel Earl of Lancaster, defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322.
According to this theory, Robin Hood was pardoned and employed by the king in 1323. (The Gest does relate that Robin Hood was pardoned by "King Edward" and taken into his service.) The theory supplies Robin Hood with a wife, Matilda, thought to be the origin of Maid Marian, and Hunter also conjectured that the author of the Gest may have been the religious poet Richard Rolle (1290–1349), who lived in the village of Hampole in Barnsdale.[55]
This theory has long been recognised to have serious problems, one of the most serious being that "Robin Hood" and similar names were already used as nicknames for outlaws in the 13th century. Another is that there is no direct evidence that Hunter's Hood had ever been an outlaw or any kind of criminal or rebel at all; the theory is built on conjecture and coincidence of detail.[56] Finally, recent research has shown that Hunter's Robyn Hood had been employed by the king at an earlier stage, thus casting doubt on this Robyn Hood's supposed earlier career as outlaw and rebel.[57]
Another theory identifies him with the historical outlaw Roger Godberd, who was a die-hard supporter of Simon de Montfort, which would place Robin Hood around the 1260s.[21] There are certainly parallels between Godberd's career and that of Robin Hood as he appears in the Gest. John Maddicott has called Godberd "that prototype Robin Hood".[58] Some problems with this theory are that there is no evidence that Godberd was ever known as Robin Hood and no sign in the early Robin Hood ballads of the specific concerns of de Montfort's revolt.[56]
Another well-known theory, first proposed by the historian L. V. D. Owen in 1936 and more recently floated by J.C. Holt and others, is that the original Robin Hood might be identified with an outlawed Robert Hood, or Hod, or Hobbehod, all apparently the same man, referred to in nine successive Yorkshire Pipe Rolls between 1226 and 1234.[59][60] There is no evidence however that this Robert Hood, although an outlaw, was also a bandit.[61]
Ballads and tales[link]
The earliest surviving text of a Robin Hood ballad is "Robin Hood and the Monk".[62] This is preserved in Cambridge University manuscript Ff.5.48. It was written shortly after 1450.[63] It contains many of the elements still associated with the legend, from the Nottingham setting to the bitter enmity between Robin and the local sheriff.
The first printed version is A Gest of Robyn Hode (c. 1475), a collection of separate stories which attempts to unite the episodes into a single continuous narrative.[64] After this comes "Robin Hood and the Potter",[65] contained in a manuscript of c. 1503. "The Potter" is markedly different in tone from "The Monk": whereas the earlier tale is "a thriller"[26] the latter is more comic, its plot involving trickery and cunning rather than straightforward force. The difference between the two texts recalls Bower's claim that Robin-tales may be both 'comedies and tragedies'.
Other early texts are dramatic pieces such as the fragmentary Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham[66] (c. 1472). These are particularly noteworthy as they show Robin's integration into May Day rituals towards the end of the Middle Ages; Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham, among other points of interest, contains the earliest reference to Friar Tuck.
The plots of neither "the Monk" nor "the Potter" are included in the Gest; and neither is the plot of "Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne" which is probably at least as old as those two ballads although preserved in a more recent copy. Each of these three ballads survived in a single copy, so it is unclear how much of the medieval legend has survived, and what has survived may not be typical of the medieval legend. It has been argued that the fact that the surviving ballads were preserved in written form in itself makes it unlikely they were typical; in particular stories with an interest for the gentry were by this view more likely to be preserved.[67] The story of Robin's aid to the "poor knight" that takes up much of the Gest may be an example.
The character of Robin in these first texts is rougher edged than in his later incarnations. In "Robin Hood and the Monk", for example, he is shown as quick tempered and violent, assaulting Little John for defeating him in an archery contest; in the same ballad Much the Miller's Son casually kills a "little page" in the course of rescuing Robin Hood from prison.[6] No extant ballad actually shows Robin Hood "giving to the poor", although in a "A Gest of Robyn Hode" Robin does make a large loan to an unfortunate knight which he does not in the end require to be repaid;[68] and later in the same ballad Robin Hood states his intention of giving money to the next traveller to come down the road if he happens to be poor.
- Of my good he shall haue some,
- Yf he be a por man.[69]
As it happens the next traveller is not poor, but it seems in context that Robin Hood is stating a general policy. From the beginning Robin Hood is on the side of the poor; the Gest quotes Robin Hood as instructing his men that when they rob:
- loke ye do no husbonde harme
- That tilleth with his ploughe.
- No more ye shall no gode yeman
- That walketh by gren-wode shawe;
- Ne no knyght ne no squyer
- That wol be a gode felawe.[70]
And in its final lines the Gest sums up:
- he was a good outlawe,
- And dyde pore men moch god.
Within Robin Hood's band medieval forms of courtesy rather than modern ideals of equality are generally in evidence. In the early ballads Robin's men usually kneel before him in strict obedience: in A Gest of Robyn Hode the king even observes that "His men are more at his byddynge/Then my men be at myn." Their social status, as yeomen, is shown by their weapons; they use swords rather than quarterstaffs. The only character to use a quarterstaff in the early ballads is the potter, and Robin Hood does not take to a staff until the 18th century Robin Hood and Little John.[71]
The political and social assumptions underlying the early Robin Hood ballads have long been controversial. It has been influentially argued by J. C. Holt that the Robin Hood legend was cultivated in the households of the gentry, and that it would be mistaken to see in him a figure of peasant revolt. He is not a peasant but a yeoman, and his tales make no mention of the complaints of the peasants, such as oppressive taxes.[72] He appears not so much as a revolt against societal standards as an embodiment of them, being generous, pious, and courteous, opposed to stingy, worldly, and churlish foes.[73] Other scholars have by contrast stressed the subversive aspects of the legend, and see in the medieval Robin Hood ballads a plebeian literature hostile to the feudal order.[74]
Although the term "Merry Men" belongs to a later period, the ballads do name several of Robin's companions.[75] These include Will Scarlet (or Scathlock), Much the Miller's Son, and Little John - who was called "little" as a joke, as he was quite the opposite.[76] Even though the band is regularly described as being over a hundred men, usually only three or four are specified. Some appear only once or twice in a ballad: Will Stutely in Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly and Robin Hood and Little John; David of Doncaster in Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow; Gilbert with the White Hand in A Gest of Robyn Hode; and Arthur a Bland in Robin Hood and the Tanner.[76]
Printed versions of the Robin Hood ballads, generally based on the Gest, appear in the early 16th century, shortly after the introduction of printing in England. Later that century Robin is promoted to the level of nobleman: he is styled Earl of Huntingdon, Robert of Locksley, or Robert Fitz Ooth. In the early ballads, by contrast, he was a member of the yeoman classes, which included common freeholders possessing a small landed estate.[77]
By the early 15th century at the latest, Robin Hood had become associated with May Day celebrations, with revellers dressing as Robin or as members of his band for the festivities. This was not common throughout England, but in some regions the custom lasted until Elizabethan times, and during the reign of Henry VIII, was briefly popular at court.[78] Robin was often allocated the role of a May King, presiding over games and processions, but plays were also performed with the characters in the roles,[79] sometimes performed at church ales, a means by which churches raised funds.[80]
A complaint of 1492, brought to the Star Chamber, accuses men of acting riotously by coming to a fair as Robin Hood and his men; the accused defended themselves on the grounds that the practice was a long-standing custom to raise money for churches, and they had not acted riotously but peaceably.[81]
It is from the association with the May Games that Robin's romantic attachment to Maid Marian (or Marion) apparently stems. The naming of Marian may have come from the French pastoral play of c. 1280, the Jeu de Robin et Marion, although this play is distinct from the English legends.[78] Both Robin and Marian were certainly associated with May Day festivities in England (as was Friar Tuck), but these may have been originally two distinct types of performance - Alexander Barclay in his Ship of Fools, writing in c. 1500, refers to "some merry fytte of Maid Marian or else of Robin Hood" - but the characters were brought together.[75] Marian did not immediately gain the unquestioned role; in Robin Hood's Birth, Breeding, Valor, and Marriage, his sweetheart is 'Clorinda the Queen of the Shepherdesses'.[82] Clorinda survives in some later stories as an alias of Marian.[76]
In the 16th century, Robin Hood is given a specific historical setting. Up until this point there was little interest in exactly when Robin's adventures took place. The original ballads refer at various points to "King Edward", without stipulating whether this is Edward I, Edward II, or Edward III.[83] Hood may thus have been active at any point between 1272 and 1377. However, during the 16th century the stories become fixed to the 1190s, the period in which King Richard was absent from his throne, fighting in the crusades.[84] This date is first proposed by John Mair in his Historia Majoris Britanniæ (1521), and gains popular acceptance by the end of the century.
Giving Robin an aristocratic title and female love interest, and placing him in the historical context of the true king's absence, all represent moves to domesticate his legend and reconcile it to ruling powers. In this, his legend is similar to that of King Arthur, which morphed from a dangerous male-centred story to a more comfortable, chivalrous romance under the troubadours serving Eleanor of Aquitaine. From the 16th century on, the legend of Robin Hood is often used to promote the hereditary ruling class, romance, and religious piety. The "criminal" element is retained to provide dramatic colour, rather than as a real challenge to convention.[85]
In 1598, Anthony Munday wrote a pair of plays on the Robin Hood legend, The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (published 1601). The 17th century introduced the minstrel Alan-a-Dale. He first appeared in a 17th century broadside ballad, and unlike many of the characters thus associated, managed to adhere to the legend.[82] This is also the era in which the character of Robin became fixed as stealing from the rich to give to the poor.[86]
In the 18th century, the stories began to develop a slightly more farcical vein. From this period there are a number of ballads in which Robin is severely "drubbed" by a succession of professionals including a tanner, a tinker and a ranger.[84] In fact, the only character who does not get the better of Hood is the luckless Sheriff. Yet even in these ballads Robin is more than a mere simpleton: on the contrary, he often acts with great shrewdness. The tinker, setting out to capture Robin, only manages to fight with him after he has been cheated out of his money and the arrest warrant he is carrying. In Robin Hood's Golden Prize, Robin disguises himself as a friar and cheats two priests out of their cash. Even when Robin is defeated, he usually tricks his foe into letting him sound his horn, summoning the Merry Men to his aid. When his enemies do not fall for this ruse, he persuades them to drink with him instead.
The continued popularity of the Robin Hood tales is attested by a number of literary references. In As You Like It, the exiled duke and his men "live like the old Robin Hood of England", while Ben Jonson produced the (incomplete) masque The Sad Shepherd, or a Tale of Robin Hood[87] as a satire on Puritanism. Somewhat later, the Romantic poet John Keats composed Robin Hood. To A Friend[88] and Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote a play The Foresters, or Robin Hood and Maid Marian,[89] which was presented with incidental music by Sir Arthur Sullivan in 1892. Later still, T. H. White featured Robin and his band in The Sword in the Stone - anachronistically, since the novel's chief theme is the childhood of King Arthur.[90]
The Victorian era[91] generated its own distinct versions of Robin Hood. The traditional tales were often adapted for children, most notably in Howard Pyle's The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood, which influenced accounts of Robin Hood through the 20th century.[1] These versions firmly stamp Robin as a staunch philanthropist, a man who takes from the rich to give to the poor. Nevertheless, the adventures are still more local than national in scope: while King Richard's participation in the Crusades is mentioned in passing, Robin takes no stand against Prince John, and plays no part in raising the ransom to free Richard. These developments are part of the 20th century Robin Hood myth.
The idea of Robin Hood as a high-minded Saxon fighting Norman lords also originates in the 19th century. The most notable contributions to this idea of Robin are Jacques Nicolas Augustin Thierry's Histoire de la Conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands (1825) and Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1819). In this last work in particular, the modern Robin Hood - "King of Outlaws and prince of good fellows!" as Richard the Lionheart calls him - makes his debut.[92]
The 20th century grafted still further details on to the original legends. The 1938 film, The Adventures of Robin Hood, starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland, portrayed Robin as a hero on a national scale, leading the oppressed Saxons in revolt against their Norman overlords while Richard the Lionheart fought in the Crusades; this movie established itself so definitively that many studios resorted to movies about his son (invented for that purpose) rather than compete with the image of this one.[93]
In the 1973 animated Disney film, Robin Hood, the title character is portrayed as an anthropomorphic fox voiced by Brian Bedford. Years before Robin Hood had even entered production, Disney had considered doing a project on Reynard the Fox. However, due to concerns that Reynard was unsuitable as a hero, animator Ken Anderson lifted many elements from Reynard into Robin Hood, thus making the titular character a fox.[citation needed]
The 1976 British-American film Robin and Marian, starring Sean Connery as Robin Hood and Audrey Hepburn as Maid Marian, portrays the figures in later years after Robin has returned from service with Richard the Lionheart in a foreign crusade and Marian has gone into seclusion in a nunnery. This is the first in popular culture to portray King Richard as less than perfect.
Since the 1980s, it has become commonplace to include a Saracen among the Merry Men, a trend which began with the character Nasir in the Robin of Sherwood television series. Later versions of the story have followed suit: the 1991 movie Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves and 2006 BBC TV series Robin Hood each contain equivalents of Nasir, in the figures of Azeem and Djaq respectively.[93] The latest movie version released in spring of 2010 is simply entitled Robin Hood and is directed by Ridley Scott, with Robin played by Russell Crowe. The Saracen character was dropped from this version.
The Robin Hood legend has thus been subject to numerous shifts and mutations throughout its history. Robin himself has evolved from a yeoman bandit to a national hero of epic proportions, who not only supports the poor by taking from the rich, but heroically defends the throne of England itself from unworthy and venal claimants.
Connections to existing locations[link]
In modern versions of the legend, Robin Hood is said to have taken up residence in the verdant Sherwood Forest in the county of Nottinghamshire. For this reason the people of present-day Nottinghamshire have a special affinity with Robin Hood, often claiming him as the symbol of their county. For example, major road signs entering the shire depict Robin Hood with his bow and arrow, welcoming people to 'Robin Hood County'. BBC Radio Nottingham also uses the phrase 'Robin Hood County' on its regular programmes. The Robin Hood Way runs through Nottinghamshire and the county is home to literally thousands of other places, roads, inns and objects bearing Robin's name.[citation needed]
Specific sites linked to Robin Hood include the Major Oak tree, claimed to have been used by him as a hideout,[94] Robin Hood's Well, located near Newstead Abbey (within the boundaries of Sherwood Forest), and the Church of St. Mary in the village of Edwinstowe, where Robin and Maid Marian are historically thought to have wed.[95] To reinforce this belief, the University of Nottingham in 2010 has begun the Nottingham Caves Survey with the goal "to increase the tourist potential of these sites". The project "will use a 3D laser scanner to produce a three dimensional record of more than 450 sandstone caves around Nottingham".[96]
However, the Nottingham setting is a matter of some contention. While the Sheriff of Nottingham and the town itself appear in early ballads, and Sherwood is specifically mentioned in the early ballad Robin Hood and the Monk, certain of the original ballads (even those with Nottingham references) locate Robin on occasion in Barnsdale (the area between Pontefract and Doncaster), approximately fifty miles north of Nottingham, in the county of Yorkshire; furthermore, it has been suggested that the ballads placed in this area are far more geographically specific and accurate.[97] This is reinforced for some by the alleged similarity of Locksley to the area of Loxley, South Yorkshire, in Sheffield, where in nearby Tideswell, which was the "Kings Larder" in the Royal Forest of the Peak, a record of the appearance of a "Robert de Lockesly" in court is found, dated 1245. As "Robert" and its diminutives were amongst the most common of names at the time, and also since it was usual for men to adopt the name of their hometown ("De Lockesly" means simply, "Of [or from] Lockesly"), the record could just as easily be referring to any man from the area named Robert. Although it cannot be proven whether or not this is the man himself, it is further believed by some that Robin had a brother called Thomas - an assertion with no documentary evidence whatsoever to support it in any of the stories, tales or ballads. If the Robert mentioned above was indeed Robin Hood, and if he did have a brother named Thomas, then consideration of the following reference may lend this theory a modicum of credence:
- 24) No. 389, f0- 78. Ascension Day, 29 H. III., Nic Meverill, with John Kantia, on the one part, and Henry de Leke. Henry released to Nicholas and John 5 m. rent, which he received from Nicolas and John and Robert de Lockesly for his life from the lands of Gellery, in consideration of receiving from each of them 2M (2 marks). only, the said Henry to live at table with one of them and to receive 2M. annually from the other. T., Sampson de Leke, Magister Peter Meverill, Roger de Lockesly, John de Leke, Robert fil Umfred, Rico de Newland, Richard Meverill. (25) No. 402, p. 80 b. Thomas de Lockesly bound himself that he would not sell his lands at Leke, which Nicolas Meveril had rendered to him, under a penalty of L40 (40 pounds).
A pound was 240 silver pence, and a mark was 160 silver pence (i.e., 13 shillings and fourpence).
It is again, however, equally likely that Nicolas, John, Robert and Thomas were simply members of a family which came from the area.
In Barnsdale Forest, Yorkshire, there is a well known as Robin Hood's Well (by the side of the Great North Road), a Little John's Well (near Hampole) and a Robin Hood's stream (in Highfields Wood at Woodlands). There is something of a modern movement amongst Yorkshire residents to attempt to claim the legend of Robin Hood, to the extent that South Yorkshire's new airport, on the site of the redeveloped RAF Finningley airbase near Doncaster, although ironically in the historic county of Nottinghamshire, has been given the name Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield.
In the city centre of Leeds, West Yorkshire, at 71 Vicar Lane, is a retail clothing store operated by Hugo Boss. This was the previous location of a pub/music venue known as The Duchess of York which was previously known as the Robin Hood. During an interior refurbishment, wallpaper was removed to reveal a wall mural depicting Robin Hood and his Merry Men in the small snug of the pub. The Landlord at the time, Robin Dover, was photographed standing next to the mural which was published in The Yorkshire Evening Post.
There have been further claims made that he is from Swannington in Leicestershire[98] or Loxley, Warwickshire.
This debate is hardly surprising of course, given the considerable value that the Robin Hood legend has for local tourism. The Sheriff of Nottingham also had jurisdiction in Derbyshire that was known as the "Shire of the Deer", and this is where the Royal Forest of the Peak is found, which roughly corresponds to today's Peak District National Park. The Royal Forest included Bakewell, Tideswell, Castleton, Ladybower and the Derwent Valley near Loxley. The Sheriff of Nottingham possessed property near Loxley, amongst other places both far and wide including Hazlebadge Hall, Peveril Castle and Haddon Hall. Mercia, to which Nottingham belonged, came to within three miles of Sheffield City Centre. But before the Law of the Normans was the Law of the Danes, The Danelaw had a similar boundary to that of Mercia but had a population of Free Peasantry which were known to have resisted the Norman occupation. Many outlaws could have been created by the refusal to recognise Norman Forest Law.[99] The supposed grave of Little John can be found in Hathersage, also in the Peak District.
Robin Hood himself was once thought to have been buried in the grounds of Kirklees Priory between Brighouse and Mirfield in West Yorkshire, although for the reasons given above this theory has now largely been abandoned. There is an elaborate grave there with the inscription referred to above. The story said that the Prioress was a relative of Robin's. Robin was ill and staying at the Priory where the Prioress was supposedly caring for him. However, she betrayed him, his health worsened, and he eventually died there.
Before he died, he told Little John (or possibly another of his Merry Men) where to bury him. He shot an arrow from the Priory window, and where the arrow landed was to be the site of his grave. The grave with the inscription is within sight of the ruins of the Kirklees Priory, behind the Three Nuns pub in Mirfield, West Yorkshire. The grave can be visited on occasional organised walks, organised by Calderdale Council Tourist Information office.
Further indications of the legend's connection with West Yorkshire (and particularly Calderdale) are noted in the fact that there are pubs called the Robin Hood in both nearby Brighouse and at Cragg Vale; higher up in the Pennines beyond Halifax, where Robin Hood Rocks can also be found. Robin Hood Hill is near Outwood, West Yorkshire, not far from Lofthouse. There is a village in West Yorkshire called Robin Hood, on the A61 between Leeds and Wakefield and close to Rothwell and Lofthouse. Considering these references to Robin Hood, it is not surprising that the people of both South and West Yorkshire lay some claim to Robin Hood, who, if he existed, could easily have roamed between Nottingham, Lincoln, Doncaster and right into West Yorkshire.
A British Army Territorial (reserves) battalion formed in Nottingham in 1859 was known as The Robin Hood Battalion through various reorganisations until the "Robin Hood" name finally disappeared in 1992. With the 1881 Childers reforms that linked regular and reserve units into regimental families, the Robin Hood Battalion became part of The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment).
A Neolithic causewayed enclosure on Salisbury Plain has acquired the name Robin Hood's Ball, although had Robin Hood existed it is doubtful that he would have travelled so far south.
List of traditional ballads[link]
File:Since Robin Hood by Weelkes.png
Elizabethan song of Robin Hood
Ballads are the oldest existing form of the Robin Hood legends, although none of them are recorded at the time of the first allusions to him, and many are much later. They share many common features, often opening with praise of the greenwood and relying heavily on disguise as a plot device, but include a wide variation in tone and plot.[100] The ballads below are sorted into three groups, very roughly according to date of first known free-standing copy. Ballads whose first recorded version appears (usually incomplete) in the Percy Folio may appear in later versions[101] and may be much older than the mid 17th century when the Folio was compiled. Any ballad may be older than the oldest copy which happens to survive, or descended from a lost older ballad. For example, the plot of Robin Hood's Death, found in the Percy Folio, is summarised in the 15th-century A Gest of Robyn Hode, and it also appears in an 18th-century version.[102]
Early ballads (i.e., surviving in 15th- or early 16th-century copies)[link]
Ballads appearing in 17th-century Percy Folio[link]
NB. The first two ballads listed here (the "Death" and "Gisborne"), although preserved in 17th century copies, are generally agreed to preserve the substance of late medieval ballads. The third (the "Curtal Friar") and the fourth (the "Butcher"), also probably have late medieval origins.[103]
- Robin Hood's Death
- Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne
- Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar
- Robin Hood and the Butcher
- Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly
- Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires
- The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield
- Robin Hood and Queen Katherine
Other ballads[link]
- A True Tale of Robin Hood
- Robin Hood and the Bishop
- Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford
- Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow
- Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon
- Robin Hood and the Ranger
- Robin Hood and the Scotchman
- Robin Hood and the Tanner
- Robin Hood and the Tinker
- Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight
- Robin Hood Newly Revived
- Robin Hood's Birth, Breeding, Valor, and Marriage
- Robin Hood's Chase
- Robin Hood's Delight
- Robin Hood's Golden Prize
- Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham
- The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood
- The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood
- The Noble Fisherman
Some ballads, such as Erlinton, feature Robin Hood in some variants, where the folk hero appears to be added to a ballad pre-existing him and in which he does not fit very well.[104] He was added to one variant of Rose Red and the White Lily, apparently on no more connection than that one hero of the other variants is named "Brown Robin."[105] Francis James Child indeed retitled Child ballad 102; though it was titled The Birth of Robin Hood, its clear lack of connection with the Robin Hood cycle (and connection with other, unrelated ballads) led him to title it Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter in his collection.[106]
Popular culture[link]
Main articles: Robin Hood in popular culture and List of films and television series featuring Robin Hood
Main characters of the folklore[link]
- Robin Hood (a.k.a., Robin Longstride, Robin of Loxley or Locksley)
- The band of "Merry Men"
- Maid Marian
- King Richard the Lionheart
- Prince John
- Sir Guy of Gisbourne
- The Sheriff of Nottingham
See also[link]
- Tadas Blinda
- Eustace Folville
- Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd
- Juraj Jánošík
- Iancu Jianu
- Rummu Jüri
- Ustym Karmaliuk
- Ned Kelly
- Kayamkulam Kochunni
- Nezumi Kozō
- Chucho el Roto
- Schinderhannes
- Robin Hood tax
- Kobus van der Schlossen
- Trysting Tree
- Verysdale
- William de Wendenal
- Redistribution of wealth
References[link]
- ^ a b "Robin Hood: Development of a Popular Hero." From The Robin Hood Project at the University of Rochester. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
- ^ "Merry-man" has referred to the follower of an outlaw since at least the late 14th century. See Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ The Child Ballads 117 "A Gest of Robyn Hode" (c 1450) "Whan they were clothed in Lincoln Green "
- ^ a b Holt, p. 62.
- ^ Knight, Robin Hood: a mythic biography pp.142-143
- ^ a b Robin Hood and the Monk. Records also show that he lived in Wakefield, Yorkshire, in the 13th and 14th centuries. From Child's edition of the ballad, online at Sacred Texts, 119A: Robin Hood and the Monk Stanza 16:
- Then Robyn goes to Notyngham,
- Hym selfe mornyng allone,
- And Litull John to mery Scherwode,
- The pathes he knew ilkone.
- ^ a b Dobson & Taylor, p. 18: "On balance therefore these 15th-century references to the Robin Hood legend seem to suggest that during the later Middle Ages the outlaw hero was more closely related to Barnsdale than Sherwood."
- ^ "Robin Hood – Evidence for Yorkshire". Icons.org.uk. 24 October 2007. http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/robin-hood/features/rival-claims.
- ^ "Robin Hood – On the move?". BBC.co.uk. 24 October 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/features/2004/01/robin_hood_county.shtml.
- ^ "In the footsteps of Robin Hood". Channel4.com. 24 October 2007. http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/n-s/robin02.html.
- ^ Knight, Stephen (2003). Robin Hood: A Mythic Biography. Ithica, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 84–88. ISBN 978-0-8014-3885-1. http://books.google.com/?id=dPtpkU1WSbcC&pg=PR11&dq=Holt+%22robin+hood%22.
- ^ A Gest of Robin Hood stanzas 10–15, stanza 292 (archery) 117A: The Gest of Robyn Hode. Retrieved 15 April 2008.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 203. Friar Tuck is mentioned in the play fragment Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham dated to c. 1475.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 5, 16.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 14–16.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 34.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. 33, 44, 220–223.
- ^ Singmam, 1998, Robin Hood; The Shaping of the Legend p. 62.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 41. "It was here [the May Games] that he encountered and assimilated into his own legend the jolly friar and Maid Marian, almost invariably among the performers in the 16th century morris dance." Dobson and Taylor have suggested that theories on the origin of Friar Tuck often founder on a failure to recognise that "he was the product of the fusion between two very different friars", a "bellicose outlaw", and the May Games figure.
- ^ a b See BBC website, accessed 19 August 2008 on the Godberd theory. The real Robin Hood.
- ^ Molyneux-Smith, Tony. 1998. Robin Hood and the Lords of Wellow. Nottingham: Nottingham County Council Leisure Services Department
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. ix
- ^ a b A number of such theories are mentioned at 1911 Britannica article on "Robin Hood" at LoveToKnow Robin Hood.
- ^ Robert Graves English and Scottish Ballads. London: William Heinemann, 1957; New York: Macmillan, 1957. See, in particular, Graves' notes to his reconstruction of Robin Hood's Death.
- ^ a b Holt
- ^ Rot. Parl. v. 16.
- ^ "V.396 in Schmidt's ed". Hti.umich.edu. http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cme;cc=cme;view=text;idno=PPlLan;rgn=div1;node=PPlLan%3A6. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 5
- ^ J. R. Maddicott, "Sir Edward the First and the Lessons of Baronial Reform" in Coss and Loyd ed, Thirteenth century England:1 Proceedings of the Newcastle Upon Tyne Conference 1985, Boydell and Brewer, p. 2
- ^ Maurice Hugh Keen The Outlaws of Medieval England, 1987, Routledge
- ^ Passage quoted and commented on in Stephen Knights, Robin Hood; A Mythic Biography, Cornell University Press, 2003, p. 5
- ^ Luxford, Julian M. (2009). "An English chronicle entry on Robin Hood". Journal of Medieval History 35 (1): 70–76. DOI:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2009.01.002.
- ^ Act IV, Scene 1, line 36–7
- ^ The Annotated Edition of the English Poets - Early ballads (London, 1856, p. 70)
- ^ Wright, p. 104
- ^ Women from The Wright's Chaste Wife, by Adam of Cobsam at Project Gutenberg
- ^ Holt, p. 55.
- ^ Reginald Scot "Discourse upon divels and spirits" Chapter 21, quoted in Charles P. G. Scott "The Devil and His Imps: An Etymological Investigation" page 129 Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) Vol. 26, (1895), pp. 79-146 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press jstor.org
- ^ The Outlaws of Medieval England Appendix 1, 1987, Routledge, ISBN 0-7102-1203-8.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 63, also quoting Francis Child to the same effect
- ^ More recently A. J. Pollard has also so refrained and stressed the symbolical significance of the "perpetual springtime" of the ballads. 2004, Imagining Robin Hood: The Late-Medieval Stories in Historical Context, Routledge ISBN 0-415-22308-3.
- ^ Holt, p. 57.
- ^ a b Dobson & Taylor, p. 42.
- ^ Maurice Keen The Outlaws of Medieval England Appendix 1, 1987, Routledge, ISBN 0-7102-1203-8.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 33.
- ^ Holt, p. 73.
- ^ Holt, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of Christian Names, EG Withycombe, 1950.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, introduction pages 11–12.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, introduction page 13, criticising Joseph Hunter's "quite remarkable belief in the historical accuracy of the Gest."
- ^ D. Crook English Historical Review XCIX (1984) pp. 530–34; discussed in Dobson & Taylor, pp. xxi–xxii.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, pp. xxi–xxii.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. 12, 39n, and chapter on place-names.
- ^ Joseph Hunter, The Great Hero of the Ancient Minstrelsy of England: Robin Hood, his period, real character etc, Investigated and perhaps Ascertained, JR Smith, 1852. Quoted in the Gentlemans Magazine "The Discovery of the Veritable Robin Hood" 1854 p. 160f. Online at Google digitized books.
- ^ a b Dobson & Taylor, introduction.
- ^ Holt, pp. 75–76, summarised in Dobson & Taylor, p. xvii.
- ^ J. R. Maddicott, "Edward the First and the Lessons of Baronial Reform" in Coss and Loyd ed, Thirteenth century England:1 Proceedings of the Newcastle Upon Tyne Conference 1985, Boydell and Brewer, p. 2.
- ^ Crook, David "The Sheriff of Nottingham and Robin Hood: The Genesis of the Legend?" In Peter R. Coss, S. D. Lloyd, ed Thirteenth Century England University of Newcastle — 1999.
- ^ E372/70, rot. 1d, 12 lines from bottom.
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, p. xvii.
- ^ "Robin Hood and the Monk". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/monk.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Introduction accompanying Knight and Ohlgren's 1997 ed.
- ^ Ohlgren, Thomas, Robin Hood: The Early Poems, 1465–1560, (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2007), From Script to Print: Robin Hood and the Early Printers, pp. 97–134
- ^ "Robin Hood and the Potter". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/potter.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/sheri.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Singman, Jeffrey L. Robin Hood: The Shaping of the Legend Published 1998, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 51 ISBN 0-313-30101-8
- ^ Holt, p. 11
- ^ Child Ballads 117A:210, ie A Gest of Robyn Hode stanza 210
- ^ 117A: The Gest of Robyn Hode stanzas 13–14 A Gest of Robyn Hode
- ^ Holt, p. 36
- ^ Holt, pp. 37–38
- ^ Holt, p. 10
- ^ Singman, Jeffrey L Robin Hood: The Shaping of the Legend, 1998, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 46, and first chapter as a whole. ISBN 0-313-30101-8
- ^ a b Jeffrey Richards, Swordsmen of the Screen: From Douglas Fairbanks to Michael York, p. 190, Routledge & Kegan Paul, Lond, Henly and Boston, 1988
- ^ a b c Allen W. Wright, "A Beginner's Guide to Robin Hood"
- ^ Holt, p. 159
- ^ a b Hutton, 1997, pp. 270–1
- ^ Hutton, 1996, p. 32
- ^ Hutton, 1996, p. 31
- ^ Holt, pp. 148–9
- ^ a b Holt, p. 165
- ^ Holt, p. 37
- ^ a b Holt, p. 170
- ^ The Times (London), July 11, 1999
- ^ Holt, p. 184
- ^ "Johnson's "The Sad Shepherd"". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/rh/jonsonss.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "Keats' "Robin Hood. To a friend"". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/rh/keats.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "Tennyson's "The Foresters"". Lib.rochester.edu. http://www.lib.rochester.edu/CAMELOT/rh/forest.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ W.R. Irwin, The Game of the Impossible, p. 151, University of Illinois Press, Urbana Chicago London, 1976
- ^ Egan, Pierce the Younger (1846). Robin Hood and Little John or The Merry Men of Sherwood Forest. Pub. George Peirce. London.
- ^ Allen W. Wright, "Wolfshead through the Ages Revolutions and Romanticism"
- ^ a b Allen W. Wright, "Wolfshead through the Ages Films and Fantasy"
- ^ Nottinghamshire County Council. "Major Oak". http://www.nottinghamshire.gov.uk/home/leisure/countryparks/sherwoodforestcp/majoroak.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
- ^ Edwinstowe Parish Council. "Edwinstowe". http://www.edwinstowe.co.uk/robin_hood/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ "Laser to scan Robin Hood's prison under Nottingham city". BBC News. 2010-04-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/nottingham/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8630000/8630926.stm. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- ^ Holt, p. 83
- ^ "Big It Up Bulletin-May issue". .le.ac.uk. 2007-04-29. http://www2.le.ac.uk/ebulletin/news/2000-2009/2007/05/nparticle.2007-05-22.0457154226/?searchterm=bloor. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ "According to Ancient Custom: Research on the possible Origins and Purpose of Thynghowe Sherwood Forest". Issuu.com. 2012-03-09. http://issuu.com/piro.co.uk/docs/according_to_ancient_custom_-_thynghowe?mode=window&backgroundColor=%23222222. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- ^ Holt, pp. 34–35
- ^ Dobson and Taylor, Appendix 1
- ^ Dobson and Taylor, p. 133
- ^ Dobson & Taylor, see introduction to each individual ballad.
- ^ Child, v. 1, p. 178
- ^ Child, v. 2, p. 416
- ^ Child, v. 2, p. 412
Bibliography[link]
- Baldwin, David (2010). Robin Hood: The English Outlaw Unmasked. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84868-378-5.
- Barry, Edward (1832). Sur les vicissitudes et les transformations du cycle populaire de Robin Hood. Rignoux.
- Blamires, David (1998). Robin Hood: A Hero for All Times. J. Rylands Univ. Lib. of Manchester. ISBN 0-86373-136-8.
- Child, Francis James (1997). The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 1–5. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-43150-5.
- Coghlan, Ronan (2003). The Robin Hood Companion. Xiphos Books. ISBN 0-9544936-0-5.
- Deitweiler, Laurie, Coleman, Diane (2004). Robin Hood Comprehension Guide. Veritas Pr Inc. ISBN 1-930710-77-1.
- Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (2006). The Robin Hood Handbook. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3977-X.
- Dobson, R. B.; Taylor, John (1977). The Rymes of Robin Hood: An Introduction to the English Outlaw. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1661-3.
- Doel, Fran, Doel, Geoff (2000). Robin Hood: Outlaw and Greenwood Myth. Tempus Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-1479-8.
- Green, Barbara (2001). Secrets of the Grave. Palmyra Press. ISBN 0-9540164-0-8.
- Hahn, Thomas (2000). Robin Hood in Popular Culture: Violence, Transgression and Justice. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-564-6.
- Harris, P. V. (1978). Truth About Robin Hood. Linney. ISBN 0-900525-16-9.
- Hilton, R.H., The Origins of Robin Hood, Past and Present, No. 14. (Nov., 1958), pp. 30–44. Available online at JSTOR.
- Holt, J. C. (1982). Robin Hood. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27541-6.
- Hutton, Ronald (1997). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-288045-4.
- Hutton, Ronald (1996). The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400–1700. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285327-9.
- Knight, Stephen Thomas (1994). Robin Hood: A Complete Study of the English Outlaw. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19486-X.
- Knight, Stephen Thomas (2003). Robin Hood: A Mythic Biography. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3885-3.
- Phillips, Helen (2005). Robin Hood: Medieval and Post-medieval. Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-931-8.
- Pollard, A. J. (2004). Imagining Robin Hood: The Late Medieval Stories in Historical Context. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd. ISBN 0-415-22308-3.
- Potter, Lewis (1998). Playing Robin Hood: The Legend as Performance in Five Centuries. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-663-6.
- Pringle, Patrick (1991). Stand and Deliver: Highway Men from Robin Hood to Dick Turpin. Dorset Press. ISBN 0-88029-698-4.
- Ritson, Joseph (1832). Robin Hood: A Collection of All the Ancient Poems, Songs, and Ballads, Now Extant Relative to That Celebrated English Outlaw: To Which are Prefixed Historical Anecdotes of His Life. William Pickering. ISBN 1-4212-6209-6.
- Rutherford-Moore, Richard (1999). The Legend of Robin Hood. Capall Bann Publishing. ISBN 1-86163-069-7.
- Rutherford-Moore, Richard (2002). Robin Hood: On the Outlaw Trail. Capall Bann Publishing. ISBN 1-86163-177-4.
- Vahimagi, Tise (1994). British Television: An Illustrated Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-818336-4.
- Wright, Thomas (1847). Songs and Carols, now first imprinted. Percy Society.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robin Hood |
- Robin Hood on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Robin Hood the Facts and the Fiction, has a lot of information on Robin Hood, ballads, medieval records, place names, analysis on the legend etc.
- BBC History: Robin Hood and his Historical Context
- Home of the World Wide Robin Hood Society in Sherwood, Nottingham, England
- Archaeology and History of Medieval Sherwood Forest
- Robin Hood, Friend of Liberty - Ludwig von Mises Institute
- Robin Hood: Bold Outlaw of Barnsdale and Sherwood, contains ballads, information on the development of the legend, and interviews with scholars and authors.
- Ben Turner's Robin Hood site one of the first on the web
- The Robin Hood Project at the University of Rochester — Houses a large collection of Robin Hood text and art
- "Robin Hood - the greatest of English myths" on BBC Radio 4's In Our Time featuring Stephen Knight, Thomas Hahn and Dr Juliette Wood
- Robin Hood - from Internet Archive, Project Gutenberg and Google Books (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
- Nottingham Caves Survey
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Robin Hood". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - "Robin Hood". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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