For the Ilkhanate ruler, see
Baydu.
Baidu, Inc.
| 200px |
| Type |
Public |
| Traded as |
NASDAQ: BIDU
NASDAQ-100 Component |
| Founded |
2000 |
| Founder(s) |
Robin Li, Eric Xu |
| Headquarters |
Beijing, China |
| Area served |
China, Japan, Thailand, Egypt, India |
| Key people |
Robin Li (Chairman and CEO) |
| Industry |
Internet |
| Services |
Internet search services |
| Revenue |
 US$ 14.500 billion (2011)[1] |
| Operating income |
US$ 07.576 billion (2011)[1] |
| Profit |
US$ 06.638 billion (2011)[1] |
| Total assets |
US$ 23.340 billion (2011)[1] |
| Total equity |
US$ 15.291 billion (2011)[1] |
| Employees |
16,082 (2011)[1] |
| Subsidiaries |
Baidu, Inc. (Japan) |
| Website |
www.baidu.com |
| Alexa rank |
 5 (June 2012[update])[2] |
| Type of site |
Web search engine |
| Advertising |
Pay per click |
| Registration |
Optional |
| Available in |
Chinese
Japanese |
| Launched |
October 11, 1999 (1999-10-11) |
| Current status |
Active |
Baidu, Inc. (Chinese: 百度; pinyin: Bǎidù, pronounced like BY-doo in English, NASDAQ: BIDU), incorporated on January 18, 2000, is a Chinese web services company headquartered in the Baidu Campus in Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.[3]
Baidu offers many services, including a Chinese language search engine for websites, audio files, and images. Baidu offers 57 search and community services including Baidu Baike, an online collaboratively built encyclopedia, and a searchable keyword-based discussion forum.[4] Baidu was established in 2000 by co-founders, Robin Li and Eric Xu. Both of the co-founders are PRC nationals who studied and worked overseas before returning to China. In September 2011[update], Baidu ranked 6th overall in the Alexa Internet rankings.[5] During Q4 of 2010, it is estimated that there were 4.02 billion search queries in China of which Baidu had a market share of 56.6%. China's internet-search revenue share in second quarter 2011 by Baidu is 76%[6] In December 2007, Baidu became the first Chinese company to be included in the NASDAQ-100 index.[7]
Baidu provides an index of over 740 million web pages, 80 million images, and 10 million multimedia files.[8] Baidu offers multimedia content including MP3 music and movies, and is the first in China to offer Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and personal digital assistant (PDA) based mobile search. Baidu released its low-cost smartphone, Changhong H5018.[9]
| “ |
Many people have asked about the meaning of our name. 'Baidu' was inspired by a poem written more than 800 years ago during the Song Dynasty. The poem compares the search for a retreating beauty amid chaotic glamour with the search for one's dream while confronted by life's many obstacles. '...hundreds and thousands of times, for her I searched in chaos, suddenly, I turned by chance, to where the lights were waning, and there she stood.' Baidu, whose literal meaning is hundreds of times, represents persistent search for the ideal. |
” |
|
—Robin Li[10]
|
The name "Baidu" is a quote from the last line of Xin Qiji's classical poem "Green Jade Table in The Lantern Festival" saying: "Having searched thousands of times in the crowd, suddenly turning back, She is there in the dimmest candlelight."
The context of the poem is that in ancient China, girls had to stay indoors and the Lantern Festival was one of the few times they could come out. In the sea and chaos of lantern lights, they would sneak away to meet their love and exchange promises to meet again next year.
A summary of the entire poem: Flowers bursting into bloom in the sky, stars falling like rain (fireworks/meteor shower), Whole streets filled with perfume, jeweled horses pulling ornate carriages, fish and dragon lanterns dancing throughout the entire night. A body decorated with golden thread and butterfly trinket, laughter that has a subtle fragrance. Having searched for this person until exhaustion, when suddenly turning back by chance, I find her standing lonely in the far end of the street in the waning light.
In 1994, Robin Li joined IDD Information Services, a New Jersey division of Dow Jones and Company, where he helped develop a software program for the online edition of The Wall Street Journal.[11] He also did work on better algorithms for search engines and remained at IDD Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997.
In 1996, while at IDD, Li developed the RankDex site-scoring algorithm for search engines results page ranking[12][13][14] and received a US patent for the technology.[15] He later used this technology for the Baidu search engine.
Baidu offers several services[16] to locate information, products and services using Chinese-language search terms, such as, search by Chinese phonetics, advanced search, snapshots, spell checker, stock quotes, news, knows, postbar, images, video and space information, and weather, train and flight schedules and other local information. The user-agent string of Baidu search engine is baiduspider.[17][18] Also, a Baidu application for Apple's iOS is available.[19]
- Baidu Map
- Baidu started its Japanese language search service, run by Baidu Japan, the company's first regular service outside of China.[20] It includes a search bar for web pages and image searches, user help and advanced services.[21]
- Baidu Post Bar provides users with a query-based searchable community to exchange views and share knowledge and experiences. It is an online community bound tightly with Baidu's search service.
- Baidu News provides links to a selection of local, national and international news, and presents news stories in a searchable format, within minutes of their publication on the Web. Baidu News uses an automated process to display links to related headlines, which enables people to see many different viewpoints on the same story. Chinese government and Chinese industry sources stated that Baidu received a license from Beijing, which allows the search engine to become a full-fledged news website. Thus Baidu will be able to provide its own reports, besides showing certain results as a search engine. The company is already getting its news department ready. Baidu is the first Chinese search engine to receive such a license.[22]
- Baidu Knows (百度知道) provides users with a query-based searchable community to share knowledge and experience. Through Baidu Knows, registered members of Baidu Knows can post specific questions for other members to respond and also answer questions of other members.
- Baidu MP3 Search provides algorithm-generated links to songs and other multimedia files provided by Internet content providers. Baidu started with a popular music search feature called "MP3 Search" and its comprehensive lists of popular Chinese music, Baidu 500, based on download numbers. Baidu locates file formats such as MP3, WMA and SWF. The multimedia search feature is mainly used in searches for Chinese pop music. While such works are copyrighted under Chinese law, Baidu claims on its legal disclaimer that linking to these files does not break Chinese law. This has led other local search engines to follow the practice, including Google China(Hong Kong), which uses an intermediate company called Top100 to offer a similar MP3 Search service.
- Baidu Image Search enables users to search millions of images on the Internet. Baidu Image Search offers features such as search by image size and by image file type. Image listings are organized by various categories, which are updated automatically through algorithms.
- Baidu Video Search enables users to search for and access through hyperlinks of online video clips that are hosted on third parties’ Websites.
- Baidu Space the social networking service of Baidu, allows registered users to create personalized homepages in a query-based searchable community.[23] Registered users can post their Web logs, or blogs, photo album and certain personal information on their homepages and establish their own communities of friends who are also registered users. By July 2009, it had reached 100 million registered users
- Baidu Encyclopedia, is China's largest encyclopedia by users and page views/web traffic; second largest encyclopedia by article count (after Hudong).
- China Digital Village Encyclopedia (中国数字乡村大百科全书), in June 2009, Baidu announced it would compile the largest digital rural encyclopedia in China, according to China Securities Journal. It is expected to include 500,000 administrative villages in China, covering 80% of the total 600,000 villages in China. Baidu is creating the content of this encyclopedia largely from participants of its 'rural information competition' (乡村信息化大赛) (xiangcun.baidu.com), on which it has spent roughly five million yuan on incentives. Baidu sees China's rural areas as great potential for electronic business (e-business), evidenced by the fact that revenue grew the fastest from agriculture, forestry, animals and fishery in the company's keyword promotion project, a crucial source of Baidu's total revenue. In addition to Baidu Encyclopedia, the company will scale up keyword promotion and take advantage of other products, such as Baidu Zhidao and Baidu Youa, to provide consultation, brand ad exhibitions and online network marketing/sales platform support, marketing information for rural tourism and promoting local products.[24]
- Baidu Search Ranking provides listings of search terms based on daily search queries entered on Baidu.com. The listings are organized by categories and allow users to locate search terms on topics of interest.
- Baidu Web Directory enables users to browse and search through websites that have been organized into categories.
- Baidu Government Information Search allows users to search various regulations, rules, notices and other information announced by People's Republic of China government entities.
- Baidu Postal Code Search enables users to search postal codes in hundreds of cities in China.
- Educational Website Search allows users to search the Websites of educational institutions. Baidu University Search allows users to search information on or browse through the Websites of specific universities in China
- Baidu Legal Search enables users to search a database that contains national and local laws and regulations, cases, legal decisions, and law dictionaries.
- Baidu Love is a query-based searchable community where registered users can write and post messages to loved ones.
- Baidu Patent Search enables users to search for specific Chinese patents and provides basic patent information in the search results, including the patent’s name, application number, filing date, issue date, inventor information and brief description of the patent.
- Baidu Games is an online channel that allows users to search or browse through game-related news and content.
- Baidu-Hexun Finance, a financial information Website,[25] with partner Hexun.com, a financial information service provider in China with news reporting and securities consulting licenses. Users can search or browse through economic and financial news, information relating to personal wealth management and related market statistics.
- Baidu Statistics Search enables users to search statistics that have been published by the Government of the People's Republic of China
- Baidu Entertainment is an online channel for entertainment-related news and content. Users can search or browse through news and other information relating to specific stars, movies, television series and music.
- Baidu Dictionary provides users with lookup and text translation services between Chinese and English.
- Baidu Youa, an online shopping/e-commerce platform through which businesses can sell their products and services at Baidu-registered stores.[26]
- Baidu Desktop Search, a free, downloadable software, which enables users to search all files saved on their computer without launching a Web browser.
- Baidu Sobar, a free, downloadable software, displayed on a browser's tool bar and makes the search function available on every Web page that a user browses.
- Baidu Wireless provides various services for mobile phones, including a Chinese-input front end processor (FEP) for various popular operating systems including Android, Symbian S60v5, and Windows Mobile.
- Baidu Anti-Virus offers anti-virus software products and computer virus-related news.
- Baidu Safety Center, launched in 2008, provides users with free virus scanning, system repair and online security evaluations
- Baidu Internet TV (known as Baidu Movies) allows users to search, watch and download free movies, television series, cartoons, and other programs hosted on its servers
- Chinese-language voice assistant search services for Chinese speakers visiting Japan was launched in 2008, with partner Japanese personal handy-phone system operator Willcom Inc.
- Discovery Networks Asia-Pacific,[27] joint venture with Discovery Communications, focusing on science, technology, space, natural history, engineering, paleontology, archaeology, history and culture.
- Baidu Index (known as 百度指数) allows users to look up the search volume and trend for certain hot keywords and phrases. It can serve as a Baidu keyword research tool.
- Baidu Bookmarks (known as Baidu Soucang) is a social bookmarking service supported by Baidu.com
- Baidu Browser is a web browser first released as a beta in July 2011.[28] It has been noted that the user interface looks very similar to Google Chrome/Chromium.[29]
- Baidu Yi is a smartphone operating system based on Android OS, announced in September 2011.[30]
- Baidu Library is an open online platform for users to share documents. All the documents in Baidu Library are uploaded by the users and Baidu does not edit or change the documents. Users can read and download lecture notes, exercises, sample exams, presentation slides, materials of various subjects, variety of documents templates, etc. However, it is not completely free. In order to download some documents, users should have enough Baidu points to cover the points asked by the uploaders. Users could gain Baidu points by making contribution to Baidu Library and other users, such as uploading documents, categorizing documents, evaluating documents, etc.[31]
- Baidu Experience is a product of Baidu primarily focusing on supporting the users with practical problems. In other words, it helps the users to solve the “how to do” problem. It was launched in October 2010. In architecture, Baidu Experience has integrated and reformatted Baidu Encyclopedia and Baike Knows. The first difference between Baidu Experience and Baidu Knows is that the former concentrates on specific “how to do” problems while the later contains a wider range of problems. The second difference is that users could share their experience without being asked on Baidu Experience.[32]
- Baidu around You is a searching and sharing platform aiming at supporting the users with making their consumption decisions. There are currently 7 main categories of information on Baidu around You, including food, shopping, recreation, hotels, fitness, beauty and traveling. In addition, Baidu around You provides the users with convenient services and local information, partially coming from the users and searchable by cities.[33]
Baidu focuses on generating revenues primarily from online marketing services. Baidu's pay for placement (P4P) platform enables its customers to reach users who search for information related to their products or services. Customers use automated online tools to create text-based descriptions of their web pages and bid on keywords that trigger the display of their webpage information and link. Baidu's P4P platform features an automated online sign-up process that customers use to activate their accounts at any time. The P4P platform is an online marketplace that introduces Internet search users to customers who bid for priority placement in the search results. Baidu also uses third-party distributors to sell some of its online marketing services to end customers and offers discounts to these distributors in consideration of their services.
Baidu offers certain consultative services, such as keyword suggestions, account management and performance reporting. Baidu suggests synonyms and associated phrases to use as keywords or text in search listings. These suggestions can improve clickthrough rates of the customer's listing and increase the likelihood that a user will enter into a transaction with the customer. Baidu also provides online daily reports of the number of clickthroughs, clicked keywords and the total costs incurred, as well as statistical reports organized by geographic region.
Baidu offers ProTheme services to some of its Baidu Union members, which enable these members to display on their properties its customers' promotional links that are relevant to the subject and content of such members' properties. Baidu generates revenues from ProTheme services based on the number of clicks on its customers' links and share the revenues with its Baidu Union members in accordance with pre-agreed terms. Baidu's fixed-ranking services allow customers to display query-sensitive text links at a designated location on its search results pages. Its Targetizement services enable customers to reach their targeted Internet users by displaying their advertisements only when their targeted Internet users browse Baidu's certain Web pages.
Baidu operates its advertising service, Baidu TV, in partnership with Ads it! Media Corporation, an online advertising agency and technology company. Baidu TV provides advertisers access to the websites of its Baidu Union members, allowing advertisers to choose Websites on which they post their video advertisements with the aid of its advertisement targeting and matching system. It also offers a brand advertising service, Brand-Link. In June 2008, Baidu launched My Marketing Center, a customized platform integrating industry information, market trends and business, and industry news and reports to assist existing customers in their sales and marketing efforts. Other forms of its online advertising services allow customers to display query sensitive and non-query sensitive advertisements on its websites, including graphical advertisements.
Baidu's brand advertising feature can help the advertisers to show a branded message including images to increase brand awareness and clickthrough rates (up to 75%).[34]
Baidu Union consists of several third-party websites and software applications.[35] Union members incorporate a Baidu search box or toolbar and match its sponsored links with the content on their properties. Their users can conduct search via the Baidu search box or toolbar and can click the sponsored links located on their properties. Baidu has also launched programs through which it displays the online advertising of its customers on Baidu Union websites, and share the fees generated by these advertisements with the owners of these Baidu Union websites. As of May 2011, there were 230 thousand partner websites that displayed Baidu Union ads on their websites.[36]
Baidu competes with Google Hong Kong, Yahoo! China, Microsoft's Bing and MSN Messenger, Sina, Sohu's Sogou, Wikipedia, NetEase's Youdao, Tencent's Soso.com and PaiPai, Alibaba’s Taobao, TOM Online, Xunlei's Gougou and EachNet.
Baidu is the No. 1 search engine in China, controlling 63 percent of China's market share as of January 2010, according to iResearch.[37] The number of Internet users in China rose to 338 million by the end of June 2009, according to a report by the China Internet Network Information Center.[38]
In an August 2010 The Wall Street Journal article,[39] Baidu has played down its benefit from Google's moving its China search service to Hong Kong, but Baidu's share of revenue in China's search—advertising market grew six percentage points in the second quarter to 70%, according to Beijing-based research firm Analysys International.
It is also evident that Baidu is attempting to enter the internet social network market. As of 2011[update], it is discussing the possibility of working with Facebook, which would lead to a Chinese version of the international social network, managed by Baidu.[40] This plan, if executed, would face off Baidu with competition from the two popular Chinese social networks Renren[41] and Kaixin001[42] as well as induce rivalry with instant-messaging giant, Tencent QQ.[43]
According to the China Digital Times, Baidu has a long history of being the most proactive and restrictive online censor in the search arena. Documents leaked in April 2009 from an employee in Baidu's internal monitoring and censorship department show a long list of blocked websites and censored topics on Baidu search.[44] In May 2011, pro-democracy activists sued Baidu for violating the U.S. constitution by the censorship it conducts in accord with the demand of the Chinese government.[45]
On January 12, 2010, Baidu.com's DNS records in the United States were altered such that browsers to baidu.com were redirected to a website purporting to be the Iranian Cyber Army, thought to be behind the attack on Twitter during the 2009 Iranian election protests, making the actual site unusable for four hours.[46] Internet users were met with a page saying "This site has been attacked by Iranian Cyber Army".[47] Chinese hackers later responded by attacking Iranian websites and leaving messages.[48] Baidu later launched legal action against Register.com for gross negligence after it was revealed that Register.com's technical support staff changed the email address for Baidu.com on the request of an unnamed individual, despite their failing security verification procedures. Once the address had been changed, the individual was able to use the forgotten password feature to have Baidu's domain passwords sent directly to them, allowing them to pull off the domain hijacking.[49][50]
Baidu has adopted a commercial advertising model called keyword-bidding (without censorship, and focusing on profit). Officially called pay per click (PPC), it requires companies to pay for select keywords that will link to the company's website through the Baidu Search engine. What's more, companies can buy the ranking position in Baidu's natural search result.[citation needed] In August 2011, China Central Television revealed that commercial model of Baidu which is against the official internet policy in China and allegedly jeopardizes China's internet development.[51][52]
In April 2012, Baidu applied for a patent for its breakthrough in DNA copyright recognition technology. This technology will automatically scan files that are uploaded by internet users, and recognize and filter out content that may violate copyright law. This will allow Baidu to offer an infringement free platform. [5] [53]
- ^ a b c d e f "2010 Form 20-F, Baidu, Inc.". Google. http://www.google.com/finance?q=NASDAQ:BIDU&fstype=ii.
- ^ "Baidu.com Site Info". Alexa Internet. http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/Baidu.com. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
- ^ "IR Contacts." Baidu. Retrieved on December 27, 2010. "Address: Baidu Campus, No. 10, Shangdi 10th Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100085 People's Republic of China."
- ^ "Baidu's 57 Products/Services: Introduction and History". China Analyst (CNAnalyst.com). http://www.cnanalyst.com/baidu.html.
- ^ "Alexa Top 500 Global Sites". http://www.alexa.com/topsites/global. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ "The China Perspective, "China Economic Watch"". http://www.thechinaperspective.com/articles/chinaeconomicwatchregionalgdpinflationsearchmarketratehike8181/. }
- ^ Chmielewski, Dawn C. (December 10, 2007). "Search site moves at the speed of China". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/10/business/fi-baidu10.
- ^ "MSN Money – BIDU". MSN Money. http://moneycentral.msn.com/investor/research/profile.asp?Symbol=BIDU. Retrieved 2006-05-11.
- ^ "Baidu Smartphone". http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18069498. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
- ^ "The Baidu Story". Baidu. http://ir.baidu.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=188488&p=irol-homeprofile.
- ^ Taipei Times: "Robin Li's vision powers Baidu's Internet search dominance" (Sep 17, 2006)
- ^ Greenberg, Andy, "The Man Who's Beating Google", Forbes magazine, October 5, 2009
- ^ Yanhong Li, "Toward a Qualitative Search Engine," IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 24–29, July/Aug. 1998, doi:10.1109/4236.707687
- ^ "About: RankDex", rankdex.com
- ^ USPTO, "Hypertext Document Retrieval System and Method", US Patent number: 5920859, Inventor: Yanhong Li, Filing date: Feb 5, 1997, Issue date: Jul 6, 1999
- ^ Baidu products
- ^ "关于baiduspider". baidu.com. March 18, 2009. http://www.baidu.com/search/spider.htm.
- ^ "Baiduspider User-Agent String". HttpUserAgent.org. March 17, 2009. http://www.httpuseragent.org/list/Baiduspider-n40.htm.
- ^ Baidu MobileBy Beijing Baidu Netcom Science & Technology Co.,Ltd
- ^ Baidu Japan Inc.
- ^ "China's Google in Japan". Infoniac.com. March 23, 2007. http://www.infoniac.com/hi-tech/china-google-in-japan.html.
- ^ "Google's Lookalike is Expanding in China". Gadget4boys.com. January 23, 2007. http://www.gadget4boys.com/index.php?page=articles&catid=3&id=20.
- ^ Baidu
- ^ [1] Baidu will compile the rural digital Encyclopedia
- ^ Baidu-Hexun Finance
- ^ Youa.com
- ^ Discovery Networks Asia-Pacific
- ^ China's Baidu Joins Browser Battle, Wall Street Journal, July 20, 2011
- ^ Baidu’s New Browser Looks Strikingly Familiar, China Real Time Report – WSJ, July 19, 2011
- ^ "Baidu Looks To Leapfrog Google With Cloud-Based Mobile OS (Update)". TechCrunch. September 2, 2011. http://techcrunch.com/2011/09/02/baidu-looks-to-leapfrog-google-with-cloud-based-mobile-os/. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ "China Search Marketing With Baidu Whitepaper" (PDF). Rocky Fu's digital marketing blog. April 14, 2008. http://www.rockyfp.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/brief-guide-to-baidu-whitepaper.pdf.
- ^ union.baidu.com
- ^ Lin, Susan. "Baidu's Content Network - Baidu Union". East-West-Connect.com. East-West-Connect.com. http://www.east-west-connect.com/baidu/baidus-content-network-baidu-union.
- ^ Barboza, David (January 13, 2010). "Baidu's Gain from Departure Could Be China’s Loss". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/14/technology/companies/14baidu.html.
- ^ "Discovery, Baidu launch website". AFP. July 28, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j1ljoTEss5nUHSfKAFxGuQxxXLVA.
- ^ Fletcher, Owen (August 3, 2010). "Baidu's CEO Pursues Long-Term Growth". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703999304575399162122796630.html?KEYWORDS=baidu.
- ^ 传百度与Facebook签合作协议 – Baidu signed a cooperation agreement with Facebook, ThinkingChinese, April 14, 2011
- ^ [renren.com Renren
- ^ [kaixin001.com Kaixin001]
- ^ Baidu and QQ aren't willing to remain outside the Chinese Social Network market, ThinkingChinese, April 2011
- ^ Baidu’s Internal Monitoring and Censorship Document Leaked (1), Xiao Qiang, China Digital Times, April 30, 2009
Baidu’s Internal Monitoring and Censorship Document Leaked (2)
Baidu’s Internal Monitoring and Censorship Document Leaked (3)
- ^ China, Baidu Sued In U.S. For Internet Censorship, Jonathan Stempel, Reuters, May 19, 2011
- ^ "Baidu hacked by 'Iranian cyber army'". BBC News. 2010-01-12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8453718.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
- ^ "China's top search engine Baidu hacked". People's Daily. January 12, 2010. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/90860/6866089.html.
- ^ Branigan, Tania (January 12, 2010). "'Iranian' hackers paralyse Chinese search engine Baidu". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/jan/12/iranian-hackers-chinese-search-engine.
- ^ Baidu Sues Register.com, Alleges Negligence in Hacking Attack
- ^ "Baidu: Registrar 'incredibly' changed our e-mail for hacker," Computer World, February 24, 2010. Accessed December 13, 2010.
- ^ http://articles.businessinsider.com/2011-08-16/markets/30008237_1_baidu-investors-ceo-robin-li-advertising-system
- ^ http://digicha.com/index.php/2011/08/cctv-attacks-baidu-again/
- ^ "Baidu Applies for DNA Copyright Recognition Technology Patent". BrightWire. http://www.brightwire.com/news/203281-baidu-applies-for-dna-copyright-recognition-technology-patent.
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Links to related articles
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Major Chinese Web portals
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Consulting and
outsourcing |
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| Imaging |
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| Information storage |
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| Mainframes |
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| Mobile devices |
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| Networking equipment |
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| OEMs |
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Personal computers
and servers |
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| Point of sale |
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Telecommunications
services |
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Methodology: FY2010/11 applicable revenues of over: group 1-11 (ex. semiconductor foundries) - US$3 billion; group 12 - US$10 billion; group 13 - US$2 billion; semiconductor foundries - US$0.5 billion
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