Gurung Dharma describes the traditional shamanistic religion of the Gurung people of Nepal. This religion shares aspects with the Tibetan religion Bön and is often referred to as "Bön"; however, there exist significant distinctions between Gurung Dharma and Bön. Contemporary shamanistic rituals of Gurung Dharma such as blood offering rituals, veneration of the dead and nature worship are not practiced by modern Bönpa. Priestly practitioners of Gurung Dharma include lamas, klihbri (or ghyabrẽ), and panju (or paju). Although any of these may function "shamans" in the context of Gurung Dharma, the general term for "shaman" is drom.^[1][2][3][4] Shamanistic elements among the Gurungs remain strong and most Gurungs often embrace Buddhist and Bön rituals in all communal activities.^[5] Gurung Dharma in its purest form is now virtually extinct; the religion is preserved to a large extent in Gurung traditions.

Gurung Dharma[link]

Traditionally, Gurungs practice a form of Tibetan Buddhism heavily influenced by pre-Buddhist Tibetan religion (Bön). Characteristics of this influence include non-Buddhist belief in local deities and in an afterlife in the Land of Ancestors. Other traditional Gurung beliefs include spirit possession,^[6] supernatural forest creatures, shapeless wraiths, and spirits of humans that died violently, which populate locales.^[2] Gurung villages have their own local deities.^[1][2]

Gurung Dharma ascribes fundamental symbolic significance to death. The rites, called pae (also pai and pe), are often shamanistic analogs or compliments to Tibetan Buddhist rituals.^[7] The funerary rite is the central ceremony, entailing three days and two nights of rituals to send souls to the Land of the Ancestors. These rituals may be officiated by either panju, klihbri, or Buddhist lamas. Among the Gurung, death involves the dissolution of bodily elements – earth, air, fire, and water. These elements are released in a series of rituals, nine for men and seven for women. One ritual in the freeing of souls involves a klihbri injecting the spirit of the deceased through a string into a bird, which then appears to recognize family members and otherwise act unnaturally. The bird is symbolically sacrificed with the plucking of a few feathers, received by family members, after which the bird is released.^[1] Once in the Land of the Ancestors, life continues much as in this world, however the spirit is able to take other incarnations.^[2][3] From the Land of the Ancestors, spirits continue to take an interest in their surviving kinsmen, able to work good and evil in the realm of the living.^[3]

According to Gurung Dharma, the dead are either cremated or buried. After the cremation or burial, the family of the deceased constructs a small shrine on a hill to offer food to the spirit, which continues to remain and may cause misfortune. Sons of the deceased observe mourning for six to twelve months, during which they fast from meat and alcohol. A final funerary ceremony takes places a year or more after death, for which an expensive funeral rite is performed. This rite includes an effigy (called a pla) of the deceased, draped in white cloth and decorated with ornaments. The death rituals close as klihbri addresses the spirit and sends it to its resting place, after which the hilltop shrine is dismantled.^[3] Further rites ensue, during which the priest recites supplications to the "spirits of the four directions" for kind treatment as the deceased makes his way to the spirit realm, advises the departing soul on its choice between reincarnation and remaining in the Land of Ancestors, and admonishes it to stay away from its worldly cares and not to return prematurely.^[1]

Priesthood[link]

Practitioners of Gurung Dharma employ three categories of priesthood – Buddhist lamas, klihbri (also ghyabrẽ), and panju (also pucu or paju) – each following different practices. Brahmins also officiate many Gurung rituals. Klihbri and panju are indigenous Gurung priesthoods. Lamas are considered most prestigious, being literate in Tibetan and ostensibly learned in Tibetan Buddhism. However, the actual extent of their access to liturgical literature and ritual training, as well as performance of major Buddhist rites, is often limited. Furthermore, there is no monastic tradition among Gurung lamas. Rather, they are generally not full-time priests, and often have a wife, children, and farm that occupy most of their time.^{[3][4][8][9][10]}

The priestly klihbri are more numerous than Gurung lamas, and belong to a common clan of the Sola Jat, also called Klihbri. Although their practices pre-date Buddhism in Nepal, their outward appearance resembles that of lamas worn at certain rites, and they play drums and large brass cymbals at rituals. The klihbri have no sacred literature, learning all prayers and rituals by heart over several years. These sacred oral scriptures are called Pye tan lyu tan. The sacred language, Gurung-kura, is no longer understood by laity nor practitioners, and may be derived from an ancient non-Gurung source of the religion.^[3][8][9]

Shamans called panju operate in Gurung communities and in tribal and Hindu communities of Nepal, being most numerous in the Modi Valley. Their practice is largely in the realm of interpreting the supernatural.^[9] While their ritual language is also archaic, it is more readily understood by practitioners and laity. Practices of panju have been influenced by Buddhist teaching, and they are often associated in various rites with lamas. They are also believed to communicate with spirits and local deities and are often employed by persons suffering illnesses or misfortunes to draw up horoscopes.^[2][3][8][9]

Both panju and klihbri are called upon to exorcise possessed people, perform mortuary rites, and officiate ancestor worship.^[2][3]

Influence of Buddhism[link]

Centuries of cultural influence from Tibet resulted in many Gurungs gradually embracing Tibetan Buddhism over the centuries, especially the Nyingma school, and particularly among Gurungs in the Manang region.^[11] Gurungs generally believe in Buddha and bodhisattvas. Adherents also call upon Buddhist lamas to perform infant purification, seasonal agricultural, and funerary rites, as well as house blessing ceremonies.^[2] Mainstream Tibetan Buddhist lamas harbor ambivalent opinions about Dharma Gurung practices, and syncretic adherents may be reluctant to disclose their practices to outsiders.^[1]

According to the 2001 Nepal Census, 69.03% of the ethnic Gurung identified as Buddhists, 28.75% as Hindus, and 0.66% as Christians.^[12]

Influence of Hinduism[link]

The influence of Hinduism is also particularly strong among sections of Gurungs who live among ethnic groups and are more in contact with the mainstream Hindu Nepali culture. Veneration of Hindu, Buddhist and Bön deities is not unheard of among Gurung households.^[5] Adherents of Gurung Dharma employ Brahmins to cast horoscipes and perform prophecies at times of misfortune.^[2] However unlike the Nepali Bahun and Chhetri people, most Gurungs do not participate in the Nepali Hindu tradition of animal sacrifice.

See also[link]

• Bön
• Guru Baaje
• Gurung
• Syncretism

Notes[link]

Further reading[link]

• Suvedī, Rājārāma (2003). History of Kaski state. Vidyārthī Pustaka Bhaṇḍāra. ISBN 99933-55-34-8.