published: 10 Jan 2009
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Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium -
Dunkirk evacuation
The Dunkirk evacuation, codenamed Operation Dynamo by the British, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France, between 27 May and the early hours of 3 June 1940, when British, French and Belgian troops were cut off by the German army during the Battle of Dunkirk in the Second World War. The evacuation was ordered on 26 May. In a speech to the House of Commons, Winston Churchill called the events in France "a colossal military disaster", saying that "the whole root and core and brain of the British Army" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his ("We shall fight on the beaches") speech, he hailed their rescue as a "miracle of deliverance".
http://wn.com/Dunkirk_evacuation -
Duxford
Duxford is a village in Cambridgeshire, England, some ten miles south of Cambridge. Duxford gives its name to RAF Duxford, a former Royal Air Force airfield that was used as a sector station during the Battle of Britain. Duxford Aerodrome was the home of Douglas Bader's Big Wing during that battle. Duxford airfield later became a fighter airfield for the United States Army Air Forces operating P47 Thunderbolt aircraft, it is now the Imperial War Museum Duxford.
http://wn.com/Duxford -
Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; ) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located approximately from the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago, consisting of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands, is a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. The capital, Stanley, is on East Falkland.
http://wn.com/Falkland_Islands -
Fife
Fife (; ) is a county and council area of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire. It was originally one of the Pictish kingdoms, known as Fib, and is still commonly known as the Kingdom of Fife within Scotland.
http://wn.com/Fife -
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
No. 101 Squadron RAF
No. 101 Squadron of the Royal Air Force operates the Vickers VC-10 C1K, K3 and K4 from RAF Brize Norton, Oxfordshire. Since 10 Squadron disbanded in 2005, the squadron is the only operator of the VC-10.
http://wn.com/No_101_Squadron_RAF -
No. 16 Squadron RAF
No. 16 Squadron is a flying squadron of the Royal Air Force. It formed in 1915 at Saint-Omer to carry out a mixture of offensive patrolling and reconnaissance and was disbanded in 1919 with the end of the First World War. The squadron reformed in 1924 and again took on a reconnaissance role which it continued throughout the Second World War.
http://wn.com/No_16_Squadron_RAF -
Norway
http://wn.com/Norway -
Oamaru
Oamaru (), the largest town in North Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand, is the main town in the Waitaki District. It is 80 kilometres south of Timaru and 120 kilometres north of Dunedin, on the Pacific coast, and State Highway 1 and the railway Main South Line connects it to both. Oamaru's historic status as the second centre in the Otago Region (after Dunedin) appears under threat from the growth of Queenstown in Central Otago. The Air New Zealand subsidiary Eagle Airways provides regular flights from Oamaru Airport to Christchurch.
http://wn.com/Oamaru -
RAF Leuchars
RAF Leuchars is the most northerly air defence station in the United Kingdom. It is located in Leuchars, Fife, on the east coast of Scotland, near to the university town of St Andrews.
http://wn.com/RAF_Leuchars -
RAF Matlaske
RAF Matlaske was a satellite air station to RAF Coltishall of the Royal Air Force, situated near Matlaske in Norfolk, England. RAF Matlaske opened in 1940 and closed in 1945.
http://wn.com/RAF_Matlaske -
RAF Mildenhall
RAF Mildenhall is a Royal Air Force (RAF) station located at Mildenhall in Suffolk, England. Despite its status as an RAF station, it primarily supports United States Air Force operations. It is currently the home of the 100th Air Refueling Wing (100 ARW). A United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) unit, the 100 ARW is RAF Mildenhall's "host wing," supporting some 16,000 personnel, three geographically separated units (GSUs) and 15 associated units.
http://wn.com/RAF_Mildenhall -
RAF North Weald
http://wn.com/RAF_North_Weald -
RAF Waddington
RAF Waddington is a Royal Air Force station in Lincolnshire, England.
http://wn.com/RAF_Waddington -
RAF Wattisham
For information relating to the base as it is today see Wattisham Airfield.
http://wn.com/RAF_Wattisham -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom
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Albert Ball
http://wn.com/Albert_Ball -
Cecil Arthur Lewis
http://wn.com/Cecil_Arthur_Lewis -
Charles Jeffs
Lieutenant Charles Hubert Jeffs was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories.
http://wn.com/Charles_Jeffs -
Cyril Crowe
Major Cyril Marconi Crowe was a World War I flying ace credited with 15 victories.
http://wn.com/Cyril_Crowe -
Harold Molyneux
Lieutenant Harold Arthur Sydney Molyneux was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories. During World War II, he returned to service in the Royal Canadian Air Force.
http://wn.com/Harold_Molyneux -
Harold Walkerdine
Lieutenant Harold John Walkerdine was a World War I flying ace credited with seven aerial victories.
http://wn.com/Harold_Walkerdine -
Henry Burden
http://wn.com/Henry_Burden -
James McCudden
James Thomas Byford McCudden VC, DSO & Bar, MC & Bar, MM (28 March 1895–9 July 1918) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. McCudden was the most highly decorated British Empire pilot of the First World War and one of the longest serving, having joined the Royal Flying Corps in 1913. McCudden's story is all the more remarkable as he rose though the RFC ranks (from Air Mechanic to Major) during the war to become one of the most decorated soldiers of the conflict. At his death he had amassed 57 victories, making him the seventh highest scoring ace of World War I.
http://wn.com/James_McCudden -
Keith Muspratt
Keith Knox Muspratt MC, born 22 December 1897 in Bournemouth, England and educated at Sherborne School, was a First World War flying ace in the Royal Flying Corps with eight victories to his name.
http://wn.com/Keith_Muspratt -
No. 164 Squadron RAF
No. 164 Squadron of the Royal Air Force was a fighter squadron during the Second World War composed of Argentine volunteers.
http://wn.com/No_164_Squadron_RAF -
Reginald Hoidge
Reginald Theodore Carlos Hoidge MC & Bar (28 July 1894 – 1 March 1963) was a Canadian First World War flying ace, officially credited with 28 victories. He served initially in the Canadian Royal Garrison Artillery before transferring to the British Army to be attached to the Royal Flying Corps, and then the new Royal Air Force on its creation in 1918.
http://wn.com/Reginald_Hoidge -
Richard Maybery
Captain Richard Aveline Maybery MC and Bar (1895–19 December 1917) was a Welsh World War I flying ace.
http://wn.com/Richard_Maybery -
Roland Beamont
Wing Commander Roland Prosper "Bee" Beamont CBE, DSO & Bar, DFC & Bar (10 August 1920 – 19 November 2001) was a British fighter pilot in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. Flying Hawker Tempests while stationed at Newchurch, Kent, he scored notable successes against the German pilotless V-1 flying bomb. Born in Chichester, Sussex, he was educated at Eastbourne College.
http://wn.com/Roland_Beamont -
Werner Voss
Werner Voss () (April 13, 1897–September 23, 1917) was a World War I German flying ace, a friend and rival of the famous Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen.
http://wn.com/Werner_Voss -
William Otway Boger
Captain William Otway Boger was a World War I flying ace credited with five victories.
http://wn.com/William_Otway_Boger -
William Roy Irwin
http://wn.com/William_Roy_Irwin -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I
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Hollywood Undead - No.5 (W / Lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Published: 10 Jan 2009
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 6210615 http://wn.com/Hollywood_Undead_No5_W_Lyrics
Hollywood Undead - No. 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Published: 02 Dec 2009
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Views: 5069884 http://wn.com/Hollywood_Undead_No_5
Lou Bega - Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit Of...)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Published: 25 Oct 2009
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
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There you are - CHANEL N°5 Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Published: 14 Oct 2012
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Views: 5233946 http://wn.com/There_you_are_CHANEL_N°5_Part_1
Brad Pitt stars in Chanel No 5 advert
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- Duration: 0:35
- Published: 15 Oct 2012
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Views: 415001 http://wn.com/Brad_Pitt_stars_in_Chanel_No_5_advert
Lou Bega - Mambo No 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Published: 30 Aug 2009
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 764768 http://wn.com/Lou_Bega_Mambo_No_5
Beethoven's 5th Symphony
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- Duration: 7:05
- Published: 25 Mar 2008
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 13628237 http://wn.com/Beethoven's_5th_Symphony
Johannes Brahms - Hungarian Dance No. 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Published: 20 Dec 2007
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 4962501 http://wn.com/Johannes_Brahms_Hungarian_Dance_No_5
Beethoven - Symphony No. 5 in C Minor (1)
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- Duration: 6:47
- Published: 13 Feb 2008
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 1908131 http://wn.com/Beethoven_Symphony_No_5_in_C_Minor_1
CHANEL N°5 - For the first time - Inside CHANEL
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- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 05 Oct 2012
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
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Wherever I go - CHANEL N°5 Part 2
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- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
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Hollywood Undead - No.5 (Uncensored)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Published: 20 Dec 2009
- Updated: 21 Oct 2012
Views: 12089 http://wn.com/Hollywood_Undead_No5_Uncensored
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Hollywood Undead - No. 5 [LYRICS]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Published: 29 Mar 2009
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 173338 http://wn.com/Hollywood_Undead_No_5_LYRICS_
Hollywood Undead - No.5 Lyrics FULL HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Published: 06 Jul 2012
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
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Dark Souls Completionist - Dark Souls Completionist - Part 45 (Nito, Gwyndolin + Fire Keeper no.5)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:47
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- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
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Chanel No. 5
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- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
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Lou Bega-Mambo number 5
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Battlefield 3 Top 5 Plays - Episode 10 | Pixel Enemy
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- Duration: 3:52
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- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
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![★ Resident Evil 4 Walkthrough ▪ Professional - Chapter 5-1 [New Game, No Damage]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121029103610im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/CzZTr0wM8PE/default.jpg "★ Resident Evil 4 Walkthrough ▪ Professional - Chapter 5-1 [New Game, No Damage]")
★ Resident Evil 4 Walkthrough ▪ Professional - Chapter 5-1 [New Game, No Damage]
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- Duration: 35:13
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- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
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IGDaily - Diablo III (There is no) Cow Level - 5/18/12
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Ghost Recon:Future Soldier Walkthrough Part 5 (NO COMMENTARY)
- Order: Reorder
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- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
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DayZ - #5 - Make No Bones About It
- Order: Reorder
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- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
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Top 5 Minecraft Creations - Castles
- Order: Reorder
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This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (July 2011) |
| No. 56 Squadron RAF | |
|---|---|
| Active | 1916 (Royal Flying Corps) |
| Country |  United Kingdom |
| Branch |  Royal Air Force |
| Role | Operational Evaluation unit |
| Base | RAF Waddington |
| Motto | Quid si coelum ruat (Latin: "What if heaven falls?") |
| post 1950 aircraft insignia |  |
| Equipment | Nimrod R1/MR2/MRA4, Sentinel R1 and Sentry AEW Mk1 |
| Battle honours | Western Front 1917-1918*; Arras; Ypres 1917*; Cambrai 1917; Somme 1918*; Amiens; Hindenburg Line; France & Low Countries 1940; Dunkirk*: Battle of Britain, 1940*; Fortress Europe, 1942-1944; Dieppe; France & Germany, 1944-1945*; Normandy, 1944*; Home Defence, 1942-1945; Arnhem*.[note 1] |
| Insignia | |
| Squadron Badge Crest | A phoenix appearing from flames |
| Squadron Codes | LR (Sep 1939) US (Sep 1939 - Apr 1946 and 1947 - Dec 1950) ON (Apr 1946 - 1947) (Codes taken over from No 124 Sqn) B (Carried on Phantoms) A (Carried on Tornados) |
Number 56 Squadron is one of the oldest and most successful squadrons of the Royal Air Force, with battle honours from many of the significant air campaigns of both World War I and World War II. As 56 (Reserve) Squadron it is now an operational evaluation unit.
Contents |
History[link]
First World War[link]
The squadron was formed on 8 June 1916 and was posted to France in April 1917 as part of the Royal Flying Corps. The squadron was equipped with the then brand new SE5 fighter. Its arrival at the front with the latest fighter, combined with the unusually high proportion of experienced pilots in its ranks, led to rumours among its German opponents the squadron was specifically the 'Anti-Richthofen Squadron', dedicated to the removal of the Red Baron. Although there was no truth in these rumours, the squadron did shoot down and kill Richthofen's nearest 1917 rival Leutnant Werner Voss in an epic dogfight.
By the end of the war 56 Squadron had scored 402 victories (as 'destroyed', 'out of control' or 'driven down'), and many famous fighter aces served with the unit, such as James McCudden, Reginald Hoidge, Gerald Constable Maxwell, Arthur Rhys Davids, Geoffrey Hilton Bowman, Richard Maybery, Leonard Monteagle Barlow, Henry Burden, Cyril Crowe, Maurice Mealing, Albert Ball, William Roy Irwin, Edric Broadberry, Kenneth William Junor, Cecil Lewis, Keith Muspratt, Harold Walkerdine, William Spurrett Fielding-Johnson, William Otway Boger, Charles Jeffs, Harold Molyneux, and Duncan Grinnell-Milne, the latter of whom became the unit's last Commanding Officer before the Squadron was disbanded. During the course of the war, forty of the squadron's pilots were killed in action, twenty wounded and thirty-one taken prisoner.[1]
Between Wars[link]
File:Siskin-56a.jpg
56 Sqn. Armstrong Whitworth Siskin, RAF North Weald.
File:Bulldog-56a.jpg
56 Sqn. Bristol Bulldog, RAF Mildenhall, July 1935.
The squadron disbanded and was reformed several times between the wars. 80 Squadron was renumbered as 56. The squadron was disbanded September 1922 and then reformed in November 1922.
Equipment included:
- Sopwith Snipes (1 February 1920-1924[2]
- Gloster Grebes (September 1924 - September 1927),
- Armstrong Whitworth Siskins (September 1927 - October 1932),
- Bristol Bulldogs (October 1932 - May 1936),
- Gloster Gauntlets (May 1936 - July 1937),
- Gloster Gladiators (July 1937 - May 1938),
- Hawker Hurricane Is (May 1938).
Second World War[link]
No 56 Squadron's introduction to the war came on 6 September 1939. The squadron, then based at RAF North Weald, were the victims of a friendly fire incident known as the Battle of Barking Creek.[3] Two pilots of the squadron were shot down and one, P/O Montague Hulton-Harrop, was killed, becoming the RAF's first casualty in the defence of the UK.[note 2]
The squadron entered the Second World War equipped with the Hawker Hurricane and first saw action during the Battle of France, although they remained based in England and sent flights to France for short periods. The squadron ended the campaign by covering the Dunkirk evacuation. As part of No. 11 Group RAF, the squadron was based at North Weald, when the squadron first engaged German aircraft on 31 July 1940. It was heavily involved in the fighting in the south of England during August, although the squadron moved to RAF Boscombe Down at the beginning of September. It was one of the few fighter squadrons to remain based in the south of England continuously through the battle.
Based at Duxford and operating Hurricanes, it recommenced missions in 1941 over the continent, including escorting bombers raiding targets in German-occupied France. In September 1941 the squadron became the first unit to receive the Hawker Typhoon which, although troublesome to begin with, the squadron helped turn into a usable fighter. Throughout 1942 and 1943 the unit was based with No. 12 Group RAF at RAF Matlaske in Norfolk. During this time 56 Squadron's role changed from that of low-level defence against Fw 190 and Bf 109 fighter-bomber attacks into becoming fighter bombers themselves, attacking ground and sea targets. 56 Squadron was to score one confirmed victory on Typhoons.[4]
In 1944 the squadron moved to RAF Newchurch and converted to the Hawker Tempest Mk.V. S/L Higginson left the squadron at this time, due to his knowledge of the pilot escape routes in France; his total victory count, all with No. 56, was 15.
As a unit of No. 150 Wing RAF, under the command of Wing Commander Roland Beamont, 56 Squadron was an air defence squadron, involved in defending Britain from V1 flying bombs. Between 70 and 77 1⁄2 of these were shot down before a transfer to advance landing ground B.60 at Grimbergen in Belgium on 28 September as part of 122 Wing,[note 3] Second Tactical Air Force. During subsequent operations 56 Squadron was to become equal highest scoring Tempest unit, with 486(NZ) Sqn, totalling 59 confirmed victories.
During the Second World War the squadron claimed a total of 149 aircraft shot down.[4]
- Hawker Typhoons of 56 Sqn.
In April 1943 Charles E Brown from aviation journal Flight visited 56 Sqn. at Matlaske[citation needed]
|
|
|
Cold War[link]
The squadron converted to the RAF's first jet fighter, the Gloster Meteor F.III, in April 1946 at RAF Bentwaters where they also flew the Gloster Meteor F.8 and the Supermarine Swift. In 1952 and 1953 56 Squadron flew the Meteor VIII from RAF Waterbeach receiving the Swift for evaluation in 1953 until 1955. In September 1957 the squadron moved to RAF Wattisham with the Hawker Hunter F5/F6 where they would spend some 35 years defending UK airspace, intercepting Tupolev Tu-95 "Bear" aircraft.
They converted to the English Electric Lightning F1A in 1960 and showed the aircraft in a display team called "The Firebirds". The squadron left Wattisham in 1967 deploying to RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus, before returning in 1975 with the Lightning F6.
In 1976 56 Squadron exchanged their Lightnings for McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2s and shared their base of RAF Wattisham initially with 23 Squadron and subsequently, on their departure to the Falkland Islands in 1982, with 74 Squadron. Both 56 and 23 Squadron operated the Phantom FGR.2, which used Rolls Royce Spey engines, UK MOD Radar systems and other RAF modifications. 74 Squadron was equipped with ex-US Navy/Marine F-4Js (designated as the F-4J(UK) in RAF service).
56 Squadron operated the Phantom FGR.2 at Wattisham until finally retiring these in 1992. 56 Squadron moved to RAF Coningsby and the following year RAF Wattisham, one of Britain's major fighter bases during the Cold War, was closed and handed over to the British Army.[6]
Modern day[link]
At Coningsby the squadron adopted the title of 56(Reserve) Squadron. It became the RAF's Operational Conversion Unit (229 OCU) conducting training of Ab initio crew and aircrew converting from other aircraft types to the Tornado F3. Following the announcement that the Eurofighter Typhoon would be stationed at Coningsby, it was decided that 56(R) Sqn would relocate to RAF Leuchars in Fife, home to 43(F) Squadron and 111 Squadron (with whom 56 Sqn had previously shared Wattisham), flying the Tornado F3. The Squadron moved north in March 2003, initially moving into the 'Ark Royal' hangar before moving into a new building on the northern side of the airfield.[7] The squadron, nicknamed the Firebirds, was until 2005 the display squadron for the F3. It was announced in December 2005 that, as a cost-cutting measure, the RAF would no longer have a Tornado F3 display .
On 5 February 2008 it was reported that 56(R) squadron would disappear after being merged with 43(F) Squadron on 22 April as the Tornado fleet was to be replaced with the Eurofighter Typhoon. The 56 Squadron nameplate was transferred to the Air Warfare Centre Air Command and Control Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Operational Evaluation Unit (AIR C2ISR OEU) at RAF Waddington on 22 April 2008 as 56(R) Sqn, The ISTAR OEU. The ISTAR OEU is the centre of excellence for the RAF's AWACS, Nimrod R1/MR2 and Sentinel aircraft.
See also[link]
References[link]
- Notes
- Citations
- ^ http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/canada/molyneux.php Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ RAF Battle of Britain squadrons
- ^ Ramsay, 1987. Pages 26-33.
- ^ a b Thomas and Shores 1988[page needed]
- ^ Thomas and Shores 1988. Note: On 20 June 1943, Sqn Ldr Pheloung flying EK184, US-C, was hit by flak and crashed into the sea while attacking shipping.
- ^ http://www.airsceneuk.org.uk/wattisham A history of RAF Wattisham
- ^ [1] RAF Leuchars website
- Bibliography
- Beamont, Roland. My Part of the Sky. London, UK: Patrick Stephens, 1989. ISBN 1-85260-079-9.
- Beamont, Roland. Tempest over Europe. London, UK: Airlife, 1994. ISBN 1-85310-452-3.
- Ramsay, Winston G (editor).The Blitz Then and Now; Volume 1. London, UK: Battle of Britain Prints International Limited, 1987. ISBN 0-900913-45-2
- Rawlings, John D. R. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. Somerton, UK: Crécy Books, 1993. ISBN 0-947554-24-6.
- Thomas, Chris. Typhoon and Tempest Aces of World War 2. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-85532-779-1.
- Thomas, Chris and Shores, Christopher. The Typhoon and Tempest Story. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1988. ISBN 0-85368-878-6.
External links[link]
- Official RAF 56(R) Squadron web page
- Firebirds 56 Sqn RAF
- Flight Global World War 2 archive
- Battle of Britain 54 Sqn. to 72 Sqn. squadron histories
- Article from North Weald Airfield History about the Battle of Britain
- Article from North Weald Airfield History about the Battle of Barking Creek
http://wn.com/No._56_Squadron_RAF
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._56_Squadron_RAF
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Lou Bega | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | David Lubega |
| Also known as | Lou Bega |
| Born | (1975-04-13) 13 April 1975 (age 37) Munich, Bavaria, West Germany |
| Origin | Germany |
| Genres | Pop, Latino, Mambo |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter |
| Instruments | Singing |
| Years active | 1988–present |
| Labels | Lautstark, BMG, RCA Records, Condon Musical Enterprise, Unicade Music, DA Music, Big Records |
| Website | http://www.lou-bega.com |
David Lubega (born 13 April 1975), also known as Lou Bega, is a German musician of Italian and Ugandan descent, and is famous for his song "Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)". This song is a remake of the Perez Prado instrumental from 1949. Bega added his own words to the song and sampled the original version extensively.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Bega's mother is from Calabria in (Southern Italy) and his father is Ugandan. His father went to Germany in 1972 to study biology at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.[1] Until age six, Bega spent the most time with his mother in Italy. Then they lived permanently in Munich, where Bega attended German primary school. At age 15 he lived in Miami for one-and-a-half years. Bega also lived in Uganda for half a year.[2] Currently he lives in Berlin, Germany.
Bega started his musical career as a rapper. At age of 13, he founded a hip hop group with two other boys. It would be two years before Bega and his friends' first CD would be released in 1990.[1] When Bega lived in Miami he discovered Latin music. After returning to Munich he met his former manager, Goar Biesenkamp, as well as the music producers, "Frank Lio" (Achim Kleist) and "D.Fact" (Wolfgang von Webenau) (Syndicate Musicproduction) with whom he developed the concept for the song "Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)". Bega signed a recording contract to the label Lautstark.[3] Lou Bega’s musical signature consists of combining musical elements of the 40’s and 50’s with modern beats and grooves.
His first single "Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)" became an instant worldwide hit charting at No. 1 in most European countries including Germany,[4] UK[5] and France[6] and at No. 3 in the United States. In France "Mambo No. 5" spent twenty weeks at #1,[7] which is an unbroken record to date.[citation needed] It was also used by the British television broadcaster, Channel 4 for their coverage of Test Match cricket between 1999 and 2005. [8]
On 19 July 1999 he released the album A Little Bit of Mambo. It peaked at No. 3 in the USA. In Germany, Bega's native country, it also peaked at #3. In the UK the album peaked only at #50. A Little Bit of Mambo peaked at No. 1 in the album charts of Austria, Canada, Finland, Hungary, the Middle East, Portugal, and Switzerland.[9] The second single, "I Got a Girl", charted well entering the Top 10 in some European countries including France, Finland and Belgium.[10] The third single, "Tricky, Tricky" achieved number 18 on the Canadian charts and number 74 on the American Billboard Charts. "Mambo Mambo" reached number 11 on the French charts.
Bega's second studio album Ladies and Gentlemen was released on 28 May 2001. "Baby Keep Smiling" is on this album, a duet with Compay Segundo from Buena Vista Social Club[11] A Little Bit of Mambo includes a version without him. Bega also covered the standard "Just a Gigolo / I Ain't Got Nobody" on Ladies and Gentlemen.
He sang the theme song for the Disney Channel animated series, Brandy and Mr. Whiskers.
In the computer game Tropico, Lou Bega is one of the characters someone can choose as their dictatorial persona. He was included as part of a licensing deal that also saw Bega's song "Club Elitaire" integrated into the German release of Tropico.[12] Also, in the Ubi Soft/Disney Interactive video game Walt Disney's The Jungle Book Rhythm n' Groove, Lou Bega participates in a challenge with his namesake. The player dances as King Louie, attempting to dance to Lou Bega's rendition of "I Wanna Be Like You". Doing so will unlock a video of him with children dancing to the aforementioned song.[13] Bega also wrote the theme song for the French cartoon series Marsupilami.[1]
Bega was awarded the German Echo Prize in two categories as well as being nominated five times. Other accolades include a Grammy Award nomination, a World Music Entertainment Award in Cannes, the Blockbuster Entertainment Award in Los Angeles, the Festival Bar of Verona, the Amadeus Award of Vienna, and the Bunte New Faces Award in Berlin. Lou tours around the world with his band. A 22-city tour of the USA with Cher, live show appearances throughout South America with concerts in Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires and São Paulo, and a tour through India with stops in Bombay, New Delhi, Madras, Bangalore and Calcutta have been some of the highlights along the way. Over 200 concerts in Europe have attracted over 3 million fans and viewers.
His live shows in Las Vegas, Tokyo, Moscow, Hong Kong and the Emirates were hugely successful.[citation needed] He is a popular guest in both the corporate and public sector, appearing on stage for Royals as well as international corporations. Lou Bega was invited to talk and TV shows like The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Ally McBeal, Motown Live, Jenny Jones, Queen Latifah, Access Hollywood, and others. Bega was the only artist, ever, to be asked to sing a song twice on Germany's headlining show Wetten, dass..? On New Year's Eve 2007 he performed in front of 170,000 fans in Poland. Bega often gets a crack at playing the host. He was the MC at the American Music Awards, at the Grammy Awards, the Billboard Radio Awards, and at the Love Parade in Berlin.
In early 2010, Bega released a new album called Free Again.[14] In summer 2011, Bega performed his first concert from the album at one of the Tampa Bay Rays Summer Concert Series.
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
| Year | Album | Chart positions | Certifications (sales thresholds) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GER [15] |
AUS [16] |
AUT [17] |
CAN [18] |
FIN [19] |
FRA [20] |
NETH [21] |
NOR [22] |
SWE [23] |
SWI [24] |
US [25] |
|||
| 1999 | A Little Bit of Mambo | 3 | 19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 17 | 3 | 20 | 1 | 3 | |
| 2001 | Ladies and Gentlemen | 54 | — | 31 | — | — | 109 | — | — | 23 | — | — | |
| 2005 | Lounatic | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 2010 | Free Again | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 78 | — | |
Singles[link]
| Year | Single | Chart positions | Certifications (sales thresholds) |
Album | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GER [34] |
AUS [35] |
AUT [36] |
FIN [37] |
FRA [38] |
NETH [39] |
NOR [40] |
SWE [41] |
SWI [42] |
UK [43] |
US [44] |
||||
| 1999 | "Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)" | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | A Little Bit of Mambo | |
| "I Got a Girl" | 19 | 31 | 19 | 2 | 5 | 31 | — | 12 | 20 | 55 | — |
|
||
| "Tricky, Tricky" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 55 | — | — | 74 | |||
| 2000 | "Mambo Mambo" | — | — | — | — | 11 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| 2001 | "Gentleman" | — | — | 16 | — | 54 | — | — | — | 62 | — | — | Ladies and Gentlemen | |
| "Just a Gigolo" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| 2006 | "Bachata" | 100 | — | — | — | 69 | 88 | — | — | — | — | — | Lounatic | |
| "You Wanna Be Americano" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| 2007 | "Conchita" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| 2010 | "Boyfriend" | 71 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Free Again | |
| "Sweet Like Cola" | 38 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| 2011 | "This Is Ska"[51] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | TBA | |
Compilations[link]
- 2002: King of Mambo
- 2004: Mambo Mambo - The Best of Lou Bega
Download releases[link]
| Year | Single | Tracks |
|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of Monica) | 01. A Little Bit Of Monica |
| 2010 | Chocolata | 01. Chocolata 02. Life |
| 2010 | It’s Christmas Time | 01. It’s Christmas Time 02. Good Time |
Other songs[link]
| Year | Title | Label |
|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Baby Bubble Ball (Dirndl Punk Song) | Unicade Music |
| 2010 | It Began In Africa | Unicade Music |
Music videos[link]
| Year | Title | Director(s) |
|---|---|---|
| 1999 | Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...) | Jorn Heitmann |
| 1999 | I Got a Girl | – |
| 1999 | Tricky, Tricky | – |
| 2000 | Mambo Mambo | – |
| 2001 | Gentleman | – |
| 2001 | Just a Gigolo | – |
| 2006 | Bachata | – |
| 2006 | C'est la Vie (Lou Bega and Edvin Marton) | – |
| 2006 | You Wanna Be Americano | – |
| 2007 | Conchita | – |
| 2010 | Boyfriend | Dave Coba |
| 2010 | Sweet Like Cola | Oliver Sommer |
Music video appearances[link]
| Year | Title | Director(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | I Wanna Be Like You | Volker Hannvacker | Disney video from the PC Game Jungle Book |
| 2000 | Disney Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...) | – | Radio Disney version of "Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)" |
Collaborations[link]
- "C'est la Vie" – In 2006 Lou Bega recorded a song with Edvin Marton, and a music video was also filmed. The song has only appeared on Marton's album Stradivarius as a bonus track and was never featured on any of Bega's albums. A slightly different version of this song was available on Bega's MySpace page at one time.
Awards[link]
- 1999: "Best International Song", Festivalbar (for "Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)")
- 2000: "International Song of the Year", NRJ Music Awards (for "Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)")
- 2000: "Single of the Year (National)", ECHO (for "Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)")
- 2000: "Best National Artist in Foreign Countries", ECHO
In 1999, Lou Bega was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category "Best Male Pop Vocal Performance" (for "Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)").
References[link]
- ^ a b c LOU BEGA – the official website. "Lou Bega's official website". Lou-bega.com. http://www.lou-bega.com. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "Interview with Lou Bega (in German)". Planet-interview.de. http://www.planet-interview.de/interviews/pi.php?interview=lou-bega. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ BMG Berlin Lautstark. "Artists under contract to ''Lautstark''". Lautstark.de. http://www.lautstark.de/frameset.html. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "Suchergebnis (Search)". http://www.charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php.
- ^ "Uk Top 40 Hit Database". EveryHit.com. http://www.everyhit.com/.
- ^ "LOU BEGA – Mambo No. 5 (A Little Bit of...)". Swiss Charts. http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lou+Bega&titel=Mambo+No%2E+5+%28A+Little+Bit+Of%2E%2E%2E%29&cat=s.
- ^ Steffen Hung. "French single chart". Lescharts.com. http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lou+Bega&titel=Mambo+No%2E+5+%28A+Little+Bit+Of%2E%2E%2E%29&cat=s. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "Mambo hit knocks fans for six". BBC News. 9 August 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/415421.stm. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ Chart positions of A Little Bit of Mambo and Mambo No. 5[dead link]
- ^ "LOU BEGA – I Got a Girl". Swiss Charts. http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Lou+Bega&titel=I+Got+A+Girl&cat=s.
- ^ "Album credits of ''Ladies and Gentlemen'' on". Artistdirect.com. http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,1159342,00.html. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "Official website of the PC game "Tropico" (in German)". Tropico.de. http://www.tropico.de. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "videogames.yahoo.com". videogames.yahoo.com. 20 January 2012. http://videogames.yahoo.com/ps2/walt-disneys-the-jungle-book-rhythm-n-groove/preview-1061642. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ LOU BEGA – the official website. "the official website". Lou Bega. http://www.lou-bega.com. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "Chartverfolgung/Bega,Lou/Longplay" (in German). Musicline.de. http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Bega%2CLou/?type=longplay. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Australia's Albums positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.australian-charts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Austria's Albums positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Canada's Albums positions to Lou Bega". Billboard Magazine. http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100#/artist/lou-bega/chart-history/342120?f=309&g=Albums. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Finland's Albums positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.finnishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Lou+Beg&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "France's Albums positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://lescharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Holland's Albums positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Norway's Albums positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.norwegiancharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Sweden's Albums positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.swedishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Switzerland's Albums positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.swisscharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "US Albums positions to Lou Bega". Billboard Magazine. http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100#/artist/lou-bega/chart-history/342120?f=305&g=Albums. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2000 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-2000.htm. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ a b "IFPI Austria – Gold & Platin" (in German). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry – Austria. http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Canadian album certifications". Music Canada. http://www.cria.ca/gold/0101_g.php. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- ^ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1999". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1999.html. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "French album certifications" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/pag-259165-CERTIFICATIONS.html&type=11. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Lou Bega)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=&strInterpret=Lou+Bega&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Swiss Awards 1999". Hung Medien International Federation of the Phonographic Industry – Switzerland. http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "American album certifications – Lou Bega". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=Lou+Bega. Retrieved 16 July 2010. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
- ^ "Chartverfolgung/Bega,Lou/Singles" (in German). Musicline.de. http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Bega%2CLou/?type=single. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Australia's Singles positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.australian-charts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Austria's Singles positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.austriancharts.at/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Finland's Singles positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.finnishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Lou+Beg&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "France's Singles positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://lescharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Holland's Singles positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Norway's Singles positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.norwegiancharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Sweden's Singles positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.swedishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Switzerland's Singles positions to Lou Bega". Hung Medien. http://www.swisscharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=Lou+Bega&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "UK's Singles positions to Lou Bega". Chartstats.com. http://www.chartstats.com/artistinfo.php?id=8960. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "US Singles positions to Lou Bega". Billboard Magazine. http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100#/artist/lou-bega/chart-history/342120?f=379&g=Singles. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Australia's Singles Certifications 1999". Australian Recording Industry Association. http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-singles-1999.htm. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Certifications Singles Diamant – année 1999" (in French). Disque en France. http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=1999&type=10. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Dutch Certification to Mambo No.5". NVPI}accessdate=2010-07-13. http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=61112&documentid=1235647&zoekform=60463&formposted=yes.
- ^ a b "Sweden's Gold and Platinums 1999". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry – Sweden. http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/ar-19991.pdf. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Certified Awards Search". British Phonographic Industry. http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Certifications Singles Argent – année 2001" (in French). Disque en France. http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2001&type=6. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ "Jimmy Johansson: Comment by Lou Bega regarding new single This Is Ska [Lou Bega: Hi Jim thx 4 the franks. New one is out in German Clubs. It's called "This is Ska"]". Facebook. http://www.facebook.com/loubegaofficial. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bega, Lou |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1975-04-13 |
| Place of birth | Munich, Bavaria, West Germany |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Lou_Bega
Related pages:
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http://pt.wn.com/Lou Bega
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http://de.wn.com/Lou Bega
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Bega
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the actor. For the boxer, see Brad Pitt (boxer).
| Brad Pitt | |
|---|---|
 Pitt at the 2008 premiere of Burn After Reading |
|
| Born | William Bradley Pitt (1963-12-18) December 18, 1963 (age 48) Shawnee, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Missouri |
| Occupation | Actor, producer |
| Spouse | Jennifer Aniston (m. 2000–2005) «start: (2000)–end+1: (2006)»"Marriage: Jennifer Aniston to Brad Pitt" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Brad_Pitt) |
| Partner | Angelina Jolie (2005–present) |
| Children | 6 |
William Bradley "Brad" Pitt[1] (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. Pitt has received four Academy Award nominations and five Golden Globe Award nominations, winning one Golden Globe. He has been described as one of the world's most attractive men, a label for which he has received substantial media attention.[2][3]
Pitt first gained recognition as a cowboy hitchhiker in the road movie Thelma & Louise (1991). His first leading roles in big-budget productions came with A River Runs Through It (1992), Interview with the Vampire (1994), and Legends of the Fall (1994). In 1995, he gave critically acclaimed performances in the crime thriller Seven and the science fiction film 12 Monkeys, the latter earning him a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and an Academy Award nomination. Four years later, Pitt starred in the cult hit Fight Club. He then starred in the major international hit Ocean's Eleven (2001) and its sequels, Ocean's Twelve (2004) and Ocean's Thirteen (2007). His greatest commercial successes have been Troy (2004) and Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005). Pitt received his second and third Academy Award nominations for his leading performances in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008) and Moneyball (2011). In addition, Pitt owns a production company, Plan B Entertainment, whose productions include The Departed (2006), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, and Moneyball, which garnered a Best Picture nomination.
Following a high-profile relationship with actress Gwyneth Paltrow, Pitt was married to actress Jennifer Aniston for five years. Pitt lives with actress Angelina Jolie in a relationship that has attracted wide publicity.[4] He and Jolie have six children—Maddox, Pax, Zahara, Shiloh, Knox, and Vivienne. Since beginning his relationship with Jolie, he has become increasingly involved in social issues both in the United States and internationally.
Contents |
Early life[link]
William Bradley "Brad" Pitt is the son of Jane Etta (née Hillhouse), a high school counselor, and William Alvin Pitt, a truck company owner, and was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma.[5] The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Doug (born 1966) and Julie Neal (born 1969).[6] Born into a conservative household, he was raised as Southern Baptist,[7] although he has since described himself as oscillating between atheism and agnosticism.[8] Pitt has stated that his family's ancestry consists of "probably... Irish-Scots-Germans who settled in the area... I know we have some Seminole, and some Cherokee Indian, in us".[9] Pitt has described Springfield as "Mark Twain country, Jesse James country", having grown up with "a lot of hills, a lot of lakes".[9]
Pitt attended Kickapoo High School, where he was a member of the golf, tennis, wrestling and swimming teams.[10][11] He participated in the school's Key and Forensics clubs, in school debates, and in musicals.[12] Following his graduation from high school, Pitt enrolled in the University of Missouri in 1982, majoring in journalism, with a focus on advertising.[12] As a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity,[5] he acted in several fraternity shows.[13] As graduation approached, Pitt did not feel ready to settle down. He loved films—"a portal into different worlds for me"—and, since films were not made in Missouri, he decided to go to where they were made.[7] Two weeks before earning his degree, Pitt left the university and moved to Los Angeles, where he took acting lessons and worked odd jobs.[7]
Career[link]
Early work[link]
While struggling to establish himself in Los Angeles, Pitt took lessons from acting coach Roy London.[1][12][14] Pitt's onscreen career began in 1987, with uncredited parts in the films No Way Out, No Man's Land and Less Than Zero.[12] His television debut came in May 1987 with a two-episode role on the NBC soap opera Another World.[15] In November of the same year Pitt had a guest appearance on the ABC sitcom Growing Pains.[16] He appeared in four episodes of the CBS primetime series Dallas between December 1987 and February 1988 as Randy, the boyfriend of Charlie Wade (played by Shalane McCall).[17][1] Pitt described his character as "an idiot boyfriend who gets caught in the hay."[18] Speaking of his scenes with McCall, Pitt later said, "It was kind of wild, because I'd never even met her before."[1] Later in 1988, Pitt made a guest appearance on the Fox police drama 21 Jump Street.[19]
In the same year, the Yugoslavian–U.S. co-production The Dark Side of the Sun (1988) gave Pitt his first leading film role, as a young American taken by his family to the Adriatic to find a remedy for a skin condition. The film was shelved at the outbreak of the Croatian War of Independence, and was not released until 1997.[12] Pitt made two motion picture appearances in 1989: the first in a supporting role in the comedy Happy Together; the second a featured role in the horror film Cutting Class, the first of Pitt's films to reach theaters.[16] He made guest appearances on television series Head of the Class, Freddy's Nightmares, Thirtysomething, and (for a second time) Growing Pains.[20]
Pitt was cast as Billy Canton, a drug addict who takes advantage of a young runaway (played by Juliette Lewis) in the 1990 NBC television movie Too Young to Die?, the story of an abused teenager sentenced to death for a murder.[21] Ken Tucker, television reviewer for Entertainment Weekly wrote: "Pitt is a magnificent slimeball as her hoody boyfriend; looking and sounding like a malevolent John Cougar Mellencamp, he's really scary."[21] The same year, Pitt co-starred in six episodes of the short-lived Fox drama Glory Days,[1] and took a supporting role in the HBO television movie The Image.[22] His next appearance came in the 1991 film Across the Tracks; Pitt portrayed Joe Maloney, a high school runner with a criminal brother, played by Ricky Schroder.[23]
After years of supporting roles in movies and frequent television guest appearances, Pitt attracted wider recognition in his supporting role in the 1991 road film Thelma & Louise.[22] He played J.D., a small-time criminal who befriends Thelma (Geena Davis). His love scene with Davis has been cited as the event that defined Pitt as a sex symbol.[16][24] After Thelma & Louise, Pitt starred in the 1991 film Johnny Suede, a low-budget picture about an aspiring rock star,[25] and the 1992 film Cool World,[16] although neither furthered his career, having poor reviews and box office performance.[26][27]
Pitt took the role of Paul Maclean in the 1992 biographical film A River Runs Through It, directed by Robert Redford.[28] His portrayal of the character has been described as a career-making performance,[29] proving that Pitt could be more than a "cowboy-hatted hunk."[30] He has admitted to feeling under pressure when making the film[6] and thought it one of his "weakest performances ... It's so weird that it ended up being the one that I got the most attention for."[6] Pitt believed that he benefited from working with such a talented cast and crew. He compared working with Redford to playing tennis with a superior player, saying "when you play with somebody better than you, your game gets better."[29][30]
In 1993, Pitt reunited with Juliette Lewis for the road film Kalifornia. He played Early Grayce, a serial killer and the boyfriend of Lewis's character in a performance described by Peter Travers of Rolling Stone as "outstanding, all boyish charm and then a snort that exudes pure menace."[31] Pitt also garnered attention for a brief appearance in the cult hit True Romance as a stoner named Floyd, providing much needed comic relief to the action film.[32] He capped the year by winning a ShoWest Award for Male Star of Tomorrow.[33]
Critical success[link]
1994 marked a significant turning point in Pitt's career. Starring as the vampire Louis de Pointe du Lac in the feature film Interview with the Vampire, based on Anne Rice's 1976 novel of the same name,[34] he was part of an ensemble cast that included Tom Cruise, Kirsten Dunst, Christian Slater, and Antonio Banderas.[34] Despite his winning two MTV Movie Awards at the 1995 ceremony,[35] his performance was poorly received. According to the Dallas Observer, "Brad Pitt ... is a large part of the problem [in the film]. When directors play up his cocky, hunkish, folksy side ... he's a joy to watch. But there's nothing about him that suggests inner torment or even self-awareness, which makes him a boring Louis."[36]
Following the release of Interview with the Vampire, Pitt starred in Legends of the Fall (1994),[37] based on a novel by the same name by Jim Harrison, set in the American West during the first four decades of the twentieth century. Portraying Tristan Ludlow, son of Colonel William Ludlow (Anthony Hopkins) a Cornish immigrant,[38] Pitt received his first Golden Globe Award nomination, in the Best Actor category.[39] Aidan Quinn and Henry Thomas co-starred as Pitt's brothers. Although the film's reception was mixed,[40] many film critics praised Pitt's performance. Janet Maslin of The New York Times said, "Pitt's diffident mix of acting and attitude works to such heartthrob perfection it's a shame the film's superficiality gets in his way."[41] The Deseret News predicted that Legends of the Fall would solidify Pitt's reputation as a lead actor.[42]
In 1995, Pitt starred alongside Morgan Freeman and Gwyneth Paltrow in the crime thriller Seven, playing a detective on the trail of a serial killer (played by Kevin Spacey).[43] Pitt called it a great movie and declared the part would expand his acting horizons.[44] He expressed his intent to move on from "this 'pretty boy' thing [...] and play someone with flaws."[45] His performance was critically well received, with Variety saying that it was screen acting at its best, further remarking on Pitt's ability to turn in a "determined, energetic, creditable job" as the detective.[46] Seven earned $327 million at the international box office.[26]
Following the success of Seven, Pitt took a supporting role as Jeffrey Goines in Terry Gilliam's 1995 science-fiction film 12 Monkeys. The movie received predominantly positive reviews, with Pitt praised in particular. Janet Maslin of the New York Times called Twelve Monkeys "fierce and disturbing" and remarked on Pitt's "startlingly frenzied performance", concluding that he "electrifies Jeffrey with a weird magnetism that becomes important later in the film."[47] He won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film[39] and received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.[48]
The following year he had a role in the legal drama Sleepers (1996), based on Lorenzo Carcaterra's novel of the same name.[49] The film received mixed reviews.[50] In the 1997 movie The Devil's Own Pitt starred, opposite Harrison Ford, as the Irish Republican Army terrorist Rory Devany,[51] a role for which he was required to learn an Irish accent.[52] Critical opinion was divided on his accent; "Pitt finds the right tone of moral ambiguity, but at times his Irish brogue is too convincing – it's hard to understand what he's saying", wrote the San Francisco Chronicle.[53] The Charleston Gazette opined that it had favored Pitt's accent over the movie.[54] The Devil's Own grossed $140 million worldwide,[26] but was a critical failure. Later that year he led as Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer in the Jean-Jacques Annaud film Seven Years in Tibet.[55] Pitt trained for months for the role, which demanded significant mountain climbing and trekking practice, including rock climbing in California and the European Alps with his co-star David Thewlis.[56] The film received mostly negative reviews, and was generally considered a disappointment.[57]
Pitt had the lead role in 1998's Meet Joe Black. He portrayed a personification of death inhabiting the body of a young man to learn what it is like to be human.[58] The film received mixed reviews, and many were critical of Pitt's performance. According to Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle, Pitt was unable to "to make an audience believe that he knows all the mysteries of death and eternity."[59] Roger Ebert stated "Pitt is a fine actor, but this performance is a miscalculation."[60]
From 1999 to 2003[link]
In 1999, Pitt portrayed Tyler Durden, an uncompromising and charismatic individual, in Fight Club,[61][62] a film adaptation of Chuck Palahniuk's novel of the same name, directed by David Fincher.[63] Pitt prepared for the part with lessons in boxing, taekwondo, and grappling.[64] To look the part, Pitt consented to the removal of pieces of his front teeth which were restored when filming ended.[65] While promoting Fight Club, Pitt said that the film explored not taking one's aggressions out on someone else but to "have an experience, take a punch more and see how you come out on the other end."[66] Fight Club premiered at the 1999 Venice International Film Festival.[67] Despite divided critical opinion on the film as a whole,[68][69] Pitt's performance was widely praised. Paul Clinton of CNN noted the risky yet successful nature of the film,[70] while Variety remarked upon Pitt's ability to be "cool, charismatic and more dynamically physical, perhaps than [...] his breakthrough role in Thelma and Louise".[71] In spite of a worse-than-expected box office performance, Fight Club became a cult classic after its DVD release in 2000.[72]
Following Fight Club, Pitt was cast as an Irish Gypsy boxer with a barely intelligible accent in Guy Ritchie's 2000 gangster film Snatch.[73] Several reviewers were critical of Snatch; however, most praised Pitt.[74] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said Pitt was "ideally cast as an Irishman whose accent is so thick even Brits can't understand him", going on to say that, before Snatch, Pitt had been "shackled by roles that called for brooding introspection, but recently he has found his calling in black comic outrageousness and flashy extroversion;"[75] while Amy Taubin of The Village Voice claimed that "Pitt gets maximum comic mileage out of a one-joke role".[76]
The following year Pitt starred opposite Julia Roberts in the romantic comedy The Mexican,[77] a film that garnered a range of reviews[78] but enjoyed box office success.[26] Pitt's next role, in 2001's $143 million-grossing Cold War thriller Spy Game,[26] was as Tom Bishop, an operative of the CIA's Special Activities Division, mentored by Robert Redford's character.[79] Mark Holcomb of Salon.com enjoyed the film, although he noted that neither Pitt nor Redford provided "much of an emotional connection for the audience".[80] On November 22, 2001, Pitt made a guest appearance in the eighth season of the television series Friends, playing a man with a grudge against Rachel Green, played by Jennifer Aniston, to whom Pitt was married at the time.[81] For this performance he was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series.[82] In December 2001, Pitt had the role of Rusty Ryan in the heist film Ocean's Eleven, a remake of the 1960 Rat Pack original. He joined an ensemble cast including George Clooney, Matt Damon, Andy García, and Julia Roberts.[83] Well-received by critics, Ocean's Eleven was highly successful at the box office, earning $450 million worldwide.[26]
Pitt appeared in two episodes of MTV's reality series Jackass in February 2002, first running through the streets of Los Angeles with several cast members in gorilla suits,[84] and participating in his own staged abduction in another episode.[85] In the same year, Pitt had a cameo role in George Clooney's directorial debut Confessions of a Dangerous Mind.[86] He took on his first voice-acting roles in 2003, speaking as the titular character of the DreamWorks animated film Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas[87] and playing Boomhauer's brother, Patch, in an episode of the animated television series King of the Hill.[88]
After 2003[link]
Pitt had two major film roles in 2004, starring as Achilles in Troy, and making a second appearance as Rusty Ryan, in the sequel Ocean's Twelve. He spent six months sword training before the filming of Troy, based on the Iliad.[89] An on-set injury to his Achilles tendon delayed production on the picture for several weeks.[90] With a total worldwide gross of $497 million, Troy remains Pitt's most commercially successful picture to date. The film earned $364 million outside the U.S. and $133 million domestically.[26][91] Stephen Hunter of The Washington Times stated that Pitt excelled at such a demanding role.[92] Troy was the first film produced by Plan B Entertainment, a film production company he had founded two years earlier with Jennifer Aniston and Brad Grey, CEO of Paramount Pictures.[93] Ocean's Twelve earned $362 million worldwide,[26] and Pitt and Clooney's dynamic was described (by CNN's Paul Clinton) as "the best male chemistry since Paul Newman and Robert Redford."[94]
In 2005, Pitt starred in the Doug Liman-directed action comedy Mr. & Mrs. Smith, in which a bored married couple discover that each is an assassin sent to kill the other. The feature received reasonable reviews but was generally lauded for the chemistry between Pitt and Angelina Jolie, who played his character's wife Jane Smith. The Star Tribune noted that "while the story feels haphazard, the movie gets by on gregarious charm, galloping energy and the stars' thermonuclear screen chemistry."[95] Mr. & Mrs. Smith earned $478 million worldwide, making it one of the biggest hits of 2005.[96]
For his next feature film, Pitt starred opposite Cate Blanchett in Alejandro González Iñárritu's multi-narrative drama Babel (2006).[97] Pitt's performance was critically well-received, and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer said that he was credible and gave the film visibility.[98] Pitt later said he regarded taking the part as one of the best decisions of his career.[99] The film was screened at a special presentation at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival[100] and was later featured at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival.[101] Babel received seven Academy and Golden Globe award nominations, winning the Best Drama Golden Globe, and earned Pitt a nomination for the Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe.[39] That same year, Pitt's company Plan B Entertainment produced The Departed, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Pitt was credited on-screen as a producer; however, only Graham King was ruled eligible for the Oscar win.[102]
Reprising his role as Rusty Ryan in a third picture, Pitt starred in 2007's Ocean's Thirteen.[103] While less lucrative than the first two films, this sequel earned $311 million at the international box office.[26] Pitt's next film role was as American outlaw Jesse James in the 2007 Western drama The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, adapted from Ron Hansen's 1983 novel of the same name.[104] Directed by Andrew Dominik and produced by Pitt's company Plan B Entertainment, the film premiered at the 2007 Venice Film Festival,[105] with Pitt playing a "scary and charismatic" role, according to Lewis Beale of Film Journal International,[106] and earning Pitt the Volpi Cup award for Best Actor at the 64th Venice International Film Festival.[107] Although Pitt attended the festival to promote the film, he left early after being attacked by a fan who pushed through his bodyguards.[108] He eventually collected the award one year later at the 2008 festival.[109]
Pitt's next appearance was in the 2008 black comedy Burn After Reading, his first collaboration with the Coen brothers. The film received a positive reception from critics, with The Guardian calling it "a tightly wound, slickly plotted spy comedy",[110] noting that Pitt's performance was one of the funniest.[110] He was later cast as Benjamin Button, the lead in David Fincher's 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, a loosely adapted version of a 1921 short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The story follows a man who is born an octogenarian and ages in reverse,[111] with Pitt's "sensitive" performance making Benjamin Button a "timeless masterpiece," according to Michael Sragow of The Baltimore Sun.[112] The performance earned Pitt his first Screen Actors Guild Award nomination,[113] as well as a fourth Golden Globe and second Academy Award nomination,[39][114] all in the category for Best Actor. The film received thirteen Academy Award nominations in total, and grossed $329 million at the box office worldwide.[26]
Since 2008, Pitt's work has included a leading role in Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds, released in August 2009 at a special presentation at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival.[115] Pitt played Lieutenant Aldo Raine, an American resistance fighter battling Nazis in German-occupied France.[116] The film was a box office hit, taking $311 million worldwide,[26] and garnered generally favorable reviews.[117] The film received multiple awards and nominations, including eight Academy Award nominations and seven MTV Movie Award nominations, including Best Male Performance for Pitt.[118][119] He voiced the superhero character Metro Man in the 2010 animated feature Megamind.[120] Pitt appeared in Terrence Malick's drama The Tree of Life, co-starring Sean Penn, which won the Palme d'Or at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[121] In a performance that attracted strong praise, he portrayed the Oakland Athletics general manager Billy Beane in the drama Moneyball, which is based on the 2003 book of the same name written by Michael Lewis.[122] Moneyball received six Academy Award nominations including Best Actor for Pitt.[123]
He has signed on to appear as a British explorer searching for a mysterious Amazonian civilization in The Lost City of Z, based on David Grann's 2009 book of the same name.[124]
Humanitarian and political causes[link]
Pitt visited the University of Missouri campus in October 2004 to encourage students to vote in the 2004 U.S. presidential election,[125] in which he supported John Kerry.[125][126] Later in October he publicly supported the principle of public funding for embryonic stem-cell research. "We have to make sure that we open up these avenues so that our best and our brightest can go find these cures that they believe they will find," he said.[127] In support of this he endorsed Proposition 71, a California ballot initiative intended to provide federal government funding for stem-cell research.[128]
Pitt supports the ONE Campaign, an organization aimed at combating AIDS and poverty in the developing world.[129][130] He narrated the 2005 PBS public television series Rx for Survival: A Global Health Challenge, which discusses current global health issues[131] and traveled to Pakistan in November 2005 with Angelina Jolie to see the impact of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.[132] The following year Pitt and Jolie flew to Haiti, where they visited a school supported by Yéle Haïti, a charity founded by Haitian-born hip hop musician Wyclef Jean.[133] In May 2007, Pitt and Jolie donated $1 million to three organizations in Chad and Sudan dedicated to those affected by the crisis in the Darfur region.[134] Along with Clooney, Damon, Don Cheadle, and Jerry Weintraub, Pitt is one of the founders of "Not On Our Watch", an organization that tries to focus global attention and resources to stop and prevent genocides such as that in Darfur.[135]
Pitt has a sustained interest in architecture[136] and has narrated Design e2, a PBS television series focused on worldwide efforts to build environmentally friendly structures through sustainable architecture and design.[137] He founded the Make It Right Foundation in 2006, organizing housing professionals in New Orleans to finance and construct 150 sustainable, affordable new houses in New Orleans's Ninth Ward following the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina.[138][139] The project involves 13 architectural firms and the environmental organization Global Green USA, with several of the firms donating their services.[140][141] Pitt and philanthropist Steve Bing have each committed $5 million in donations.[142] The first six homes were completed in October 2008,[143] and in September 2009 Pitt received an award in recognition of the project from the U.S. Green Building Council, a non-profit trade organization that promotes sustainability in how buildings are designed, built and operated.[144][145] Pitt met with U.S. President Barack Obama and Speaker of the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi in March 2009 to promote his concept of green housing as a national model and to discuss federal funding possibilities.[146]
In September 2006, Pitt and Jolie established a charitable organization, the Jolie-Pitt Foundation, to aid humanitarian causes around the world.[147] The foundation made initial donations of $1 million each to Global Action for Children and Doctors Without Borders,[147] followed by an October 2006 donation of $100,000 to the Daniel Pearl Foundation, an organization created in memory of the late American journalist Daniel Pearl.[148] According to federal filings, Pitt and Jolie invested $8.5 million into the foundation in 2006; it gave away $2.4 million in 2006[149] and $3.4 million in 2007.[150] In June 2009 the Jolie-Pitt Foundation donated $1 million to a U.N. refugee agency to help Pakistanis displaced by fighting between troops and Taliban militants.[151][152] In January 2010 the foundation donated $1 million to Doctors Without Borders for emergency medical assistance to help victims of the Haiti earthquake.[153][154]
Pitt is a supporter of same-sex marriage. In an October 2006 interview with Esquire, Pitt said that he would marry Jolie when everyone in America is legally able to marry.[155] He reaffirmed his stance to Parade in August 2009,[156] and again to People in July 2011.[157] In September 2008, he donated $100,000 to the campaign against California's 2008 ballot proposition Proposition 8, an initiative to overturn the state Supreme Court decision that had legalized same-sex marriage.[158] Pitt stated his reasons for the stance: "Because no one has the right to deny another their life, even though they disagree with it, because everyone has the right to live the life they so desire if it doesn't harm another and because discrimination has no place in America, my vote will be for equality and against Proposition 8."[159] In March 2012, Pitt was featured in a performance of Dustin Lance Black's play, '8' — a staged reenactment of the federal trial that overturned California's Prop 8 ban on same-sex marriage — as Judge Vaughn Walker.[160] The production was held at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre and broadcast on YouTube to raise money for the American Foundation for Equal Rights, a non-profit organization funding the plaintiffs' legal team and sponsoring the play.[161][162]
In the media[link]
Pitt's sex appeal has been picked up by many sources including Empire, who named him one of the 25 sexiest stars in film history in 1995.[12] The same year, Pitt won People's Sexiest Man Alive, an accolade he won again in 2000.[2][163] Pitt appeared on Forbes's annual Celebrity 100 list of the 100 most powerful celebrities in 2006, 2007, and 2008, at No. 20, No. 5, and No. 10 respectively.[164][165][166] In 2007 he was listed among the Time 100, a compilation of the 100 most influential people in the world, as selected annually by TIME.[167] The magazine credited Pitt with using "his star power to get people to look [to where] cameras don't usually catch".[167] Pitt was again included in the Time 100 in 2009, this time in the Builders and Titans list.[168]
Starting in 2005, Pitt's relationship with Angelina Jolie became one of the most reported celebrity stories worldwide. After confirming that Jolie was pregnant in early 2006, the unprecedented media hype surrounding the couple reached what Reuters, in a story titled "The Brangelina fever," called "the point of insanity".[4] To avoid media attention the couple flew to Namibia for the birth of their daughter Shiloh, "the most anticipated baby since Jesus Christ."[169] Similarly intense media interest greeted the announcement two years later of Jolie's second pregnancy; for the two weeks Jolie spent in a seaside hospital in Nice, reporters and photographers camped outside on the promenade to report on the birth.[170]
In a 2006 global industry survey by ACNielsen in 42 international markets, Pitt, together with Jolie, was found to be the favorite celebrity endorser for brands and products worldwide.[171] Pitt has appeared in several television commercials. For the U.S. market, he starred in a Heineken commercial aired during the 2005 Super Bowl; it was directed by David Fincher, who had directed Pitt in Seven, Fight Club and The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.[172] Other commercial appearances came in television spots designed for Asian markets, advertising such products as the Acura Integra, in which he was featured opposite Russian model Tatiana Sorokko,[173] as well as SoftBank and Edwin Jeans.[174][175]
Personal life[link]
Relationships[link]
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Pitt was involved in successive relationships with several of his co-stars, including Robin Givens (Head of the Class),[176] Jill Schoelen (Cutting Class),[176] and Juliette Lewis (Too Young to Die? and Kalifornia), who, at the age of 16, was ten years his junior when they started dating.[29] In addition, Pitt had a much-publicized romance and engagement to his Seven co-star Gwyneth Paltrow, whom he dated from 1994 to 1997.[176]
Pitt met Friends actress Jennifer Aniston in 1998 and married her in a private wedding ceremony in Malibu on July 29, 2000.[1][177] For years their marriage was considered a rare Hollywood success;[1][178] however, in January 2005, Pitt and Aniston announced that they had decided formally to separate after seven years together.[177] Two months later Aniston filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences.[179] Pitt and Aniston's divorce was finalized by the Los Angeles Superior Court on October 2, 2005, legally ending their marriage.[179] Despite media reports that Pitt and Aniston have an acrimonious relationship, Pitt said in a February 2009 interview that he and Aniston "check in with each other", adding that they were both big parts of each others' lives.[180]
During Pitt's divorce from Aniston, his involvement with his Mr. & Mrs. Smith co-star Angelina Jolie attracted vigorous media attention.[181] While Pitt denied claims of adultery, he admitted that he "fell in love" with Jolie on the set.[182] In April 2005, one month after Aniston filed for divorce, a set of paparazzi photographs emerged showing Pitt, Jolie and her son Maddox at a beach in Kenya; the pictures were construed in the press as evidence of a relationship between Pitt and Jolie.[183] During the summer of 2005, the two were seen together with increasing frequency, and the entertainment media dubbed the couple "Brangelina".[184] On January 11, 2006, Jolie confirmed to People that she was pregnant with Pitt's child, thereby publicly acknowledging their relationship for the first time.[185] Pitt and Jolie announced their engagement in April 2012 after seven years together.[186]
Children[link]
Children
- Maddox Chivan Jolie-Pitt
- born August 5, 2001 in Cambodia; adopted March 10, 2002 by Jolie; adopted early 2006 by Pitt
- Pax Thien Jolie-Pitt
- born November 29, 2003 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; adopted March 15, 2007 by Jolie; adopted February 21, 2008 by Pitt
- Zahara Marley Jolie-Pitt
- born January 8, 2005 in Awassa, Ethiopia; adopted July 6, 2005 by Jolie; adopted early 2006 by Pitt
- Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt
- born May 27, 2006 in Swakopmund, Namibia
- Knox Léon Jolie-Pitt
- born July 12, 2008 in Nice, France
- Vivienne Marcheline Jolie-Pitt
- born July 12, 2008 in Nice, France
In July 2005, Pitt accompanied Jolie to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where she adopted her second child, six-month-old Zahara Marley,[187] a decision which Jolie later stated she and Pitt had made together.[188] Pitt's publicist announced in December 2005 that Pitt was seeking to legally adopt Jolie's two children, Zahara and Cambodia-born Maddox Chivan.[189] On January 19, 2006, a California judge granted Jolie's request to change the children's surnames from "Jolie" to "Jolie-Pitt".[190] The adoptions were finalized soon after.[191]
Jolie gave birth to daughter Shiloh Nouvel in Swakopmund, Namibia, on May 27, 2006. Pitt confirmed that their newborn daughter would have a Namibian passport.[192] The couple sold the first pictures of Shiloh through the distributor Getty Images; the North American rights were purchased by People for over $4.1 million, while Hello! obtained the British rights for approximately $3.5 million. The proceeds from the sale were donated to charities serving African children.[193] Madame Tussauds in New York unveiled a wax figure of two-month-old Shiloh; it marked the first time an infant was recreated in wax by Madame Tussauds.[194]
On March 15, 2007, Jolie adopted three-year-old Pax Thien from an orphanage in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.[195] Since Vietnam does not allow unmarried couples to adopt, Jolie adopted Pax as a single parent. In April 2007, Jolie filed a request to legally change her son's surname from "Jolie" to "Jolie-Pitt", which was approved on May 31, 2007.[196] The rights for the first post-adoption images of Pax were sold to People for a reported $2 million, as well as to Hello! for an undisclosed amount.[197] Pitt adopted Pax in the United States on February 21, 2008.[198]
At the Cannes Film Festival in May 2008, Jolie confirmed that she was expecting twins.[199] She gave birth to son Knox Léon and daughter Vivienne Marcheline on July 12, 2008 in Nice, France.[200] The rights for the first images of Knox and Vivienne were jointly sold to People and Hello! for $14 million—the most expensive celebrity pictures ever taken.[201][202] The couple donated the proceeds to the Jolie-Pitt Foundation.[201][203]
Filmography[link]
Main article: Brad Pitt filmography
Awards and nominations[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Brad Pitt
References[link]
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- ^ Breznican, Anthony (May 22, 2011). "Cannes Film Festival: Top prizes go to 'Tree of Life,' Kirsten Dunst, 'The Artist'". Entertainment Weekly. http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/05/22/cannes-film-festival-2011awards/. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Bill Madden. 'Moneyball' strategy insufficient for Oakland A's, general manager Billy Beane vs. New York Yankees. Daily News (New York). September 3, 2010 [cited March 3, 2011].
- ^ Nominees for the 84th Academy Awards [cited January 24, 2012].
- ^ Ben Child (December 10, 2008). "Brad Pitt signs up to explore Lost City of Z". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/dec/10/brad-pitt-lost-city-of-z. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ a b Pitt gets serious for John Kerry. San Francisco Chronicle. October 22, 2004 [cited November 25, 2008].
- ^ Marc Lavine. Star power fails Kerry. The Age (Australia). November 4, 2004 [cited November 25, 2008].
- ^ Tatiana Morales. Stars Clash In Stem Cell Debate. October 29, 2004 [cited November 17, 2008]. Associated Press. CBS News.
- ^ Bradley J. Fikes. Supporters, foes of Prop. 71 clash as election draws near. North County Times. October 28, 2004 [archived January 8, 2010; cited January 8, 2010].
- ^ Shari Scorca. Bono, Brad Pitt Launch Campaign For Third-World Relief. April 6, 2005 [cited December 30, 2008]. MTV News.
- ^ Christopher Lagan. Americans wear White Bands in Support of the Fight against Global Aids and Poverty. One Campaign Official Website. March 1, 2005 [cited December 30, 2008].
- ^ Rx for Survival — The Television Broadcasts — The Complete Series. [cited May 15, 2008]. Public Broadcasting Service.
- ^ Marla Lehner. Brad & Angelina Visit Pakistan. People. November 25, 2005 [cited July 6, 2009].
- ^ Scott Lamb. The Fix. January 17, 2006 [cited January 28, 2009]. Salon.com.
- ^ Big Lenders. RedEye. May 11, 2007:72. "Refugee camps in Darfur and neighboring Chad are receiving a big dose of help from Bradgelina. Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt are donating $1 million to humanitarian efforts there through their Jolie-Pitt Foundation [...] The money ... will go to three organizations that help millions of displaced refugees in and around Darfur."
- ^ Not On Our Watch Official Website. Not On Our Watch: Darfur [cited May 15, 2008].
- ^ John Hiscock. Brad Pitt interview: why I had to face my own mortality. The Daily Telegraph (UK). January 29, 2009 [archived March 1, 2010; cited February 24, 2009].
- ^ e². [cited October 25, 2009]. Public Broadcasting Service.
- ^ Katy Reckdahl. Brad Pitt's foundation races clock in New Orleans. The Seattle Times. August 23, 2008 [cited November 7, 2009].
- ^ Rick Jervis. Brad Pitt plays action hero in New Orleans' recovery. USA Today. December 3, 2007 [cited November 7, 2009].
- ^ Stacey Plaisance. Pitt Shocked by Post-Katrina Devastation. The Washington Post. July 15, 2006 [cited November 14, 2008]. Associated Press.
- ^ Does Jolie lead Hollywood by example? Access Hollywood. July 17, 2006 [cited November 14, 2008]. MSNBC. "Brad Pitt—whose most recent cause has been close to home and heart—working with Global Green USA ... on a competition to choose ecologically sound designs for rebuilding neighborhoods in post-Katrina New Orleans."
- ^ Robin Pogrebin. Brad Pitt Commissions Designs for New Orleans. The New York Times. December 3, 2007 [cited November 14, 2008]. "Mr. Pitt pledged to match $5 million in contributions to the project, as did Steve Bing, the philanthropist."
- ^ Sheila Marikar. Philanthropist, Photog, Politician, Actor: Who Is Brad Pitt? October 15, 2008 [archived March 2, 2010; cited March 2, 2010]:1. ABC News.
- ^ Pitt awarded for Orleans project. September 25, 2009 [cited September 25, 2009]. BBC News.
- ^ David Ng. Monster Mash: Demoted NEA communications chief resigns; MOCA raises $60 million; Brad Pitt honored for New Orleans work. Los Angeles Times. September 25, 2009 [cited September 25, 2009].
- ^ Toby Harnden. Barack Obama welcomes Brad Pitt to White House. The Daily Telegraph (UK). March 6, 2009 [archived March 1, 2010; cited March 26, 2009].
- ^ a b Mary Green. Brad & Angelina Start Charitable Group. People. September 20, 2006 [cited March 26, 2009].
- ^ Amy Bonawitz. Pitt, Jolie Donate To Pearl Foundation. October 10, 2006 [cited March 26, 2009]. CBS News.
- ^ Roger Friedman. Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's Charity: Bravo. March 21, 2008 [cited March 31, 2009]. Fox News.
- ^ Roger Friedman. Brad and Angie Get $$ from E! March 11, 2009 [cited March 31, 2009]. Fox News.
- ^ Kelly Roberts. Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie donate $1 million to help refugees in Pakistan. Daily News (New York). June 18, 2009 [cited July 6, 2009].
- ^ Jolie and Pitt donate to Pakistan. June 19, 2009 [cited June 19, 2009]. BBC News.
- ^ Dave Itzkoff. Haitian Earthquake Spurs Stars to Action. The New York Times. January 14, 2010 [cited January 14, 2010].
- ^ Lyneka Little. Morning Report: "Dexter" Star Recovers From Cancer, Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt Help Haiti, Obama Gets the Musical Treatment. The Wall Street Journal. January 14, 2010 [cited January 14, 2010].
- ^ Brad Pitt. My List. Esquire. October 1, 2006 [archived March 15, 2010; cited March 15, 2010]:2.
- ^ Rader, Dotson. "Brad Pitt on Gay Marriage, Smoking Pot and 'Real Love'". Parade. August 5, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2001.
- ^ "Brad Pitt Strengthens Stand on Marriage Equality". People. July 5, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ^ Ted Johnson. Pitt takes a stand against Prop 8. Variety. September 17, 2008 [cited November 17, 2008].
- ^ Brad Pitt Donates $100,000 To Fight Gay Marriage Ban. The Huffington Post. September 17, 2008 [cited September 18, 2008]. Associated Press.
- ^ "Brad Pitt joins cast of '8' play reading in L.A.". The Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2012/03/brad-pitt-joins-cast-of-8-play-reading-in-la.html. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
- ^ ""8": A Play about the Fight for Marriage Equality". YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlUG8F9uVgM. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
- ^ "YouTube to broadcast Proposition 8 play live". pinknews.co.uk. http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/03/01/youtube-to-broadcast-proposition-8-play-live/. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
- ^ Judy Faber. George Clooney Sizes Up Brad Pitt's Feet. June 6, 2007 [cited November 15, 2008]. CBS News.
- ^ Lea Goldman; Kiri Blakeley. The Celebrity 100. Forbes. June 12, 2006 [cited November 17, 2008].
- ^ The Celebrity 100. Forbes. June 14, 2007 [cited November 17, 2008].
- ^ Oprah, Tiger Woods, Angelina Jolie Top Forbes' Celebrity 100 List. June 12, 2008 [cited May 19, 2009]. Fox News.
- ^ a b Rebecca Winters Keegan. Brad Pitt. TIME. [cited July 11, 2007].
- ^ James Carville; Mary Matalin. Brad Pitt. TIME. [cited May 19, 2009].
- ^ Terry Leonard. Namibia Shielding Pitt and Jolie. The Washington Post. May 25, 2006 [cited December 30, 2008]. Associated Press.
- ^ Ben Gruber. Jolie twins doctor admits to pre-birth pressure. July 15, 2008 [cited December 30, 2008]. Reuters.
- ^ "Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt top the charts, as favourite celebrity endorsers". ACNielsen. July 24, 2006. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
- ^ Lucy Kaylin. American Idol. GQ. June 2005 [archived March 23, 2010; cited March 22, 2010]:5.
- ^ A.J. Benza; Michael Lewittes. Hot Copy. Daily News (New York). December 22, 1995 [cited October 24, 2010].[dead link]
- ^ Cate Doty. For Celebrities, Ads Made Abroad Shed Some Stigma. The New York Times. February 4, 2008 [cited March 26, 2009].
- ^ Will Brad Pitt ever age?. The Sun (UK). January 22, 2008 [cited November 14, 2008].
- ^ a b c Love Lost. People. June 30, 1997 [cited February 25, 2009].
- ^ a b Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt Separate. People. January 7, 2005 [cited May 16, 2008].
- ^ Pitt and Aniston announce split. January 8, 2005 [cited March 19, 2009]. BBC News.
- ^ a b Judge signs Aniston-Pitt divorce papers. USA Today. August 22, 2005 [cited November 14, 2008]. Associated Press.
- ^ Kevin West. Brad Pitt. W. February 2009 [archived June 28, 2010; cited February 24, 2009]:1.
- ^ Stephen M. Silverman. How Will Brad and Angelina's Movie Fare? People. January 21, 2005 [cited March 16, 2009].
- ^ Brad Pitt admits Angelina Jolie affair while with Jennifer Aniston. Herald Sun (Australia). December 11, 2008 [cited December 22, 2008].
- ^ Brad & Angelina's Latest Getaway. People. May 4, 2005 [cited May 16, 2008].
- ^ Robin Stummer. To Brad and Angelina: a C-section (and the keys to a hysterical nation). The Independent (UK). May 28, 2006 [cited February 21, 2010].
- ^ Angelina Jolie Pregnant. People. January 11, 2006 [cited May 15, 2008].
- ^ "Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt engaged: official". Reuters. April 13, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ Stephen B. Silverman. Brad, Angelina Pick Up Adopted Baby. People. July 7, 2005 [cited May 15, 2008].
- ^ Angelina Jolie: Her Mission and Motherhood. June 20, 2006 [cited October 14, 2008]. CNN Transcripts.
- ^ Brad Pitt to Adopt Angelina's Kids. People. December 5, 2005 [cited May 15, 2008].
- ^ Judge says Jolie's children can take Pitt's name. January 19, 2006 [cited May 15, 2008]. Associated Press. MSNBC.
- ^ Daren Briscoe. The Giving Back Awards: 15 People Who Make America Great. Newsweek. July 3, 2006 [cited March 14, 2008].
- ^ CNN Transcripts. June 7, 2006 [cited November 14, 2008]. CNN.
- ^ Rose, Lacey. "The Most Expensive Celebrity Photos". Forbes. July 18, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ^ Jolie-Pitt baby model on display. July 27, 2006 [cited November 15, 2008]. BBC News.
- ^ Angelina Jolie Happy To Focus On New Son. March 16, 2007 [cited March 1, 2010]. Associated Press. CBS News.
- ^ Ken Lee. Angelina Jolie Files to Give Brad Pitt's Name to New Son. People. April 24, 2007 [cited March 14, 2011].
- ^ Rose, Lacey. "The Most Expensive Celebrity Baby Photos". Forbes. April 16, 2008. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ^ Angelina & Brad's Adoption of Pax Finalized. People. April 24, 2007 [cited March 14, 2011].
- ^ Simon Crerar. Jack Black confirms Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt twin rumours. The Times (UK). May 15, 2008 [cited March 1, 2009].
- ^ Dana Kennedy and Kristin Boehm. The Jolie-Pitts Welcome a Son & Daughter. People. July 13, 2008 [cited July 18, 2008].
- ^ a b Anita Singh. Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie: Twins have brought 'wonderful chaos' to our lives. The Daily Telegraph (UK). August 4, 2008 [archived March 1, 2010; cited October 30, 2008].
- ^ Source: Jolie-Pitt baby pics fetch $14 million. August 1, 2008 [archived July 12, 2010; cited October 30, 2008]. Associated Press. MSNBC.
- ^ Stephen Brook. The world's costliest baby snaps: £7m for the Brangelina twins. The Guardian (UK). August 5, 2008 [cited October 26, 2009].
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brad Pitt |
- Brad Pitt at the Internet Movie Database
- Brad Pitt at Yahoo! Movies
- Brad Pitt at People.com
- Not On Our Watch – Founded by: George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Don Cheadle, Jerry Weintraub
- Brad Pitt on Charlie Rose
- Works by or about Brad Pitt in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Brad Pitt collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Brad Pitt at the Notable Names Database
- Brad Pitt collected news and commentary at The Guardian
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pitt, William Bradley |
| Alternative names | Pitt, Brad |
| Short description | American actor |
| Date of birth | December 18, 1963 |
| Place of birth | Shawnee, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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"Brahms" redirects here. For other uses, see Brahms (disambiguation).
Johannes Brahms (pronounced [joːˈhanəs ˈbʁaːms]; 7 May 1833 – 3 April 1897) was a German composer and pianist, and one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period. Born in Hamburg, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna, Austria, where he was a leader of the musical scene. In his lifetime, Brahms's popularity and influence were considerable; following a comment by the nineteenth-century conductor Hans von Bülow, he is sometimes grouped with Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven as one of the Three Bs.
Brahms composed for piano, chamber ensembles, symphony orchestra, and for voice and chorus. A virtuoso pianist, he premiered many of his own works; he also worked with some of the leading performers of his time, including the pianist Clara Schumann and the violinist Joseph Joachim. Many of his works have become staples of the modern concert repertoire. Brahms, an uncompromising perfectionist, destroyed many of his works and left some of them unpublished.[1]
Brahms is often considered both a traditionalist and an innovator. His music is firmly rooted in the structures and compositional techniques of the Baroque and Classical masters. He was a master of counterpoint, the complex and highly disciplined art for which Johann Sebastian Bach is famous, and also of development, a compositional ethos pioneered by Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Brahms aimed to honour the "purity" of these venerable "German" structures and advance them into a Romantic idiom, in the process creating bold new approaches to harmony and melody. While many contemporaries found his music too academic, his contribution and craftsmanship have been admired by subsequent figures as diverse as Arnold Schoenberg and Edward Elgar. The diligent, highly constructed nature of Brahms's works was a starting point and an inspiration for a generation of composers.
Contents |
Life[link]
Early years[link]
Brahms's father, Johann Jakob Brahms (1806–72), came to Hamburg from Dithmarschen, seeking a career as a town musician. He was proficient in several instruments, but found employment mostly playing the horn and double bass. In 1830, he married Johanna Henrika Christiane Nissen (1789–1865), a seamstress never previously married, who was seventeen years older than he was. Johannes Brahms had an older sister and a younger brother. Initially, they lived near the city docks, in the Gängeviertel quarter of Hamburg, for six months, before moving to a small house on the Dammtorwall, a small city in the Inner Alster.
Johann Jakob gave his son his first musical training. He studied piano from the age of seven with Otto Friedrich Willibald Cossel. Owing to the family's poverty, as a boy Brahms played in dance halls and brothels – some of the seediest places in Hamburg – surrounded by drunken sailors and prostitutes that often fondled the boy as he played.[citation needed] Early biographers found this shocking and played down this portion of his life. Modern writers have pointed to this as a reason for Brahms's later inability to have a successful relationship for marriage, etc., his view of women being warped by his experiences.[2] Recently, Brahms scholars Styra Avins[3] and Kurt Hoffman have suggested that this legend is false. Since Brahms himself clearly originated the story, however, some have questioned Hoffman's theory.[4][5]
For a time, Brahms also learned the cello.[6] After his early piano lessons with Otto Cossel, Brahms studied piano with Eduard Marxsen, who had studied in Vienna with Ignaz von Seyfried (a pupil of Mozart) and Carl Maria von Bocklet (a close friend of Schubert). The young Brahms gave a few public concerts in Hamburg, but did not become well known as a pianist until he made a concert tour at the age of nineteen. (In later life, he frequently took part in the performance of his own works, whether as soloist, accompanist, or participant in chamber music.) He conducted choirs from his early teens, and became a proficient choral and orchestral conductor.
Meeting Joachim and Liszt[link]
He began to compose quite early in life, but later destroyed most copies of his first works; for instance, Louise Japha, a fellow-pupil of Marxsen, reported a piano sonata, that Brahms had played or improvised at the age of 11, had been destroyed. His compositions did not receive public acclaim until he went on a concert tour as accompanist to the Hungarian violinist Eduard Reményi in April and May 1853. On this tour he met Joseph Joachim at Hanover, and went on to the Court of Weimar where he met Franz Liszt, Peter Cornelius, and Joachim Raff. According to several witnesses of Brahms's meeting with Liszt (at which Liszt performed Brahms's Scherzo, Op. 4, at sight), Reményi was offended by Brahms's failure to praise Liszt's Sonata in B minor wholeheartedly (Brahms supposedly fell asleep during a performance of the recently composed work), and they parted company shortly afterwards. Brahms later excused himself, saying that he could not help it, having been exhausted by his travels.
Brahms and Schumann[link]
Joachim had given Brahms a letter of introduction to Robert Schumann, and after a walking tour in the Rhineland, Brahms took the train to Düsseldorf, and was welcomed into the Schumann family on arrival there. Schumann, amazed by the 20-year-old's talent, published an article entitled "Neue Bahnen" (New Paths) in the 28 October 1853 issue of the journal Neue Zeitschrift für Musik alerting the public to the young man, who, he claimed, was "destined to give ideal expression to the times."[7] This pronouncement was received with some scepticism outside of Schumann's immediate circle, and may have increased Brahms's naturally self-critical need to perfect his works and technique. While he was in Düsseldorf, Brahms participated with Schumann and Albert Dietrich in writing a sonata for Joachim; this is known as the "F–A–E Sonata" (German: Frei aber einsam). He became very attached to Schumann's wife, the composer and pianist Clara, fourteen years his senior, with whom he would carry on a lifelong, emotionally passionate relationship. Brahms never married, despite strong feelings for several women and despite entering into an engagement, soon broken off, with Agathe von Siebold in Göttingen in 1859. After Schumann's attempted suicide and subsequent confinement in a mental sanatorium near Bonn in February 1854, Brahms was the main intercessor between Clara and her husband, and found himself virtually head of the household.
After Schumann's death, Brahms hurried to Düsseldorf and for the next two years lived in an apartment above the Schumann's house, and sacrificed his career and his art for Clara's sake. The question of Brahms and Clara Schumann is perhaps the most mysterious in music history, alongside that of Beethoven's "Immortal Beloved". Whether they were actually lovers is unknown, but their destruction of their letters to each other may point to something beyond mere privacy.[8]
Detmold and Hamburg[link]
After Schumann's death at the sanatorium in 1856, Brahms divided his time between Hamburg, where he formed and conducted a ladies' choir, and Detmold in the Principality of Lippe, where he was court music-teacher and conductor. He was the soloist at the premiere of his Piano Concerto No. 1 in 1859. He first visited Vienna in 1862, staying there over the winter, and, in 1863, was appointed conductor of the Vienna Singakademie. Though he resigned the position the following year, and entertained the idea of taking up conducting posts elsewhere, he based himself increasingly in Vienna and soon made his home there. From 1872 to 1875, he was director of the concerts of the Vienna Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde; afterwards, he accepted no formal position. He declined an honorary doctorate of music from University of Cambridge in 1877, but accepted one from the University of Breslau in 1879, and composed the Academic Festival Overture as a gesture of appreciation.
He had been composing steadily throughout the 1850s and 60s, but his music had evoked divided critical responses, and the Piano Concerto No. 1 had been badly received in some of its early performances. His works were labelled old-fashioned by the 'New German School' whose principal figures included Liszt and Richard Wagner. Brahms admired some of Wagner's music and admired Liszt as a great pianist, but the conflict between the two schools, known as the War of the Romantics, soon embroiled all of musical Europe. In the Brahms camp were his close friends: Clara Schumann, the influential music critic Eduard Hanslick, and the leading Viennese surgeon Theodor Billroth. In 1860, Brahms attempted to organise a public protest against some of the wilder excesses of the Wagnerians' music. This took the form of a manifesto, written by Brahms and Joachim jointly. The manifesto, which was published prematurely with only three supporting signatures, was a failure, and he never engaged in public polemics again.[9]
Years of popularity[link]
It was the premiere of A German Requiem, his largest choral work, in Bremen, in 1868, that confirmed Brahms's European reputation and led many to accept that he had conquered Beethoven and the symphony. This may have given him the confidence finally to complete a number of works that he had wrestled with over many years, such as the cantata Rinaldo, his first string quartet, third piano quartet, and most notably his first symphony. This appeared in 1876, though it had been begun (and a version of the first movement seen by some of his friends) in the early 1860s. The other three symphonies then followed in 1877, 1883, and 1885. From 1881, he was able to try out his new orchestral works with the court orchestra of the Duke of Meiningen, whose conductor was Hans von Bülow. He was the soloist at the premiere of his Piano Concerto No. 2 in 1881, in Pest.
Brahms frequently travelled, both for business (concert tours) and pleasure. From 1878 onwards, he often visited Italy in the springtime, and he usually sought out a pleasant rural location in which to compose during the summer. He was a great walker and especially enjoyed spending time in the open air, where he felt that he could think more clearly.
In 1889, one Theo Wangemann, a representative of American inventor Thomas Edison, visited the composer in Vienna and invited him to make an experimental recording. Brahms played an abbreviated version of his first Hungarian dance on the piano. The recording was later issued on an LP of early piano performances (compiled by Gregor Benko). Although the spoken introduction to the short piece of music is quite clear, the piano playing is largely inaudible due to heavy surface noise. Nevertheless, this remains the earliest recording made by a major composer. Analysts and scholars remain divided, however, as to whether the voice that introduces the piece is that of Wangemann or of Brahms.[10] Several attempts have been made to improve the quality of this historic recording; a "denoised" version was produced at Stanford University which claims to solve the mystery.[11]
In 1889, Brahms was named an honorary citizen of Hamburg, until 1948 the only one born in Hamburg.[12]
Later years[link]
In 1890, the 57-year-old Brahms resolved to give up composing. However, as it turned out, he was unable to abide by his decision, and in the years before his death he produced a number of acknowledged masterpieces. His admiration for Richard Mühlfeld, clarinetist with the Meiningen orchestra, moved him to compose the Clarinet Trio, Op. 114, Clarinet Quintet, Op. 115 (1891), and the two Clarinet Sonatas, Op. 120 (1894). He also wrote several cycles of piano pieces, Opp. 116–119, the Vier ernste Gesänge (Four Serious Songs), Op. 121 (1896), and the Eleven Chorale Preludes for organ, Op. 122 (1896).
While completing the Op. 121 songs, Brahms developed cancer (sources differ on whether this was of the liver or pancreas). His condition gradually worsened and he died on 3 April 1897, aged 63. Brahms is buried in the Zentralfriedhof in Vienna.
Tributes[link]
Later that year, the British composer Hubert Parry, who considered Brahms the greatest artist of the time, wrote an orchestral Elegy for Brahms. This was never played in Parry's lifetime, receiving its first performance at a memorial concert for Parry himself in 1918.
Music of Brahms[link]
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Brahms plays his Hungarian Dance No. 1
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Works[link]
See also: Lists of compositions by Brahms by genre and by opus number
Brahms wrote a number of major works for orchestra, including two serenades, four symphonies, two piano concertos (No. 1 in D minor; No. 2 in B-flat major), a Violin Concerto, a Double Concerto for violin and cello, and two companion orchestral overtures, the Academic Festival Overture and the Tragic Overture.
His large choral work A German Requiem is not a setting of the liturgical Missa pro defunctis but a setting of texts which Brahms selected from the Lutheran Bible. The work was composed in three major periods of his life. An early version of the second movement was first composed in 1854, not long after Robert Schumann's attempted suicide, and this was later used in his first piano concerto. The majority of the Requiem was composed after his mother's death in 1865. The fifth movement was added after the official premiere in 1868, and the work was published in 1869.
Brahms's works in variation form include, among others, the Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel and the Paganini Variations, both for solo piano, and the Variations on a Theme by Haydn (now sometimes called the Saint Anthony Variations) in versions for two pianos and for orchestra. The final movement of the Fourth Symphony, Op. 98, is formally a passacaglia.
His chamber works include three string quartets, two string quintets, two string sextets, a clarinet quintet, a clarinet trio, a horn trio, a piano quintet, three piano quartets, and four piano trios (the fourth being published posthumously). He composed several instrumental sonatas with piano, including three for violin, two for cello, and two for clarinet (which were subsequently arranged for viola by the composer). His solo piano works range from his early piano sonatas and ballades to his late sets of character pieces. Brahms was a significant lieder composer, who wrote over 200 songs. His chorale preludes for organ, Op. 122, which he wrote shortly before his death, have become an important part of the organist's repertoire.
Brahms strongly preferred writing absolute music that does not refer to an explicit scene or narrative, and he never wrote an opera or a symphonic poem.
Despite his reputation as a serious composer of large, complex musical structures, some of Brahms's most widely known and most commercially successful compositions during his life were small-scale works of popular intent aimed at the thriving contemporary market for domestic music-making; indeed, during the 20th century, the influential American critic B. H. Haggin, rejecting more mainstream views, argued in his various guides to recorded music that Brahms was at his best in such works and much less successful in larger forms. Among the most cherished of these lighter works by Brahms are his sets of popular dances—the Hungarian Dances, the Waltzes, Op. 39, for piano duet, and the Liebeslieder Waltzes for vocal quartet and piano—and some of his many songs, notably the Wiegenlied, Op. 49, No. 4 (published in 1868). This last was written (to a folk text) to celebrate the birth of a son to Brahms's friend Bertha Faber and is universally known as Brahms's Lullaby.
Style and influences[link]
Brahms maintained a Classical sense of form and order in his works – in contrast to the opulence of the music of many of his contemporaries. Thus many admirers (though not necessarily Brahms himself) saw him as the champion of traditional forms and "pure music", as opposed to the "New German" embrace of programme music.
Brahms venerated Beethoven: in the composer's home, a marble bust of Beethoven looked down on the spot where he composed, and some passages in his works are reminiscent of Beethoven's style. Brahms's First Symphony bears strongly the influence of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, as the two works are both in a formidable C minor, and end in the struggle towards a C major triumph. The main theme of the finale of the First Symphony is also reminiscent of the main theme of the finale of Beethoven's Ninth, and when this resemblance was pointed out to Brahms, he replied that any ass – jeder Esel – could see that. In 1876, when the work was premiered in Vienna, it was immediately hailed as "Beethoven's Tenth". However, the similarity of Brahms's music to that of late Beethoven had first been noted as early as November 1853, in a letter from Albert Dietrich to Ernst Naumann.[13][14]
A German Requiem was partially inspired by his mother's death in 1865 (at which time he composed a funeral march that was to become the basis of Part Two, Denn alles Fleisch), but it also incorporates material from a symphony which he started in 1854 but abandoned following Schumann's suicide attempt. He once wrote that the Requiem "belonged to Schumann". The first movement of this abandoned Symphony was re-worked as the first movement of the First Piano Concerto.
Brahms also loved the Classical composers Mozart and Haydn. He collected first editions and autographs of their works, and edited performing editions. He studied the music of pre-classical composers, including Giovanni Gabrieli, Johann Adolph Hasse, Heinrich Schütz, Domenico Scarlatti, George Frideric Handel, and, especially, Johann Sebastian Bach. His friends included leading musicologists, and, with Friedrich Chrysander, he edited an edition of the works of François Couperin. Brahms also edited works by C. P. E. and W. F. Bach. He looked to older music for inspiration in the art of counterpoint; the themes of some of his works are modelled on Baroque sources such as Bach's The Art of Fugue in the fugal finale of Cello Sonata No. 1 or the same composer's Cantata No. 150 in the passacaglia theme of the Fourth Symphony's finale.
The early Romantic composers also had a major influence on Brahms, particularly Schumann, who encouraged Brahms as a young composer. During his stay in Vienna in 1862–63, Brahms became particularly interested in the music of Franz Schubert.[15] The latter's influence may be identified in works by Brahms dating from the period, such as the two piano quartets Op. 25 and Op. 26, and the Piano Quintet which alludes to Schubert's String Quintet and Grand Duo for piano four hands.[15][16] The influence of Chopin and Mendelssohn on Brahms is less obvious, although occasionally one can find in his works what seems to be an allusion to one of theirs (for example, Brahms's Scherzo, Op. 4, alludes to Chopin's Scherzo in B-flat minor;[17] the scherzo movement in Brahms's Piano Sonata in F minor, Op. 5, alludes to the finale of Mendelssohn's Piano Trio in C minor).[18]
Brahms considered giving up composition when it seemed that other composers' innovations in extended tonality would result in the rule of tonality being broken altogether. Although Wagner became fiercely critical of Brahms as the latter grew in stature and popularity, he was enthusiastically receptive of the early Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel; Brahms himself, according to many sources (Swafford, 1999), deeply admired Wagner's music, confining his ambivalence only to the dramaturgical precepts of Wagner's theory.
Brahms wrote settings for piano and voice of 144 German folk songs, and many of his lieder reflect folk themes or depict scenes of rural life. His Hungarian Dances were among his most profitable compositions.
Brahms and religion[link]
Brahms's personal views tended to be humanistic and sceptical, though one of his musical influences was undoubtedly the Bible as rendered in German by Martin Luther. His Requiem employs biblical texts to speak words of comfort to the bereaved while generally omitting statements concerning salvation or immortality. Composer Walter Niemann declared "The fact that Brahms began his creative activity with the German folk song and closed with the Bible reveals... the true religious creed of this great man of the people." Biographers and critics more often understand Brahms's appreciation of Lutheran tradition as cultural more than existential.[19] When asked by conductor Karl Reinthaler to add additional sectarian text to his German Requiem, Brahms responded, "As far as the text is concerned, I confess that I would gladly omit even the word German and instead use Human; also with my best knowledge and will I would dispense with passages like John 3:16. On the other hand, I have chosen one thing or another because I am a musician, because I needed it, and because with my venerable authors I can't delete or dispute anything. But I had better stop before I say too much."
There is reason to believe that Brahms was a religious freethinker. Being a star of his age, he would frequently say deceptive things to the public. This means that the most reliable accounts on Brahms's innermost feelings may come from the people in the close circle around him. Among these was the devout Catholic Antonín Dvořák, the closest Brahms ever came to having a protégé. In a letter, Dvořák disclosed his concerns regarding Brahms's religious views: "Such a man, such a fine soul—and he believes in nothing! He believes in nothing!"[20]
The question of Brahms and religiosity has been controversial and elicited accusations of fraud. One example is the book Talks With Great Composers, released in the 1950s by Arthur Abell, which contains an unconfirmed interview with Brahms and Joseph Joachim, replete with biblical references. The interview has been declared fraudulent by Brahms biographer Jan Swafford.[5]
Influence[link]
Brahms's point of view looked both backward and forward; his output was often bold in its exploration of harmony and rhythm. As a result, he was an influence on composers of both conservative and modernist tendencies. Within his lifetime, his idiom left an imprint on several composers within his personal circle, who strongly admired his music, such as Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Robert Fuchs, and Julius Röntgen, as well as on Gustav Jenner, who was Brahms's only formal composition pupil. Antonín Dvořák, who received substantial assistance from Brahms, deeply admired his music and was influenced by it in several works, such as the Symphony No. 7 in D minor and the F minor Piano Trio. Features of the 'Brahms style' were absorbed in a more complex synthesis with other contemporary (chiefly Wagnerian) trends by Hans Rott, Wilhelm Berger, Max Reger and Franz Schmidt, whereas the British composers Hubert Parry and Edward Elgar and the Swede Wilhelm Stenhammar all testified to learning much from Brahms's example. As Elgar said, "I look at the Third Symphony of Brahms, and I feel like a pygmy."[21]
Ferruccio Busoni's early music shows much Brahmsian influence, and Brahms took an interest in him, though Busoni later tended to disparage Brahms. Towards the end of his life, Brahms offered substantial encouragement to Ernő Dohnányi and also to Alexander von Zemlinsky. Their early chamber works (and those of Béla Bartók, who was friendly with Dohnányi) show a thoroughgoing absorption of the Brahmsian idiom. Zemlinsky, moreover, was in turn the teacher of Arnold Schoenberg, and Brahms was apparently impressed by two movements of Schoenberg's early Quartet in D major which Zemlinsky showed him. In 1933, Schoenberg wrote an essay "Brahms the Progressive" (re-written 1947), which drew attention to Brahms's fondness for motivic saturation and irregularities of rhythm and phrase; in his last book (Structural Functions of Harmony, 1948), he analysed Brahms's "enriched harmony" and exploration of remote tonal regions. These efforts paved the way for a re-evaluation of Brahms's reputation in the 20th century. Schoenberg went so far as to orchestrate one of Brahms's piano quartets. Schoenberg's pupil Anton Webern, in his 1933 lectures, posthumously published under the title The Path to the New Music, claimed Brahms as one who had anticipated the developments of the Second Viennese School, and Webern's own Op. 1, an orchestral passacaglia, is clearly in part a homage to, and development of, the variation techniques of the passacaglia-finale of Brahms's Fourth Symphony.
Brahms was honoured by the German Hall of Fame, the Walhalla memorial. On 14 September 2000, he was introduced there as the 126th "rühmlich ausgezeichneter Teutscher" and 13th composer among them, with a bust by sculptor Milan Knobloch.[22]
Personality[link]
Like Beethoven, Brahms was fond of nature and often went walking in the woods around Vienna. He often brought penny candy with him to hand out to children. To adults, Brahms was often brusque and sarcastic, and he sometimes alienated other people. His pupil Gustav Jenner wrote, "Brahms has acquired, not without reason, the reputation for being a grump, even though few could also be as lovable as he."[23] He also had predictable habits, which were noted by the Viennese press, such as his daily visit to his favourite "Red Hedgehog" tavern in Vienna, and his habit of walking with his hands firmly behind his back, which led to a caricature of him in this pose walking alongside a red hedgehog. Those who remained his friends were very loyal to him, however, and he reciprocated with equal loyalty and generosity.
Brahms had amassed a small fortune in the second half of his career, around 1860, when his works sold widely. But despite his wealth, he lived very simply, with a modest apartment – a mess of music papers and books – and a single housekeeper who cleaned and cooked for him. He was often the butt of jokes for his long beard, his cheap clothes and often not wearing socks, etc. Brahms gave away large sums of money to friends and to aid various musical students, often with the term of strict secrecy. Brahms' domicile was hit during World War II, destroying his piano and other possessions that were still kept there for posterity by the Viennese.[2]
Brahms was a lifelong friend of Johann Strauss II, though they were very different as composers. Brahms even struggled to get to the Theater an der Wien in Vienna for the premiere of Strauss's operetta Die Göttin der Vernunft in 1897 before his death. Perhaps the greatest tribute that Brahms paid to Strauss was his remark that he would have given anything to have written The Blue Danube waltz. An old anecdote recounts that when Strauss's wife Adele asked Brahms to autograph her fan, he wrote the first few notes of the "Blue Danube" waltz, and then wrote the words "Unfortunately not by Johannes Brahms!" underneath.
Brahms was an extreme perfectionist. He destroyed many early works – including a Violin Sonata he had performed with Reményi and violinist Ferdinand David – and once claimed to have destroyed 20 string quartets before he issued his official First in 1873. Over the course of several years, he changed an original project for a symphony in D minor into his first piano concerto. In another instance of devotion to detail, he laboured over the official First Symphony for almost fifteen years, from about 1861 to 1876. Even after its first few performances, Brahms destroyed the original slow movement and substituted another before the score was published. (A conjectural restoration of the original slow movement has been published by Robert Pascall.) Another factor that contributed to Brahms's perfectionism was that Schumann had announced early on that Brahms was to become the next great composer like Beethoven, a prediction that Brahms was determined to live up to. This prediction hardly added to the composer's self-confidence, and may have contributed to the delay in producing the First Symphony. However, Clara Schumann noted before that Brahms's First Symphony was a product that was not reflective of Brahms's real nature. She felt that the final exuberant movement was "too brilliant", as she was encouraged by the dark and tempestuous opening movement she had seen in an early draft. However, she recanted in accepting the Second Symphony, which has often been seen in modern times as one of his sunniest works. Other contemporaries, however, found the first movement especially dark, and Reinhold Brinkmann, in a study of Symphony No. 2 in relation to 19th century ideas of melancholy, has published a revealing letter from Brahms to the composer and conductor Vinzenz Lachner in which Brahms confesses to the melancholic side of his nature and comments on specific features of the movement that reflect this.
International Johannes Brahms Competition[link]
Main article: International Brahms Competition
Further reading[link]
- Deiters/Newmarch. (1888). Johannes Brahms: A Biographical Sketch. Fisher Unwin (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00479-4)
- Johannes Brahms: Life and Letters, ISBN 0-19-816234-0 by Brahms himself, edited by Styra Avins, translated by Josef Eisinger (1998). A biography by way of comprehensive footnotes to a comprehensive collection of Brahms's letters (some translated into English for the first time). Elucidates some previously contentious matters, such as Brahms's reasons for declining the Cambridge invitation.
- Brahms, His Life and Work, by Karl Geiringer, photographs by Irene Geiringer (1987, ISBN 0-306-80223-6). A biog and discussion of his musical output, supplemented by, and cross-referenced with, the body of correspondence sent to Brahms.
- Charles Rosen discusses a number of Brahms's imitations of Beethoven in Chapter 9 of his Critical Entertainments: Music Old and New (2000; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-17730-4).
- Brahms by Malcolm MacDonald is a biography and also discussion of virtually everything Brahms composed, along with chapters examining his position in Romantic music, his devotion to Early Music, and his influence on later composers. (Dent 'Master Musicians' series, 1990; 2nd edition Oxford, 2001, ISBN 0-19-816484-X
- Johannes Brahms: A Biography, by Jan Swafford. A comprehensive (752 pages) look at the life and works of Brahms. (1999; Vintage, ISBN 0-679-74582-3)
- Late Idyll: The Second Symphony of Johannes Brahms, by Reinhold Brinkmann, translated by Peter Palmer. An analysis of Symphony No.2 and meditation of its position in Brahms's career and in relation to 19th century ideas of melancholy. (1995, Harvard, ISBN 0-674-51175-1)
- Johannes Brahms, His Work & Personality, by Hans Gal (Translated by Joseph Stein). Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 1963.
- The Music of Brahms, by Michael Musgrave. Oxford, 1985 ISBN 0-19-816401-7
References[link]
- ^ Alex Needham (2012), Brahms piano piece to get its premiere 159 years after its creation The Guardian
- ^ a b Richard A. Leonard, abridged from The Stream of Music; Doubleday & Co., 1943
- ^ Avins, Styra (2001). "The Young Brahms: Biographical Data Reexamined". 19th-century Music 24 (3): 276–289. DOI:10.1525/ncm.2001.24.3.276. JSTOR 746931.
- ^ Kurt Hoffman, Johannes Brahms und Hamburg (Reinbek, 1986) (in German: includes detailed refutation of the traditional story of Brahms playing piano in brothels, using the writings of those who knew the young Brahms, as well as evidence of the Hamburg's close regulation of those places, preventing the employment of children)
- ^ a b Swafford, Jan (2001). "Did the Young Brahms Play Piano in Waterfront Bars?". 19th-century Music 24 (3): 268–275. DOI:10.1525/ncm.2001.24.3.268. ISSN 0148-2076. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0148-2076(200121)24%3A3%3C268%3ADTYBPP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
- ^ Hoffmann (1999) Kurt. "Brahms the Hamburg musician 1833–1863" Cambridge. Musgrave (editor) Michael The Cambridge Companion to Brahms Cambridge University Press, p. 9
- ^ "Robert Schumann's Artikel Neue Bahnen". http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/brahms_bahnen.html. Retrieved 30 October 2007. [dead link]
- ^ Leonard, 1943
- ^ Swafford, Johannes Brahms, pp. 206–211
- ^ J. Brahms plays excerpt of Hungarian Dance No. 1 (2:10) on YouTube
- ^ [1]
- ^ Stadt Hamburg Ehrenbürger (German) Retrieved 17 June 2008
- ^ Constantin Florios, Ernest Bernhardt-Kabisch, Johannes Brahms, Free But Alone: A Life for a Poetic Music
- ^ Albert Dietrich, J V Widman, Dora Hecht, Recollections of Johannes Brahms
- ^ a b James Webster, "Schubert's sonata form and Brahms's first maturity (II)", 19th-century Music 3(1) (1979), pp. 52–71.
- ^ Donald Francis Tovey, "Franz Schubert" (1927), rpt. in Essays and Lectures on Music (London, 1949), p. 123. Cf. his similar remarks in "Tonality in Schubert" (1928), rpt. ibid., p. 151.
- ^ Charles Rosen, "Influence: plagiarism and inspiration", 19th-century Music 4(2) (1980), pp. 87–100.
- ^ H. V. Spanner, "What is originality?", The Musical Times 93(1313) (1952), pp. 310–311.
- ^ Beller-McKenna, Daniel. Brahms and the German Spirit. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 2004, ISBN 0-674-01318-2
- ^ Swafford, Jan. "Johannes Brahms: A Biography." Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1997
- ^ MacDonald, Brahms (1990), p. 406.
- ^ "Johannes Brahms hält Einzug in die Walhalla". Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst. 14 September 2000. http://www.stmwfk.bayern.de/pressearchiv/2000/09/sept124.html. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
- ^ Posted on 6 Nov 2008 1:30 pm by Kelly Wilson (6 November 2008). "Brahms as Man, Teacher, and Artist". Members.aol.com. http://members.aol.com/abelard2/jenner.htm. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Johannes Brahms |
- Brahms Institut, Lübeck Academy of Music
- The Lied and Art Song Texts Page created and maintained by Emily Ezust Texts of the Lieder of Brahms with translations in various languages.
- "What's late about late Brahms?": an article in the TLS by Peter Williams, 7 November 2007
- Brahms at the Piano. Information about the recording made by Thomas Edison in 1889 of Brahms playing part of his Hungarian Dance No. 1 in G minor.
- Johannes Brahms: list of works from http://www.johannesbrahms.org
- Photo of Brahms as a young man in 1853
- Brahms Listening Guides. A collection in progress of detailed guides to the composer's works, linked to specific recordings but also including measure numbers
- Listings of live performances at Bachtrack
- johannes brahms biography
- Works by or about Johannes Brahms in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Johannes Brahms in the German National Library catalogue (German)
Sheet music[link]
- Complete collection of scores at the Brahms Institut in Breitkopf & Härtel or Simrock editions; work details
- Brahms’ scores – selection of printable works.
- www.kreusch-sheet-music.net Brahms's piano works
- Free scores of Brahms Lieder and orchestral works in GIF format from the Variations Project at Indiana University. Last accessed 14 August 2008.
- Free scores by Brahms at the International Music Score Library Project
- Free scores by Johannes Brahms in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
- Works by Johannes Brahms at Project Gutenberg
- Free scores by Johannes Brahms in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
- Free scores Mutopia Project
Recordings[link]
- Free audio MP3 of some Brahms's works OnClassical – Creative Commons BY-NC-SA, 1.0 licensed
- Johannes Brahms – Violin Sonatas MP3 Creative Commons Recording
- Fünf Gesänge, Op. 104 (Brahms): Free MP3s (Op. 42, Op. 93a, Op. 104 and Op. 52)
- Kunst der Fuge: Johannes Brahms – MIDI files Daily limit of 5 files.
- Works by Brahms performed on virtual organs
- Classic Cat – Brahms – mp3s
- Performances of works by Johannes Brahms in MIDI and MP3 formats at Logos Virtual Library
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Brahms, Johannes |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | German composer, conductor, pianist |
| Date of birth | 7 May 1833 |
| Place of birth | Hamburg, Germany |
| Date of death | 3 April 1897 |
| Place of death | Vienna, Austria |
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