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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan -
Agra
Agra (; , {{lang-ur|) is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India. With a population of 1,686,976 (2010 est.), it is one of the most populous cities in Uttar Pradesh and the 19th most populous in India. Agra can also refer to the administrative district that has its headquarters in Agra city.
http://wn.com/Agra -
Agra Fort
Agra Fort (, {{lang-ur|) is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, India. It is about 2.5 km northwest of its more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled city.
http://wn.com/Agra_Fort -
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad () is the largest city in Gujarat, India. It is the seventh largest city and eighth largest metropolitan area of India, with a city population of approximately 3.96 million and metropolitan population of 5.41 million. Located on the banks of the River Sabarmati, the city is the administrative centre of Ahmedabad district and was the capital of Gujarat from 1960 to 1970; the capital was shifted to Gandhinagar thereafter. In the middle of 1990's it was the fifth largest city in India.In colloquial Gujarati, the city is commonly called Amdavad.
http://wn.com/Ahmedabad -
Ajmer
Ajmer (, ), formerly written Ajmere, is a city in Ajmer District in India's Rajasthan state. Surrounded by the Aravalli Mountains, Ajmer, also known as Ajaymeru, was the city once ruled by Prithviraj Chauhan. Its population was approximately 500,000 in 2001. The city gives its name to Ajmer district, and also to a former province of British India called Ajmer-Merwara, which, after India's independence, became the state of Ajmer. On November 1, 1956, it was merged into Rajasthan state.
http://wn.com/Ajmer -
Amber, India
Amber was a city of Rajasthan state, India, it is now part of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation. Founded by the Meena Raja Alan Singh (He was from Chanda clan of Meenas), Amber was a flourishing settlement as far back as 967 AD. Around 1037 AD, it was conquered by the Kachwaha clan of Rajputs. Much of the present structure known as Amber Fort is actually the palace built by the great conqueror Raja Man Singh I who ruled from 1590 - 1614 AD. The palace contains several spectacular buildings such as the Diwan-i-Khas and the elaborately painted Ganesh Poll built by the renowned warlord Mirza Raja Jai Singh I (Man Singh I's grandson). The old and original fort of Amber dating from earlier Rajas or the Meena period is what is known in the present day as Jaigarh fort, which is actually the main defensive structure, rather than the palace itself, although the two structures are interconnected by series of encompassing fortification.
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Basra
http://wn.com/Basra -
Battle of Plassey
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Plassey -
Bengal
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http://wn.com/Bengal -
Bibi Ka Maqbara
http://wn.com/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara -
Bikaner
Bikaner is a District in the northwest of the state of Rajasthan in northern India. The city is the administrative headquarters of Bikaner District and Bikaner division. It was formerly the capital of the princely state of Bikaner. The city was founded by Rao Bika and Jats as the spot which Rao Bika selected for his capital, was the birthright of a Nehra Jat, who would only concede it for this purpose on the condition that his name should be linked in perpetuity with its surrender. Naira, or Nera, was the name of the proprietor, which Bika added to his own, thus composing that of the future capital, Bikaner. in 1486 and from its small origins it has developed into the fourth largest city in Rajasthan. The Ganga Canal completed in 1928 and the Indira Gandhi Canal completed in 1987 have allowed the farming of crops such as mustard, cotton, Groundnut, wheat and vegetables. Other industries include wool production and the mining of Gypsum, plaster of Paris and bentonite.
http://wn.com/Bikaner -
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia University) is a private research university in New York City and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. It was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, and is one of only three United States universities to have been founded under such authority.
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Delhi
Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
http://wn.com/Delhi -
Goa
http://wn.com/Goa -
Gujarat
Gujarat (, , , ) is a state in India. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati speaking people of India. The state encompasses major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization such as Lothal and Dholavira. Gujarat played an important role in the economic history of India throughout the history of India. It is home to major ports in India's ancient and modern history, leading it to become one of the main trade and commerce center of India. Lothal, one of the world's first ports, is located in Gujarat. Mohandas Gandhi, considered as India's "father of the nation", was a Gujarati who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British rule. Even today, Gujarat has one of the fastest growing economies in India.
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Gurdaspur district
Gurdaspur district is a district in the state of Punjab, situated in the northwest part of India. Gurdaspur is the district headquarters. It borders Narowal District of Pakistani Punjab, Kathua District of Jammu and Kashmir, the Punjab districts of Amritsar and Hoshiarpur, and Chamba and Kangra districts of Himachal Pradesh. Two main rivers Beas and Ravi passes through the district. The Mughal emperor Akbar is said to have been enthroned in a garden near Kalanaur, a historically important town in the district.
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Haridwar
http://wn.com/Haridwar -
Hindukush
http://wn.com/Hindukush -
Humayun's Tomb
http://wn.com/Humayun's_Tomb -
Hyderabad State
http://wn.com/Hyderabad_State -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian subcontinent; on the west by East Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica). It is the only ocean to be named after a country, i.e., India.
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran -
Janjira
http://wn.com/Janjira -
Jeddah
Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; Jidda) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the Red Sea and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Makkah Province, the largest sea port on the Red Sea, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. The population of the city currently stands at over 3.4 million. It is an important commercial hub in Saudi Arabia.
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Kabul
http://wn.com/Kabul -
Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
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Lahore Fort
http://wn.com/Lahore_Fort -
Lalbagh Fort
Lalbagh Fort () (also known as "Fort Aurangabad") is an incomplete Mughal palace fortress at the Buriganga River in the southwestern part of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Construction was commenced in 1678 by Prince Muhammad Azam during his 15-month long vice-royalty of Bengal, but before the work could complete, he was recalled by Aurangzeb. His successor, Shaista Khan, did not complete the work, though he stayed in Dhaka up to 1688. His daughter Iran Dukht nick named pari bibi (Fairy Lady) died here in 1684 and this led him to consider the fort to be ominous.
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Madhya Pradesh
http://wn.com/Madhya_Pradesh -
Mecca
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
http://wn.com/Mecca -
Medina
http://wn.com/Medina -
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire (, ; Urdu: ; self-designation: , ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in former English usage, was an Indian-Islamic power that ruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries and ended in the mid-19th century.
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New Delhi
http://wn.com/New_Delhi -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Persia
http://wn.com/Persia -
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf, in Southwest Asia, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is also controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf (by the Arab nations on the Arab side of the gulf) or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, and Gulf of Basra by Turkey, although none of the latter three terms is recognized internationally.
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Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Portuguese Empire
http://wn.com/Portuguese_Empire -
Portuguese India
http://wn.com/Portuguese_India -
Qandahar
http://wn.com/Qandahar -
Ranthambore Fort
Ranthambore Fort is a formidable fort and has been a focal point of historical developments of Rajasthan. It is situated near Sawai Madhopur town in Rajasthan.
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Red Fort
http://wn.com/Red_Fort -
Sapper
A sapper or combat engineer is an combatant soldier who performs a wide variety of combat engineering duties; typically including, but not limited to, bridge-building, laying or clearing minefields, demolitions, field defenses, general construction and building, as well as road and airfield construction and repair. He is also trained to serve as an infantryman when needed in both defensive and offensive operations and is fully involved in modern counter-insurgency operations. A sapper's tasks have, throughout history, including modern day counter-insurgency operations, been devoted to the mission-critical tasks involving facilitating movement and logistics of allied forces and impeding that of enemies. This active combatant career field is normally limited to males in most countries due to legislation.
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Siege of Diu
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Sikandra, Agra
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Sindh
http://wn.com/Sindh -
Siwana
Siwana is a village in Barmer district in Indian state of Rajasthan, located 151 km from Barmer. The place is known for its fort.
http://wn.com/Siwana -
Surat
Surat () is the commercial capital of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative capital of Surat district. As of 2010 Surat is the fifth most populous city and seventh largest metropolitan area of india. Surat with its twin city navsari has a population of over 6.3 million. Surat Metropolitan Region is widely regarded as one of the cleanest Metropolitan Regions in the country with the city proper being the third cleanest city in India after Chandigarh and Mysore.
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Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal (; , "crown of buildings", ; also "the Taj") is a mausoleum located in Agra, India. It is one of the most recognizable structures in the world. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is widely considered as one of the most beautiful buildings in the world and stands as a symbol of eternal love.
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Umerkot
Umarkot or Umer Kot, also known as Omarkot and Omercote, () is town in the Umerkot District in Sindh, Pakistan. The city is well connected with the other large cities like Karachi, the provincial capital and Hyderabad.
http://wn.com/Umerkot -
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh (, {{Lang-ur|), pronounced , "Northern Province"), often referred to as U.P., is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 190 million people,
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Wazir Khan Mosque
http://wn.com/Wazir_Khan_Mosque
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Abbas I of Persia
http://wn.com/Abbas_I_of_Persia -
Adham Khan
http://wn.com/Adham_Khan -
Aishwarya Rai
http://wn.com/Aishwarya_Rai -
Akbar
http://wn.com/Akbar -
Akbar Shah II
http://wn.com/Akbar_Shah_II -
Alamgir II
http://wn.com/Alamgir_II -
Allen Lane
Sir Allen Lane (21 September 1902 – 7 July 1970) (born Allen Lane Williams), was a British publisher who founded Penguin Books, bringing high quality, paperback fiction and non-fiction to the mass market.
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Amartya Sen
http://wn.com/Amartya_Sen -
Amir Khusrau
http://wn.com/Amir_Khusrau -
Antonio Vivaldi
http://wn.com/Antonio_Vivaldi -
Asaf Khan
http://wn.com/Asaf_Khan -
Ashutosh Gowariker
Ashutosh Gowariker () (born 15 February 1964) is an Indian film director, actor, writer and producer. He is known for directing the films Lagaan (2001), Swades (2004) and Jodhaa Akbar (2008). He was nominated for an Academy Award and European Film Award, and has won a number of other awards, including a National Film Award, five Filmfare Awards, and seven international film festival awards. He also became a voting member for the Academy Awards in 2005.
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Ataga Khan
Shamsuddin Muhammad Atgah Khan (Ataga Khan) (died 1562), also known as '''Khan-e-Kalan Shamsu'd-Din Muhammad Khan Atgah Khan', held important positions in the court, including that of wakil'' (advisor or minister) to which he was appointed in November 1561,much to displeasure of Maham Anga, whose son Adham Khan, eventually murdered him in 1562. Ataga Khan was the husband of Ji Ji Anga, one of Akbar's wet nurses.
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Aurangzeb
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Babur
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Bahadur Shah I
http://wn.com/Bahadur_Shah_I -
Bahadur Shah II
royalty
http://wn.com/Bahadur_Shah_II -
Baji Rao I
http://wn.com/Baji_Rao_I -
Banda Singh Bahadur
http://wn.com/Banda_Singh_Bahadur -
Baz Bahadur
Miyan Bayezid Baz Bahadur was the last sultan of Malwa, who reigned from 1555 to 1562. He succeeded his father, Shuja'at Khan. He is known for his romantic liaison with Roopmati, a singer of Rajput birth.
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Bertrice Small
Bertrice Small (b. December 9, 1937 in Manhattan, New York, New York, U.S.A.) is an U.S.American New York Times bestselling writer of historical and erotic romance novels. Bertrice lives on Long Island, New York with her husband George Small. She is a member of The Authors Guild, Romance Writers of America, PAN, and PASIC. She is also a member of RWA's Long Island chapter, L.I.R.W., and is its easternmost member.
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Bhagwant Das
http://wn.com/Bhagwant_Das -
Birbal
http://wn.com/Birbal -
Catalan people
The Catalans are the people from, or with origins in Catalonia, a historical Nation and today an Autonomous Community in Spain. The inhabitants of the adjacent portion of southern France (known in Catalonia proper as Catalunya Nord, and in France as the Pays Catalan) are sometimes included in this definition.
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Faizi
Shaikh Abu al-Faiz ibn Mubarak, popularly known by his pen-name, Faizi (24 September 1547, Agra–5 October 1595, Lahore) was a Persian poet of late medieval India. In 1588, he became the ''Malik-ush-Shu'ara'' (poet laureate) of Akbar's Court. He was the elder brother of Akbar's historian Abul Fazl. Akbar highly recognized the genius in him and appointed him tutor for his sons and gave place to him among his decorative 'Nav Ratnas'.
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Furrukhsiyar
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Gokula
Gokula () or Gokul Singh () (died 1670 AD) was a Jat chieftain of Sinsini village in Bharatpur district () in Rajasthan, India. Later, he became a chieftain of Tilpat in Haryana. His father's name was Madu. Madu had four sons namely, Sindhuraj, Ola, Jhaman and Saman. The second son Ola later became famous as Gokula. Gokula provided leadership to the Jat peasants who challenged the Imperial power. Gokula inspired the Jats to fight the Mughals.
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Gondi people
http://wn.com/Gondi_people -
Guru Gobind Singh
http://wn.com/Guru_Gobind_Singh -
Guru Hargobind
http://wn.com/Guru_Hargobind -
Guru Nanak
http://wn.com/Guru_Nanak -
Hafez
http://wn.com/Hafez -
Hamida Banu Begum
http://wn.com/Hamida_Banu_Begum -
Hemu
http://wn.com/Hemu -
Henry Every
http://wn.com/Henry_Every -
Hiravijaya
http://wn.com/Hiravijaya -
Hrithik Roshan
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Humayun
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Ibrahim Lodi
Ibrahim Lodi () (b.? - April 21, 1526) was one of the ruler of the Lodi dynasty who became the last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate in India. He was an Afghan (specifically of the Ghilzai tribe of Pashtuns) who ruled over much of India from 1517 to 1526, when he was defeated by Babur and his Kabul army.
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Irfan Habib
Irfan Habib (lang-ur|, ; born 1931) is an Indian Marxist historian, a former Chairman of the Indian Council of Historical Research and a Padma Bhushan awardee. He is a Professor Emeritus at Aligarh Muslim University. He has served in the Indian History Congress for many years. Irfan Habib and R.S. Sharma have been historians of international repute even before the Indian Council of Historical Research was set up.
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Islam Shah
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Ismail I
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Jadunath Sarkar
Sir Jadunath Sarkar () was a prominent Indian Bengali historian.
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Jahandar Shah
http://wn.com/Jahandar_Shah -
Jahangir
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Jaimal and Patta
Jaimal Rathore of Badnor and Patta of Kelwa (Jaimal Rathore: cousin of Meerabai and Fateh Singh Sisodiya) were the warriors who faced attack of Akbar in 1567 and 1568 AD on the fort of Chittor. Both were aged 16 years.When Akbar attacked Chittor, Rana Udai Singh II left the fort together with his family. Jaimal Rathore of Merta was appointed qiledar (Commander in charge) of the fort. Akbar arrived at Chittor on 23 October 1567 AD and sieged the fort. The siege continued for at least four months. Ultimately Akbar ordered his men to bury mines and explode them to demolish the walls of the fort so that the Mughal army could enter it. The people inside the fort were running short of food and water and other supplies. Finally Akbar was able to damage a wall of the fort. Next morning on 23 February 1568 AD Jaimal Rathore started repairing part of the damaged wall. Akbar noticed him walking on the walls and guessed from his clothing that he was an important person. He shot at him with his gun "Sangram" and wounded Jaimal in the leg.
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James Tod
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Jerry Bentley
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Kabir
: Al-Kabir ("the Great") is also one of the 99 names of God in Islam. For a complete disambiguation page, see Kabir (disambiguation)
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Kim Stanley Robinson
Kim Stanley Robinson (born March 23, 1952) is an American science fiction writer known for his award-winning Mars trilogy. His work delves into ecological and sociological themes regularly, and many of his novels appear to be the direct result of his own scientific fascinations, such as the fifteen years of research and lifelong fascination with the planet Mars.
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Maharana Pratap
http://wn.com/Maharana_Pratap -
Malik Ambar
http://wn.com/Malik_Ambar -
Man Singh
http://wn.com/Man_Singh -
Mariam-uz-Zamani
http://wn.com/Mariam-uz-Zamani -
Moinuddin Chishti
http://wn.com/Moinuddin_Chishti -
Muhammad
http://wn.com/Muhammad -
Muhammad Shah
http://wn.com/Muhammad_Shah -
Muzaffar Alam
Muzaffar Alam is the George V. Bobrinskoy Professor in [http://salc.uchicago.edu/ South Asian Languages & Civilizations] and the College at University of Chicago
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Nader Shah
http://wn.com/Nader_Shah -
Nawab of Awadh
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http://wn.com/Nawab_of_Awadh -
Ottoman Empire
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Parsi
Parsi or Parsee () refers to a member of the larger of the two Zoroastrian communities in South Asia, the other being the Irani community.
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Pashtun people
http://wn.com/Pashtun_people -
Persian people
Ethnic group|group = Persian Speakers
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Prithviraj Kapoor
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Queen Elizabeth I
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Raja Man Singh
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Rajput
A Rajput is a member of one of the major Hindu Kshatriya (warrior) groups of India and are a ruling class of the Indian subcontinent. They enjoy a reputation as soldiers; many of them serve in the Indian Armed Forces, while persons of Rajput ancestry also serve in the Pakistani Armed Forces. During the British Raj, the Government accepted them and recruited them heavily into their armies. Current-day Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh is home to most of the Rajputs, although demographically the Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found spread through much the subcontinent, particularly in North India and central India.
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Rajputs
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Ram Singh I
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Rana Sanga
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Rani Durgavati
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Rao Udaisingh
Rao Udai Singh (reigned 1583-95), also known by the sobriquet Mota Raja (the fat king) was the Rathore ruler of Marwar, which was later known as Jodhpur (in the present day Rajasthan state of India). After the death of his father Rao Maldeo on November 7, 1562 a fatricidal war for succession started and his younger brother Rao Chandrasen crowned himself in the capital Jodhpur. But his reign was short lived as Akbar's army occupied Merta in the same year and the capital in 1563. Udai Singh later joined the Mughal service.
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Sadashivrao Bhau
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Sadiq Ali
Sadiq Ali is a senior politician of Kashmir (India), a noted poet and writer and an active environmentalist. He has been an elected legislator of the Kashmir State Assembly for three consecutive terms. Mr Sadiq Ali was born in Srinagar into an influential business family. His father, the late Mr. Jaffer Ali was a world renowned Papier-Machie artist and businessman.
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Saiyid Nurul Hasan
Saiyid Nurul Hasan was a historian of medieval India, a prolific author, and a statesman in the Government of India.
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Salim Chishti
Shaikh Salim Chishti () was Sufi saint during Mughal Empire in South Asia. Salim Chishti (1478-1572) was one of the famous Sufi saints of the Chishti Order in India. Salim Chishti was the descendant of the famous Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti whose tomb is in Ajmer, Rajasthan.
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Salim Chisti
http://wn.com/Salim_Chisti -
Salman Rushdie
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie (lang-ur| ; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. He achieved notability with his second novel, ''Midnight's Children'' (1981), which won the Booker Prize in 1981. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. His style is often classified as magical realism mixed with historical fiction, and a dominant theme of his work is the story of the many connections, disruptions and migrations between the Eastern and Western worlds.
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Sambhaji
Sambhaji Raje Bhosale (14 May 1657 – 11 March 1689), was the eldest son and successor of Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha empire.
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Sanjay Khan
http://wn.com/Sanjay_Khan -
Seydi Ali Reis
Seydi Ali Reis (1498 – 1563) was an Ottoman admiral.
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Shah Jahan
http://wn.com/Shah_Jahan -
Sher Shah Suri
http://wn.com/Sher_Shah_Suri -
Shivaji
http://wn.com/Shivaji -
Sikandar Shah Suri
Sikandar Shah Suri (died 1559) was the sixth ruler of Sur dynasty, a late medieval Pashtun (Afghan) dynasty of northern India. He became the sultan of Delhi after overthrowing Ibrahim Shah Suri.
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Suraj Mal
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Tahmasp I
http://wn.com/Tahmasp_I -
Tardi Baig Khan
http://wn.com/Tardi_Baig_Khan -
The Great
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Timur
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Vikram Gokhale
Vikram Gokhale (occasionally credited as Vikram Gokhle) is an well known Indian film, television and stage actor, notable for his roles in Marathi theatre and Hindi films and television. He is the son of another well known veteran Marathi theater and film actor Chandrakant Gokhale, who acted in 68 Marathi and 16 Hindi films besides 64 Marathi plays and several Marathi TV serials over a span of 75 years.
http://wn.com/Vikram_Gokhale
Jodhaa Akbar (2008)
"Jodhaa Akbar (2008)" Actors
- Hrithik Roshan
- Aishwarya Rai
- Kulbhushan Kharbanda
- Suhasini Mulay
- Raza Murad
- Rajesh Vivek
- Ila Arun
- Digvijay Purohit
- Dilnaz Irani
- Sonu Sood (ii)
- Amin Hajee (ii)
- Amitabh Bachchan
"Jodhaa Akbar (2008)" Director
Akbar Filmography
- Suno Sasurjee (2004)
- Rajaji (1999)
- Prem Aggan (1998)
- Chachi 420 (1997)
- Tere Mere Sapne (1996)
- PremGranth (1996)
- Chhote Sarkar (1996)
- Love Love Love (1989)
- Duniya (1984)
- Teri Kasam (1982)
- Ghar (1978)
- Zameer (1975)
- Jeene Ki Raah (1969)
Akbar Filmography
Akbar, S. Filmography
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JEFFERY DALLAS - Akbar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Published: 29 Feb 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
iTunes: bit.ly | Amazon: amzn.to Tweet it: bit.ly Follow Jeffery on Twitter: twitter.com Like Jeffery on Facebook: facebook.com Written & Directed by Julian Smith Cinematography by: Julian Smith & Justin Johns ( youtube.com ) © 2012 Papertown Entertainment
http://wn.com/JEFFERY_DALLAS_Akbar
ARRehman - Khwaja Mere Khwaja (Jodhaa Akbar)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:35
- Published: 29 Mar 2008
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
Lyrics and translation thanks to khel03 and Azan786: Khwajaji, khwaja (O saint khwaja) Khwajaji, khwaja, khwaja ji (O saint khwaja) ; (O saint khwaja) Ya gharib nawaz (The one who cherishes/soothes the poor) Ya moinuddin, ya khwaja ji (O moinuddin chisti), (O khwaja saint) Khwaja mere khwaja (O saint khwaja) Dil mein sama ja (Reside in my heart) Shaho ka shah tu (You are the king of kings) Ali ka dulara (Ali's beloved) Khwaja mere khwaja dil mein sama ja (O saint khwaja); (Reside in my heart) Beqaso ki taqdeer, tune hai sawari (The destiny of the ones in despair, you have changed for the better) Khwaja mere khwaja (O saint khwaja) Tere darbar mein khwaja (At your door, o khwaja) Door toh hai dekha (Ive seen it from far) Sar jhuka te hai auliya (Your confidents/protectors/confessors bow down to you) Tu hai Hindalwali khwaja (You are the hindalwali Khwaja) Rutba hai pyara (Your status is glorious/great) Chahne se tujhko khwaja ji mustafa ko paya (By wishing/worshipping you Khwaja, I have found muhammed [the chosen one]) Khwaja mere khwaja (O saint khwaja) Dil mein sama ja (Reside in my heart) Shaho ka shah tu (You are the king of kings) Ali ka dulara (Ali's beloved) Mere peer ka sadka (The alms of my old age) Hai mere peer ka sadka (It is the charity of my old age) Tera daaman hai thama (That I have come in your refuge) Khawajaji Tali har bala humari (All my problems/crisis have been averted) Chaya hai khumar tera (Your trance is all over me) Jitna bhi rashk kare beshak (No <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/ARRehman_Khwaja_Mere_Khwaja_Jodhaa_Akbar
Jodhaa Akbar - Official Trailer (English subtitles)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Published: 12 Apr 2010
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
Watch the official trailer of the movie Jodhaa Akbar starring Hrithik Roshan and Aishwarya Rai.
http://wn.com/Jodhaa_Akbar_Official_Trailer_English_subtitles
Akbar the Great - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:44
- Published: 06 Feb 2010
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Akbar the Great - Part 1 The magnificent and moving story of "Jalaluddin Mohammed, known to posterity as "Akbar The Great" is chronicled in this mega - epic which vividly re - captures one of the most dazzling and outstanding accounts of chivalry valour and statesmanship in the history of the world. The brilliant exploits and the invincible might of the mughal armies as they raze one enemy castle after another, are marvelously sublimated by this supreme philosopher king as he introduces radical solutions for a strife - torn kingdom in the form of Din - E - Ilahi the divine faith and Sulh - I - kul universal brotherhood as the ideology of an Empire. An awe-inspiring narrative of the transformation of India from a trouble - torn & warning geographical mass, into a harmonious, prosperous and patriotic nation pledged to uphold equality, fraternity and liberty long before the modern world discovered these virtues. Watch the brilliant and fascination story of "Akbar The Great". The serial has been produced and directed by Akbar Khan, a well established motion picture producer, director and leading film actor. The first fifteen episodes of the TV Serial "The Sword of Tipu Sultan" directed by him, have already received worldwide praise. Although the scenario - script of the serial has been developed and written by our team of eminent writers, all events and happening that appears in the episodes have been drawn from various historical books and therefore are authentic Looking at <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Akbar_the_Great_Part_1
Akbar Birbal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Published: 19 Dec 2007
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
www.rajshri.com The stories of Akbar and Birbal have delighted children and adults alike for generations and have come to become two of the most-loved figures of Indian folklore. Experience the timeless wisdom of the endearing Akbar-Birbal tales in these animated videos.
http://wn.com/Akbar_Birbal
jodha akbar scene
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Published: 22 Feb 2008
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
hrithik's sword practice
http://wn.com/jodha_akbar_scene
Amar Akbar Anthony - My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves - Amitabh Bachchan - Kishore Kumar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:57
- Published: 28 Jul 2011
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Movie : Amar Akbar Anthony Music Director : Laxmikant-Pyarelal Singer : Kishore Kumar, Amitabh Bachchan Director : Manmohan Desai Enjoy this super hit song from the 1977 movie Amar Akbar Anthony starring Amithabh Bachchan, Vinod Khanna, Rishi Kapoor, Neetu Singh, Parveen Babi, Shabana Azmi, Nirupa Roy, Pran. Subscribe and get regular updates on newly uploaded songs www.youtube.com To watch more Superhit Bollywood Old & New Songs click here www.youtube.com Join us on Facebook at www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter at twitter.com
http://wn.com/Amar_Akbar_Anthony_My_Name_Is_Anthony_Gonsalves_Amitabh_Bachchan_Kishore_Kumar
Raag Nat Bhairav, Ustad Ali Akbar Khan, Morning Meditation, Sarod
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:16
- Published: 24 Aug 2010
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Ustad Ali Akbar Khan On Sarod.
http://wn.com/Raag_Nat_Bhairav,_Ustad_Ali_Akbar_Khan,_Morning_Meditation,_Sarod
Na'im Akbar on FTP-Part1A: Power is the Mind
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:04
- Published: 25 May 2007
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
"For the People": Psychologist, Dr. Na'im Akbar is interviewed by the late Listervelt Middleton in Africa (1987). To automatically "Play All" parts, please go to the playlists section.
http://wn.com/Na'im_Akbar_on_FTP-Part1A_Power_is_the_Mind
Man Mohana - Jodha Akbar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Published: 19 May 2008
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Plz Visit My Blog's. just-love-songs.blogspot.com http (Blog on Tantra)
http://wn.com/Man_Mohana_Jodha_Akbar
Akbar Birbal Remixed - April Fool
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Published: 26 Jun 2008
- Updated: 26 Jun 2012
Watch Akbar Birbal Remixed - April Fool. An irked Akbar Anna holds a gun on Birbal's head and death seems looming large but Birbal turns the tables on him. And how...! Click www.rajshri.com to watch more episodes of Akbar Birbal Remixed.
http://wn.com/Akbar_Birbal_Remixed_April_Fool
Khwaja Mere Khwaja-Jodhaa Akbar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Published: 16 Oct 2009
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Song-Khwaja Mere Khwaja/Movie-Jodhaa Akbar/Cast-Hrithik Roshan,Aishwarya Rai.
http://wn.com/Khwaja_Mere_Khwaja-Jodhaa_Akbar
Azeem O Shaan Shahenshah HD (Jodha Akbar)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:18
- Published: 29 Dec 2009
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Hindi movie song, jodha akbar
http://wn.com/Azeem_O_Shaan_Shahenshah_HD_Jodha_Akbar
Akbar Khamisu Khan Sindhi folk Alghoza Player Post by Zagham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:28
- Published: 13 Aug 2009
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
A Morning with Farah Celebrating independence day with folk singers of Pakistan and showing that we are still intact with our roots and culture.So be a part of the show through your massages and live call and enjoy the melody of Pakistan.
http://wn.com/Akbar_Khamisu_Khan_Sindhi_folk_Alghoza_Player_Post_by_Zagham
Ali Akbar Khan & Sri Swapan Chaudhury - Indian classical music - The Summer Solstice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:38
- Published: 19 Sep 2011
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Jodhaa Akbar - Aishwarya Rai - Hrithik Roshan - Khawaja Mere Khawaja Full Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Published: 02 Mar 2010
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Watch this video to see Hritik Roshan dance to the tunes of Khwaja Mere Khwaja in the movie Jodhaa Akbar.
http://wn.com/Jodhaa_Akbar_Aishwarya_Rai_Hrithik_Roshan_Khawaja_Mere_Khawaja_Full_Song
Jashn e Bahara - jodha akbar
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Published: 15 Jun 2009
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
One of The Best love song from Jodha Akbar
http://wn.com/Jashn_e_Bahara_jodha_akbar
Akbar Birbal Remixed - Kachra Ho Gaya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Published: 25 Jun 2008
- Updated: 20 Mar 2012
Watch Akbar Birbal Remixed - Kachra Ho Gaya. A 'social worker' for the past many years, Akbar Anna wants to shrug off the tag of the underworld. He almost succeeds...well almost! Click www.rajshri.com to watch more episodes of Akbar Birbal Remixed.
http://wn.com/Akbar_Birbal_Remixed_Kachra_Ho_Gaya
Man Mohana Jodhaa Akbar (Lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Published: 04 Mar 2010
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Jodhaa-Akbar (Hindi: जोधा-अकबर, Urdu: جودھا اکبر) is an Indian epic film released on 15 February 2008.[4] It is directed and produced by Ashutosh Gowariker, the director of the Academy Award-nominated Lagaan (2001). It stars Hrithik Roshan and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan...
http://wn.com/Man_Mohana_Jodhaa_Akbar_Lyrics
Jodhaa Akbar - Theatrical Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Published: 21 Apr 2011
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Jodhaa Akbar : Theatrical Trailer - Movie Promo 4 Min 30 Sec
http://wn.com/Jodhaa_Akbar_Theatrical_Trailer
Amar Akbar Anthony
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 167:39
- Published: 20 Oct 2011
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
This 1970 Hindi cult movie is about lost and found. The anhonee ie impossible became the honee ie possible. A story of three lost brothers separated in childhood adopted by a Hindu a Christian and a Muslim growing up with their mother hovering in the background and reuniting. But the sheer pulse racing style of storytelling the stellar performances by Anthony played by Amitabh Bachchan Amar played by Vinod Khanna and Akbar played by Rishi Kapoor. Not to forget the glamour factor provided by Parveen Babi Neetu Singh and Shabana Azmi. And the ever dependable Nirupa Royals Bharti the mother of the trio.
http://wn.com/Amar_Akbar_Anthony
Ae Mard e Mujahid Jaag Zara - Allaho Akbar (National Song)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Published: 19 Aug 2009
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Rag Chandranandan (1of2) late Ustad Ali Akbar & late Dhyanesh Khan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Published: 26 Mar 2008
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
Note, June 20/09: I have updated the title to reflect Ustad Ali Akbar Khan's recent passing away. My condolences go out to his family, students and loved ones. Recorded onto VHS tape (regrettably, on extended play speed) in the early 90s. Enjoy! tabla-Swapan Chaudhri
http://wn.com/Rag_Chandranandan_1of2_late_Ustad_Ali_Akbar_late_Dhyanesh_Khan
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Photo: AP / Chris Pizzello
28 Sep 2012
Mallika Sherawat has claimed that she does not want to get married. The actress is currently filming the romantic comedy Kismat Love Paisa Dilli. Sherawat told The Times of India: "I don't think I...
Photo: US Navy / Chief Mass Communication Specialist Michael B. Watkins
30 Sep 2012
KABUL, Afghanistan -- U.S. military deaths in the Afghan war have reached 2,000, a cold reminder of the human cost of an 11-year-old conflict that garners little public interest at home as the United...
Photo: AP / Alan Diaz
28 Sep 2012
The financial and banking industries are on high alert tonight as a massive cyberattack continues, with potentially millions of customers of Bank of America, PNC and Wells Fargo finding themselves...
Photo: AP / Kenya Ministry for Defense
29 Sep 2012
Islamist militants in Somalia say they have withdrawn from their southern stronghold of Kismayo, following an African Union military attack. Kenyan and Somali forces launched a beach assault on...
Photo: AP / Richard Drew
29 Sep 2012
The US president and the Israeli PM have expressed agreement on the goal of preventing Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon, the White House said. Barack Obama and Binyamin Netanyahu sought on Friday...
Photo: WN / Imran Nissar
30 Sep 2012
Related topics wwwalislamorgAHMADIYYA MUSLIM COMMUNIT CANADA Advertisement “Eid-ul-Fitr” is a day of of thanksgiving, self-purification and jubilation, as it concludes the successful Completion of the...
Photo: WN / RTayco
30 Sep 2012
Abu Dhabi: Qatar Airways has no plans to join the oneworld airline alliance, its Chief Executive Akbar Al Baker said on Sunday, dismissing reports that the airline had become the newest member of the...
BBC News
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's top press adviser has been jailed for six months for publishing material said to be insulting to Iran's top leader. Ali Akbar Javanfekr, who is also...(size: 1.3Kb)
The Examiner
Related topics Libyan violence Advertisement On Sunday, a video was uploaded to the Arabic language version of Youtube which reportedly shows the body of U.S. Ambassador Christopher Stevens being dragged from a building into a crowd who then, begin cheering and chanting the phrase 'Alauhu Akbar.'...(size: 7.1Kb)
‘Akbar’ ready to roll out for Sariska safari
17 Sep 2012
Deccan Chronicle
After overhauling, one of the last surviving steam locomotives of the country is all set to travel to the national capital for its journey towards Alwar carrying tourists for tiger sighting at Sariska. Christened “Akbar” after the great Mughal emperor, the 47-year-old...(size: 1.8Kb)
Indian Express
After overhauling, one of the last surviving steam locomotives of the country is all set to travel to the national capital for its journey to Alwar ferry tourists for tiger sighting at Sariska. Christened Akbar after the great Mughal emperor, the 47-year-old...(size: 1.7Kb)
Zeenews
Amritsar: After overhauling, one of the last surviving steam locomotives of the country is all set to travel to the national capital for its journey towards Alwar carrying tourists for tiger sighting at Sariska. Christened 'Akbar' after the great Mughal emperor, the 47-year-old steam locomotive is...(size: 2.1Kb)
'Akbar' ready to roll out for tiger sighting
16 Sep 2012
Zeenews
Amritsar: After overhauling, one of the last surviving steam locomotives of the country is all set to travel to the national capital for its journey towards Alwar carrying tourists for tiger sighting at Sariska. Christened 'Akbar' after the great Mughal emperor, the 47-year-old steam locomotive is...(size: 2.1Kb)
Ali Akbar works from his mommy's house?
27 Aug 2012
The Examiner
Tweet 0 Email Report Advertisement Photo 1 of 14 This graph shows who is tangled in Akbar's web of deceit. Credit: Screencap from Corporationwiki.com This graph shows who is tangled in Akbar's web of deceit.This graphic shows Akbar's corporate ties.Well, there's...(size: 5.2Kb)
The Independent
What we got instead of '60s radicalism was 50 shades of opprobrium in a debate on 'style versus content' (led by Ali Smith) that was hijacked by a certain bestselling erotic novel. Authors at a previous debate got through two hours without mentioning it by name. In what became a 'don't mention the...(size: 4.5Kb)
The Independent
Worst of all, there were accounts of sufferers being shipped to homes miles away from their families to die alone. What did we learn from sharing our stories? That dementia is a serious illness that deserves to be seen on an epidemic scale, but also that the system can make this "long...(size: 2.5Kb)
This article is about the Mughal emperor. For other uses, see Akbar (disambiguation).
| Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar | |
|---|---|
 |
|
 3rd Mughal Emperor |
|
| Predecessor | Humayun |
| Successor | Jahangir |
| Regent | Bairam Khan (1556–1561) |
| Spouse | 30 wives including Mariam-uz-Zamani |
| Issue | |
| Jahangir, Murad, Danyal, 6 daughters others | |
| Full name | |
| Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar I | |
| House | Timurid |
| Father | Humayun |
| Mother | Hamida Banu Begum[1] |
| Born | (1542-10-15)15 October 1542 Umerkot, Sind |
| Died | 27 October 1605(1605-10-27) (aged 63) Fatehpur Sikri, Agra |
| Burial | Sikandra, Agra |
| Religion | Din-i-Ilahi |
Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar (Persian: جلال الدین محمد اکبر - Jalāl ud-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar), also known as Shahanshah Akbar-e-Azam or Akbar the Great (14 October 1542 – 27 October 1605),[2][3] was the third Mughal Emperor. He was of Timurid descent; the son of Emperor Humayun, and the grandson of the Mughal Emperor Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur, the ruler who founded the Mughal dynasty in India. At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of northern and central India. He is most appreciated for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs and during his era, culture and art reached a zenith as compared to his predecessors.
Akbar was 13 years old when he ascended the Mughal throne in Delhi (February 1556), following the death of his father Humayun.[4] During his reign, he eliminated military threats from the powerful Pashtun descendants of Sher Shah Suri, and at the Second Battle of Panipat he decisively defeated the newly self-declared Hindu king Hemu.[5][6] It took him nearly two more decades to consolidate his power and bring all the parts of northern and central India into his direct realm. He influenced the whole of the Indian Subcontinent as he ruled a greater part of it as an emperor. As an emperor, Akbar solidified his rule by pursuing diplomacy with the powerful Hindu Rajput caste, and by marrying Rajput princesses.[5][7]
Akbar's reign significantly influenced art and culture in the country. He was a great patron of art and architecture [8] He took a great interest in painting, and had the walls of his palaces adorned with murals. Besides encouraging the development of the Mughal school, he also patronised the European style of painting. He was fond of literature, and had several Sanskrit works translated into Persian and Persian scriptures translated in Sanskrit apart from getting many Persian works illustrated by painters from his court.[8] During the early years of his reign, he showed intolerant attitude towards Hindus and other religions, but later exercised tolerance towards non-Islamic faiths by rolling back some of the strict sharia laws.[9][10][11] His administration included numerous Hindu landlords, courtiers and military generals. He began a series of religious debates where Muslim scholars would debate religious matters with Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians and Portuguese Roman Catholic Jesuits. He treated these religious leaders with great consideration, irrespective of their faith, and revered them. He not only granted lands and money for the mosques but the list of the recipients included a huge number Hindu temples in north and central India, Christian churches in Goa.
Contents |
Early years and name[link]
Shahzada (son of the emperor) Akbar was born on 15 October 1542 (the fourth day of Rajab, 949 AH), at the Rajput Fortress of Umerkot in Sindh (in modern day Pakistan), where Emperor Humayun and his recently wedded wife, Hamida Banu Begum, daughter of Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, a Persian Shia, were taking refuge. After the capture of Kabul by Humayun, Badruddin's circumcision ceremony was held and his date of birth and name were changed to throw off evil sorcerers[12] and he was renamed Jalal-ud-din Muhammad by Humayun, a name which he had heard in his dream at Lahore.[3] Part 10:..the birth of Akbar Humayun nama, Columbia University.
Humayun had been driven into exile in Persia by the Pashtun leader Sher Shah Suri.[13] Akbar did not go to Persia with his parents but grew up in the village of Mukundpur in Rewa (in present day Madhya Pradesh).[citation needed] Akbar and prince Ram Singh I, who later became the Maharajah of Rewa, grew up together and stayed close friends through life.[citation needed] Later, Akbar moved to the eastern parts of the Safavid Empire (now a part of Afghanistan) where he was raised by his uncle Mirza Askari. He spent his youth learning to hunt, run, and fight, but he never learned to read or write. This lifestyle of his childhood made him a daring, powerful and a brave warrior but he remained illiterate throughout his life. Although this did not hinder his search of knowledge as it is said whenever he used to go to bed, there would be somebody reading for the king.[14][better source needed]
Following the chaos over the succession of Sher Shah Suri's son Islam Shah, Humayun reconquered Delhi in 1555, leading an army partly provided by his Persian ally Tahmasp I. A few months later, Humayun died. Akbar's guardian, Bairam Khan concealed the death in order to prepare for Akbar's succession. Akbar succeeded Humayun on 14 February 1556, while in the midst of a war against Sikandar Shah to reclaim the Mughal throne. In Kalanaur, Punjab, the 13 year old Akbar was enthroned by Bairam Khan on a newly constructed platform, which still stands.[15][dead link][16] He was proclaimed Shahanshah (Persian for "King of Kings"). Bairam Khan ruled on his behalf until he came of age.[17][18]
Military achievements[link]
Military innovations[link]
Akbar was known in his own time as a military genius. Due to the constant state of war between the Hindu Rajputs and the Mughal Empire, particularly after the wounding of the Mughal commander Khan Kilan by Rajput nobles in the year 1572, Akbar began to utilize the Kitar alongside the Mughal Talwars in battle. The latest Matchlocks were mass produced by the finest craftsmen and effectively employed during various conflicts. Akbar also ordered the manufacture of the finest chain-plate armors other protections that made his War elephants and Sowars invincible in combat. Akbar also began to utilize metal cylinder rockets known as bans[19] particularly against War elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal.
Akbar also began to believe that War elephants were the keys to military success, he believed that a single "Armored Elephant" was equal to 500 Sowars at the center of the battlefield. Akbar also noted that elephants have the ability to move through the densest of forests clearing through woods and paving way for both the Mughal Sepoys, Sowars and Cannons. Akbar personally owned 5000 well trained elephants and recorded the use of almost 40,000 across his Mughal Empire. Akbar is also known to have replaced pairs of elephant tusks with a pair of double-curved Tusk Swords. War elephants were also utilized to carry out executions of those who fought against the Mughal Emperor.[20] Akbar was also the first to place advanced swivel guns and cannons atop of Howdahs, thus combining firepower and mobility on the battlefield and sieges.[21]
The Mughal Emperor Akbar also distributed crescent military standards and kettledrums to his finest servicemen.
Early conquests[link]
Akbar decided early in his reign that he should conquer the threat of Sher Shah's dynasty, and decided to lead an army against the strongest of the three, Sikandar Shah Suri, in the Punjab. He left Delhi under the regency of Tardi Baig Khan. Sikandar Shah Suri presented no major concern for Akbar, and often withdrew from territory as Akbar approached.[22]
The Hindu king Hemu, however, commanding the Afghan forces, defeated the Mughal Army and captured Delhi on 6 October 1556.[17] Urged by Bairam Khan, who remarshalled the Mughal army before Hemu could consolidate his position, Akbar marched on Delhi to reclaim it.[23] Akbar's army, led by Bairam Khan, met the larger forces of Hemu on November 5, 1556 at the Second Battle of Panipat, 50 miles (80 km) north of Delhi. The battle was going in Hemu's favour when an arrow pierced Hemu's eye, rendering him unconscious. The leaderless army soon capitulated and Hemu was captured and executed.[24]
The victory also left Akbar with over 1,500 war elephants which he used to re-engage Sikandar Shah at the siege of Choopa. Sikandar, along with several local chieftains who were assisting him, surrendered and so was spared death. With this, the whole of Punjab was annexed to the Mughal empire. Before returning to Agra, Akbar sent a detachment of his army to Jammu, which defeated the ruler Raja Kapur Chand and captured the kingdom.[25] Between 1558 and 1560, after moving the capital from Delhi to Agra, Akbar further expanded the empire by capturing and annexing the kingdoms of Gwalior, northern Rajputana and Jaunpur.[26]
After a dispute at court, Akbar dismissed Bairam Khan in the spring of 1560 and ordered him to leave on Hajj to Mecca.[26] Bairam left for Mecca, but on his way was goaded by his opponents to rebel.[24] He was defeated by the Mughal army in the Punjab and forced to submit. Akbar, however forgave him and gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage, of which Bairam chose the latter.[27]
After dealing with the rebellion of Bairam Khan and establishing his authority. Akbar went on to expand the Mughal empire by subjugating local chiefs and annexing neighbouring kingdoms.[29] The first major conquest was of Malwa in 1561, an expedition that was led by Adham Khan and carried out with such savage cruelty that it resulted in a backlash from the kingdom enabling its ruler Baz Bahadur to recover the territory while Akbar was dealing with the rebellion of Bairam Khan.[30] Subsequently, Akbar sent another detachment which captured Malwa in 1562, and Baz Bahadur eventually surrendered to the Mughals and was made an administrator by Akbar. Around the same time, the Mughal army also conquered the kingdom of the Gonds, after a fierce battle between Asaf Khan[disambiguation needed 
], the Mughal governor of Allahabad, and Rani Durgavati queen of the Gonds.[31] However after the victory of the Mughals, Asaf Khan allegedly misappropriated most of the wealth plundered from the kingdom and later Akbar subsequently ordered him to restore some of the wealth, apart from installing Durgavati's son, a convert to Islam, as the local administrator of the newly conquered region.[32]
Over the course of Akbar's conquest of Malwa, he brought most of present-day Rajasthan, Gujarat and Bengal under his control, but Akbar believed that Chittorgarh Fort was a major threat to Mughal Empire because it housed Rajputs who were considered sworn enemies of the Mughals, in the year 1567 Akbar began to gather his forces who were briefly interrupted during the Battle of Thanesar, but by autumn Akbar was prepared to mount his siege. Chittorgarh Fort was ruled by Udai Singh who often gave refuge to the enemies of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Udai Singh's kingdom was of great strategic importance as it lay on the shortest route from Agra to Gujarat and was also considered a key to central Rajasthan. Fearing Akbar's impending assault Udai Singh retired to the hills, leaving two warriors Jaimal and Patta in charge of the fort.[32]
In October 1567, the Mughal army of approximately 5000 men led by Akbar surrounded and besieged 8000 Hindu Rajputs during the Siege of Chittorgarh and within a few months Akbar's ranks expanded to over 50,000 men. After an arduous siege Akbar ordered his men and augmented them to lift baskets of earth in order to create a hill in front of the fort by which the Mughal Cannons could be placed. As the Mohur Hill was completed Akbar placed his cannons and mortars near its tip, he then organized his sappers to plant mines under the heavy stone walls of the fortress of Chittor, but the mines exploded prematurely during an assault killing about a hundred Mughal Sowars, as the siege continued it is believed that a shot from Akbar's own Matchlock wounded or killed the commander of the already demoralized Hindu Rajputs.[33] The fortress of Chittor finally fell on February 1568 after a siege of four months. The fort was then stormed by the Mughal forces, and a fierce resistance was offered by members of the garrison stationed inside. When the Rajput women were ordered to commit Jauhar (self immolation), Akbar had realized that victory was near and the Mughals launched their final assault over 30,000 inhabitants of Chittorgarh Fort were killed by the victorious Mughal army. Akbar then ordered the heads of his enemies to be displayed upon towers erected throughout the region, in order to demonstrate his authority.[34][35]
The total loot that fell into the hands of the Mughal was distributed throughout the Mughal Empire.[36] Akbar then ordered the statues of two of the "armored elephants" that led the Mughal assault be carved and erected at the chief gate of the Agra Fort.[32][37] Akbar then built similar spiked-gates throughout his fortresses in order to deter elephant attacks. It is said that the brass candlesticks taken from the Kalika temple after its destruction were given to the shrine of Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer, a shrine that Akbar vowed to rebuild after his victory.[34][38] Akbar then celebrated the victory over Chittor and Ranthambore by laying the foundation of a new city, 23 miles (37 km) W.S.W of Agra in 1569. It was called Fatehpur Sikri ("city of victory").[39]
In the year 1568, the 26 year old Mughal Emperor Akbar reigned supreme, bolstered by his success, he was looking forward to widespread acclamation as one of the greatest Muslim conqueror within and beyond his realm and was given the honorable title Zill-e-Ilahi (Zeal of Allah). He gathered miniature painters, who illustrated the Mughal forces that fought during the Siege of Chittorgarh in the Fatahnama-i-Chittor issued by him after the conquest of Chittor at Ajmer, where he stayed for some time and then returned to Agra, on Ramadan 10, 975.AH/March 9, 1568AD. After Akbar's conquest of Chittor, two major Rajput clans remained opposed to him - the Sisodiyas of Mewar and Hadas of Ranthambore.
Ranthambore Fort was reputed to be the most powerful fortress in Rajasthan, was conquered by the Mughal army in 1569 during the Siege of Ranthambore, making Akbar the master of almost the whole of Rajputana. As a result, most of the Rajput kings, including those of Bikaner, Bundelkhand and Jaisalmer submitted to Akbar. Only the clans of Mewar continued to resist Mughal conquest and Akbar had to fight with them from time to time for the greater part of his reign.[32][34] Among the most prominent of them was Maharana Pratap who declined to accept Akbar's suzerainty and also opposed the marriage etiquette of Rajputs who had been giving their daughters to Mughals. He renounced all matrimonial alliances with Rajput rulers who had married into the Mughal dynasty, refusing such alliances even with the princes of Marwar and Amer until they agreed to sever ties with the Mughals.[40]
Consolidation[link]
Having conquered Rajputana, Akbar turned to Gujarat, whose government was in a state of disarray after the death of its previous ruler, Bahadur Shah. The province was a tempting target as it was a center of world trade, it possessed fertile soil and had highly developed crafts.[41] The province had been occupied by Humayun for a brief period, and prior to that was ruled by the Delhi Sultanate.[32] In 1572, Akbar marched to Ahmedabad, which capitulated without offering resistance. He took Surat by siege, and then crossed the Mahi river and defeated his estranged cousins, the Mirzas, in a hard-fought battle at Sarnal.[41][42] During the campaign, Akbar met a group of Portuguese merchants for the first time at Cambay. Having established his authority over Gujarat, Akbar returned to Agra, but Mirza-led rebellions soon broke out. Akbar returned, crossing Rajasthan at great speed on camels and horses, and reached Ahmedabad in eleven days - a journey that normally took six weeks. Akbar's army of 3000 horsemen then defeated the enemy forces numbering 20000 in a decisive victory on 2 September 1573.[41]
Administration[link]
Political government[link]
Akbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the Delhi Sultanate, but the functions of various departments were carefully reorganised by laying down detailed regulations for their functioning:[43]
- The revenue department was headed by a wazir, responsible for all finances and management of jagir and inam lands.
- The head of the military was called the mir bakshi, appointed from among the leading nobles of the court. The mir bakshi was in charge of intelligence gathering, and also made recommendations to the emperor for military appointments and promotions.
- The mir saman was in charge of the imperial household, including the harems, and supervised the functioning of the court and royal bodyguard.
- The judiciary was a separate organization headed by a chief qazi, who was also responsible for religious endowments.
Akbar departed from the policy of his predecessors in his treatment of the territories he conquered. Previous Mughals extracted a large tribute from these rulers and then leave them to administer their dominions autonomously; Akbar integrated them into his administration, providing them the opportunity to serve as military rulers. He thus simultaneously controlled their power while increasing their prestige as a part of the imperial ruling class.[44] Some of these rulers went on to become the navaratnas in Akbar's court.
Taxation[link]
Akbar set about reforming the administration of his empire's land revenue by adopting a system that had been used by Sher Shah Suri. A cultivated area where crops grew well was measured and taxed through fixed rates based on the area's crop and productivity. However, this placed hardship on the peasantry because tax rates were fixed on the basis of prices prevailing in the imperial court, which were often higher than those in the countryside.[45] Akbar changed to a decentralized system of annual assessment, but this resulted in corruption among local officials and was abandoned in 1580, to be replaced by a system called the dahsala.[46] Under the new system, revenue was calculated as one-third of the average produce of the previous ten years, to be paid to the state in cash. This system was later refined, taking into account local prices, and grouping areas with similar productivity into assessment circles. Remission was given to peasants when the harvest failed during times of flood or drought.[46] Akbar's dahsala system is credited to Raja Todar Mal, who also served as a revenue officer under Sher Shah Suri,[47] and the structure of the revenue administration was set out by the latter in a detailed memorandum submitted to the emperor in 1582-83.[48]
Other local methods of assessment continued in some areas. Land which was fallow or uncultivated was charged at concessional rates.[49] Akbar also actively encouraged the improvement and extension of agriculture. The village continued to remain the primary unit of revenue assessment.[50] Zamindars of every area were required to provide loans and agricultural implements in times of need, to encourage farmers to plough as much land as possible and to sow seeds of superior quality. In turn, the zamindars were given a hereditary right to collect a share of the produce. Peasants had a hereditary right to cultivate the land as long as they paid the land revenue.[49] While the revenue assessment system showed concern for the small peasantry, it also maintained a level of distrust towards the revenue officials. Revenue officials were guaranteed only three-quarters of their salary, with the remaining quarter dependent on their full realisation of the revenue assessed.[51]
Military organization[link]
Main article: Mansabdari
An Emperor shall be ever Intent on Conquest, Ohterwise His enemies shall rise in arms against him.
Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar,
Akbar organized his army as well as the nobility by means of a system called the mansabdari. Under this system, each officer in the army was assigned a rank (a mansab), and assigned a number of cavalry that he had to supply to the imperial army.[47] The mansabdars were divided into 33 classes. The top three commanding ranks, ranging from 7000 to 10000 troops, were normally reserved for princes. Other ranks between 10 and 5000 were assigned to other members of the nobility. The empire's permanent standing army was quite small and the imperial forces mostly consisted of contingents maintained by the mansabdars.[52] Persons were normally appointed to a low mansab and then promoted, based on their merit as well as the favour of the emperor.[53] Each mansabdar was required to maintain a certain number of cavalrymen and twice that number of horses. The number of horses was greater because they had to be rested and rapidly replaced in times of war. Akbar employed strict measures to ensure that the quality of the armed forces was maintained at a high level; horses were regularly inspected and only Arabian horses were normally employed.[54] The mansabdars were remunerated well for their services and constituted the highest paid military service in the world at the time.[53]
Capital of the empire[link]
Akbar was a follower of Salim Chishti, a holy man who lived in the region of Sikri near Agra. Believing the area to be a lucky one for himself, he had a mosque constructed there for the use of the priest. Subsequently, he celebrated the victories over Chittor and Ranthambore by laying the foundation of a new walled capital, 23 miles (37 km) west of Agra in 1569, which was named Fatehpur ("town of victory") after the conquest of Gujarat in 1573 and subsequently came to be known as Fatehpur Sikri in order to distinguish it from other similarly named towns.[32] Palaces for each of Akbar's senior queens, a huge artificial lake, and sumptuous water-filled courtyards were built there. However, the city was soon abandoned and the capital was moved to Lahore in 1585. The reason may have been that the water supply in Fatehpur Sikri was insufficient or of poor quality. Or, as some historians believe, Akbar had to attend to the northwest areas of his empire and therefore moved his capital northwest. Other sources indicate Akbar simply lost interest in the city[55] or realised it was not militarily defensible. In 1599, Akbar shifted his capital back to Agra from where he reigned until his death.
Diplomacy[link]
Matrimonial alliances[link]
The practice of giving Hindu princesses to Muslim kings in marriage was known much before Akbar's time, but in most cases these marriages did not lead to any stable relations between the families involved, and the women were lost to their families and did not return after marriage.[56][57]
However, Akbar's policy of matrimonial alliances marked a departure from India from previous practice in that the marriage itself marked the beginning of a new order of relations, wherein the Hindu Rajputs who married their daughters or sisters to him would be treated on par with his Muslim fathers-in-law and brothers in-law in all respects except being able to dine and pray with him or take Muslim wives. These Rajputs were made members of his court and their daughters' or sisters' marriage to a Muslim ceased to be a sign of degradation, except for certain orthodox elements who still considered it a sign of humiliation.[57]
The Kacchwaha Rajput, Raja Bharmal, of Amber, who had come to Akbar's court shortly after the latter's accession, entered into an alliance by giving his daughter Harkha Bai (also called Jodhaa Bai) in marriage to the emperor.[58][59] Harkha Bai became Muslim and was renamed Mariam-uz-Zamani.[citation needed] She died in 1623. A mosque was built in her honor by her son Jahangir in Lahore.[60] Bharmal was made a noble of high rank in the imperial court, and subsequently his son Bhagwant Das and grandson Man Singh also rose to high ranks in the nobility.[56]
Other Rajput kingdoms also established matrimonial alliances with Akbar, but matrimony was not insisted on as a precondition for forming alliances. Two major Rajput clans remained aloof – the Sisodiyas of Mewar and Hadas of Ranthambore. In another turning point of Akbar's reign, Raja Man Singh I of Amber went with Akbar to meet the Hada leader, Surjan Hada, to effect an alliance. Surjan accepted an alliance on the condition that Akbar did not marry any of his daughters. Consequently, no matrimonial alliance was entered into, yet Surjan was made a noble and placed in charge of Garh-Katanga.[56] Certain other Rajput nobles did not like the idea of their kings marrying their daughters to Mughals. Rathore Kalyandas threatened to kill both Mota Raja Rao Udaisingh and Jahangir because Udai Singh had decided to marry his daughter to Jahangir. Akbar on hearing this ordered imperial forces to attack Kalyandas at Siwana. Kalyandas died fighting along with his men and the women of Siwana committed Jauhar.[61]
The political effect of these alliances was significant. While some Rajput women who entered Akbar's harem converted to Islam, they were generally provided full religious freedom, and their relatives, who continued to remain Hindu, formed a significant part of the nobility and served to articulate the opinions of the majority of the common populace in the imperial court.[56] The interaction between Hindu and Muslim nobles in the imperial court resulted in exchange of thoughts and blending of the two cultures. Further, newer generations of the Mughal line represented a merger of Mughal and Rajput blood, thereby strengthening ties between the two. As a result, the Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals, and Rajput soldiers and generals fought for the Mughal army under Akbar, leading it in several campaigns including the conquest of Gujarat in 1572.[62] Akbar's policy of religious tolerance ensured that employment in the imperial administration was open to all on merit irrespective of creed, and this led to an increase in the strength of the administrative services of the empire.[63]
Another legend is that Akbar's daughter Meherunnissa was enamoured by Tansen and had a role in his coming to Akbar's court.[64] Tansen converted to Islam from Hinduism, apparently on the eve of his marriage with Akbar's daughter.[65][66]
Relations with the Portuguese[link]
At the time of Akbar's ascension in 1556, the Portuguese had established several fortresses and factories on the western coast of the subcontinent, and largely controlled navigation and sea-trade in that region. As a consequence of this colonialism, all other trading entities were subject to the terms and conditions of the Portuguese, and this was resented by the rulers and traders of the time including Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.[68]
in the year 1572 the Mughal Empire annexed Gujarat and acquired its first access to the sea, the local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese have begun to exert their control in the Indian Ocean. Hence Akbar's was conscious of the threat posed by the presence of the Portuguese, remained content with obtaining a cartaz (permit) from them for sailing in the Persian Gulf region.[69] At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the Siege of Surat in 1572, the Portuguese, recognising the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to adopt diplomacy instead of war, and the Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations.[70] Akbar's efforts to purchase and secure from the Portuguese some of their compact Artillery pieces were unsuccessful and that is the reason why Akbar could not establish the Mughal navy along the Gujarat coast.[71]
Akbar accepted the offer of diplomacy, but the Portuguese continually acknowledged their authority and power in the Indian Ocean, in fact Akbar was highly concerned when he had to request a permit from the Portuguese before any ships from the Mughal Empire were to depart for the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina.[72] In 1573, he issued a firman directing Mughal administrative officials in Gujarat not to provoke the Portuguese in the territory they held in Daman. The Portuguese, in turn, issued passes for the members of Akbar's family to go on Hajj to Mecca. The Portuguese made mention of the extraordinary status of the vessel and the special status to be accorded to its occupants.[73]
In the year 1579 Jesuits from Goa were allowed to visit the court of Akbar, the Jesuit did not confine themselves to the exposition of their own beliefs, but reviled Islam and the Prophet in unrestrained language. Their comments enraging the Imam's and Ulama, who objected to the remarks of the Jesuit, but Akbar however ordered their comments to be recorded and observed the Jesuits and their behavior carefully. This event was followed by a rebellion of Muslim clerics led by Mullah Muhammad Yazdi and Muiz-ul-Mulk, the chief Qadi of Bengal in the year 1581, when these rebels wanted to overthrow Akbar and insert his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim ruler of Kabul on the Mughal throne. Akbar however successfully defeated the rebels and had grown more cautious about his guests and his proclamations, which he later checked with his advisers carefully.[74]
Relations with the Ottoman Empire[link]
In the year 1555, while Akbar was still a child the Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis visited the Mughal Emperor Humayun. Later in the year 1569, during the early years of Akbar's rule another Ottoman Admiral Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis arrived on the shores of the Mughal Empire. These Ottoman Admirals sought to end the growing threats of the Portuguese Empire during their Indian Ocean campaigns. During his reign Akbar himself is known to have sent six documents addressing the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.[75][76]
In 1576 Akbar sent a very large contingent of pilgrims led by Khwaja Sultan Naqshbandi, Yahya Saleh, with 600,000 gold and silver coins and 12,000 Kaftans of honor and large consignments of rice.[77] In October 1576, the Mughal Emperor Akbar, sent a delegation including members of his family including his aunt Gulbadan Begum and his consort Salima, on Hajj by two ships from Surat including an Ottoman vessel, which reached the port of Jeddah in 1577 and then proceeded towards Mecca and Medina.[78] Four more caravans were sent from 1577 to 1580, with exquisite gifts for the authorities of Mecca and Medina.[79][80]
The imperial Mughal entourage stayed in Mecca and Medina for nearly four years, and attended the Hajj four times. During this period Akbar even financed the pilgrimages of many poor Muslims from the Mughal Empire and also funded the foundations of the Qadiriyya Sufi Order's dervish lodge in the Hijaz[81]. The Mughals eventually set out for Surat and their return was assisted by the Ottoman Pasha in Jeddah.[82]. Due to Akbar's attempts to build Mughal presence in Mecca and Medina, the local Sharif's began to have more confidence in the financial support provided by Mughal Empire, this lessened their dependency upon Ottoman bounty[83]. Mughal-Ottoman trade also flourished during this period, in fact merchants loyal to Akbar are known to have reached and sold spices, dyestuff, cotton and shawls in the Bazaars of Aleppo after arriving and journeying upriver through the port of Basra.[84]
According to some accounts Mughal Emperor Akbar expressed a desire to form an alliance with the Portuguese, mainly in order to advance his interests, but whenever the Portuguese attempted to invade the Ottomans, the Mughal Emperor Akbar proved abortive.[85][86] In 1587 a Portuguese fleet sent to attack Yemen was ferociously routed and defeated by the Ottoman Navy, thereafter the Mughal-Portuguese alliance, immediately collapsed mainly due to the continuing pressure by the Mughal Empire's prestigious vassals at Janjira.[87]
Relations with the Safavid Dynasty[link]
The Safavids and the Mughals had a long history of diplomatic relationship, with the Safavid ruler Tahmasp I having provided refuge to Humayun when he had to flee the Indian subcontinent following his defeat by Sher Shah Suri. During the[\]][.] [.' sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the two empires, along with the Ottoman Empire to the west, were the site of major power struggles in Asia. However, the Safavids differed from the Mughals and the Ottomans in following the Shiite sect of Islam as opposed to the Sunni sect practised by the other two.[88] One of the longest standing disputes between the Safavids and the Mughals pertained to the control of the city of Qandahar in the Hindukush region, forming the border between the two empires.[89] The Hindukush region was militarily very significant owing to its geography, and this was well-recognised by strategists of the times.[90] Consequently, the city, which was being administered by Bairam Khan at the time of Akbar's accession, was invaded and captured by the Persian ruler Husain Mirza, a cousin of Tahmasp I, in 1558.[89] Subsequent to this, Bairam Khan sent an envoy to Tahmasp I's court, in an effort to maintain peaceful relations with the Safavids. This gesture was reciprocated and a cordial relationship continued to prevail between the two empires during the first two decades of Akbar's reign.[91] However, the death of Tahmasp I in 1576 resulted in civil war and instability in the Safavid empire, and diplomatic relations between the two empires ceased for more than a decade, and were restored only in 1587 following the accession of Shah Abbas to the Safavid throne.[92] Shortly afterwards, Akbar's army completed its annexation of Kabul, and in order to further secure the north-western boundaries of his empire, it proceeded to Qandahar. The city capitulated without resistance on April 18, 1595, and the ruler Muzaffar Hussain moved into Akbar's court.[93] Qandahar continued to remain in Mughal possession, and the Hindukush the empire's western frontier, for several decades until Shah Jahan's expedition into Badakhshan in 1646.[94] Diplomatic relations continued to be maintained between the Safavid and Mughal courts until the end of Akbar's reign.[95]
Relations with other medieval kingdoms[link]
Vincent Arthur Smith observes that the merchant Mildenhall was employed in 1600 while the establishment of the Company was under adjustment to bear a letter from Queen Elizabeth to Akbar requesting liberty to trade in his dominions on terms as good as those enjoyed by the Portuguese.[96]
Akbar was also visited by the French explorer Pierre Malherbe.[97]
Religious policy[link]
Akbar, as well as his mother and other members of his family, are believed to have been Sunni Hanafi Muslims.[98] His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and religious narrow-mindednness was frowned upon.[99] From the 15th century, a number of rulers in various parts of the country adopted a more liberal policy of religious tolerance, attempting to foster communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims.[100] These sentiments were earlier encouraged by the teachings of popular saints like Guru Nanak, Kabir and Chaitanya,[99] the verses of the Persian poet Hafez which advocated human sympathy and a liberal outlook,[101] as well as the Timurid ethos of religious tolerance that persisted in the polity right from the times of Timur to Humayun, and influenced Akbar's policy of tolerance in matters of religion.[102] Further, his childhood tutors, who included two Irani Shias, were largely above sectarian prejudices, and made a significant contribution to Akbar's later inclination towards religious tolerance.[102]
One of Akbar's first actions after gaining actual control of the administration was the abolition of jizya, a tax which all non-Muslims were required to pay, in 1562.[99] The tax was reinstated in 1575,[103] a move which has been viewed as being symbolic of vigorous Islamic policy,[104] but was again repealed in 1580.[105] Akbar adopted the Sulh-e-Kul (or Peace to All) concept of Sufism as official policy, integrated many Hindus into high positions in the administration, and removed restrictions on non-Muslims, thereby bringing about a composite and diverse character to the nobility.[106][107] As a mark of his respect for all religions, he ordered the observance of all religious festivals of different communities in the imperial court.[108]
Relation with Jains[link]
Akbar regularly held discussions with Jain scholars and was also greatly impacted by some of their teachings. His first encounter with Jain rituals was when he saw a Jain shravika named Champa's procession after a six month long fast. Impressed by her power and devotion, he invited her guru or spiritual teacher AcharyaHiravijaya Suri to Fatehpur Sikri. Acharya accepted the invitation and began his march towards the Mughal capital from Gujarat.[109]
Akbar was greatly impressed by the scholastic qualities and character of the Acharya. He held several debates and discussions on religion and philosophy in his courts. Arguing with Jains, Akbar remained sceptical of their rituals, and yet became convinced by their arguments for vegetarianism and ended up deploring the eating of all flesh.[110]
The Indian Supreme Court too has cited examples of co-existence of Jain and Mughal architecture. Terming Mughal emperor Akbar as "the architect of modern India", a bench said that Akbar, who had great respect for Jainism, had declared "Amari Ghosana" banning the killing of animals during Paryushan and Mahavir Jayanti. He rolled back the Jazia tax from Jain pilgrim places like Palitana. These farmans were also issued in 1592, 1584 and 1598.[111]
Relations with Shias and Islamic clergy[link]
During the early part of his reign, Akbar adopted an attitude of suppression towards Muslim sects that were condemned by the orthodoxy as heretical.[11] In 1567, on the advice of Shaikh Abdu'n Nabi, he ordered the exhumation of Mir Murtaza Sharifi Shirazi - a Shia buried in Delhi - because of the grave's proximity to that of Amir Khusrau, arguing that a "heretic" could not be buried so close to the grave of a Sunni saint, reflecting a restrictive attitude towards the Shia, which continued to persist till the early 1570s.[112] He suppressed Mahdavism in 1573 during his campaign in Gujarat, in the course of which the Mahdavi leader Bandagi Miyan Shiek Mustafa was arrested and brought in chains to the court for debate and released after eighteen months.[112] However, as Akbar increasingly came under the influence of pantheistic Sufi mysticism from the early 1570s, it caused a great shift in his outlook and culminated in his shift from orthodox Islam as traditionally professed, in favor of a new concept of Islam transcending the limits of religion.[112] Consequently, during the latter half of his reign, he adopted a policy of tolerance towards the Shias and declared a prohibition on Shia-Sunni conflict, and the empire remained neutral in matters of internal sectarian conflict.[113] In the year 1578, the Mughal Emperor Akbar famously referred to himself as:
| “ | Emperor of Islam, Emir of the Faithful, Shadow of God on earth, Abul Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi (whose empire Allah perpetuate), is a most just, most wise, and a most God-fearing ruler. | ” |
In 1580, a rebellion broke out in the eastern part of Akbar's empire, and a number of fatwas, declaring Akbar to be a heretic, were issued by Qazis. Akbar suppressed the rebellion and handed out severe punishments to the Qazis. In order to further strengthen his position in dealing with the Qazis, Akbar issued a mazhar or declaration that was signed by all major ulemas in 1579.[114][115] The mahzar asserted that Akbar was the Khalifa of the age, the rank of the Khalifa was higher than that of a Mujtahid, in case of a difference of opinion among the Mujtahids, Akbar could select any one opinion and could also issue decrees which did not go against the nass.[116] Given the prevailing Islamic sectarian conflicts in various parts of the country at that time, it is believed that the Mazhar helped in stabilizing the religious situation in the empire.[114] It made Akbar very powerful due to the complete supremacy accorded to the Khalifa by Islam, and also helped him eliminate the religious and political influence of the Ottoman Khalifa over his subjects, thus ensuring their complete loyalty to him.[117]
Throughout his reign the Mughal Emperor Akbar was a patron of influential Muslim scholars such as Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi and Tahir Muhammad Thattvi.
Din-i-Ilahi[link]
Main article: Din-i-Ilahi
Akbar was deeply interested in religious and philosophical matters. An orthodox Muslim at the outset, he later came to be influenced by Sufi mysticism that was being preached in the country at that time, and moved away from orthodoxy, appointing to his court several talented people with liberal ideas, including Abul Fazl, Faizi and Birbal. In 1575, he built a hall called the Ibadat Khana ("House of Worship") at Fatehpur Sikri, to which he invited theologians, mystics and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements and discussed matters of spirituality with them.[99] These discussions, initially restricted to Muslims, were acrimonious and resulted in the participants shouting at and abusing each other. Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening and extending even into areas such as the validity of the Quran and the nature of God. This shocked the orthodox theologians, who sought to discredit Akbar by circulating rumours of his desire to forsake Islam.[114] Akbar's choices, decisions, decrees, discussions and regulations on religious matters even caused some of his brilliant courtiers like Qutb-ud-din Khan Koka and Shahbaz Khan Kamboh to criticize the emperor in the court.
Akbar's effort to evolve a meeting point among the representatives of various religions was not very successful, as each of them attempted to assert the superiority of their respective religions by denouncing other religions. Meanwhile, the debates at the Ibadat Khana grew more acrimonious and, contrary to their purpose of leading to a better understanding among religions, instead led to greater bitterness among them, resulting to the discontinuance of the debates by Akbar in 1582.[118] However, his interaction with various religious theologians had convinced him that despite their differences, all religions had several good practices, which he sought to combine into a new religious movement known as Din-i-Ilahi.[119][120] However, some modern scholars claim that Akbar did not initiate a new religion and did not use the word Din-i-Ilahi.[121] According to the contemporary events in the Mughal court Akbar was indeed angered by the acts of embezzlement of wealth by many high level Muslim clerics.[122]
The purported Din-i-Ilahi was more of an ethical system and is said to have prohibited lust, sensuality, slander and pride, considering them sins. Piety, prudence, abstinence and kindness are the core virtues. The soul is encouraged to purify itself through yearning of God.[123] Celibacy was respected, chastity enforced, the slaughter of animals was forbidden and there were no sacred scriptures or a priestly hierarchy.[124] However, a leading Noble of Akbar's court, Aziz Koka, wrote a letter to him from Mecca in 1594 arguing that the discipleship promoted by Akbar amounted to nothing more than a desire on Akbar's part to portray his superiority regarding religious matters[125] To commemorate Din-e-Ilahi, he changed the name of Prayag to Allahabad (pronounced as ilahabad) in 1583.[126][127]
It has been argued that the theory of Din-i-Ilahi being a new religion was a misconception which arose due to erroneous translations of Abul Fazl's work by later British historians.[128] However, it is also accepted that the policy of sulh-e-kul, which formed the essence of Din-i-Ilahi, was adopted by Akbar not merely for religious purposes, but as a part of general imperial administrative policy. This also formed the basis for Akbar's policy of religious toleration.[129] At the time of Akbar's death in 1605 there were no signs of discontent amongst his Muslim subjects and the impression of even a theologian like Abdu'l Haq was that close ties remained.[130]
Historical accounts[link]
Personality[link]
Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian Abul Fazal in the books Akbarnama and Ain-i-akbari. Other contemporary sources of Akbar's reign include the works of Badayuni, Shaikhzada Rashidi and Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi.
Akbar was an artisan, warrior, artist, armourer, blacksmith, carpenter, emperor, general, inventor, animal trainer (reputedly keeping thousands of hunting cheetahs during his reign and training many himself), lacemaker, technologist and theologian.[131]
Akbar was said to have been a wise emperor and a sound judge of character. His son and heir, Jahangir, wrote effusive praise of Akbar's character in his memoirs, and dozens of anecdotes to illustrate his virtues.[132] According to Jahangir, Akbar was "of the hue of wheat; his eyes and eyebrows were black and his complexion rather dark than fair". Antoni de Montserrat, the Catalan Jesuit who visited his court described him as follows:
"One could easily recognize even at first glance that he is King. He has broad shoulders, somewhat bandy legs well-suited for horsemanship, and a light brown complexion. He carries his head bent towards the right shoulder. His forehead is broad and open, his eyes so bright and flashing that they seem like a sea shimmering in the sunlight. His eyelashes are very long. His eyebrows are not strongly marked. His nose is straight and small though not insignificant. His nostrils are widely open as though in derision. Between the left nostril and the upper lip there is a mole. He shaves his beard but wears a moustache. He limps in his left leg though he has never received an injury there."[133]
Akbar was not tall but powerfully built and very agile. He was also noted for various acts of courage. One such incident occurred on his way back from Malwa to Agra when Akbar was 19 years of age.[citation needed]
Akbar rode alone in advance of his escort and was confronted by a tigress who, along with her cubs, came out from the shrubbery across his path. When the tigress charged the emperor, he was alleged to have dispatched the animal with his sword in a solitary blow. His approaching attendants found the emperor standing quietly by the side of the dead animal.[134]
Abul Fazal, and even the hostile critic Badayuni, described him as having a commanding personality. He was notable for his command in battle, and, "like Alexander of Macedon, was always ready to risk his life, regardless of political consequences". He often plunged on his horse into the flooded river during the rainy seasons and safely crossed it. He rarely indulged in cruelty and is said to have been affectionate towards his relatives. He pardoned his brother Hakim, who was a repented rebel. But on rare occasions, he dealt cruelly with offenders, such as his maternal uncle Muazzam and his foster-brother Adham Khan, who was twice defenestrated for drawing Akbar's wrath.[citation needed]
He is said to have been extremely moderate in his diet. Ain-e-Akbari mentions that during his travels and also while at home, Akbar drank water from the Ganges river, which he called ‘the water of immortality’. Special people were stationed at Sorun and later Haridwar to dispatch water, in sealed jars, to wherever he was stationed.[135][better source needed] According to Jahangir's memoirs, he was fond of fruits and had little liking for meat, which he stopped eating in his later years. He was more religiously tolerant than many of the Muslim rulers before and after him. Jahangir wrote:
"As in the wide expanse of the Divine compassion there is room for all classes and the followers of all creeds, so... in his dominions, ... there was room for the professors of opposite religions, and for beliefs good and bad, and the road to altercation was closed. Sunnis and Shias met in one mosque, and Franks and Jews in one church, and observed their own forms of worship.[132] "
To defend his stance that speech arose from hearing, he carried out a language deprivation experiment, and had children raised in isolation, not allowed to be spoken to, and pointed out that as they grew older, they remained mute.[136]
Akbar is also said to have thrown a man out of a window, then grab his body and proceed to throw him out again to make sure he was dead. [137]
Hagiography[link]
During Akbar's reign, the ongoing process of inter-religious discourse and syncretism resulted in a series of religious attributions to him in terms of positions of assimilation, doubt or uncertainty, which he either assisted himself or left unchallenged.[138] Such hagiographical accounts of Akbar traversed a wide range of denominational and sectarian spaces, including several accounts by Parsis, Jains and Jesuit missionaries, apart from contemporary accounts by Brahminical and Muslim orthodoxy.[139] Existing sects and denominations, as well as various religious figures who represented popular worship felt they had a claim to him. The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity.[138]
[edit] Akbarnāma, the Book of Akbar
Main article: Akbarnama
The Akbarnāma (Persian: اکبر نامہ), which literally means Book of Akbar, is a official biographical account of Akbar, the third Mughal Emperor (r. 1542–1605), written in Persian. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times.[140]
The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by Abul Fazl, one of the Nine Jewels (Hindi: Navaratnas) of Akbar’s royal court. It is stated that the book took seven years to be completed and the original manuscripts contained a number of paintings supporting the texts, and all the paintings represented the Mughal school of painting, and work of masters of the imperial workshop, including Basawan, whose use of portraiture in its illustrations was an innovation in Indian art.[140]
Death and legacy[link]
On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentery, from which he never recovered. He is believed to have died on or about 27 October 1605, after which his body was buried at a mausoleum in Sikandra, Agra.[141]
Akbar left behind a rich legacy both for the Mughal Empire as well as the Indian subcontinent in general. He firmly entrenched the authority of the Mughal empire in India and beyond, after it had been threatened by the Afghans during his father's reign,[142] establishing its military and diplomatic superiority.[143] During his reign, the nature of the state changed to a secular and liberal one, with emphasis on cultural integration. He also introduced several far-sighted social reforms, including prohibiting sati, legalising widow remarriage and raising the age of marriage.
The Mughal descendants include Imran Mughal Imran (1986–present) who resides in Old Lahore, Pakistan. [144]
Citing Akbar's melding of the disparate 'fiefdoms' of India into the Mughal Empire as well as the lasting legacy of "pluralism and tolerance" that "underlies the values of the modern republic of India", Time magazine included his name in its list of top 25 world leaders.[145]
In popular culture[link]
- In 2008, director Ashutosh Gowariker released a film telling the story of Akbar and his wife Hira Kunwari (known more popularly as Jodha Bai), titled Jodhaa Akbar. Akbar was played by Hrithik Roshan and Jodhaa was played by Aishwarya Rai.
- Akbar was portrayed in the award-winning 1960 Hindi movie Mughal-e-Azam (The great Mughal), in which his character was played by Prithviraj Kapoor.
- Akbar and Birbal were portrayed in the Hindi series Akbar-Birbal aired on Zee TV in late 1990s where Akbar's role was essayed by Vikram Gokhale.
- A television series, called Akbar the Great, directed by Sanjay Khan was aired on DD National in the 1990s.
- A fictionalized Akbar plays an important supporting role in Kim Stanley Robinson's 2002 novel, The Years of Rice and Salt.
- Akbar is also a major character in Salman Rushdie's 2008 novel The Enchantress of Florence.
- Amartya Sen uses Akbar as a prime example in his books The Argumentative Indian and Violence and Identity.
- Bertrice Small is known for incorporating historical figures as primary characters in her romance novels, and Akbar is no exception. He is a prominent figure in two of her novels, and mentioned several times in a third, which takes place after his death. In This Heart of Mine the heroine becomes Akbar's fortieth "wife" for a time, while Wild Jasmine and Darling Jasmine centre around the life of his half-British daughter, Yasaman Kama Begum (alias Jasmine).
- Akbar is featured in the video game Sid Meier's Civilization 4: Beyond the Sword as a "great general" available in the game.
- Akbar is also the AI Personality of India in the renowned game Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties.
- The violin concerto nicknamed "Il Grosso Mogul" written by Antonio Vivaldi in the 1720s, and listed in the standard catalogue as RV 208, is considered to be indirectly inspired by Akbar's reign.
- In Kunal Basu's The Miniaturist, the story revolves around a young painter during Akbar's time who paints his own version of the Akbarnamu'
- Akbar is mentioned as 'Raja Baadshah' in the Chhattisgarhi folktale of Mohna de gori kayina
- Akbar is the main character in Empire of the Moghul: Ruler of the World, the third book in a quintet based on the 5 great Mughal Emperors of the Mughal Dynasty by Alex Rutherford.
- Akbar is the protagonist in Dirk Collier's historical novel 'The Emperor's Writings, Memories of Akbar the Great' (Delhi, 2011; translated into Dutch under the title 'Afscheid van de keizer'), a fictional autobiography in which Akbar speaks to his son Jahangir, via a series of posthumous letters.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Google Images
- ^ "Akbar". TENNYSON'S OWN NOTES TO AKBAR'S DREAM. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/tennyson/akbarsnotes.html. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ^ a b Conversion of Islamic and Christian dates (Dual) As per the date convertor Baadshah Akbar's birth date, as per Humayun nama, of 04 Rajab, 949 AH, corresponds to 14 October 1542.
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 104
- ^ a b Fazl, Abul. Akbarnama Volume II.
- ^ Prasad, Ishwari (1970). The life and times of Humayun. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ishwari%20Prasad%20life%20and%20times%20of%20humayun&hl=en&lr=&oi=scholart.
- ^ "Akbar". Columbia Encyclopedia. 2008. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Akbar.html. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
- ^ a b Maurice S. Dimand (1953). "Mughal Painting under Akbar the Great". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 12 (2): 46–51. JSTOR 3257529.
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 84
- ^ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2005). Mughals and Franks. Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-19-566866-7.
- ^ a b Habib 1997, p. 85
- ^ Hoyland, J.S.; Banerjee S.N. (1996). Commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J: On his journey to the court of Akbar, Asean Educational Services Published. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 57. ISBN 81-206-0807-0.
- ^ Banjerji, S.K.. Humayun Badshah.
- ^ Fazl, Abul. Akbarnama Volume I.
- ^ "Gurdas". Government of Punjab. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080527210721/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/government/gurdas1.GIF. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
- ^ History Gurdaspur district website.
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 226
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 337
- ^ Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3 - YouTube
- ^ Warrior Empire-The Mughals 3/9 - YouTube
- ^ Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 2 - YouTube
- ^ Majumdar 1984, pp. 104–105
- ^ Chandra 2007, pp. 226–227
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 227
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 3
- ^ a b Smith 2002, p. 339
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 228
- ^ Painting - Akbar directing the attack against Rai Surjan Hada at Ranthambhor Fort - Victoria & Albert Museum - Search the Collections
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 4
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 229
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 230
- ^ a b c d e f Chandra 2007, p. 231
- ^ Warrior Empire-The Mughals 4/9 - YouTube
- ^ a b c Smith 2002, p. 342
- ^ Chandra, Dr. Satish (2001). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Har Anand Publications. p. 107. ISBN 81-241-0522-7.
- ^ Payne, Tod (1994). Tod's Annals of Rajasthan: The Annals of Mewar. Asian Educational Services. p. 71. ISBN 81-206-0350-8.
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 343
- ^ Watson, C.C. (1904). Rajputana District Gazetteers. Scottish Mission Industries Co., Ltd.. p. 17.
- ^ Hastings, James (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 10. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-3682-5.
- ^ James Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, 2 vols. London, Smith, Elder (1829, 1832); New Delhi, Munshiram Publishers, (2001), pp. 83-4. ISBN 81-7069-128-1
- ^ a b c Chandra 2007, p. 232
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 344
- ^ Chandra 2007, pp. 240–241
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 15
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 233
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 234
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 236
- ^ Moosvi 2008, p. 160
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 235
- ^ Moosvi 2008, pp. 164–165
- ^ Moosvi 2008, p. 165
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 359
- ^ a b Chandra 2007, p. 238
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 237
- ^ Petersen, A. (1996). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. New York: Routledge.
- ^ a b c d Chandra 2007, p. 243
- ^ a b Sarkar 1984, p. 37
- ^ Sarkar 1984, p. 36
- ^ Chandra 2007, pp. 242–243
- ^ Nath 1982, p. 52
- ^ Alam, Muzaffar; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998). The Mughal State, 1526-1750. Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-19-563905-6.
- ^ Sarkar 1984, pp. 38–40
- ^ Sarkar 1984, p. 38
- ^ Maryam Juzer Kherulla (12 October 2002). "Profile: Tansen — the mesmerizing maestro". Dawn (newspaper). http://dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/021012/yworld5.htm. Retrieved 2 October 2007. [dead link]
- ^ India Divided, By Rajendra Prasad, pg. 63
- ^ A History of Hindi Literature, By F. E. Keay, pg. 36
- ^ The Cambridge history of the British Empire, Volume 2 by Arthur Percival Newton p.14
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 256
- ^ Habib 1997, pp. 256–257
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 259
- ^ part2_16
- ^ part2_19
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 260
- ^ part2_12
- ^ Six Ottoman Documents On Mughal-Ottoman Relations During The Reign Of Akbar
- ^ Book Reviews : NAIMUR RAHMAN FAROOQI, Mughal-Ottoman Relations: A Study of the Political and Diplomatic Relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748, Delhi...
- ^ Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations ... - Naimur Rahman Farooqi - Google Boeken
- ^ Moosvi 2008, p. 246
- ^ Ottoman court chroniclers (1578). Muhimme Defterleri, Vol. 32 f 292 firman 740, Shaban 986.
- ^ Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1999). Akbar and his age. Northern Book Centre. p. 218. ISBN 978-81-7211-108-3.
- ^ http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Fy-C2gHkpecC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=Evliya+%C3%87elebi+and+native+americans&source=bl&ots=b4bNJrIHqS&sig=irQ5uEs-Gq2sCm7FEBfFFvg415k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TsuDT6XCIMLntQbapOT2Bg&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=indians&f=false
- ^ Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations ... - Naimur Rahman Farooqi - Google Boeken
- ^ http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Fy-C2gHkpecC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=Evliya+%C3%87elebi+and+native+americans&source=bl&ots=b4bNJrIHqS&sig=irQ5uEs-Gq2sCm7FEBfFFvg415k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TsuDT6XCIMLntQbapOT2Bg&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=indians&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=Fy-C2gHkpecC&pg=PA180&lpg=PA180&dq=Evliya+%C3%87elebi+and+native+americans&source=bl&ots=b4bNJrIHqS&sig=irQ5uEs-Gq2sCm7FEBfFFvg415k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TsuDT6XCIMLntQbapOT2Bg&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=indian&f=false
- ^ Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations ... - Naimur Rahman Farooqi - Google Boeken
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 158
- ^ Ottoman court chroniclers (1588). Muhimme Defterleri, Vol. 62 f 205 firman 457, Avail Rabiulavval 996.
- ^ Ali 2006, p. 94
- ^ a b Majumdar 1984, p. 153
- ^ Ali 2006, pp. 327–328
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 154
- ^ Majumdar 1984, pp. 154–155
- ^ Majumdar 1984, pp. 153–154
- ^ Ali 2006, p. 327
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 155
- ^ VA Smith (1919). Akbar the Great Moghul. Oxford. p. 292.
- ^ Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 1 by Donald F. Lach,Edwin J. Van Kley p.393 [1]
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 80
- ^ a b c d Chandra 2007, p. 253
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 252
- ^ Hasan 2007, p. 72
- ^ a b Habib 1997, p. 81
- ^ Day, Upendra Nath (1970). The Mughal Government, A.D. 1556-1707. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 134.
- ^ Ali 2006, p. 159
- ^ Dasgupta, Ajit Kumar (1993). History of Indian Economic Thought. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 0-415-06195-4.
- ^ Ali 2006, pp. 164–165
- ^ Hasan 2007, pp. 72–73
- ^ Hasan 2007, p. 73
- ^ Sanghmitra. Jain Dharma ke Prabhavak Acharya. Jain Vishwa Bharati, Ladnu.
- ^ Sen, Amartya (2005). "13". The Argumentative Indian. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9687-0.
- ^ "Ahmedabad turned Akbar veggie". The Times of India. 23 November 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Ahmedabad-turned-Akbar-veggie/articleshow/5259184.cms. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ a b c Habib 1997, p. 86
- ^ Ali 2006, pp. 165–166
- ^ a b c Chandra 2007, p. 254
- ^ Ali 2006, p. 159
- ^ Hasan 2007, p. 79
- ^ Hasan 2007, pp. 82–83
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 255
- ^ Chandra 2007, p. 256
- ^ "Din-i Ilahi — Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030480/Din-i-Ilahi. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ Sharma, Sri Ram (1988). The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 42. ISBN 81-215-0395-7.
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 348
- ^ Roy Choudhury, Makhan Lal (1941), The Din-i-Ilahi, or, The religion of Akbar (3rd ed.), New Delhi: Oriental Reprint (published 1985, 1997), ISBN 81-215-0777-4
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 138
- ^ Koka,Aziz (1594). King's College Collection, MS 194. This letter is preserved in Cambridge University Library. p. ff.5b-8b.
- ^ Conder, Josiah (1828). The Modern Traveller: a popular description. R.H.Tims. p. 282.
- ^ Deefholts, Margaret; Deefholts, Glenn; Acharya, Quentine (2006). The Way We Were: Anglo-Indian Cronicles. Calcutta Tiljallah Relief Inc. p. 87. ISBN 0-9754639-3-4.
- ^ Ali 2006, pp. 163–164
- ^ Ali 2006, p. 164
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 96
- ^ Habib, Irfan (1992). "Akbar and Technology". Social Scientist 20 (9–10): 3–15. DOI:10.2307/3517712.
- ^ a b Jahangir (1600s). Tuzk-e-Jahangiri (Memoirs of Jahangir).
- ^ [2]"Portraits of Akbar, the Great Mughal" by Tancred Borenius The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs Vol. 82, No. 480 (Mar., 1943), pp. 54+67-68
- ^ Garbe, Richard von (1909). Akbar, Emperor of India. Chicago-The Open Court Publishing Company.
- ^ Hardwar Ain-e-Akbari, by Abul Fazl 'Allami, Volume I, A´I´N 22. The A´bda´r Kha´nah. P 55. Translated from the original persian, by H. Blochmann, and Colonel H. S. Jarrett, Asiatic society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1873 – 1907.
- ^ "1200—1750". University of Hamburg. http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/Miles/1200-1750.html. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
- ^ Bentley, Jerry (2008). Traditions and Encounters, 4th Edition. Traditions and Encounters. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-333067-1.
- ^ a b Sangari 2007, p. 497
- ^ Sangari 2007, p. 475
- ^ a b Illustration from the Akbarnama: History of Akbar Art Institute of Chicago
- ^ Majumdar 1984, pp. 168–169
- ^ Habib 1997, p. 79
- ^ Majumdar 1984, p. 170
- ^ Chandra 2006, pp. 257–258
- ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (4 February 2011). "Top 25 Political Icons:Akbar the Great". Time magazine. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2046285_2045996_2046303,00.html.
References[link]
- Ali, M. Athar (2006). Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-569661-5.
- Chandra, Satish (2007). History of Medieval India. New Delhi: Orient Longman. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7.
- Habib, Irfan (1997). Akbar and His India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-563791-5.
- Hasan, Nurul (2007). Religion, State and Society in Medieval India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-569660-8.
- Moosvi, Shireen (2008). People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-569315-7.
- Nath, R. (1982). History of Mughal Architecture. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-159-1.
- Sangari, Kumkum (2007). "Akbar: The Name of a Conjuncture". In Grewal, J.S.. The State and Society in Medieval India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 475–501. ISBN 978-0-19-566720-2.
- Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). A History of Jaipur. New Delhi: Orient Longman. ISBN 81-250-0333-9.
- Smith, Vincent A. (2002). The Oxford History of India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-561297-4.
Further reading[link]
- Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak Akbar-namah Edited with commentary by Muhammad Sadiq Ali (Kanpur-Lucknow: Nawal Kishore) 1881–3 Three Vols. (Persian)
- Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak Akbarnamah Edited by Maulavi Abd al-Rahim. Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1877–1887 Three Vols. (Persian)
- Henry Beveridge (Trans.) The Akbarnama of Ab-ul-Fazl Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1897 Three Vols.
- Haji Muhammad 'Arif Qandahari Tarikh-i-Akbari (Better known as Tarikh-i-Qandahari) edited & Annotated by Haji Mu'in'd-Din Nadwi, Dr. Azhar 'Ali Dihlawi & Imtiyaz 'Ali 'Arshi (Rampur Raza Library) 1962 (Persian)
- Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia. “Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature”, Word, Image, Text; Studies in Literary and Visual Culture, ed. Shormistha Panja et al., Orient Blacksw an, New Delhi, 2009. ISBN :978812503735
- Satyananda Giri,AKBAR,Trafford Publishing, 2009,ISBN :9781426915611
- Augustus, Frederick; (tr. by Annette Susannah Beveridge) (1890). The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 1). Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta. http://www.archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00buchgoog#page/n8/mode/1up.
- Augustus, Frederick; (tr. by Annette Susannah Beveridge) (1890). Gustav von Buchwald. ed. The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 2). Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta. http://www.archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00augugoog#page/n4/mode/1up.
- Malleson, Colonel G. B. (1899). Rulers Of India: Akbar And The Rise Of The Mughal Empire. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. http://www.archive.org/stream/rulersofindiaakb009177mbp#page/n7/mode/2up.
- Garbe, Dr.Richard von (1909). Akbar - Emperor of India. A picture of life and customs from the sixteenth century. The Opencourt Publishing Company, Chicago. http://www.archive.org/stream/akbaremperorofin00garb#page/n7/mode/2up.
- The Adventures of Akbar by Flora Annie Steel, 1847-1929 -(ebook)
- Smith, Vincent Arthur (1917). Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605. Oxford at The Clarendon Press. http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024056503#page/n7/mode/2up.
- Havell, E. B. (1918). The History of Aryan Rule In India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar. Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York. http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofaryanru00have#page/n9/mode/2up.
- Moreland, W. H. (1920). India at the death of Akbar: An economic study. Macmillan & Co., London. http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022895001#page/n5/mode/2up.
- Monserrate, Father Antonio (1922). The commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J., on his journey to the court of Akbar. Oxford University Press. http://www.archive.org/stream/commentaryoffath00monsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Akbar |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Akbar, Jellaladin Mahommed. |
- Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar The Great
- Akbar, Emperor of India by Richard von Garbe' at Project Gutenberg
- The Mughals: Akbar[dead link]
- The Mughal Emperor Akbar: World of Biography[dead link]
- History of the friendship between Akbar and Birbal
- Photos of Akbar The Great's final resting place
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Akbar
Born: 14 October 1542 Died: 27 October 1605 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Humayun |
Mughal Emperor 1556–1605 |
Succeeded by Jahangir |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Akbar |
| Alternative names | Akbar, Jalaluddin Muhammad (full name); Akbar, Jellaladin Muhammad (alternate form); Akbar, Celalettin Muhammad (alternate form); Akbar the Great (honorific); جلال الدین محمد اکب (Persian) |
| Short description | Mughal emperor |
| Date of birth | (1542-10-14)14 October 1542 |
| Place of birth | Sindh, Pakistan |
| Date of death | 27 October 1605(1605-10-27) |
| Place of death | Fatehpur Sikri, Agra |
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There are many people in history who are commonly appended with the phrase "the Great", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as e Bozorg and e azam in Persian and Urdu respectively.
In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.[1]
The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus)[2] assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "the Great".
The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).
Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.
As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.
Contents |
Rulers[link]
- Abbas I of Persia (1571–1629), Shah of Iran
- Akbar (1542–1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India
- Alain I of Albret (1440–1522), French aristocrat
- Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia
- Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia
- Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias
- Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex
- Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire
- Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty
- Ashot I of Iberia “the Great”(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),
- Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire
- Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand
- Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland
- Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)
- Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736–1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)
- Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden
- Casimir III the Great (1310–1370), King of Poland
- Catherine the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia
- Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India
- Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans
- Chulalongkorn (1853–1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)
- Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks
- Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen
- Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman emperor
- Cyaxares the Great (c. 625-585 BC), third king of Media
- Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire
- Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire
- Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent
- Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse[3]
- Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile
- Frederick the Great (1712–1786), King of Prussia
- Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
- Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe
- Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594–1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader
- Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea[4][5]
- Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC
- Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)
- Henry IV of France (1553–1610), King of France and King of Navarre
- Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea
- Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris
- Hugh Magnus of France (1007–1025), co-King of France
- Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057–1101)
- Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat
- Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Tsar of Russia
- John I of Portugal (1358–1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve
- John II of Aragon (1398–1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre
- Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor
- Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i
- Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India
- Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010–1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia
- Kublai Khan (1215–1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty
- Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales
- Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland
- Mangrai the Great (1238–1317), Lanna, northern Thailand
- Emperor Meiji (1852–1912), Emperor of Japan
- Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)
- Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)
- Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom
- Mstislav I of Kiev (1076–1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus
- Naresuan (1555–1605), King of Ayutthaya
- Narai (1633–1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)
- Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine
- Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)
- K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque
- Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka
- Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia
- Peter the Great (1672–1725), Tsar of Russia
- Peter III of Aragon (1239–1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily
- Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar
- Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar
- Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.[6][7][8]
- Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014–1044), Tamil King of India
- Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt
- Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)
- Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082–1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties
- Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)
- Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev
- Saladin (c. 1138-1193), Kurdish Sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and victor over the Crusaders
- Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent
- Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre
- Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire
- Sejong the Great (1397–1450), Korean king[9]
- Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia
- Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire
- Stephen III of Moldavia (1433–1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)
- Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks
- Taksin (1734–1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)
- Tamar (1160-1123), Queen of the Georgian Empire
- Timur (1336–1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty
- Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie
- Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire
- Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor
- Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia
- Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia
- Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire
- Valdemar I of Denmark (1131–1182), King of Denmark
- Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor
- Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus
- Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy
- William I, Count of Burgundy (1020–1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon
- William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou
- Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)
- Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China
Religious figures[link]
- Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East
- Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia
- Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian
- Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt
- Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader
- Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian
- Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)
- Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint
- Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint
- Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)
- Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine
- Pope John Paul II (1920–2005)
- Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)
- Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit
- Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)
- Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople
- William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites
Other[link]
- Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies
- Emmy the Great, folk singer
- Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III
- Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia
See also[link]
- Epithet
- List of monarchs by nickname
- List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I
- James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus
- Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, whose common honorific "Mahatma" means "Great Soul"
Notes[link]
- ^ In a clay cylinder (online). The expression was used in a propagandistic context: the conqueror wants to show he is a normal Babylonian ruler. The first Persian ruler to use the title in an Iranian context was Darius I of Persia (Darius the Great), in the Behistun Inscription (online).
- ^ Plautus, Mostellaria 775.
- ^ History, Instituto Geografico De Agostini S.p.A., p. 479
- ^ World and Its Peoples:Korea. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. September 2008. p. 887. ISBN 0-7614-7631-8.
- ^ Alison Behnke (2004). North Korea in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 0-8225-1908-9. http://books.google.com/?id=ovWvhyLc6hAC&pg=RA1-PA70&dq=%22Gwanggaeto+the+Great%22.
- ^ Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (December 1919). "An English History of India". Political Science Quarterly 34 (4): 644–653. DOI:10.2307/2142032. JSTOR 2142032. ""The finances of the state were not more centralized under Louis XIV than under Rajaraja the Great.""
- ^ "Heaven sent: Michael Wood explores the art of the Chola dynasty". Royal Academy, UK. http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/ra-magazine/winter2006/features/heven-sent,47,RAMA.html. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ "The Chola Dynasty: Accession of Rajaraja, the Great". Sify.com. http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13219885. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ Christoph Bluth; Gareth Schott (2007). Korea. Polity. p. 10. ISBN 0-7456-3356-0.
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Not to be confused with Anthony (film editor).
This article is about the music composer. For the song from the 1977 movie Amar Akbar Anthony, see My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (song). For the 2007 Bollywood movie, see My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (film).
Anthony Prabhu Gonsalves (1927 – 18 January 2012) was an Indian musical composer and teacher from the village of Majorda (near Margao in Goa, India) who, during the mid-1950s, attempted to merge the symphonies of his Goan heritage with the Hindustani melodies and rhythms in films of the day.
He found his first job in the city as a violinist in the group of the composer Naushad in 1943. He taught R.D. Burman and Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma-( member of the Laxmikant Pyarelal team) and has worked with most of the legendary composers of the 1950s and 1960s. A few examples of his work are B.R. Chopra (Naya Daur, Waqt), Naushad (Dillagi), and Chetan Anand (Haqeeqat). The song "My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves" was Pyarelal's tribute to his violin teacher.[1]
In 1958, Gonsalves founded the Indian Symphony Orchestra (as distinct from the Symphony Orchestra of India) featuring playback singers Lata Mangeshkar and Manna Dey as soloists, the works were performed in the quadrangle of St. Xavier’s College in Mapusa, Goa.
In 1965, he quit the film industry and went to the United States, via a travelling grant from Syracuse University in New York. He became a member of the American Society of Composers, Publishers and Authors, and later in returned to India, settled in his ancestral village of Majorda in Goa, and continued composing music, though he never joined the Hindi films again [2] He died in 2012 of pneumonia and hypotension.[3][4]
Music Arrangement in Indian movies[link]
- Dholak (1950)
- Pehli Nazar (1945)
- Mahal (1949)
Influences in Indian popular culture[link]
- My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves, a song in the 1977 film Amar Akbar Anthony
- My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves (2007), a film based on the song
- Anthony Gonsalves, in Raj Comics by Tarunkumar Wahi
References[link]
- ^ The 'Real' Anthony Gonsalves!, MA Khan, Screen India, November 21, 2003.
- ^ Remembering Anthony Gonsalves, Naresh Fernandes (Time Out editor), India Seminar #543, November 2004.
- ^ Yes, his name was Anthony Prabhu Gonsalves, [Churumuri]
- ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Music/Music-legend-Anthony-Gonsalves-no-more/Article1-799209.aspx
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gonsalves, Anthony |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1927 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | January 18, 2012 |
| Place of death | Goa |
http://wn.com/Anthony_Gonsalves
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"Bachchan" redirects here. For other uses, see Bachchan (disambiguation).
| Amitabh Bachchan | |
|---|---|
 Amitabh Bachchan in 2009 |
|
| Born | Amitabh Harivansh Bachchan (1942-10-11) 11 October 1942 (age 69) Allahabad, United Provinces, British India |
| Residence | Prateeksha, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Occupation | Actor, producer, singer, television presenter |
| Years active | 1969–present |
| Spouse | Jaya Bhaduri (1973–present) |
| Children |
|
| Website | |
| bigb.bigadda.com | |
Amitabh Bachchan ([əmɪtaːbʱ bəttʃən] (
listen), born Amitabh Harivansh Bachchan on 11 October 1942) is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the "angry young man" of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades.[1][2] Bachchan is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema.[3][4][5]
Bachchan has won numerous major awards in his career, including three National Film Awards as Best Actor, and fourteen Filmfare Awards. He is the most-nominated performer in any major acting category at Filmfare, with 37 nominations overall. In addition to acting, Bachchan has worked as a playback singer, film producer and television presenter. He also had a stint in politics in the 1980s. He has received both the Padma Shri and the Padma Bhushan civilian awards from the Indian government.
Contents |
Early life[link]
See also: Bachchan family
Bachban was born in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. His father, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, was a Hindi poet, and his mother, Teji Bachchan, was a Sikh from Faisalabad (now in Pakistan).[6] Bachchan was initially named Inquilaab, inspired from the famous phrase Inquilab Zindabad, during the Indian independence struggle. However, at the suggestion of fellow poet Sumitranandan Pant, Harivansh Rai changed the name to Amitabh which means, "the light that would never go off." Though his surname was Shrivastava, his father had adopted the pen-name Bachchan (meaning child-like in colloquial Hindi), under which he published all his works. It is with this last name that Amitabh debuted in films, and, for all public purposes, it has become the surname of all members of his family. Bachchan's father died in 2003, and his mother in 2007.[7]
Amitabh is the eldest of Harivansh Rai Bachchan's two sons, the second being Ajitabh. His mother had a keen interest in theatre and had been offered a role in a film, but preferred her domestic duties. She had some degree of influence in Bachchan's choice of career because she always insisted that he should take the centre stage.[8] He attended Allahabad's Jnana Prabodhini and Boys' High School (BHS), followed by Nainital's Sherwood College, where he majored in the art stream.[citation needed] He later went on to study at Kirori Mal College of the University of Delhi and completed a Bachelor of Science degree.[citation needed] In his twenties, Bachchan gave up a job as freight broker for the shipping firm, Bird and Co., based in Calcutta now known as Kolkata, to pursue a career in acting.[citation needed]
Career[link]
Early work: 1969–1972[link]
Bachchan made his film debut in 1969 as a voice narrator in Mrinal Sen's National Award winning film Bhuvan Shome. Thereafter he got his first acting role as one of the seven protagonists in Saat Hindustani, a film directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and featuring Utpal Dutt, Madhu and Jalal Agha. Though the film was not a financial success, Bachchan won his first National Film Award for Best Newcomer.[9]
Anand (1971) followed, where he starred alongside Rajesh Khanna. Bachchan's role as a doctor with a cynical view of life garned him his first Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award. He then played his first negative role as an infatuated lover-turned-murderer in Parwaana (1971). This was followed by several films including Reshma Aur Shera (1971). During this time, he made a guest appearance in the film Guddi which starred his future wife Jaya Bhaduri. He narrated part of the film Bawarchi. In 1972, he made an appearance in the road action comedy Bombay to Goa, directed by S. Ramanathan. Many of his films during this early period did not do well, but that was about to change.[10]
Rise to stardom: 1973–1983[link]
Director Prakash Mehra cast him in the leading role for the film Zanjeer (1973) as Inspector Vijay Khanna. The film was a sharp contrast to the romantically themed films that had generally preceded it and established Amitabh in a new persona—the "angry young man" of Bollywood cinema.[2] He earned a Filmfare nomination for Best Actor. Filmfare considers this one of the iconic performances of Bollywood history.[10] The year 1973 was also when he married Jaya, and around this time they appeared in several films together; not only in Zanjeer but in films such as Abhimaan which followed and was released only a month after their marriage. Later, Bachchan played the role of Vikram in the film Namak Haraam, a social drama directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee and scripted by Biresh Chatterjee addressing themes of friendship. His supporting role won him his second Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award.[citation needed]
File:Bachchan in Deewar.jpg
Bachchan in Deewar.
In 1974, Bachchan made several guest appearances in films such as Kunwara Baap and Dost, before playing a supporting role in Roti Kapda Aur Makaan. The film, directed and written by Manoj Kumar, addressed themes of honesty in the face of oppression and financial and emotional hardship. Bachchan then played the leading role in film Majboor, released on 6 December 1974, which was a remake of the Hollywood film Zigzag. The film was only a moderate success at the box office.[11] In 1975, he starred in a variety of film genres from the comedy Chupke Chupke, the crime drama Faraar to the romantic drama Mili. 1975 was the year when he appeared in two films which are regarded as important in Hindi cinematic history. He starred in the Yash Chopra directed film Deewaar, opposite Shashi Kapoor, Nirupa Roy, and Neetu Singh, which earned him a Filmfare Nomination for Best Actor. The film became a major hit at the box office in 1975, ranking in at number 4.[12] Indiatimes Movies ranks Deewaar amongst the Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films.[13] Released on 15 August 1975 was Sholay (meaning flames), which became the highest grossing film of all time in India, earning INR 2,36,45,00,000 equivalent to US$ 60 million, after adjusting for inflation.[14] Bachchan played the role of Jaidev. In 1999, BBC India declared it the "Film of the Millennium" and like Deewar, has been cited by Indiatimes movies as amongst the Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films.[13] In that same year, the judges of the 50th annual Filmfare Awards awarded it with the special distinction award called Filmfare Best Film of 50 Years.
Bachchan starred in comedies such as Chupke Chupke (1975) and Amar Akbar Anthony (1977) and in films such as Kabhie Kabhie (1976). In 1976, he was once again cast by director Yash Chopra in his second film, Kabhi Kabhie, a romantic tale in which Bachchan starred as a young poet named Amit Malhotra who falls deeply in love with a beautiful young girl named Pooja played by actress Rakhee Gulzar. The film saw him again nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award. In 1977, he won his first Filmfare Best Actor Award for his performance in Amar Akbar Anthony where he played the third lead opposite Vinod Khanna and Rishi Kapoor as Anthony Gonsalves. In 1978 he starred in all four of the highest grossing films of India in that year.[15] He once again resumed double roles in films such as Kasme Vaade as Amit and Shankar and Don playing the characters of Don, a leader of an underworld gang and his look alike Vijay. His performance won him his second Filmfare Best Actor Award. He also performed in Trishul and Muqaddar Ka Sikandar which both earned him further Filmfare Best Actor nominations. He was billed a "one-man industry" by the French director François Truffaut.[16]
In 1979, for the first time, Amitabh was required to use his singing voice for the film Mr. Natwarlal in which he starred alongside Rekha. His performance in the film saw him nominated for both the Filmfare Best Actor Award and the Filmfare Best Male Playback Awards. In 1979, he also received Best Actor nomination for Kaala Patthar (1979) and then went on to be nominated again in 1980 for the Raj Khosla directed film Dostana, in which he starred opposite Shatrughan Sinha and Zeenat Aman. Dostana proved to be the top grossing film of 1980.[17] In 1981, he starred in Yash Chopra's melodrama film Silsila, where he starred alongside his wife Jaya and rumoured lover Rekha. Other films of this period include Ram Balram (1980), Shaan (1980), Lawaaris (1981), and Shakti (1982) which pitted him against legendary actor Dilip Kumar.[18]
[edit] 1982 injury while filming Coolie
On 26 July 1982, while filming Coolie in the University Campus in Bangalore, Bachchan suffered a near fatal intestinal injury during the filming of a fight scene with co-actor Puneet Issar.[19] Bachchan was performing his own stunts in the film and one scene required him to fall onto a table and then on the ground. However as he jumped towards the table, the corner of the table struck his abdomen, resulting in a splenic rupture from which he lost a significant amount of blood. He required an emergency splenectomy and remained critically ill in hospital for many months, at times close to death. The public response included prayers in temples and offers to sacrifice limbs to save him, while later, there were long queues of well-wishing fans outside the hospital where he was recuperating.[20] Nevertheless, he spent many months recovering and resumed filming later that year after a long period of recuperation. The film was released in 1983, and partly due to the huge publicity of Bachchan's accident, the film was a box office success.[21]
The director, Manmohan Desai, altered the ending of Coolie after Bachchan's accident. Bachchan's character was originally intended to have been killed off but after the change of script, the character lived in the end. It would have been inappropriate, said Desai, for the man who had just fended off death in real life to be killed on screen. Also, in the released film the footage of the fight scene is frozen at the critical moment, and a caption appears onscreen marking this as the instant of the actor's injury and the ensuing publicity of the accident.[20]
Later, he was diagnosed with Myasthenia gravis. His illness made him feel weak both mentally and physically and he decided to quit films and venture into politics. At this time he became pessimistic, expressing concern with how a new film would be received and stated before every release, "Yeh film to flop hogi!" ("This film will flop").[22]
Politics: 1984–87[link]
In 1984, Bachchan took a break from acting and briefly entered politics in support of long-time family friend, Rajiv Gandhi. He contested Allahabad's seat of 8th Lok Sabha against H. N. Bahuguna, former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and won by one of the highest victory margins in general election history (68.2% of the vote).[23] His political career, however, was short-lived: he resigned after three years, calling politics a cesspool. The resignation followed the implication of Bachchan and his brother in the "Bofors scandal" by a newspaper, which he vowed to take to court. Bachchan was eventually found not guilty of involvement in the ordeal.[24]
His old friend, Amar Singh, helped him during a financial crisis due to the failure of his company ABCL. Therefore Bachchan started to support Amar Singh's political party, the Samajwadi party. Jaya Bachchan joined the Samajwadi Party and became a Rajya Sabha member.[25] Bachchan has continued to do favors for the Samajwadi party, including advertisements and political campaigns. These activities have recently gotten him into trouble again in the Indian courts for false claims after a previous incident of submission of legal papers by him, stating that he is a farmer.[26]
A 15 year press ban against Bachchan was imposed during his peak acting years by Stardust and some of the other film magazines. In his own defense, Bachchan claimed to have banned the press from entering his sets until late 1989.[27]
Slump and retirement: 1988–1992[link]
In 1988, Bachchan returned to films, playing the title role in Shahenshah, which was a box office success due to the hype of Bachchan's comeback.[28] After the success of his comeback film however, his star power began to wane as all of his subsequent films failed at the box office. The 1991 hit film, Hum, for which he won his third Filmfare Best Actor Award, looked like it might reverse this trend, but the momentum was short-lived as his string of box office failures continued. Notably, despite the lack of hits, it was during this period that Bachchan won his first National Film Award for Best Actor, for his performance as a Mafia don in the 1990 film Agneepath. These years would be the last he would be seen on screen for some time. After the release of Khuda Gawah in 1992, Bachchan went into semi-retirement for five years. In 1994, one of his delayed films Insaniyat was released but was also a box office failure.[29]
Producer and acting comeback 1996–99[link]
Bachchan turned producer during his temporary retirement period, setting up Amitabh Bachchan Corporation, Ltd. (A.B.C.L.) in 1996, with the vision of becoming a 10 billion rupees (approx 250 million $US) premier entertainment company by the year 2000. ABCL's strategy was to introduce products and services covering the entire section of the India's entertainment industry. Its operations were mainstream commercial film production and distribution, audio cassettes and video discs, production and marketing of television software, celebrity and event management. Soon after the company was launched in 1996, the first film was produced by the company. Tere Mere Sapne failed to do well at the box office but launched the careers of actors such as Arshad Warsi and South films star Simran. ABCL produced a few other films, none of which did well.
In 1997, Bachchan attempted to make his acting comeback with the film Mrityudata, produced by ABCL. Though Mrityudaata attempted to reprise Bachchan's earlier success as an action hero, the film was a failure both financially and critically. ABCL was the main sponsor of the 1996 Miss World beauty pageant, Bangalore but lost millions. The fiasco and the consequent legal battles surrounding ABCL and various entities after the event, coupled with the fact that ABCL was reported to have overpaid most of its top level managers, eventually led to its financial and operational collapse in 1997. The company went into administration and was later declared a failed company by Indian Industries board. The Bombay high court, in April 1999, restrained Bachchan from selling off his Bombay bungalow 'Prateeksha' and two flats till the pending loan recovery cases of Canara Bank were disposed of. Bachchan had, however, pleaded that he had mortgaged his bungalow to Sahara India Finance for raising funds for his company.[30]
Bachchan attempted to revive his acting career and had average success with Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998),[29] and received positive reviews for Sooryavansham (1999)[31] but other films such as Lal Baadshah (1999) and Hindustan Ki Kasam (1999) were box office failures.
Return to prominence: 2000–present[link]
In 2000, Amitabh Bachchan appeared in Yash Chopra's box-office hit, Mohabbatein, directed by Aditya Chopra. He played a stern, older figure that rivalled the character of Shahrukh Khan. His role won him his third Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award. Other hits followed, with Bachchan appearing as an older family patriarch in Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love (2001), Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001) and Baghban (2003). As an actor, he continued to perform in a range of characters, receiving critical praise for his performances in Aks (2001), Aankhen (2002), Khakee (2004) and Dev (2004). One project that did particularly well for Bachchan was Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Black (2005). The film starred Bachchan as an aging teacher of a deaf-blind girl and followed their relationship. His performance was unanimously praised by critics and audiences and won him his second National Film Award for Best Actor and fourth Filmfare Best Actor Award. Taking advantage of this resurgence, Amitabh began endorsing a variety of products and services, appearing in many television and billboard advertisements. In 2005 and 2006, he starred with his son Abhishek in the hit films Bunty Aur Babli (2005), the Godfather tribute Sarkar (2005), and Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna (2006). All of them were successful at the box office.[32][33] His later releases in 2006 and early 2007 were Baabul (2006),[34] Ekalavya and Nishabd (2007), which failed to do well at the box office but his performances in each of them were praised by critics.[35]
In May 2007, two of his films Cheeni Kum and the multi-starrer Shootout at Lokhandwala were released. Shootout at Lokhandwala did very well at the box office and was declared a hit in India, while Cheeni Kum picked up after a slow start and only had average success.[36] A remake of his biggest hit, Sholay (1975), entitled Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag, released in August of that same year and proved to be a major commercial failure in addition to its poor critical reception.[36] The year also marked Bachchan's first appearance in an English-language film, Rituparno Ghosh's The Last Lear. The film premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2007. He received positive reviews from critics who hailed his performance as his best ever since Black.[37] Bachchan was slated to play a supporting role in his first international film, Shantaram, directed by Mira Nair and starring Hollywood actor Johnny Depp in the lead. The film was due to begin filming in February 2008 but due to the writer's strike, was pushed to September 2008.[38] The film is currently "shelved" indefinitely.[39] Vivek Sharma's Bhoothnath, in which he plays the title role as a ghost, was released on 9 May 2008. Sarkar Raj, the sequel of the 2005 film Sarkar, released in June 2008 and received a positive response at the box-office. Paa, which released at the end of 2009 was a highly anticipated project as it saw him playing his own son Abhishek's Progeria-affected 13-year-old son, and it opened to favourable reviews, particularly towards Bachchan's performance. It won him his third National Film Award for Best Actor and fifth Filmfare Best Actor Award. In 2010, he debuted in Malayalam film through Kandahar, directed by Major Ravi and co-starring Mohanlal.[40] The film was based on the hijacking incident of the Indian Airlines Flight 814.[41] Bachchan did not receive any remuneration for this film.[42]
Television career[link]
In the year 2000, Bachchan stepped up to host India's adaptation of the British television game show, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? entitled, Kaun Banega Crorepati. As it did in most other countries where it was adopted, the program found immediate success. He has hosted all but one of the seasons of the show. Canara Bank withdrew its law suit against Bachchan in November 2000. Bachchan hosted KBC till November 2005, when he fell ill. At that time he was admitted to Lilavati Hospital's ICU once more, to undergo surgery for diverticulitis of the small intestine.[43] During the period and that following his recovery, most of his projects were put on hold, including KBC.[44] He has hosted all but one season of the show. Its success set the stage for his return to film popularity. In 2009 Oscar winning movie Slumdog Millionaire in the first question of Who Wants to be a Millionaire? contest "Amitabh Bachchan" was the correct answer to the question "Who was the star of Zanjeer? Feroz Abbas Khan performed as Amitabh Bachchan in a scene in the movie while Anil Kapoor performed as the host of the contest. Bachchan hosted the third season of the reality show Bigg Boss in 2009.[45]
Voice[link]
Bachchan is known for his deep, baritone voice. He has been a narrator, a playback singer and presenter for numerous programmes.[citation needed] Renowned film director Satyajit Ray was so impressed with Bachchan's voice, that he decided to use his voice as commentary in Shatranj Ke Khilari since he could not find a suitable role for him.[46] In 2005, Bachchan has lent his voice to the Oscar-winning French documentary March of the Penguins, directed by Luc Jacquet.[47]
Controversies and criticism[link]
Barabanki land case[link]
In the runup to the Uttar Pradesh state assembly elections, 2007, Bachchan made a film extolling the virtues of the Mulayam Singh government. His Samajwadi Party was routed, and Mayawati came to power.[citation needed]
On 2 June 2007 a Faizabad court ruled that he had legally acquired agricultural land designated specifically for landless Dalit farmers.[48] It was speculated that he might be investigated on related charges of forgery, as he has allegedly claimed he was a farmer.[49] On 19 July 2007, after the scandal broke out, Bachchan surrendered the land acquired in Barabanki in Uttar Pradesh and Pune. He wrote to the chief minister of Maharashtra, Vilasrao Deshmukh, to donate the lands that were allegedly acquired illegally in Pune.[50] However, the Lucknow Court has put a stay on the land donation and said that the status quo on the land be maintained.
On 12 October 2007, Bachchan abandoned his claim in respect of the land at Daulatpur village in Barabanki district.[51] On 11 December 2007, the Lucknow bench of the Allahabad High Court gave a clean chit to Bachchan in a case pertaining to alleged fraudulent allotment of government land to him in Barabanki district. A single Lucknow bench of Justice said there was no finding that the actor "himself committed any fraud or manipulated any surreptitious entry in the revenue records".[52][53]
After receiving a positive verdict in Barabanki case, Amitabh Bachchan intimated to Maharashtra government that he did not wish to surrender his land in Maval tehsil of Pune district.[54]
Raj Thackeray's criticism[link]
Main article: 2008 attacks on North Indians in Maharashtra
In January 2008 at political rallies, Raj Thackeray, the chief of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, targeted Amitabh Bachchan, asserting that the actor was "more inclined" towards his native state than Maharashtra. He expressed his disapproval of Amitabh's inaugurating a girls' school named after his daughter-in-law, actress Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, at Barabanki in Uttar Pradesh, rather than in Maharashtra.[55] According to media reports, Raj's censure of Amitabh, whom he admires, stemmed out of his disappointment of not being invited to Amitabh's son Abhishek's marriage to Aishwarya, despite invitations to his estranged uncle Bal and cousin Uddhav.[56][57]
Responding to Raj's accusations, the actor's wife, SP MP Jaya Bachchan, said that the Bachchans were willing to start a school in Mumbai, provided the MNS leader donated the land to build it. She told the media, "I heard that Raj Thackeray owns huge properties in Maharashtra, in Mumbai—Kohinoor Mills. If he is willing to donate land, we can start a school in the name of Aishwarya here."[58] Raj responded to it saying, "Jaya bachchan claims she does not know me then how come she knows how much property I own?". Amitabh abstained from commenting on the issue. However, he apologized to Raj for controversial remarks from Jaya in some other incidence. "[59]
Bal Thackeray refuted the allegations, stating, "Amitabh Bachchan is an open-minded person, he has great love for Maharashtra, and this is evident on many occasions. The actor has often said that Maharashtra and specially Mumbai has given him great fame and affection. He has also said that what he is today is because of the love people have given him.[citation needed] The people of Mumbai have always acknowledged him as an artiste.[citation needed] It was utter foolishness to make these parochial allegations against him. Amitabh is a global superstar. People all over the world respect him. This cannot be forgotten by anyone. Amitabh should ignore these silly accusations and concentrate on his acting."[60]
On 23 March 2008, more than a month and half after Raj's remarks, Amitabh finally spoke out in an interview to a local tabloid saying, "Random charges are random; they do not deserve the kind of attention you wish me to give."[61] Later, on 28 March at a press conference for the International Indian Film Academy, when asked what his take was on the anti-migrant issue, Amitabh said that it is one's fundamental right to live anywhere in the country and the constitution entitles so.[62] He also stated that he was not affected by Raj's comments.[63]
Awards, honours and recognitions[link]
Apart from National Film Awards, Filmfare Awards and other competitive awards which Bachchan won for his performances throughout the years, he has been awarded several honours for his achievements in the Indian film industry.[citation needed] In 1991, he became the first artist to receive the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award, which was established in the name of Raj Kapoor. Bachchan was crowned as Superstar of the Millennium in 2000 at the Filmfare Awards. The Government of India awarded him with the Padma Shri in 1984[64] and the Padma Bhushan in 2001.[65] France's highest civilian honour, the Knight of the Legion of Honour, was conferred upon him by the French Government in 2007 for his "exceptional career in the world of cinema and beyond".[66] In 2011, actor Dilip Kumar blogged that Black should have been nominated for an Oscar. Kumar added: "If any Indian actor, in my personal opinion, deserves the world's most coveted award, it is you."[67]
In 1999, Bachchan was voted the "greatest star of stage or screen" in a BBC Your Millenium online poll. The organisation noted that "Many people in the western world will not have heard of [him] ...[but it] is a reflection of the huge popularity of Indian films."[68] In 2001, he was honoured with the Actor of the Century award at the Alexandria International Film Festival in Egypt in recognition of his contribution to the world of cinema.[69] Many other honours for his achievements were conferred upon him at several International Film Festivals, including the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2010 Asian Film Awards.[70]
In June 2000, he became the first living Asian to have been immortalised in wax at London's Madame Tussauds Wax Museum.[71] Another statue was installed in New York [72] and Hong Kong in 2009.[73]
In 2003, he was conferred with the Honorary Citizenship of the French town of Deauville.[74] He was honoured with an Honorary Doctorate by the University of Jhansi, India, in 2004,[75] the University of Delhi in 2006,[76] the De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, in 2006,[77] the University Brandan Foster by the Leeds Metropolitan University in Yorkshire, UK, in 2007,[78] and the Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia, in 2011.[79]
Severals books have been written about Bachchan. Amitabh Bachchan: the Legend was published in 1999,[80] To be or not to be: Amitabh Bachchan in 2004,[81] AB: The Legend: (A Photographer's Tribute) in 2006 [82]/, Amitabh Bachchan: Ek Jeevit Kimvadanti in 2006,[83] Amitabh: The Making of a Superstar in 2006,[84] Looking for the Big B: Bollywood, Bachchan and Me in 2007 [85] and Bachchanalia in 2009.[86] Bachchan himself also wrote a book in 2002: Soul Curry for you and me – An Empowering Philosophy That Can Enrich Your Life.[87] In the early 80s, Bachchan authorized the use of his likeness for the comic book character Supremo in a series titled The Adventures of Amitabh Bachchan.[88]
Personal life[link]
See also: Bachchan family
 |
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2012) |
Bachchan is married to actress Jaya Bhaduri. They have two children, Shweta Nanda and Abhishek Bachchan. Abhishek is also an actor and is married to actress Aishwarya Rai.
Filmography[link]
Latest films[link]
Main article: Amitabh Bachchan filmography
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Family — Ties of Blood | Viren Sahi | |
| Darna Zaroori Hai | Professor | ||
| Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna | Samarjit Singh Talwar (aka. Sexy Sam) | Nominated, Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award | |
| Baabul | Balraj Kapoor | ||
| 2007 | Eklavya: The Royal Guard | Eklavya | |
| Nishabd | Vijay | ||
| Cheeni Kum | Buddhadev Gupta/Ghaspus | ||
| Shootout at Lokhandwala | Special appearance, Dingra | ||
| Jhoom Barabar Jhoom | Special appearance, Sutradhar | ||
| Ram Gopal Varma Ki Aag | Babban Singh | ||
| Om Shanti Om | Special appearance, Himself | ||
| 2008 | Jodhaa Akbar | Narrator | |
| Bhoothnath | Bhoothnath (Kailash Nath) | ||
| Sarkar Raj | Subhash Nagre aka Sarkar | ||
| God Tussi Great Ho | God Almighty | ||
| The Last Lear | Harish 'Harry' Mishra | ||
| 2009 | Delhi-6 | Special appearance, Dadaji | |
| Aladin | Genius the Gennie | ||
| Paa | Auro | Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award Winner, National Film Award for Best Actor |
|
| 2010 | Rann | Vijay Harshvardhan Malik | |
| Teen Patti | Venkat | ||
| Kandahar | Lokanathan Sharma | ||
| 2011 | Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap | ||
| Aarakshan | Prabhakar Anand | Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award | |
| Ra.One | Voice-over | ||
| 2012 | Department | ||
| Taalismaan | Filming | ||
| The Great Gatsby | Meyer Wolfsheim | Filming |
Producer[link]
| Year | Film |
|---|---|
| 1996 | Tere Mere Sapne |
| 1997 | Ullaasam |
| Mrityudata | |
| 1998 | Major Saab |
| 1998 | Saat Rang Ke Sapne |
| 2001 | Aks |
| 2005 | Viruddh... Family Comes First |
| 2006 | Family — Ties of Blood |
Playback singer[link]
| Year | Film |
|---|---|
| 1979 | The Great Gambler |
| Mr. Natwarlal | |
| 1981 | Lawaaris |
| Naseeb | |
| Silsila | |
| 1983 | Mahaan |
| Pukar | |
| 1984 | Sharaabi |
| 1989 | Toofan |
| Jaadugar | |
| 1992 | Khuda Gawah |
| 1998 | Major Saab |
| 1999 | Sooryavansham |
| 2001 | Aks |
| Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... | |
| 2002 | Aankhen |
| 2003 | Armaan |
| Baghban | |
| 2004 | Dev |
| Aetbaar | |
| 2006 | Baabul |
| 2007 | Nishabd |
| Cheeni Kum | |
| 2008 | Bhoothnath |
| 2009 | Aladin |
| Paa | |
| 2011 | Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap |
| 2012 | Kahaani[89] |
Further reading[link]
- Mazumdar, Ranjani. Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.
References[link]
- ^ "Amitabh Bachchan: A Life in Pictures". Bafta.org. http://guru.bafta.org/amitabh-bachchan-interview-video. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- ^ a b "Film legend promotes Bollywood". BBC News. 2002-04-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1945451.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
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- ^ "Amitabh Bachchan is not a farmer: UP court". Rediff.com. 1 June 2007. http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jun/01farm.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
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- ^ "HC gives clean chit to Amitabh Bachchan in land dispute case : Happenings News". ApunKaChoice.Com. 2007-12-12. http://www.apunkachoice.com/happenings/20071212-0.html. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
- ^ AP (2009-11-01). "News / National : Clean chit to Amitabh in land row". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article41926.ece. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
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- ^ "Big B draws Raj Thakeray's ire over 'UP interests'". The Times of India. 2 February 2008. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Big_B_draws_Raj_Thackerays_ire_over_his_UP_interests/articleshow/2750611.cms. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ "Rift between Raj and Big B over a wedding invite". Daily News and Analysis. http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1149212. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "Rift between Raj and Big B over a wedding invite". MSN. 2008-02-05. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080312103245/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1226808. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "I don't know who Raj Thackeray is: Jaya Bachchan". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/I-dont-know-who-Raj-Thackeray-is-Jaya-Bachchan/268548/. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ . http://www.indianexpress.com/news/raj-accepts-amitabh-apology-turns-guns-on/360441/.
- ^ "Bal Thackeray: Amitabh loves Maharashtra". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2008-02-07. http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/07/stories/2008020759011200.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "Amitabh breaks silence, dismisses Raj's charges against him". Daily News and Analysis. http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1157267. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "The Indian Constitution allows me to live anywhere: Amitabh Bachchan". The INDIAN. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/indian-constitution-allows-me-to-live-anywhere-in-the-country-amitabh-bachchan_10032279.html. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "Everyone has the right to freedom of expression: Bachchan". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2008-03-28. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200803281441.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "Padma Shri Awardees - Padma Awards - My India, My Pride - Know India: National Portal of India". India.gov.in. http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php?start=1340. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- ^ "Padma Bhushan Awardees - Padma Awards - My India, My Pride - Know India: National Portal of India". India.gov.in. http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=340. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- ^ Pandey, Geeta (2007-01-27). "South Asia | French honour for Bollywood star". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6306201.stm. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "Big B overjoyed to receive letter from Dilip Kumar". indianexpress.com. 2011-12-15. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/big-b-overjoyed-to-receive-letter-from-dilip-kumar/888188/. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ "ENTERTAINMENT | Bollywood star tops the poll". BBC News. 1999-07-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/381017.stm. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – World". Tribuneindia.com. 2001-09-04. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010904/world.htm#8. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "Actor Amitabh Bachchan | Lifetime Achievement Award | 4th Asian Awards | Film Paa – Oneindia Entertainment". Entertainment.oneindia.in. 2010-03-25. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2010/amitabh-asian-awards-250310.html. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "Art of cinema is a small contribution: Amitabh Bachchan". Screenindia.com. 2009-04-01. http://www.screenindia.com/news/art-of-cinema-is-a-small-contribution-amitabh-bachchan/441709/. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ Amitabh’s Wax Figure in New York. "Amitabh Wax figure in New York". Whatslatest.com. http://whatslatest.com/blog/?tag=amitabh-wax-figure-in-new-york. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "First ever permanent Bollywood wax figure Amitabh Bachchan". Madametussauds.com. http://www.madametussauds.com/HongKong/en/NewsAndEvents/AmitabhBachchan.aspx. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- ^ "'Shahenshah' of Bollywood". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2003-07-04. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/04/stories/2003070400980100.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ Subhash K Jha, TNN, Jul 11, 2006, 10.09pm IST (2006-07-11). "Meet Dr Amitabh Bachchan! – The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1733064.cms. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "A doctorate for Big B: Rediff.com movies". In.rediff.com. 2006-11-04. http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/04look.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "Dr Amitabh Bachchan takes Leicester by storm – bollywood news". glamsham.com. http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/06/jul/20amitabh.asp. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "Leeds University honours Bollywood icons : Bollywood News". ApunKaChoice.Com. 2007-06-10. http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20070610-0.html. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "News". QUT. http://www.qut.edu.au/about/news/news?news-id=37476. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
- ^ "Amitabh Bachchan – The Legend by Bhawana Somaaya". Indiaclub.com. http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=3161. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ Original Author: Khalid Mohamed. "To Be or Not to Be Amitabh Bachchan". Shvoong.com. http://www.shvoong.com/entertainment/movies/1843754-amitabh-bachchan/. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "AB: The Legend (A Photographer's Tribute)". Exoticindiaart.com. 2008-10-02. http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDF390. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "Amitabh Bachchan: Ek Jeevit Kimvadanti – ISBN 978-1-4039-3160-3 – Author: Somaaya – Macmillan India". Autsun.Com. 2009-10-20. http://www.autsun.com/amitabh-bachchan-ek-jeevit-kimvadanti/p/5070.html. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "Amitabh: The Making of a Superstar by Susmita Dasgupta". Indiaclub.com. http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/searchresults.asp?ProdStock=19211. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "Looking for the Big B: Bollywood, Bachchan and Me: Amazon.co.uk: Jessica Hines: Books". Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Looking-Big-Bollywood-Bachchan-Me/dp/0747560412. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "Amitabh Bacchan: A book on Amitabh Bachchan launched ‘Bachchanalia’". Amitabbacchan.blogspot.com. 2009-01-05. http://amitabbacchan.blogspot.com/2009/01/book-on-amitabh-bachchan-launched.html. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ "Soul Curry for you and me – An Empowering Philosophy That Can Enrich Your Life by Amitabh Bachchan". Indiaclub.com. 1942-10-11. http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=11203. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pammi-bakshi-on-supremo/20091110.htm
- ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Amitabh-Bachchan-sings-for-Kahaani/Article1-808488.aspx
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amitabh Bachchan |
- Amitabh Bachchan's official blog
- Amitabh Bachchan at the Internet Movie Database
- Amitabh Bachchan Documentary, Classic BBC Archive video and exclusive interview conducted in Amitabh's own house for BBC Asian Network[dead link]
- British Academy of Film and Television Arts brochure
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bachchan, Amitabh |
| Alternative names | Big B |
| Short description | Film actor |
| Date of birth | 11 October 1942 |
| Place of birth | Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Kishore Kumar | |
|---|---|
| File:Kishore-Kumar 0.jpg | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Abhas Kumar Kanjilal Ganguly |
| Born | (1929-08-04)4 August 1929 Khandwa, Central Provinces and Berar |
| Died | 13 October 1987(1987-10-13) (aged 58) Bombay, Maharashtra |
| Genres | Playback, Rabindra Sangeet, Bengali songs, rock and roll |
| Occupations | Singer, actor, director, musician, producer |
| Years active | 1946–1987 |
Kishore Kumar (4 August 1929 – 13 October 1987), born Abhas Kumar Kanjilal Ganguly was an Indian film playback singer and an actor who also worked as lyricist, composer, producer, director, screenwriter and scriptwriter. Kishore Kumar sang in many Indian languages including Bengali, Hindi, Marathi, Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Bhojpuri, Malayalam and Oriya. He won 8 Filmfare Awards for Best Male Playback Singer and holds the record for most number of Filmfare Awards won in that category. He was awarded the "Lata Mangeshkar Award" by the Madhya Pradesh government and from that year onwards, the Madhya Pradesh Government initiated a new award called the "Kishore Kumar Award" for contributions to Hindi cinema.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Kishore Kumar was born into the Ganguly family in Khandwa, Central Provinces and Berar (now in Madhya Pradesh) as Abhas Kumar Ganguly.[1] His father Kunjalal Ganguly (Gangopadhya) was a lawyer. His mother Gouri Devi came from a wealthy Bengali family. Kishore was the youngest of four siblings, the other three being Ashok Kumar (the eldest), Sati Devi, and Anoop Kumar. The composer Bappi Lahiri is also related to Kishore Kumar on his mother's side.
While Kishore was still a child, Ashok Kumar became a Bollywood actor. (Later, Anoop Kumar also ventured into cinema with the help of Ashok Kumar). Spending time with his brothers, Kishore also started to take a keen interest in movies and music. He became a fan of singer-actor Kundan Lal Saigal, whom he considered his guru, and tried to follow Saigal's singing style.
Career[link]
After Ashok Kumar became a Bollywood star, the Ganguly family used to visit Bombay regularly. Abhas Kumar changed his name to Kishore Kumar and started his cinema career as a chorus singer at Bombay Talkies, where his brother worked. Kishore Kumar's first film as an actor was Shikari (1946), in which Ashok Kumar played the lead role. Music director Khemchand Prakash gave Kishore Kumar a chance to sing "Marne ki duayen kyon mangu" for the film Ziddi (1948). After this, Kishore Kumar got many other assignments, but he was not very serious about a film career.[2] In 1949, he decided to settle in Mumbai.
Kishore Kumar played hero in the Bombay Talkies film Andolan (1951), directed by Phani Majumdar. Although Kishore Kumar got some assignments as an actor with help of his brother, he was more interested in becoming a singer. He was not interested in acting, but his elder brother Ashok Kumar wanted him to be an actor like himself.[3]
He starred in Bimal Roy's Naukri (1954) and Hrishikesh Mukherjee's directorial debut Musafir (1957). Salil Chowdhury, the music director for Naukri was initially dismissive of him as a singer, when he came to know that Kishore Kumar didn't have any formal training in music.[4] However, after hearing his voice, he gave him the song Chhota sa ghar hoga, which was supposed to be sung by Hemant Kumar.
Kishore Kumar starred in films New Delhi (1957), Aasha (1957), Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958), Half Ticket (1962), and Padosan (1968). Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi, his home production, starred the three Ganguly brothers and Madhubala. The film is about romance between a city girl (Madhubala) and a car mechanic (Kishore Kumar), with a subplot involving the brothers.
Music director S. D. Burman is credited with spotting Kishore Kumar's talent as a singer, and advancing his singing career. During the making of Mashaal (1950), Burman visited Ashok Kumar's house, where he heard Kishore imitating K. L. Saigal. He complimented Kishore and told him that he should develop a style of his own, instead of copying Saigal.[3] Kishore Kumar did not have a formal training in music.[5] He kept Burman's advice in mind and eventually developed his own style of singing, which featured the yodeling that he had heard on the gramophone records of Tex Morton and Jimmie Rodgers bought by his brother Anoop Kumar.[6]
S. D. Burman recorded with Kishore for Dev Anand's Munimji (1954), Taxi Driver (1954), House No. 44 (1955), Funtoosh (1956), Nau Do Gyarah (1957), Paying Guest (1957), Guide (1965), Jewel Thief (1967), Prem Pujari (1970), and Tere Mere Sapne (1971). He also composed music for Kishore Kumar's home production Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958). Some of their initial films included the songs "Maana Janaab Ne Pukara Nahin" from Paying Guest, "Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke" from Nau Do Gyarah (1957), "Ai Meri Topi Palat Ke Aa" from Funtoosh, and "Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhaagi Si" and "Haal Kaisa Hai Janaab Ka" from Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958).[7] Asha Bhosle and Kishore Kumar performed duets composed by S. D. Burman including "Chhod Do Aanchal" from Paying Guest (1957), "Ankhon Mein Kya Ji" from Nau Do Gyarah (1957), "Haal Kaisa Hai Janaab Ka" and "Paanch Rupaiya Baara Aana" from Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958), "Chhedo Na Meri Zulfein" from Ganga Ki Lahren (1964), and "Arre Yaar Meri Tum Bhi Ho Gajab" from [Teen Devian|Teen Deviyan] (1965).
C. Ramchandra was another music director who recognized Kishore Kumar's talent as a singer.[4] Their collaborations include "Eena Meena Deeka" from Aasha (1957). Kishore Kumar's work includes "Nakhrewaali" from New Delhi (1956) by Shankar Jaikishan, and "C.A.T. Cat Maane Billi" and "Hum To Mohabbat Karega" from Dilli Ka Thug (1958) by Ravi.
Kishore Kumar produced, directed, and acted in Jhumroo (1961). He wrote the lyrics for the title song, "Main Hoon Jhumroo," and composed music for all the songs in the film. Later, he produced and directed Door Gagan Ki Chhaon Mein (1964). He wrote the script and composed music for the film. Its based on the relationship between a father (Kishore Kumar) and his deaf and mute son (played by his real-life son, Amit Kumar). He made another two films called Door Ka Rahi (1971) and Door Waadiyon Mein Kahin (1980).
In the 1960s, as an actor, Kishore Kumar built up a notoriety for coming late for the shootings, or bunking them altogether.[8] His films flopped frequently, and he landed in income tax trouble.[3] As a singer, his work in this period includes "Zaroorat Hai Zaroorat Hai" from Manmauji (1961), "Gaata Rahe Mera Dil" from Guide (1965), and "Yeh Dil Na Hota Bechara" from Jewel Thief (1967).
In the late 1960s, Rahul Dev Burman worked together on the soundtrack of the film Padosan (1968), in which Kishore Kumar sang the songs "Mere Saamne Wali Khidki Mein" and "Kehna Hai." Padosan was a comedy film starring Kishore Kumar as a dramatist-musician, Mehmood as a Carnatic music and dance teacher, and Sunil Dutt as a simpleton named Bhola. Kishore Kumar's character in was inspired by the personality of his uncle, Dhananjay Bannerjee (a classical singer).[2] The highlight of the film was a musical, comical duel between Kishore Kumar-Sunil Dutt and Mehmood: "Ek Chatur Nar Karke Singaar."
In 1969, Shakti Samanta produced and directed the film Aradhana, for which the music was composed by S. D. Burman. Burman fell ill after recording some duet songs with Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle, Lata Mangeshkar and Kishore Kumar. Afterwards, his son and assistant Rahul Dev Burman took over the recording. R. D. Burman got Kishore Kumar to solo sing the songs "Mere Sapno Ki Rani" and "Roop Tera Mastana". Kishore Kumar won his first Filmfare award for the song "Roop Tera Mastana." It is widely believed that this film established Kishore Kumar as a leading playback singer in Bollywood.
1970s and 1980s[link]
In 1970s and 1980s Kishore Kumar sang for Rajesh Khanna, Amitabh Bachchan, Dharmendra, Jeetendra, Sanjeev Kumar, Dev Anand, Shashi Kapoor, Randhir Kapoor, Rishi Kapoor, Mithun Chakraborty, Sanjay Dutt, Sunny Deol, Anil Kapoor and Jackie Shroff.
S. D. Burman and Kishore Kumar continued to work together, including "Phoolon Ke Rang Se" and "Shokhiyon Mein Ghola Jaaye" from Prem Pujari (1969), "Aaj Madhosh Hua Jaaye Re," "Khilte Hain Gul Yahan" and "O Meri Sharmilee" from Sharmilee (1971), "Meet na mila" from Abhimaan (1973), "Pyaar Ke Is Khel Mein" from Jugnu, "Phoolon Ke Dere Hain" from Zameer (1974}. In 1975, S. D. Burman composed his last song for Kishore Kumar. S. D. Burman went into a coma for the second time, soon after Kishore recorded the song "Badi Sooni Sooni Hai Zindagi" for the film Mili.[4]
R. D. Burman frequently used Kishore Kumar as the male singer and recorded several songs with him in the 1970s. Some Kishore Kumar-R. D. Burman songs include "O Maajhi Re" from Khushboo, "Yeh Shaam Mastaani" and "Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai" from Kati Patang (1971), "Chingari Koi Bhadke" and "Kuchh To Log Kahenge" from Amar Prem (1972), "Raat Kali Ek Khwab Mein Aayi" from Buddha Mil Gaya (1971), "Musafir Hoon Yaaron" from Parichay (1972), "Diye Jalte Hain" from Namak Haraam (1973), "Meri Bheegi Bheegi Si" from Anamika (1973), "Zindagi Ke Safar Mein" from Aap Ki Kasam (1974), "Agar Tum Na Hote" and "Humein Tum Se Pyaar Kitna" from Kudrat, "Mere Naina Saawan Bhadon" from Mehbooba, and "Chingari Koi Bhadke (Amar Prem)" and "Jab Bhi Koi Kangana" from Shaukeen (1986).
R. D. Burman recorded several duets pairing Kishore Kumar with Asha Bhosle and with Lata Mangeshkar. Some of these duets include "Panna Ki Tamanna" from Heera Panna (1973), "Neend Chura Ke Raaton Mein" from the film Shareef Budmaash, "Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai" from Sanjay Dutt's debut film Rocky (1981), "Sagar Kinare" from Sagar in [1985], "Aap Ki Aankhon Mein Kuchh" from Ghar, "Jaane Ja Dhoondta" and "Nahi Nahi" from Jawani Diwani, "Kharoshoo" from Harjai (1982).
Apart from the Burmans, Kishore Kumar worked with other music directors as well. The composer duo Laxmikant-Pyarelal (L-P) composed many songs sung by him. Some of their songs include "Mere Mehboob Qayamat Hogi" from Mr. X In Bombay, "Mere Naseeb Mein Aye Dost" from Do Raaste, "Yeh Jeevan Hai" from Piya Ka Ghar, "Mere Dil Mein Aaj Kya Hai" from Daag: A Poem of Love, "Nahi Mai Nahi Dekh Sakta" from Majboor, "Mere diwanepan ki bhi" from Mehboob Ki Mehndi, "Naach Meri Bulbul" from Roti, "Chal Chal Mere Haathi" from Haathi Mere Saathi, "Gaadi Bula Rahi Hai" from Dost, "Ruk Jaana Nahi" from Imtihaan, "Ek Ritu Aaye" from Gautam Govinda, "My Name Is Anthony Gonsalves" from Amar Akbar Anthony, "Bahut Khoobsurat Jawan Ek Ladki" from Dostana and "Om Shanti Om" as well as "Paisa Yeh Paisa" from Karz. Laxmikant-Pyarelal composed several Kishore-Lata duets, including "Achchha To Hum Chalte Hain" from Aan Milo Sajna, "Gore Rang Pe Na Itna" from Roti, "Main Solah Baras Ki" from Karz, and "Din Mahine Saal" from Avtaar, "Tu Kitne Baras Ki" from Karz. L-P also got Kishore Kumar and Mohammed Rafi to sing duets for the films Dostana, Ram Balram and Deedaar-E-Yaar. L-P composed a duet with Kishore Kumar and Alisha Chinoy, "I love you (Kaate Nahin Katate Yeh Din Yeh Raat)" from Mr. India in (1987). Salil Chowdhury recorded songs like "Koi Hota Jisko Apna" from Mere Apne and "Gujar Gaye Din Din" from Annadata. Ravindra Jain recorded "Ghungroo Ki Tarah" and the duet "Le Jaayenge Le Jaayenge" from Chor Machaye Shor and the duet "Tota Maina Ki Kahani" from Fakira. Khaiyyaam recorded beautiful duets with Lata Mangeshkar such as "Hazar Rahein" from Thodisi Bewafai, Aankhon Mein Humne Aapke Sapne Sajaye Hain, Chandani Raat Mein Ek Bar. Hridaynath Mangeshkar recorded Zindagi Aa Raha Hoon Main from Mashaal. Kalyanji-Anandji recorded several songs with Kishore Kumar including Zindagi Ka Safar and Jeevan Se Bhari Teri Aankhein, from Safar, Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas from Black Mail, Apne Jeevan Ki Uljhan from Uljhan, Mera Jeevan Kora Kagaz from Kora Kagaz, O Saathi Re from Muqaddar Ka Sikandar, Khaike Paan Banaraswala from Don, Neele Neele Ambar Par from Kalakar and Pal Bhar Ke Liye from Johny Mera Naam.
Other composers including Rajesh Roshan, Sapan Chakravarty, Jaidev, Chitragupta (composer), Usha Khanna, Sohnik Omi, Prem Dhawan, Vanraj Bhatia and Bappi Lahiri also worked with Kishore Kumar. Rajesh Roshan's film Julie featured songs sung by Kishore Kumar, Bhool Gaya Saab Kuchh (duet with Lata Mangeshkar) and Dil Kya Kare Jab Kisise. Their other songs include Yaadon Mein Woh from Swami, Chhookar mere man ko from Yaarana, Tune Abhi Dekha Nahin from Do Aur Do Paanch and Kahan Tak Ye Man Ko Andhere Chhalenge as well as Kahiye, Suniye (duet with Asha Bhosle) from Baaton Baaton Mein. Bappi Lahiri also recorded many songs with Kishore Kumar, including Pag Ghunghroo Bandh from Namak Halal (1982), Manzilen Apni Jagah Hai from Sharaabi (1984) and Chalte Chalte Mere Ye Geet from Chalte Chalte (1976), Saason Se Nahi Kadmose Nahi from Mohabbat in (1987) and duets with (Lata Mangeshkar)) like Taa thaiya from Himmatwala in (1984), Albela Mausam from Tohfa in (1985) and another duet Pyar Ka Tohfa from the same film.
During the Indian Emergency (1975–1977), Sanjay Gandhi asked Kishore Kumar to sing for an Indian National Congress rally in Mumbai, but he refused.[9] As a result, Information and broadcasting minister Vidya Charan Shukla (1975-1977) put an unofficial ban on playing Kishore Kumar songs on the All India Radio and Doordarshan from 4th May, 1976 till the end of the Emergency.[10][11]
Later years[link]
Kishore Kumar produced and directed some movies in the late 1970s and early 1980s, such as Badhti Ka Naam Daadhi (1978), Zindagi (1981) and Door Wadiyon Mein Kahin (1980): His last appearance as an actor.
With patronage from R. D. Burman and Rajesh Roshan, Kishore Kumar's son Amit Kumar became a Bollywood singer in the 1980s. Kishore Kumar also continued singing for several actors. He also did some stage shows, apparently to earn money to pay his income tax arrears.[8] Kishore Kumar stopped singing for Amitabh Bachchan in the mid-1980s, after Bachchan did not do a guest appearance in a film produced by him but called a truce with him by singing for him in Toofan.[12] He also temporarily stopped singing for Mithun Chakraborty, after Yogeeta Bali divorced him and married Chakraborty.[13] However, later Kumar sang for him in many films like Disco Dancer, Muddat, and Pyar Ka Mandir.
In the mid-1980s, Kishore Kumar sang for Anil Kapoor in Kapoor's debut film as a leading man, Woh Saat Din and also recorded Mr. India. He sang a duet with Alka Yagnik, "Tumse Badhkar Duniya Mein Na Dekha" for Kaamchor in (1986). He also recorded some songs for the film Saagar with R. D. Burman. By this time, he had decided to retire and was planning to go back to his birthplace, Khandwa.[8]
On 13 October 1987, his brother Ashok's 76th birthday, he died of a heart attack in Mumbai at 4:45 pm. His body was taken to Khandwa for cremation. He had recorded his last song a day before he died. The song was Guru Guru, a duet with Asha Bhosle, for the film Waqt Ki Aawaz (1988) composed by Bappi Lahiri for Mithun Chakraborty and Sridevi.
Kishore Kumar's song Pal Bhar Ke Liye from the film Johny Mera Naam (1970) was used in an episode of The Simpsons titled "Kiss Kiss, Bang Bangalore."[14] His songs have been featured in several films, including Such a Long Journey (1998) and Side Streets (1998).[15] Sony TV organised the television singing contest K for Kishore to search for a singer like Kishore Kumar.
Personal life[link]
Kishore Kumar married four times. His first wife was Bengali singer and actress Ruma Guha Thakurta aka Ruma Ghosh. Their marriage lasted from 1950 to 1958.
Kishore's second wife was actress Madhubala, who had worked with him on many films including his home production Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958) and Jhumroo (1961). When Kishore Kumar proposed to her, Madhubala was sick and was planning to go to London for treatment. At this time, she didn't know that she had a ventricular septal defect, and her father wanted her to wait and consult the London doctors first. Furthermore, at the time he was married to Ruma. After his divorce, because Kishore Kumar was Bengali Hindu and Madhubala Muslim, they had a civil wedding ceremony in 1960. His parents refused to attend. The couple also had a Hindu ceremony to please Kumar's parents, but Madhubala was never truly accepted as his wife. Within a month of her wedding she moved back to her bungalow in Bandra because of tension in the Kishore Kumar household. They remained married but under great strain for the remainder of Madhubala's life. The doctors in London told Madhubala that she would not live for long. The marriage lasted for nine years, and ended with Madhubala's death on 23 February 1969.
Kishore Kumar's third marriage was to Yogeeta Bali, and lasted from 1976 to 4 August 1978. Kishore was married to Leena Chandavarkar from 1980 until his death. Kishore Kumar sired two sons, Amit Kumar (playback singer) with Ruma, and Sumit Kumar with Leena Chandavarkar.
Kumar is said to have been paranoid about not being paid.[2] During recordings, he would sing only after his secretary confirmed that the producer had made the payment.[16] Once, when he discovered that his dues hadn't been fully paid, he landed up for shooting with make-up on only one side of his face. When the director questioned him, he replied "Aadha paisa to aadha make-up." (Half make-up for half payment).[2] On the sets of Bhai Bhai, Kishore Kumar refused to act because the director M V Raman owed him five thousand rupees. Ashok Kumar persuaded him to do the scene. But, when the shooting started, he walked across the floor and, each time he walked a few places, he said, Paanch Hazzar Rupaiya (five thousand rupees) and did a somersault. After he reached the end of the floor, he went out of the studio, jumped into his car, and ordered his driver Abdul to drive away.[17] On another occasion, when producer R. C. Talwar did not pay his dues in spite of repeated reminders, Kishore turned up at Talwar's residence one morning and started shouting "Hey Talwar, de de mere aath hazaar" ("Hey Talwar, give me my eight thousand"). He did this every morning until Talwar paid him.[16]
The film Anand (1971) was originally supposed to star Kishore Kumar and Mehmood Ali in the lead.[18] Hrishikesh Mukherjee, the director of the film, was asked to meet Kishore Kumar to discuss the project. However, when he went to Kishore Kumar's house, he was driven away by the gatekeeper due to a misunderstanding. Kishore Kumar (himself a Bengali) hadn't been paid for a stage show organized by another Bengali man, and had instructed his gatekeeper to drive away this "Bengali", if he ever visited the house. When Hrishikesh Mukherjee (also a Bengali) went to Kishore Kumar's house, the gatekeeper drove him away, mistaking him for the "Bengali" that Kishore Kumar had asked him to drive away. Consequently, Mehmood had to leave the film as well, and new actors (Rajesh Khanna and Amitabh Bachchan) were signed up for the film.[18]
In spite of his "no money, no work" principle, sometimes Kishore Kumar recorded for free even when the producers were willing to pay. Such films include those produced by Rajesh Khanna and Danny Denzongpa.[19] On one occasion, Kishore Kumar helped actor-turned-producer Bipin Gupta, by giving him Rs. 20,000 for the film Dal Mein Kala (1964). When actor Arun Kumar Mukherjee died, Kishore Kumar regularly sent money to his family in Bhagalpur.[17] Mukherjee was one of the first persons to appreciate Kishore's singing talent.[17]
Many journalists and writers have written about Kishore Kumar's seemingly eccentric behavior.[20][21] Kishore Kumar had put a "Beware of Kishore" sign at the door of his Warden Road flat, where he stayed for some time while his bungalow was being done up. Once, producer-director H. S. Rawail, who owed him some money, visited his flat to pay the dues. Kishore Kumar took the money, and when Rawail offered to shake hands with him, he reportedly put Rawail's hand in his mouth, bit it, and asked "Didn’t you see the sign?". Rawail laughed off the incident and left quickly.[17] Kishore Kumar was a loner, and in an interview with Pritish Nandy (1985), he said that he had no friends – he preferred talking to his trees instead.[22] Once, when a reporter made a comment about how lonely he must be, Kishore Kumar took her to his garden. He then named some of the trees in his garden, and introduced them to the reporter as his closest friends.[17]
According to another reported incident, once Kishore Kumar was to record a song for producer-director G. P. Sippy. As Sippy approached his bungalow, he saw Kishore going out in his car. Sippy pleaded him to stop his car, but Kishore only increased the speed of his car. Sippy chased him to Madh Island, where Kishore Kumar finally stopped his car near the ruined Madh Fort. When Sippy questioned his strange behavior, Kishore Kumar refused to recognize or talk to him and threatened to call police. Sippy had to return. Next morning, Kishore Kumar reported for the recording. An angry Sippy questioned him about his behavior on the previous day. However, Kishore Kumar insisted that Sippy must have seen a dream, and claimed that he was in Khandwa on the previous day.[23]
Once, a producer went to court to get a decree that Kishore Kumar must follow the director's orders. As a consequence, Kishore Kumar obeyed the director to the letter. He refused to alight from his car until the director ordered him to do so. Once, after a car scene in Mumbai, he drove on till Khandala because the director forgot to say "Cut".[17] In the 1960s, a financier named Kalidas Batvabbal, patently disgusted with Kishore Kumar's alleged lack of cooperation during the shooting of Half Ticket, gave him away to the income tax authorities. Kishore had to face a raid at his house. Later, Kishore invited Batvabbal home, tricked him by asking him to enter a cupboard for a "chat" and locked him inside. He unlocked Batvabbal after two hours and told him "Don’t ever come to my house again."[17]
Filmography[link]
Main article: Kishore Kumar filmography
List of songs[link]
Main article: List of songs by Kishore Kumar
Awards[link]
Winner:
| Year | Song | Film | Music director | Lyricist |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | "Roop Tera Mastaana" | Aradhana | Sachin Dev Burman | Anand Bakshi |
| 1975 | "Dil Aisa Kisi Ne Mera" | Amanush | Shyamal Mitra | Indeevar |
| 1978 | "Khaike Pan Banaras Wala" | Don | Kalyanji-Anandji | Anjaan |
| 1980 | "Hazaar Raahen Mudke Dekheen" | Thodisi Bewafaii | Khayyam | Gulzar |
| 1982 | "Pag Ghungroo Baandh Ke Meera Nachi" | Namak Halaal | Bappi Lahiri | Anjaan |
| 1983 | "Hamen Aur Jeene Ki" | Agar Tum Na Hote | Rahul Dev Burman | Gulshan Bawra |
| 1984 | "Manzilen apni jagah" | Sharaabi | Bappi Lahiri | Anjaan |
| 1985 | "Saagar Kinaare" | Saagar | Rahul Dev Burman | Javed Akhtar |
Nominated:
| Year | Song | Film | Music Director | Lyricist |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | "Zindagi Ek Safar" | Andaz | Shankar-Jaikishan | Hasrat Jaipuri |
| 1971 | "Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai" | Kati Patang | Rahul Dev Burman | Anand Bakshi |
| 1972 | "Chingari Koi Bhadke" | Amar Prem | Rahul Dev Burman | Anand Bakshi |
| 1973 | "Mere Dil Mein Aaj" | Daag: A Poem of Love | Laxmikant-Pyarelal | Sahir Ludhianvi |
| 1974 | "Gaadi Bula Rahi Hai" | Dost | Laxmikant-Pyarelal | Anand Bakshi |
| 1974 | "Mera Jeevan Kora Kagaz" | Kora Kagaz | Kalyanji Anandji | M.G.Hashmat |
| 1975 | "Main Pyaasa Tum" | Faraar | Kalyanji Anandji | Rajendra Krishan |
| 1975 | "O Manjhi Re" | Khushboo | Rahul Dev Burman | Gulzar |
| 1977 | "Aap Ke Anurodh" | Anurodh | Laxmikant-Pyarelal | Anand Bakshi |
| 1978 | "O Saathi Re" | Muqaddar Ka Sikander | Kalyanji-Anandji | Anjaan |
| 1978 | "Hum Bewafa Harghiz" | Shalimar | Rahul Dev Burman | Anand Bakshi |
| 1979 | "Ek Rasta Hai Zindagi" | Kaala Patthar | Rajesh Roshan | Sahir Ludhianvi |
| 1980 | "Om Shanthi Om" | Karz | Laxmikant-Pyarelal | Anand Bakshi |
| 1981 | "Hameh Tumse Pyar" | Kudrat | Rahul Dev Burman | Majrooh Sultanpuri |
| 1981 | "Chhookar Mere Mann Ko" | Yaraana | Rajesh Roshan | Anjaan |
| 1983 | "Shayad Meri Shaadi" | Souten | Usha Khanna | Sawan Kumar |
| 1984 | "De De Pyar De" | Sharaabi | Bappi Lahiri | Anjaan |
| 1984 | "Inteha Ho Gayi" | Sharaabi | Bappi Lahiri | Anjaan |
| 1984 | "Log Kehete Hai Main" | Sharaabi | Bappi Lahiri | Anjaan |
Winner:
- 1971 - Best Male Playback Singer for Aradhana[24]
- 1972 - Best Male Playback Singer for Andaz[25]
- 1973 - Best Male Playback Singer for Hare Rama Hare Krishna[26]
- 1975 - Best Male Playback Singer for Kora Kagaz[27]
See also[link]
- Kishore Kumar filmography
- List of songs by Kishore Kumar
- List of Indian playback singers
- Hindi songs
References[link]
- ^ "When Kishore Kumar Insisted on a Bullockcart Ride". The Indian Express. 13 Oct., 2010. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/when-kishore-kumar-insisted-on-bullockcart-ride/696711/. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ a b c d Filmfare (November 1–15, 1987)
- ^ a b c Avijit Ghosh (7 October 2007). "Unforgettable Kishore". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Special_Report/Unforgettable_Kishore/articleshow/2435600.cms. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ a b c Raju Bharatan. "Repertoire Unlimited: Remembering Kishore Kumar". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/oct/13kumar.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ "Remembering Kishore Kumar". 13 October 2000. http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/oct/13kumar.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ Derek Bose (2004). Kishore Kumar: method in madness. Rupa & Co.. p. 60.
- ^ Khubchandani, Lata (2003). Gulzar, Govind Nihalani, Saibal Chatterjee. ed. Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. pp. 486–487. ISBN 81-7991-066-0.
- ^ a b c "Kishore Kumar - A Tribute". Filmfare magazine. November 1987.
- ^ Vinay Kumar (2005-08-19). "The spark that he was". Entertainment Hyderabad. The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081902110400.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ "A Star's Real Stripes". Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/A-stars-real-stripes/articleshow/12399033.cms. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
- ^ Sharma, Dhirendra (2005). "A Comedy King and Superstar". Popular Prakashan. p. 133. ISBN 81-7991-213-2.
- ^ Biography of Kishore Kumar by David and Chandrakantha Courtney.
- ^ Film world, Volume 16, T.M. Ramachandran, 1979. Page 463.
- ^ Foreign exchange!. Rajeev Vijayakar. Screen Weekly. 4 May 2007.
- ^ Side Street (1998): Cast and Credits
- ^ a b Kuldip Dhiman (1998-10-04). "A melancholy but life-long prankster". The Tribune. http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct04/book.htm#2. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g Valicha, Kishore (1998) [1998]. Kishore Kumar: The Definitive Biography. Penguin Books. p. 312. ISBN 0-670-88264-X.
- ^ a b Zaveri, Hanif (2005). "A Comedy King and Superstar". Mehmood, a Man of Many Moods. Popular Prakashan. p. 133. ISBN 81-7991-213-2.
- ^ Suresh Kohli (2004-09-16). "What a yodeller!". Metro Plus Kochi. The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/09/09/stories/2004090900810300.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ Dinesh Raheja. "Kishore Kumar: The Master's Voice". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/feb/18dinesh.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ O.P. Bhagat (1998-10-09). "Life is a lovely journey". Arts Tribune, Chandigarh. The Tribune. http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct09/art-trib.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ "I screamed, pretended to be crazy: Kishore Kumar in 1985". The Illustrated Weekly of India (republished in The Times of India). 1985. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-08/news-interviews/29863757_1_kishore-kumar-pn-kk/2. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
- ^ "One evening with Kishore Kumar Khandwewala". India FM. 2007-02-01. http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/02/01/2191/index.html. Retrieved 2007-07-13. [dead link]
- ^ 34th Annual BFJA Awards[dead link]
- ^ 35th Annual BFJA Awards[dead link]
- ^ 36th Annual BFJA Awards[dead link]
- ^ 38th Annual BFJA Awards[dead link]
Further reading[link]
- Bose, Derek (2004). Kishore Kumar: Method in Madness. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.. ISBN 978-81-291-0526-4. OCLC 57429780.
- Valicha, Kishore (1998). Kishore Kumar: The Definitive Biography. New York/New Delhi: Penguin Books/Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-88264-9. OCLC 40164015.
- Nerurkar, Vishwas (2004). Kishore Kumar: The Many Faces of a Genius (The Ultimate Book which includes his complete filmography, discography, unreleased material, and film posters of his films). Gayathri Publications.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kumar, Kishore |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1929-08-04 |
| Place of birth | Khandwa, Central Provinces and Berar |
| Date of death | 1987-10-13 |
| Place of death | Bombay, Maharashtra |
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