Veldhoven
—  Municipality  —
Flag Coat of arms
Coordinates: 51°25′N 5°24′E / 51.417°N 5.4°E / 51.417; 5.4Coordinates: 51°25′N 5°24′E / 51.417°N 5.4°E / 51.417; 5.4
Country	Netherlands
Province	North Brabant
Area(2006)
• Total	31.92 km2 (12.32 sq mi)
• Land	31.72 km2 (12.25 sq mi)
• Water	0.20 km2 (0.08 sq mi)
Population (30 December 2009)
• Total	43,007
• Density	1,356/km2 (3,510/sq mi)
	Source: CBS, Statline.
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)

Veldhoven [ˈvɛɫt.hoʊ̯.və(n)] ( listen) is a municipality and a town on the Gender stream in the southern Netherlands, located just south-west of Eindhoven.

Population centres[link]

Veldhoven, church

The modern town of Veldhoven is an agglomeration of formerly rural villages that in the twentieth century grew together to form one large suburban area catering to Eindhoven commuter needs. The villages are Veldhoven proper to the southwest, Meerveldhoven to the southeast, and Zeelst to the northeast. A new city center was constructed between Zeelst and Veldhoven.

Economy[link]

Veldhoven is home to the headquarters of the manufacturer of high-tech (semiconductor) lithography equipment ASML. ASML occupies the highest building (83 meters) in Veldhoven. The municipality features a large industrial and office area along the Gender, which also includes the second-largest hospital in the Eindhoven urban region, Máxima Medisch Centrum.

Transport[link]

Eindhoven Airport is located nearby Veldhoven on the border with Eindhoven in subdivision Meerhoven.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Veldhoven

• Official Website
• Map
• Startpagina Veldhoven
• startpagina-veldhoven

v t e Populated places in the municipality of Veldhoven Villages Meerveldhoven Oerle Veldhoven Dorp Zeelst Hamlets Berkt Djept Habraken Halfmijl Heers Hoogeind Muggenhol Scherpenering Schoot Toterfout Vliet Zandoerle Zittard List of cities, towns and villages in North Brabant

v t e    Municipalities of North Brabant Aalburg Alphen-Chaam Asten Baarle-Nassau Bergeijk Bergen op Zoom Bernheze Best Bladel Boekel Boxmeer Boxtel Breda Cranendonck Cuijk Deurne Dongen Drimmelen Eersel Eindhoven Etten-Leur Geertruidenberg Geldrop-Mierlo Gemert-Bakel Gilze en Rijen Goirle Grave Haaren Halderberge Heeze-Leende Helmond 's-Hertogenbosch Heusden Hilvarenbeek Laarbeek Landerd Loon op Zand Maasdonk Mill en Sint Hubert Moerdijk Nuenen, Gerwen en Nederwetten Oirschot Oisterwijk Oosterhout Oss Reusel-De Mierden Roosendaal Rucphen Schijndel Sint Anthonis Sint-Michielsgestel Sint-Oedenrode Someren Son en Breugel Steenbergen Tilburg Uden Valkenswaard Veghel Veldhoven Vught Waalre Waalwijk Werkendam Woensdrecht Woudrichem Zundert See also Netherlands Provinces Municipalities

Sir Andre Geim
Born	Andre Konstantin Geim Russian: Андрей Константинович Гейм (1958-10-21) 21 October 1958 (age 53) Sochi, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Residence	Manchester, England
Citizenship	British and Netherlands
Institutions	Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences University of Manchester Radboud University Nijmegen
Notable students	Sir Konstantin Novoselov
Known for	Work on graphene[1] Levitating a frog[2] Developing gecko tape[3]
Notable awards	Ig Nobel Prize (2000) Mott Prize (2007) EuroPhysics Prize (2008) Körber Prize (2009) John J. Carty Award (2010) Hughes Medal (2010) Nobel Prize in Physics (2010)
Spouse	Irina V. Grigorieva[4][5]

Sir Andre Konstantin Geim, FRS (Russian: Андрей Константинович Гейм; born 21 October 1958) is a Russian-born British-Dutch physicist working at the University of Manchester^[6]. Geim was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Konstantin Novoselov for his work on graphene^[7][8]. He is the Langworthy Professor and director of the Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology at the University of Manchester.

Early years[link]

Andre Geim was born to Konstantin Alekseyevich Geim and Nina Nikolayevna Bayer on October 21, 1958. Both his parents were Russian German engineers.^[9] Geim has stated, "My mother's grandmother was Jewish. I suffered from anti-Semitism in Russia because my name sounds Jewish".^[10] Geim has one brother, Vladislav. In 1965, the family moved to Nalchik,^[11] where he studied at an English-language high school.^[11] After graduation, he applied to the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute.^[12] He took the entrance exams twice, but was not accepted.^[11][13] He then applied to the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), where he was accepted. He said the students had to work extremely hard: "The pressure to work and to study was so intense that it was not a rare thing for people to break and leave, and some of them ended up with everything from schizophrenia to depression to suicide." He received an MSc degree in 1982, and in 1987 obtained a PhD degree in metal physics from the Institute of Solid State Physics (ISSP) at the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) in Chernogolovka.^[14][15] He said that at the time he would not have chosen to study solid-state physics, preferring particle physics or astrophysics, but is now happy with his choice.^[14]

Academic career[link]

After earning his PhD, Geim worked as a research scientist at the Institute for Microelectronics Technology (IMT) at RAS, and from 1990 as a post-doctoral fellow at the universities of Nottingham (twice), Bath, and Copenhagen. He said that while at Nottingham he could spend his time on research rather than have to deal with politics, and determined to leave Russia.^[16]

He obtained his first tenured position in 1994, when he was appointed associate professor at Radboud University Nijmegen, where he did work on mesoscopic superconductivity^[17]. He later gained Dutch citizenship. One of his doctoral students at Nijmegen was Konstantin Novoselov, who went on to become his main research partner. However, Geim has said that he had an unpleasant time during his academic career in the Netherlands: “He was offered professorships at Nijmegen and Eindhoven, but turned them down as he found the Dutch academic system too hierarchical and full of petty politicking. “This can be pretty unpleasant at times,” he says. “It’s not like the British system where every staff member is an equal quantity.””^[16] On the other hand, Geim writes in his Nobel lecture that "In addition, the situation was a bit surreal because outside the university walls I received a warm-hearted welcome from everyone around, including Jan Kees and other academics." ^[18] (Dr. Jan Kees Maan was the research boss of Geim during his time in The Netherlands).

In 2001 he became a professor of physics at the University of Manchester, and was appointed director of the Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology in 2002, and Langworthy Professor in 2007.^[15] Geim's wife and long-standing co-author, Irina Grigorieva, also moved to Manchester as a lecturer. Later they were joined by Novoselov.^[11] Since 2007 he has been an EPSRC Senior Research Fellow.^[15] In 2010 Radboud University Nijmegen appointed him professor of innovative materials and nanoscience.^[19]

Research[link]

Graphene is an atomic-scale honeycomb lattice made of carbon atoms.

Geim's achievements include the discovery of a simple method for isolating single atomic layers of graphite, known as graphene, in collaboration with researchers at the University of Manchester and IMT. The team published their findings in October 2004 in Science.^[20][21][22]

Graphene consists of one-atom-thick layers of carbon atoms arranged in two-dimensional hexagons,^[23][24] and is the thinnest material in the world, as well as one of the strongest and hardest.^[25] The material has many potential applications and is considered a superior alternative to silicon.^[26]

Geim said one of the first applications of graphene could be in the development of flexible touchscreens, and that he has not patented the material because he would need a specific application and an industrial partner.^[27]

Geim was involved in the development of a biomimetic adhesive which became known as gecko tape^[3]—so called because of the adhesiveness of gecko feet—research of which is still in the early stages.^[29] It is hoped that the development will eventually allow humans to scale ceilings, like Spider-Man.^[30]

Geim's research in 1997 into the possible effects of magnetism on water scaling led to the famous discovery of direct diamagnetic levitation of water, and led to a frog being levitated.^[31] He has also carried out research on mesoscopic physics and superconductivity.^[16][32]

He said of the range of subjects he has studied: "Many people choose a subject for their PhD and then continue the same subject until they retire. I despise this approach. I have changed my subject five times before I got my first tenured position and that helped me to learn different subjects."^[14]

He named his favourite hamster, H.A.M.S. ter Tisha, co-author in a 2001 research paper.^[20][33]

Honours and awards[link]

Magnetically levitating a live frog, an experiment that earned Geim and Michael Berry the 2000 Ig Nobel Prize

Geim shared the 2000 Ig Nobel Prize in physics with Michael Berry for the frog experiment.^[34] In 2006 he appeared on the Scientific American 50.^[35] The Institute of Physics awarded him the 2007 Mott Medal and Prize "for his discovery of a new class of materials—free-standing two-dimensional crystals—in particular graphene".^[36] In 2007 he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.^[37]

He shared the 2008 EuroPhysics Prize with Novoselov "for discovering and isolating a single free-standing atomic layer of carbon (graphene) and elucidating its remarkable electronic properties".^[38] In 2009 he received the Körber European Science Award.^[39] The United States National Academy of Sciences honoured him with the 2010 John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science "for his experimental realisation and investigation of graphene, the two-dimensional form of carbon".^[40] He was awarded one of six Royal Society 2010 Anniversary Research Professorships.^[41] The Royal Society added its 2010 Hughes Medal "for his revolutionary discovery of graphene and elucidation of its remarkable properties".^[42] He was awarded honorary doctorates from Delft University of Technology,^[43] ETH Zürich,^[19] the University of Antwerp^[44] and the University of Manchester. In 2010, Geim was appointed as Knight Commander of the Order of the Netherlands Lion for his contribution to the Dutch Science.^[45] Geim was furthermore made a Knight Bachelor in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to science.^[46][47] He was elected a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Sciences in May 2012.^[48]

Nobel Prize in Physics[link]

On 5 October 2010 Geim was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Novoselov "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene".^[49] Upon hearing of the award he said, "I'm fine, I slept well. I didn't expect the Nobel Prize this year", and that his plans for the day would not change.^[50] He said he hopes that graphene and other two-dimensional crystals will change everyday life as plastics did for humanity.^[51] A colleague of Geim said that his award shows that people can still win a Nobel by "mucking about in a lab".^[52] The award made him the first person to win, as an individual, both a Nobel Prize and an Ig Nobel Prize.^[53] The lecture for the award took place on 8 December 2010 at Stockholm University.^[54]

View and opinions[link]

Geim was one of 38 Nobel laureates who signed a declaration in 2010 issued by Scholars for Peace in the Middle East condemning international attempts to boycott Israeli academics, institutions, and research centers.^[55]

At the Nobel Minds symposium in December 2010, Geim described the Nobel Peace Prize committee's choice of Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobao as patronising, saying, "In the past ten years, China has developed not only economically, but even the strongest human rights supporter would agree also human rights have improved. Why do we need to distort this?"^[56][57]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Andre Geim

• Webpage at the University of Manchester
• Webpage at the Mesoscopic Physics Group at the University of Manchester
• Documents at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (Russian)
• Selected research papers by Andre Geim's group
• Selected research papers by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov related to research that won them the Nobel Prize
• Publications at Astrophysics Data System, NASA
• Geim's Nobel Prize banquet speech

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2011)

Sir John Brian Pendry, FRS FInstP (born 4 July 1943^[1][2]) is an English theoretical physicist known for his research into refractive indexes and creation of the first practical "Invisibility Cloak". He is now a chair in Theoretical solid state physics at Imperial College London where he was head of the department of physics (1998–2001) and principal of the faculty of physical sciences (2001–2002). He is an honorary fellow of Downing College, Cambridge (where he was an undergraduate) and an IEEE fellow.

Selected publications[link]

Below is a list of highly cited articles of which Sir Pendry was author or co-author. PDF copies of the articles are linked to the title.

• Pendry, J. B. (2000). "Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens". Physical Review Letters 85 (18): 3966–9. Bibcode 2000PhRvL..85.3966P. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.3966. PMID 11041972. http://www.stwing.upenn.edu/~sbattle/e4411/term%20paper/neg%20refrac%20lens.pdf. 

• Pendry, J. B.; Schurig, D; Smith, DR (2006). "Controlling Electromagnetic Fields". Science 312 (5781): 1780–2. Bibcode 2006Sci...312.1780P. DOI:10.1126/science.1125907. PMID 16728597. http://people.engr.ncsu.edu/dschuri/Site/Publications_files/1780.pdf. 
• Schurig, D.; Mock, J. J.; Justice, B. J.; Cummer, S. A.; Pendry, J. B.; Starr, A. F.; Smith, D. R. (2006). "Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at Microwave Frequencies". Science 314 (5801): 977–80. Bibcode 2006Sci...314..977S. DOI:10.1126/science.1133628. PMID 17053110. http://people.ee.duke.edu/~cummer/reprints/058_Schurig06_Science_CloakMeasurements.pdf. 

• Pendry, J.; Holden, A.; Stewart, W.; Youngs, I. (1996). "Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Mesostructures". Physical Review Letters 76 (25): 4773–4776. Bibcode 1996PhRvL..76.4773P. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4773. PMID 10061377. http://www.cmth.ph.ic.ac.uk/photonics/Newphotonics/pdf/lfplslet.pdf. 

• Pendry, J.B.; Holden, A.J.; Robbins, D.J.; Stewart, W.J. (1999). "Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 47 (11): 2075. Bibcode 1999ITMTT..47.2075P. DOI:10.1109/22.798002. http://people.ee.duke.edu/~drsmith/nim_pubs/pubs_early/Pendry_IEEE_1999.pdf. 

• Martín-Moreno, L.; García-Vidal, F.; Lezec, H.; Pellerin, K.; Thio, T.; Pendry, J.; Ebbesen, T. (2001). "Theory of Extraordinary Optical Transmission through Subwavelength Hole Arrays". Physical Review Letters 86 (6): 1114–7. arXiv:cond-mat/0008204. Bibcode 2001PhRvL..86.1114M. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.1114. PMID 11178023. http://www.cmth.ph.ic.ac.uk/photonics/pdf/PRL86_1114.pdf.  also see: Arxiv.org (self published preprint of this article).

Books authored[link]

• Low Energy Electron Diffraction: The Theory and Its Application to Determination of Surface Structure (Techniques of physics) (Academic Press Inc.,U.S., 1974) ISBN 978-0-12-550550-5
• Surface Crystallographic Information Service: A Handbook of Surface Structures – (Springer, 1987) ISBN 978-90-277-2503-5

Awards[link]

• 1984 – Fellow of the Royal Society and Fellow of the Institute of Physics.
• 1996 – The Dirac prize and medal for outstanding contributions to theoretical physics.
• 2004 – John Pendry was knighted in the Queen's Birthday honours list (services to science).
• 2006 – The Royal Medal of the Royal Society of London

References[link]

External links[link]

• Google scholar List of Papers by JB Pendry
• Imperial College, Department of Physics, Condensed Matter Theory Group
• Personal Profile of John Pendry at Imperial college
• John Pendry video: The birth and promise of metamaterials (SPIE Newsroom, October 2011)

Alain Aspect
Alain Aspect on a visit to Tel Aviv University
Born	(1947-06-15) 15 June 1947 (age 65) Agen, France
Residence	France
Nationality	French
Fields	Physicist
Institutions	Institut d'Optique École Polytechnique Centre national de la recherche scientifique
Alma mater	École Normale Supérieure de Cachan (E.N.S., 1965)
Known for	Bell test experiments

Alain Aspect (French pronunciation:  [aspɛ] (help·info); born 15 June 1947 in Agen) is a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement.

Biography[link]

Aspect is a graduate of the École Normale Supérieure de Cachan (ENS Cachan). He passed the 'agrégation' in physics in 1969 and received his master's degree from Université d'Orsay. He then did his national service, teaching for three years in Cameroon.

In the early 1980s, while working on his PhD thesis^[1] from the lesser academic rank of lecturer, he performed the elusive "Bell test experiments" that showed that Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen's reductio ad absurdum of quantum mechanics, namely that it implied 'ghostly action at a distance', did in fact appear to be realised when two particles were separated by an arbitrarily large distance (see EPR paradox). A correlation between their wave functions remained, as they were once part of the same wave-function that was not disturbed before one of the child particles was measured.

If quantum theory is correct, the determination of an axis direction for the polarization measurement of one photon, forcing the wave function to 'collapse' onto that axis, will influence the measurement of its twin. This influence occurs despite any experimenters not knowing which axes have been chosen by their distant colleagues, and at distances that disallow any communication between the two photons, even at the speed of light.

Aspect's experiments were considered to provide overwhelming support to the thesis that Bell's inequalities are violated in its CHSH version. However, his results were not completely conclusive, since there were so-called loopholes that allowed for alternative explanations that comply with local realism. See local hidden variable theory.

Stated more simply, the experiment provides strong evidence that a quantum event at one location can affect an event at another location without any obvious mechanism for communication between the two locations. This has been called "spooky action at a distance" by Einstein (who doubted the physical reality of this effect). However, these experiments do not allow faster-than-light communication, as the events themselves appear to be inherently random.

After his works on Bell's inequalites, he turned toward studies of laser cooling of neutral atoms and is now mostly involved in Bose-Einstein condensates related experiments.

Aspect was deputy director of the French "grande école" SupOptique until 1994. He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences and French Academy of Technologies, and professor at the École Polytechnique. In 2005 he was awarded the gold medal of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique, where he is currently Research Director. The 2010 Wolf Prize in physics was awarded to Aspect, Anton Zeilinger and John Clauser.

Selected bibliography[link]

• Experimental Realization of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Gedankenexperiment: A New Violation of Bell's Inequalities, A. Aspect, P. Grangier, and G. Roger, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 49, Iss. 2, pp. 91–94 (1982) doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.91
• Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time-Varying Analyzers, A. Aspect, J. Dalibard and G. Roger, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 49, Iss. 25, pp. 1804–1807 (1982) doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1804
• To be or not to be local, A. Aspect, Nature, Vol. 446, pp. 866–867 (2007)

See also[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alain Aspect

• Abner Shimony
• EPR paradox

References[link]

External links[link]

• Aspect's homepage
• Atom Optics group, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique
• Biography at CNRS
• http://www.lcf.institutoptique.fr/Groupes-de-recherche/Optique-atomique/Membres/Membres-permanents/Alain-Aspect
• http://www.academie-sciences.fr/academie/membre/Aspect_Alain.htm
• Lévy Statistics and Laser Cooling: http://www.cambridge.org/us/knowledge/isbn/item1169242/?site_locale=en_US
• Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics: http://www.cambridge.org/us/knowledge/isbn/item1149699/?site_locale=en_US
• Introduction to Quantum Optics: http://www.cambridge.org/us/knowledge/isbn/item2712310/Introduction%20to%20Quantum%20Optics/?site_locale=en_US