Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
1956
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 1860
- 1862
- 1864
- 1868
- 1869
- 1870
- 1871
- 1872
- 1873
- 1874
- 1875
- 1876
- 1877
- 1878
- 1879
- 1880
- 1881
- 1882
- 1883
- 1884
- 1885
- 1886
- 1887
- 1889
- 1890
- 1891
- 1892
- 1893
- 1894
- 1895
- 1896
- 1897
- 1898
- 1899
- 1900
- 1902
- 1903
- 1905
- 1908
- 1909
- 1910
- 1911
- 1912
- 1916
- 1920
- 1920s
- 1924
- 1930
- 1930s
- 1931
- 1940s
- 1950s
- 1953
- 1954
- 1955
- 1956
- 1956 in archaeology
- 1956 in architecture
- 1956 in art
- 1956 in Australia
- 1956 in aviation
- 1956 in Canada
- 1956 in comics
- 1956 in Ecuador
- 1956 in film
- 1956 in France
- 1956 in Germany
- 1956 in Greece
- 1956 in India
- 1956 in Ireland
- 1956 in Israel
- 1956 in Italy
- 1956 in Japan
- 1956 in literature
- 1956 in Luxembourg
- 1956 in Malaya
- 1956 in Mexico
- 1956 in music
- 1956 in New Zealand
- 1956 in Norway
- 1956 in Pakistan
- 1956 in poetry
- 1956 in radio
- 1956 in science
- 1956 in Singapore
- 1956 in South Africa
- 1956 in spaceflight
- 1956 in sports
- 1956 in television
- 1956 Summer Olympics
- 1956 Winter Olympics
- 1956 World Series
- 1957
- 1958
- 1959
- 1960s
- 1970s
- 1980
- 1980s
- 1991
- 1992
- 1995
- 1996
- 1998
- 19th century
- 2000
- 2001
- 2002
- 2003
- 2004
- 2005
- 2010
- 2012
- 2012 Summer Olympics
- 20th century
- 21st century
- 28th Academy Awards
- 2nd millennium
- A. A. Milne
- Ab urbe condita
- Academy Award
- Adam Arkin
- Adlai Stevenson II
- Adnan Oktar
- Aileen Wuornos
- Air traffic control
- Al Simmons
- Alan Ruck
- Alarm clock
- Alben W. Barkley
- Albert Von Tilzer
- Albert Woolson
- Alexander Korda
- Alfred Hitchcock
- Alfred Kinsey
- Algeria
- Allen Ginsberg
- Amanda Burton
- Ambassador
- Ampex
- Ana Alicia
- Andreas Floer
- Andy García
- Andy Goldsworthy
- Angelo Fusco
- Ankara
- Anne Crawford
- Anthony Bourdain
- April 12
- April 13
- April 14
- April 15
- April 16
- April 17
- April 18
- April 19
- April 2
- April 21
- April 24
- April 26
- April 27
- April 28
- April 29
- April 3
- April 30
- April 4
- April 5
- April 6
- April 7
- April 9
- Arizona
- Armenian calendar
- Art Tatum
- Arthur Miller
- As the World Turns
- Assyrian calendar
- August 1
- August 10
- August 11
- August 12
- August 14
- August 16
- August 17
- August 18
- August 19
- August 2
- August 20
- August 21
- August 22
- August 23
- August 24
- August 25
- August 26
- August 29
- August 31
- August 4
- August 5
- August 6
- August 8
- Austin Osman Spare
- Australia
- Austria
- Avi Cohen
- Aviation
- Avro Lancaster
- B-movies
- B. R. Ambedkar
- Babe Zaharias
- Bahá'í calendar
- Bangladesh
- Barbara Bonney
- Barry Melrose
- Baseball
- Belgium
- Ben Heppner
- Bengali calendar
- Bep van Klaveren
- Berber calendar
- Bernie Wagenblast
- Bertolt Brecht
- Bill Maher
- Billy Bishop
- Björn Borg
- Bo Derek
- Bob Barker
- Bob Burns (comedian)
- Bob Saget
- Bob Speller
- Bobby Fischer
- Boris Miljković
- Boris Trajkovski
- Boxing
- Brian Andreas
- Brigitte Bardot
- British Rail
- Broadway theatre
- Bronwyn Pike
- Brooklyn
- Brooklyn Dodgers
- Bruce Greenwood
- Bryan Cranston
- Buck Showalter
- Buddhism
- Buddhist calendar
- Business oligarch
- Byzantine calendar
- Béla Lugosi
- Béla Réthy
- Capital punishment
- Carl Perkins
- Carlo Urbani
- Carousel (film)
- Carrie Fisher
- Category 1956
- Category 1956 awards
- Category 1956 births
- Category 1956 deaths
- Category 1956 in law
- Category 1956 works
- Catherine Ashton
- Catherine Hickland
- CBS
- Charles Grapewin
- Charles MacArthur
- Charlie Crist
- Charlie Peacock
- Che Guevara
- Chen Kenichi
- Chew Valley Lake
- Chicago
- Chickenfoot
- China
- Chinese calendar
- Cho Chikun
- Chris Foreman
- Chris Isaak
- Christoph Waltz
- Cinemascope
- Cinemascope 55
- Clergy
- Clifford Brown
- Clifton Daniel
- Coal
- Congressmen
- Coptic calendar
- Corfu (city)
- Cortina d'Ampezzo
- Cricket
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Dale Jarrett
- Dalit
- Dan Patrick
- Dana Delany
- Danny Boyle
- David Browning
- David Caruso
- David E. Kelley
- David Grant (singer)
- David Guterson
- David McDowell Brown
- David Saul Marshall
- David Sedaris
- David Shimoni
- Davie Cooper
- De-Stalinization
- Dean Martin
- Death penalty
- Debbie Morgan
- Deborah Kerr
- December 10
- December 11
- December 12
- December 13
- December 14
- December 16
- December 17
- December 18
- December 19
- December 2
- December 23
- December 26
- December 28
- December 29
- December 30
- December 31
- December 4
- December 5
- December 6
- December 7
- December 9
- Dell Henderson
- Delta Burke
- Desegregate
- Desmond Haynes
- Deval Patrick
- Diamond Dallas Page
- Didier Lockwood
- Dilip Vengsarkar
- Diplomacy
- Dobro
- Don Larsen
- Donald Duart Maclean
- Doris Day
- Dorothy Hamill
- Douglas DC-7
- Drama film
- Duncan Faure
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- Dwight Yoakam
- East Pakistan
- Eastbourne
- Ecuador
- Ed McCully
- Eddie Acuff
- Eduardo Rodríguez
- Egypt
- Eindhoven
- Elizabeth II
- Elpidio Quirino
- Elsie Janis
- Elvis Presley
- Enele Sopoaga
- Equestrianism
- Eric Laakso
- Erich Kleiber
- Ernst Robert Curtius
- Espionage
- Ethiopian calendar
- Evelin Jahl
- Fanny Durack
- February 1
- February 10
- February 11
- February 13
- February 14
- February 15
- February 16
- February 18
- February 19
- February 2
- February 20
- February 22
- February 23
- February 24
- February 25
- February 26
- February 29
- February 3
- February 4
- February 6
- February 8
- Fidel Castro
- Finland
- Flora Eldershaw
- Floyd Patterson
- Fog
- France
- Francis L. Sullivan
- Frank Beaurepaire
- Fred Allen
- Fred MacAulay
- Fred Ottman
- Frederick Soddy
- Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Gary Cole
- Gasherbrum II
- Geena Davis
- General Electric
- George Burley
- George Howard (jazz)
- George Metesky
- Gerry Cooney
- Giovanni Papini
- Gordon Elliott
- Gordon MacRae
- Gottfried Benn
- Grace Kelly
- Grand Canyon
- Granma (yacht)
- Great Britain
- Greece
- Greg Panos
- Greg Phillinganes
- Gregorian calendar
- Guido Cantelli
- Gustav Suits
- Gustave Charpentier
- Guy Burgess
- Guy Kibbee
- H. L. Mencken
- Habib Bourguiba
- Hannah Mitchell
- Hard disk drive
- Harold Bride
- Harry F. Sinclair
- Heartbreak Hotel
- Heavyweight
- Hebrew calendar
- Heiner Dopp
- Henry Stephenson
- Hindu calendar
- Holiday
- Holmes Herbert
- Holocene calendar
- Hound Dog (song)
- House of Lords
- House of Mecklenburg
- Hugo Ballin
- Hungary
- Huntley Gordon
- Hussein Ahmed Salah
- Ian Curtis
- IBM
- Imelda Staunton
- In God We Trust
- Independence
- India
- Indonesia
- Influenza pandemic
- Ingemar Stenmark
- Inglourious Basterds
- Ingrid Kristiansen
- Ingvar Ambjørnsen
- International city
- Iranian calendar
- Irlene Mandrell
- Irène Joliot-Curie
- Isham Jones
- Islamic calendar
- Islamic republic
- Israel
- Italy
- Jack Givens
- Jackson Pollock
- Jackée Harry
- James Cousins
- James Stewart
- Jamie Hyneman
- Jan Jakub Kolski
- Jan Peter Balkenende
- January 1
- January 10
- January 12
- January 13
- January 14
- January 16
- January 17
- January 18
- January 20
- January 21
- January 24
- January 25
- January 26
- January 27
- January 29
- January 3
- January 31
- January 5
- January 7
- January 8
- January 9
- Japan
- Japanese calendar
- Jaq D. Hawkins
- Jean Hersholt
- Jean Lapierre
- Jean-Pierre Thiollet
- Jerry Hall
- Jerry Lee Lewis
- Jerry Lewis
- Jim Elliot
- Jim Laker
- Jim Moginie
- Jim Neidhart
- Jimmy Barnes
- Jimmy Nicholl
- Joan Allen
- Joe Giard
- Joe Montana
- Joe Satriani
- Johan van der Velde
- John Bardeen
- John Bodkin Adams
- John Culberson
- John James (actor)
- John Lydon
- John Osborne
- John T. Raulston
- Johnny Cash
- Johnny Fingers
- Johnny Owen
- Jon Walmsley
- Joseph Stalin
- Joseph Wirth
- Josip Broz Tito
- José Manuel Barroso
- Joy Division
- Juan Ramón Jiménez
- Judith Butler
- Juho Kusti Paasikivi
- Julian calendar
- July 1
- July 10
- July 11
- July 12
- July 14
- July 15
- July 16
- July 18
- July 19
- July 2
- July 20
- July 24
- July 25
- July 26
- July 3
- July 30
- July 31
- July 5
- July 7
- July 8
- July 9
- June 1
- June 10
- June 11
- June 13
- June 14
- June 15
- June 17
- June 18
- June 2
- June 20
- June 22
- June 23
- June 25
- June 26
- June 27
- June 28
- June 29
- June 3
- June 30
- June 4
- June 5
- June 6
- June 8
- June 9
- Kali Yuga
- Karnataka
- Katherine MacDonald
- Kathleen Beller
- Kathleen Howard
- Katipunan
- Keisuke Kuwata
- Kelly Ward
- Kelly Willard
- Kenneth Eriksson
- Kenny G
- Kerala
- Kerry Chikarovski
- Kim Cattrall
- Kimberly Beck
- King Diamond
- Kirk Thornton
- Klaus Allofs
- Konstantin Päts
- Koo Stark
- Korean calendar
- Kostas Karamanlis
- Krystian Zimerman
- Kōji Yakusho
- La Toya Jackson
- Lani Brockman
- Larry Bird
- Lars von Trier
- Laurence Olivier
- Lee Jung Seob
- Lee Ranaldo
- Leo Laporte
- Leslie Cheung
- Lhotse
- Linda Hamilton
- Lionel Crabb
- Lisa Niemi
- Lise-Marie Morerod
- List of centuries
- List of decades
- List of years
- London
- Look Back in Anger
- Lorenzo Perosi
- Lotte Herrlich
- Louis Bromfield
- Louis Calhern
- Lounès Matoub
- Lucy Gutteridge
- Lugano
- Lynde D. McCormick
- Lyonel Feininger
- Lys Assia
- Madness (band)
- Mae Jemison
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
- Majida El Roumi
- Makarios III
- Manaslu
- March 1
- March 11
- March 12
- March 13
- March 14
- March 15
- March 16
- March 17
- March 18
- March 19
- March 2
- March 20
- March 21
- March 23
- March 24
- March 25
- March 28
- March 30
- March 31
- March 5
- March 7
- March 9
- Marcinelle
- Marco Paolini
- Margaret Truman
- Margaret Wycherly
- Marie Doro
- Marilyn Monroe
- Marion Leonard
- Mark Mangino
- Mark Morris
- Mark R. Hughes
- Martin Jol
- Martina Navratilova
- Mary Martin
- Masami Akita
- Masashi Tashiro
- Maureen McCormick
- Maurice Tate
- Max Beerbohm
- May 1
- May 10
- May 12
- May 13
- May 15
- May 17
- May 18
- May 2
- May 20
- May 23
- May 24
- May 25
- May 26
- May 28
- May 29
- May 3
- May 31
- May 4
- May 6
- May 7
- May 8
- May 9
- Mayor
- Mel Gibson
- Mel Harris
- Melbourne
- Melody Thomas Scott
- Merzbow
- Mexico
- Michael Biehn
- Michele Alboreto
- Mike Kitchen
- Miladin Šobić
- Milburn G. Apt
- Millennium
- Milovan Đilas
- Mimi Rogers
- Minamata disease
- Minguo calendar
- Mining
- Missionary
- Mistinguett
- Mohsen Badawi
- Mongolia
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Motto
- MS Athena
- MVP
- My Fair Lady
- MythBusters
- Nate Saint
- Nathan Lane
- NBC
- NBC-TV
- Netherlands
- New York City
- New York Yankees
- Nicanor Duarte
- Nigel Kennedy
- Nikita Khrushchev
- Nikolay Semenov
- Nikolay Sidorov
- Nina Hamnett
- Nobel Peace Prize
- Noel Brotherston
- Noel Mugavin
- Noise Music
- Norma Jean Mortenson
- Norman Kerry
- November 1
- November 10
- November 13
- November 14
- November 15
- November 17
- November 18
- November 19
- November 20
- November 22
- November 23
- November 24
- November 26
- November 27
- November 28
- November 29
- November 3
- November 30
- November 4
- November 5
- November 6
- November 7
- November 8
- October 1
- October 10
- October 11
- October 12
- October 14
- October 15
- October 16
- October 17
- October 18
- October 19
- October 2
- October 20
- October 21
- October 22
- October 23
- October 25
- October 26
- October 27
- October 28
- October 29
- October 31
- October 4
- October 8
- October 9
- Oklahoma (film)
- Olympic Games
- Operation Auca
- Ordination
- Pakistan
- Palestine
- Paolo Rossi
- Pat Finn
- Pat McGeown
- Patricia Cornwell
- Patricia Kalember
- Paul Kelly (actor)
- Paul Molitor
- Paul Rostock
- Paul Stojanovich
- Paula Zahn
- Peaches Browning
- Perfect game
- Pete Fleming
- Peter R. de Vries
- Petrol
- Phillip D. Bissett
- Phillip Longman
- Pierre Mendès France
- Pietro Badoglio
- Pio Valenzuela
- Pipe bomb
- Pitcher
- Pittsburgh
- Playwright
- Poland
- Porkkala
- Portsmouth
- Possum Bourne
- Poznań 1956 protests
- President
- President of Bolivia
- President of Estonia
- Prime minister
- Producers' Showcase
- Protectorate
- Quadruplex videotape
- Racial segregation
- Ralph DePalma
- Ralph Morgan
- Randy Jackson
- Randy Rhoads
- Rationing
- Ray Combs
- Ray Wilkins
- Red Army
- Regnal year
- Reinhold Glière
- Republic of China
- Reynold B. Johnson
- Richard Curtis
- Richard S. Edwards
- Rick Ducommun
- Ricky Rudd
- Risto Ryti
- Rita Wilson
- Rob Paulsen
- Robert Newton
- Robin Curtis
- Rocky Marciano
- Roderick MacKinnon
- Roger Vadim
- Roger Youderian
- Roman numerals
- Ron White
- Ronald Winans
- Ronan Bennett
- Rose Heilbron
- Rotterdam
- Royal Air Force
- Royal Court Theatre
- Ruth Draper
- Sam Langford
- Samuel Gottesman
- Sandi Patty
- Santiago de Cuba
- Sayuri Yamauchi
- Sebastian Coe
- Sebastian Spreng
- Sela Ward
- September 1
- September 10
- September 11
- September 12
- September 13
- September 14
- September 15
- September 16
- September 17
- September 2
- September 20
- September 21
- September 22
- September 23
- September 24
- September 25
- September 26
- September 27
- September 29
- September 3
- September 30
- September 6
- September 9
- Sergei Beloglazov
- Sexagenary cycle
- Seychelles
- Shahla Sherkat
- Shane Gould
- Shawn Colvin
- Sheila Kaye-Smith
- Shelagh Rogers
- Sheryl Lee Ralph
- Shirley Jones
- Shōwa period
- Sinai Peninsula
- Singapore
- Sonic Youth
- South Pole
- Southern Manifesto
- Soviet Armed Forces
- Soviet Union
- Spain
- Spain under Franco
- Sri Sri Ravi Shankar
- SS Andrea Doria
- St. Nicholas Arena
- Stepfanie Kramer
- Stephanie Zimbalist
- Steve Ballmer
- Steve Green (singer)
- Steven Miller
- Stockholm
- Submarine
- Sudan
- Sue Barker
- Suez Canal
- Suez Crisis
- Sugar Ray Leonard
- Sun Studios
- Susan Ershler
- Susan Solomon
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Sydney Silverman
- Tangier
- Tangier Protocol
- Teena Marie
- Test cricket
- Thai solar calendar
- The Aldridge Sisters
- The Birdcage
- The Boomtown Rats
- The Ed Sullivan Show
- The King and I
- The Terminator
- Theodore Kosloff
- This Is Tomorrow
- Thomas Gradin
- Tim Daly
- To Tell the Truth
- Todd-AO
- Tom Burlinson
- Tom Hanks
- Tommy Dorsey
- Tony Kushner
- Toronto
- Toshihiko Seko
- Trans World Airlines
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Tuxpan, Veracruz
- U.S.
- Udo Bullmann
- Ulrike Meyfarth
- Underwater diving
- UNESCO
- United Airlines
- United Kingdom
- United Nations
- United States
- United States Navy
- Ursula Plassnik
- Victor Young
- Videotape
- Vikram Samvat
- Vladimir Kulich
- Vladimir Lisin
- Vladimír Godár
- Vladislav Listyev
- Vyacheslav Molotov
- Walter de la Mare
- Walter Gieseking
- Walter Woon
- Waodani
- Warren Moon
- Warsaw Pact
- Werner Forssmann
- West Germany
- Wilhelm Miklas
- William Fichtner
- William Shakespeare
- William Shockley
- Win Lyovarin
- World Series
- Yasuo Tanaka
- Yegor Gaidar
- Yiannis Kouros
- Yogi Berra
- Yoshiaki Yatsu
- Yugoslavia
- Yul Brynner
- Zoltan Halmay
-
Algeria
http://wn.com/Algeria -
Ankara
Ankara (Traditional English: Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2008 the city had a population of 4,500,000. Ankara also serves as the capital of Ankara Province.
http://wn.com/Ankara -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Bangladesh
http://wn.com/Bangladesh -
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium -
Broadway theatre
Broadway theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 40 large professional theatres with 500 seats or more located in the Theatre District, New York and in Lincoln Center, in Manhattan, New York City.Although theater is the preferred spelling in the U.S.A. (see further at American and British English Spelling Differences), the majority of venues, performers, and trade groups for live dramatic presentations use the spelling theatre. Along with London's West End theatre, Broadway theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.
http://wn.com/Broadway_theatre -
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough with approximately 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area.
http://wn.com/Brooklyn -
Charles Grapewin
http://wn.com/Charles_Grapewin -
Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
http://wn.com/Chicago -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba -
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Eastbourne
Eastbourne (say East-born) () is a large town and borough of East Sussex, on the south coast of England, with an estimated population of 97,992 as of 2009. The area has seen human activity since the Stone Age and it remained one of small settlements until the 19th century when its four hamlets gradually merged to form a town. Assisted by the arrival of the railway in 1849, Eastbourne became a prime Victorian seaside resort and still is today.
http://wn.com/Eastbourne -
Ecuador
http://wn.com/Ecuador -
Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt -
Eindhoven
Eindhoven () is a municipality and a city located in the province of North Brabant in the south of the Netherlands, originally at the confluence of the Dommel and Gender streams. The Gender was dammed off short of the city centre in the 1950s, but the Dommel still runs through the city.
http://wn.com/Eindhoven -
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Granma (yacht)
{|
http://wn.com/Granma_(yacht) -
Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
http://wn.com/Great_Britain -
Greece
http://wn.com/Greece -
House of Lords
The House of Lords (commonly referred to as "the Lords" and also known as House of Peers for ceremonial purposes) is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. Parliament comprises the Sovereign, the House of Commons (which is the lower house of Parliament and referred to as "the Commons"), and the Lords. The House of Lords, like the House of Commons, assembles in the Palace of Westminster.
http://wn.com/House_of_Lords -
Hungary
http://wn.com/Hungary -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
http://wn.com/Indonesia -
International city
For the commercial node point city of the recent era, see global city.
http://wn.com/International_city -
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Karnataka
Karnataka (, pronounced ) is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973.
http://wn.com/Karnataka -
Kerala
Kerala (Malayalam: , {{audio|Ml-Kerala.ogg|) is a state in India. It is located on the south-western region of the country. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act bringing together the areas where Malayalam was the dominant language.
http://wn.com/Kerala -
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London -
Marcinelle
Marcinelle is a Walloon town in the Belgian province of Hainaut, it is currently a municipality within the Charleroi borders. Until 1977, the town was a municipality of its own.
http://wn.com/Marcinelle -
Melbourne
http://wn.com/Melbourne -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Mongolia
Mongolia (; ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
http://wn.com/Mongolia -
Montenegro
http://wn.com/Montenegro -
Morocco
http://wn.com/Morocco -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
http://wn.com/Nobel_Peace_Prize -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh () is the second-largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley, and nationally, it anchors the 22nd largest urban area in the United States. The estimated population of the city in 2009 was 311,647, while the seven-county metropolitan area was estimated at 2,354,957. Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core and 6th in job density. The characteristic shape of Pittsburgh's central business district is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, where the Ohio River forms. The city features 151 high-rise buildings, 446 bridges, two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "The City of Bridges" and "The Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base.
http://wn.com/Pittsburgh -
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland -
Porkkala
:For other meanings of this and similar names, see Porkkala (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Porkkala -
Portsmouth
Portsmouth () is a city located in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is the United Kingdom's only island city, being mainly located on Portsea Island. The City of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club are both nicknamed Pompey. As a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth is home to the world's oldest dry dock still in use and also home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior and Lord Nelson's flagship HMS Victory. Although smaller than in its heyday, the naval base remains a major dockyard and base for the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Commandos whose Headquarters resides there. There is also a thriving commercial ferryport serving destinations on the continent for freight and passenger traffic. The nickname Pompey is thought to have derived from shipping entering Portsmouth harbour making an entry in their logs as Pom. P. in reference to Portsmouth Point. Navigational charts also use this abbreviation.
http://wn.com/Portsmouth -
Poznań 1956 protests
http://wn.com/Poznań_1956_protests -
Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_China -
Rotterdam
Rotterdam (; Dutch ) is a city and municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland, situated in the west of the Netherlands. The municipality is the second largest in the country, with a population of 603,425 as of March 2010.
http://wn.com/Rotterdam -
Santiago de Cuba
Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba, some east south-east of the Cuban capital of Havana.
http://wn.com/Santiago_de_Cuba -
Seychelles
Seychelles ( ; French: ), officially the Republic of Seychelles (; Creole: Repiblik Sesel), is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar.
http://wn.com/Seychelles -
Sinai Peninsula
http://wn.com/Sinai_Peninsula -
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Spain under Franco
http://wn.com/Spain_under_Franco -
SS Andrea Doria
{|
http://wn.com/SS_Andrea_Doria -
St. Nicholas Arena
http://wn.com/St_Nicholas_Arena -
Stockholm
http://wn.com/Stockholm -
Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
http://wn.com/Sudan -
Suez Canal
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, north of the half-way point.
http://wn.com/Suez_Canal -
Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
http://wn.com/Switzerland -
Tangier
http://wn.com/Tangier -
Toronto
http://wn.com/Toronto -
Tunisia
http://wn.com/Tunisia -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
Tuxpan, Veracruz
http://wn.com/Tuxpan_Veracruz -
U.S.
http://wn.com/US -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
West Germany
West Germany () is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG () in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period, during which Germany and Berlin were divided, ended when communist East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the eleven states of the Federal Republic of Germany. The enlarged Federal Republic of Germany with sixteen states (known simply as "Germany") is thus the continuation of the pre-1990 Federal Republic of Germany, and not its successor.
http://wn.com/West_Germany -
Yugoslavia
http://wn.com/Yugoslavia
-
A. A. Milne
Alan Alexander Milne () (18 January 1882 –31 January 1956) was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various children's poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work.
http://wn.com/A_A_Milne -
Adam Arkin
Adam Arkin (born August 19, 1956) is an American television, film and stage actor and director. He played the role of Aaron Shutt on Chicago Hope. He is also one of the three actors to portray Dale "The Whale" Biederbeck on Monk. he starred in the NBC drama Life. In 2009 he portrayed villain Ethan Zobelle a white separatist gang leader on the FX original series Sons of Anarchy. He is the son of Oscar winning actor Alan Arkin.
http://wn.com/Adam_Arkin -
Adlai Stevenson II
http://wn.com/Adlai_Stevenson_II -
Adnan Oktar
Adnan Oktar (born Ankara, February 2, 1956), also known by his pen name, Harun Yahya, is a Turkish proponent of Islamic creationism, anti-Zionism,, Pan-Islamism and, more particularly, supports Old Earth creationism.
http://wn.com/Adnan_Oktar -
Aileen Wuornos
http://wn.com/Aileen_Wuornos -
Al Simmons
Aloysius Harry Simmons (May 22, 1902 - May 26, 1956), born Aloisius Szymanski[http://www.baseball-reference.com/bpv/images/4/4d/AlSimmons8yrsold.jpg][http://www.geocities.com/godot_lives/simmonscensus1920] in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, was an American player in Major League Baseball for two decades. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953.
http://wn.com/Al_Simmons -
Alben W. Barkley
Alben William Barkley (November 24, 1877 – April 30, 1956) was an American politician who served as the 35th Vice President of the United States from 1949 to 1953 under President Harry S. Truman.
http://wn.com/Alben_W_Barkley -
Albert Woolson
Albert Henry Woolson (February 11, 1850? – August 2, 1956), was the last surviving member of the Union Army, which fought in the American Civil War. He was also the last surviving Civil War veteran on either side whose status is currently undisputed. (At least three men who followed him in death claimed to be Confederate veterans, but their status as Civil War veterans is in dispute.)
http://wn.com/Albert_Woolson -
Alfred Hitchcock
Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English filmmaker and producer. He pioneered many techniques in the suspense and psychological thriller genres. After a successful career in his native United Kingdom in both silent films and early talkies, Hitchcock moved to Hollywood. In 1956 he became an American citizen while remaining a British subject.
http://wn.com/Alfred_Hitchcock -
Alfred Kinsey
Alfred Charles Kinsey (June 23, 1894 – August 25, 1956) was an American biologist and professor of entomology and zoology, who in 1947 founded the Institute for sex research at Indiana University, now known as the Kinsey Reports, Kinsey scale and Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction. Kinsey's research on human sexuality, foundational to the modern field of sexology, provoked controversy in the 1940s and 1950s. His work has profoundly influenced social and cultural values in the United States and many other countries.
http://wn.com/Alfred_Kinsey -
Allen Ginsberg
http://wn.com/Allen_Ginsberg -
Amanda Burton
Amanda Burton (born 10 October 1956) is a British actress best known for her high-profile television roles as Sam Ryan in the BBC crime drama series Silent Witness, Clare Blake in The Commander, Beth Glover in Peak Practice, and Heather in the Channel 4 soap opera Brookside.
http://wn.com/Amanda_Burton -
Ana Alicia
Ana Alicia (born December 12, 1956) is (maybe) a Mexican-born American actress known for her role as scheming heiress Melissa Agretti on the long-running primetime soap opera Falcon Crest.
http://wn.com/Ana_Alicia -
Andreas Floer
http://wn.com/Andreas_Floer -
Andy García
http://wn.com/Andy_García -
Andy Goldsworthy
Andy Goldsworthy, OBE (born 26 July 1956) is a British sculptor, photographer and environmentalist living in Scotland who produces site-specific sculpture and land art situated in natural and urban settings. His art involves the use of natural and found objects, to create both temporary and permanent sculptures which draw out the character of their environment.
http://wn.com/Andy_Goldsworthy -
Angelo Fusco
Angelo Fusco (b. 2 September 1956 in Belfast, Northern Ireland) is a former volunteer in the Belfast Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) who escaped during his 1981 trial for killing a Special Air Service (SAS) officer in 1980.
http://wn.com/Angelo_Fusco -
Anne Crawford
Anne Crawford (22 November 1920, Haifa - 17 October 1956, London), born Imelda Crawford, was a British film actress, in films such as Millions Like Us. She married James Hartley in 1939, and died in 1956 of leukemia, aged only 35.
http://wn.com/Anne_Crawford -
Art Tatum
http://wn.com/Art_Tatum -
Arthur Miller
Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright and essayist. He was a prominent figure in American theatre, writing dramas that include award-winning plays such as All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, and The Crucible.
http://wn.com/Arthur_Miller -
Austin Osman Spare
http://wn.com/Austin_Osman_Spare -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Avi Cohen
Avraham "Avi" Cohen (born 14 November 1956 in Cairo, Egypt) is a former Israeli footballer who played in defence. He is best known for his spell playing for Liverpool in England. He is currently chairman of the Israel Professional Footballers Association.
http://wn.com/Avi_Cohen -
B. R. Ambedkar
http://wn.com/B_R_Ambedkar -
Babe Zaharias
MedalCountry | the
http://wn.com/Babe_Zaharias -
Barbara Bonney
Barbara Bonney (born April 14, 1956) is an American soprano.
http://wn.com/Barbara_Bonney -
Ben Heppner
Ben Heppner, CC (born January 14, 1956) is a Canadian tenor, specializing in opera and other classical works for voice.
http://wn.com/Ben_Heppner -
Bep van Klaveren
Lambertus "Bep" van Klaveren (September 26, 1907 – February 12, 1992) was a Dutch boxer, who won the gold medal in the featherweight division at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Born in Rotterdam as Lambertus Steenhorst, he adopted the name of his stepfather Pieter van Klaveren when he was eight. His nickname was The Dutch Windmill.
http://wn.com/Bep_van_Klaveren -
Bernie Wagenblast
Bernhard Robert Wagenblast (born September 1, 1956 in Elizabeth, New Jersey) is the founder and editor of the Transportation Communications Newsletter (ISSN number 1529-1057), an e-mail publication with over 7,000 subscribers as of January 2008 which is distributed via Yahoo Groups and Google Groups Monday through Friday. The newsletter originated as a discussion group in June 1998, evolving into its current format shortly thereafter. It is currently the top Yahoo Group in the transportation category, based on group membership numbers. He is also the editor for of the AASHTO Daily Transportation Update, published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
http://wn.com/Bernie_Wagenblast -
Bertolt Brecht
http://wn.com/Bertolt_Brecht -
Bill Maher
William "Bill" Maher, Jr. (; born January 20, 1956) is an American stand-up comedian, television host, social critic, political commentator, author, and actor. Before his current role as the host of HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher, Maher hosted a similar late-night talk show called Politically Incorrect originally on Comedy Central and later on ABC.
http://wn.com/Bill_Maher -
Billy Bishop
Air Marshal William Avery "Billy" Bishop VC, CB, DSO & Bar, MC, DFC, ED (8 February 1894 – 11 September 1956) was a Canadian First World War flying ace, officially credited with 72 victories, making him the top Canadian ace, and according to some sources, the top ace of the British Empire.
http://wn.com/Billy_Bishop -
Björn Borg
http://wn.com/Björn_Borg -
Bo Derek
Bo Derek (born November 20, 1956) is an American film actress and model.
http://wn.com/Bo_Derek -
Bob Barker
Robert William "Bob" Barker (born December 12, 1923) is an American former television game show host. He is best known for hosting CBS's The Price Is Right from 1972 to 2007, making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history, and for hosting Truth or Consequences from 1956 to 1975. After holding the "Price is Right" job for 35 years and being in television for 50 years, Barker retired in June 2007.
http://wn.com/Bob_Barker -
Bob Burns (comedian)
http://wn.com/Bob_Burns_(comedian) -
Bob Saget
Robert Lane "Bob" Saget (born May 17, 1956) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and television host. Although he is best known for his past roles in the family-oriented shows Full House and ''America's Funniest Home Videos'', Saget is known outside of television for his starkly blue stand-up routine.
http://wn.com/Bob_Saget -
Bob Speller
Robert "Bob" Speller, PC (born February 29, 1956) is a former Canadian politician.
http://wn.com/Bob_Speller -
Boris Miljković
http://wn.com/Boris_Miljković -
Boris Trajkovski
http://wn.com/Boris_Trajkovski -
Brian Andreas
Brian Andreas (born 1956 in Iowa City, Iowa) is an American writer, painter, sculptor and publisher. Most notable of his works are the StoryPeople objects he makes using salvaged wood from old homesteads. These mixed-media works include a short story that focuses on a moment or a memory, and the deliberately crude shapes display bright yet soothing colors and shadowy amorphous faces to go along with the simple, declarative language of the prose. This style eventually led to a wide-ranging array of works, from the publication of nine books, to the production of brightly painted furniture hand-stamped with short stories. The diversity of his interests led to the 1994 foundation of his StoryPeople company.
http://wn.com/Brian_Andreas -
Brigitte Bardot
Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot (, ; born 28 September 1934) is a French animal rights activist and a former fashion model, actress and singer.
http://wn.com/Brigitte_Bardot -
Bruce Greenwood
Bruce Greenwood (born August 12, 1956) is a Canadian actor. He is generally known for his roles as the President of the United States in Thirteen Days and and for his role as Captain Christopher Pike in the 2009 Star Trek film.
http://wn.com/Bruce_Greenwood -
Bryan Cranston
Bryan Lee Cranston (born March 7, 1956) is an American actor, voice actor, writer and director. He is perhaps best known for his role as Walter White in the AMC drama series Breaking Bad, for which he has won three consecutive Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Emmy Awards. He previously became well known to audiences for his role as Hal, the father in the Fox situation comedy Malcolm in the Middle. Other notable roles include Dr. Tim Whatley on Seinfeld, Doug Heffernan's neighbor in the The King of Queens, Astronaut Buzz Aldrin in From the Earth to the Moon, and Ted Mosby's boss on How I Met Your Mother.
http://wn.com/Bryan_Cranston -
Buddhism
http://wn.com/Buddhism -
Béla Lugosi
http://wn.com/Béla_Lugosi -
Béla Réthy
http://wn.com/Béla_Réthy -
Carl Perkins
Carl Lee Perkins (April 9, 1932 – January 19, 1998) was an American rockabilly musician who recorded most notably at Sun Records Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, beginning during 1954. His best known song is "Blue Suede Shoes".
http://wn.com/Carl_Perkins -
Carlo Urbani
http://wn.com/Carlo_Urbani -
Carrie Fisher
Carrie Frances Fisher (born October 21, 1956) is an American novelist, screenwriter and actress. She is most famous for her portrayal of Princess Leia in the original Star Wars trilogy, her bestselling novel Postcards from the Edge, and her autobiography Wishful Drinking.
http://wn.com/Carrie_Fisher -
Catherine Ashton
Catherine Margaret Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland, PC (born 20 March 1956) is a British Labour politician who has been the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union (EU) since 1 December 2009 when the post was created. She is also the First-Vice-President of the European Commission (since February 2010). She prefers to be known as Cathy Ashton.
http://wn.com/Catherine_Ashton -
Catherine Hickland
Catherine Hickland (born February 11, 1956) is a singer and an actress best known for roles in soap operas broadcast in the United States, most notably as the character of Lindsay Rappaport on ABC's One Life to Live, a character which she has portrayed since 1998.
http://wn.com/Catherine_Hickland -
Charles Grapewin
http://wn.com/Charles_Grapewin -
Charles MacArthur
http://wn.com/Charles_MacArthur -
Charlie Crist
Charles Joseph "Charlie" Crist Jr. (; born July 24, 1956) is an American politician who is the forty-fourth and current Governor of Florida. Prior to his election as governor, Crist previously served as Florida State Senator, Education Commissioner, and Attorney General. He was elected governor in 2006 with 52.4 percent of the vote (against opponent Jim Davis), and took office the following year.
http://wn.com/Charlie_Crist -
Charlie Peacock
Charlie Peacock (born Charles William Ashworth, August 10, 1956) is an American singer-songwriter, pianist, record producer, session musician, author, and advocate for social justice. He is often noted as a unique musical and lyrical voice, intelligent, innovative, and difficult to categorize. His resume includes touring artist, much-recorded songwriter, record producer, record company president, seminary student, jazz pianist, and Sr. A&R; consultant to mega-music publisher, Sony/ATV.
http://wn.com/Charlie_Peacock -
Che Guevara
http://wn.com/Che_Guevara -
Chen Kenichi
, whose name is often romanized Chin Kenichi in Japanese sources, is a Han Chinese chef best known for his role as the Iron Chef Chinese on the television series Iron Chef. He wears a yellow outfit and rises into Kitchen Stadium holding a cleaver in his hand. He is the only Iron Chef to have held his position throughout the life of the show. He was born in Japan to ethnic Han Chinese parents of Japanese nationality and his formal name is .
http://wn.com/Chen_Kenichi -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Cho Chikun
Cho Chihun 25th Honinbo Honorary Meijin Judan (born June 20, 1956 in Busan, South Korea) is a professional Go player. His total title tally of 71 titles is the most in the history of the Japanese Nihon Ki-in. Cho is the only player to hold the top three titles—Kisei, Meijin, and Honinbo—simultaneously which he did for 3 years in a row. Cho has also won all of the "Top 7" titles in Japan, the first one to do so in history; Kisei, Meijin, Honinbo, Judan, Tengen, Oza, and Gosei.
http://wn.com/Cho_Chikun -
Chris Foreman
Chris Foreman (born Christopher John Foreman, 8 August 1956, London), nicknamed Chrissy Boy, is an English guitarist, best known as a member of a second wave ska band, Madness.
http://wn.com/Chris_Foreman -
Chris Isaak
Christopher Joseph "Chris" Isaak (born June 26, 1956) is an American rock musician and occasional actor.
http://wn.com/Chris_Isaak -
Christoph Waltz
Christoph Waltz (; born 4 October 1956) is an Austrian and German actor. He has received international acclaim for his portrayal of SS Colonel Hans Landa in the 2009 film Inglourious Basterds, for which he won the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival in 2009 and the Best Supporting Actor at the 82nd Academy Awards in 2010.
http://wn.com/Christoph_Waltz -
Clifford Brown
Clifford Brown (October 30, 1930 – June 26, 1956), aka "Brownie," was an influential and highly rated American jazz trumpeter. He died aged 25, leaving behind only four years' worth of recordings. Nonetheless, he had a considerable influence on later jazz trumpet players, including Donald Byrd, Lee Morgan, Booker Little, Freddie Hubbard, Valery Ponomarev, and Wynton Marsalis.
http://wn.com/Clifford_Brown -
Clifton Daniel
Elbert Clifton Daniel Jr. (September 19, 1912-February 20, 2000) was managing editor of the New York Times. Before assuming the top editorial job at the paper, he served as the paper's London and Moscow bureau chief.
http://wn.com/Clifton_Daniel -
Dale Jarrett
Dale Arnold Jarrett (born November 26, 1956) is a former American race car driver and current sports commentator known for his 1999 NASCAR Winston Cup Championship win. He is the son of two-time NASCAR Grand National Champion Ned Jarrett, younger brother of Glenn Jarrett, a former NASCAR driver himself and pit commentator, father of former Busch Series racer Jason Jarrett and cousin of Todd Jarrett. Beginning in 2007, Jarrett joined the ESPN/ABC broadcasting team as an announcer in select Busch Series (now Nationwide Series) races. In 2008, after retiring from driving in racing events following the 2008 Food City 500, Jarrett joined ESPN permanently as the lead racing analyst replacing Rusty Wallace. Jarrett was born in Newton, North Carolina.
http://wn.com/Dale_Jarrett -
Dan Patrick
Daniel Patrick Pugh (born May 15, 1956), professionally known as Dan Patrick, is an American sportscaster, radio personality, and actor from Mason, Ohio. He currently hosts The Dan Patrick Show which is broadcast on radio on Premiere Radio Networks, and on television on The 101 Network, co-hosts NBC's Football Night in America, and serves as a senior writer for Sports Illustrated. He previously worked (and is perhaps best known) for ESPN for 17 years, where he often anchored the weeknight and Sunday 11 PM edition of SportsCenter. He attended the University of Dayton in Dayton, Ohio. His brother, Bill Pugh, is a longtime sports radio executive, and is currently the head of programming at Clear Channel San Diego.
http://wn.com/Dan_Patrick -
Dana Delany
http://wn.com/Dana_Delany -
Danny Boyle
Danny Boyle (born 20 October 1956) is an English filmmaker and producer. He is best known for his work on films such as Shallow Grave, Trainspotting, 28 Days Later, A Life Less Ordinary, The Beach, Sunshine and Slumdog Millionaire. For the latter Boyle won numerous awards in 2008, including the Academy Award for Best Director. Boyle was presented with the Extraordinary Contribution to Filmmaking Award at the 2008 Austin Film Festival, where he also introduced that year's AFF Audience Award Winner Slumdog Millionaire. On the 17th June 2010, it was announced that he will be the artistic director for the 2012 Olympic games opening ceremony.
http://wn.com/Danny_Boyle -
David Browning
http://wn.com/David_Browning -
David Caruso
David Stephen Caruso (born January 7, 1956) is an American film and television actor and producer, best known for his role of Lieutenant Horatio Caine on the TV series . Aside from that the role that gained him initial significant recognition was the role of Det. John Kelly on the initially controversial ABC Crime drama NYPD Blue.
http://wn.com/David_Caruso -
David E. Kelley
David Edward Kelley (born April 4, 1956) is an American screenwriter and television producer, best known as the creator of Picket Fences, Chicago Hope, The Practice, Ally McBeal, Boston Public and Boston Legal, as well as several films. Kelley's body of work has become famous for including whimsical, often surrealistic comedic touches, interlaced with moments of pathos.
http://wn.com/David_E_Kelley -
David Grant (singer)
David Grant (born 8 August 1956, Hackney, London) is an English pop singer and celebrity vocal coach.
http://wn.com/David_Grant_(singer) -
David Guterson
David Guterson ( ; born May 4, 1956) is an American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, and essayist.
http://wn.com/David_Guterson -
David Saul Marshall
http://wn.com/David_Saul_Marshall -
David Sedaris
David Sedaris (born December 26, 1956) is a Grammy Award-nominated American humorist, writer, comedian, bestselling author, and radio contributor.
http://wn.com/David_Sedaris -
David Shimoni
http://wn.com/David_Shimoni -
Davie Cooper
David "Davie" Cooper (25 February 1956 – 23 March 1995) was a professional football player. He was a Scotland international and played as a left winger.
http://wn.com/Davie_Cooper -
Dean Martin
Dean Martin (June 7, 1917 – December 25, 1995) was an American singer, film actor and comedian. Martin's hit singles included "Memories Are Made of This", "That's Amore", "Everybody Loves Somebody", "Mambo Italiano", "Sway", "Volare" and posthumous smash "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?". Nicknamed the "King of Cool", he was one of the members of the "Rat Pack" and a major star in four areas of show business: concert stage/night clubs, recordings, motion pictures, and television.
http://wn.com/Dean_Martin -
Debbie Morgan
http://wn.com/Debbie_Morgan -
Deborah Kerr
Deborah Kerr, CBE (30 September 192116 October 2007) was a Scottish stage, television and film actress. She won the Sarah Siddons Award for her Chicago performance as Laura Reynolds in Tea and Sympathy, a role which she originated on Broadway, a Golden Globe Award for the motion picture, The King and I, and she was also the recipient of honorary Academy, BAFTA and Cannes Film Festival awards.
http://wn.com/Deborah_Kerr -
Dell Henderson
George Delbert Henderson (5 July 1883 - 2 December 1956) was a Canadian actor, director and writer in films from the early silent days.
http://wn.com/Dell_Henderson -
Desmond Haynes
Desmond Leo Haynes (born February 15, 1956 in Barbados) is a West Indian cricketer and cricket coach. He was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1991. Haynes formed a formidable partnership with Gordon Greenidge for the West Indies cricket teamin Test cricket during 1980s. Between them they managed 16 century stands, four in excess of 200. The pair made 6482 runs while batting together in partnerships, the highest total for a batting partnership in Test cricket history. Haynes favoured a more measured approach to batting. He compiled 7487 runs in 116 Test matches at an average of 42.29, his highest Test innings coming against England in 1984 with 184 off 395 balls. He is one of the few Test batsman to have been dismissed handled the ball, falling in this fashion against India on March 3 1978.
http://wn.com/Desmond_Haynes -
Diamond Dallas Page
:For the 1930s cricketer, see Dallas Page (cricketer)
http://wn.com/Diamond_Dallas_Page -
Didier Lockwood
Didier Lockwood (born 11 February 1956) is a French jazz violinist. He played in the progressive rock/jazz fusion band Magma in the 1970s and is known for his use of electric amplification and experimentation on different sounds on the electric violin.
http://wn.com/Didier_Lockwood -
Dilip Vengsarkar
Dilip Balwant Vengsarkar (born 6 April 1956 in Rajapur, Maharashtra) is an Indian cricketer and cricket administrator. He was one of the most stylish batsmen of his time, known as one of the foremost exponents of the drive. He was also known by the nickname 'Colonel'.
http://wn.com/Dilip_Vengsarkar -
Don Larsen
Donald James Larsen (born August 7, 1929 in Michigan City, Indiana) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for 14 seasons. Larsen is best known for pitching a perfect game in the 1956 World Series, the only no-hitter or perfect game in World Series history.Don Larsen was discussed on the top ten show on IsraelSportsRadio.com on October 14, 11 am EST.
http://wn.com/Don_Larsen -
Donald Duart Maclean
http://wn.com/Donald_Duart_Maclean -
Doris Day
Doris Day (born April 3, 1922) is an American actress and singer, and has been an outspoken animal rights activist since her retirement from show business. Day's entertainment career began in her late teens as a big band singer. In 1945 she had her first hit recording , "Sentimental Journey", and, in 1948, appeared in her first film, Romance on the High Seas. During her entertainment career, she has appeared in thirty-nine films, recorded more than six-hundred-fifty songs, received an Academy Award nomination, won a Golden Globe and a Grammy Award, and, in 1989, received the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in motion pictures.
http://wn.com/Doris_Day -
Dorothy Hamill
Dorothy Stuart Hamill (born July 26, 1956) is an American figure skater. She is the 1976 Olympic champion.
http://wn.com/Dorothy_Hamill -
Duncan Faure
Duncan Faure (b. December 16, 1956, Pretoria, South Africa) is a singer/songwriter and musician.
http://wn.com/Duncan_Faure -
Dwight D. Eisenhower
http://wn.com/Dwight_D_Eisenhower -
Ed McCully
__NOTOC__
http://wn.com/Ed_McCully -
Eddie Acuff
http://wn.com/Eddie_Acuff -
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_II -
Elpidio Quirino
http://wn.com/Elpidio_Quirino -
Elsie Janis
http://wn.com/Elsie_Janis -
Elvis Presley
http://wn.com/Elvis_Presley -
Ernst Robert Curtius
Ernst Robert Curtius (April 14, 1886 – April 19, 1956) was a German literary scholar, a philologist and Romance language literary critic.
http://wn.com/Ernst_Robert_Curtius -
Evelin Jahl
http://wn.com/Evelin_Jahl -
Fanny Durack
Swimmer|
http://wn.com/Fanny_Durack -
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban politician. One of the primary leaders of the Cuban Revolution, Castro served as the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then as the President of the Council of State of Cuba and the President of Council of Ministers of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He currently serves as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, a position he has held since 1965.
http://wn.com/Fidel_Castro -
Flora Eldershaw
Flora Sydney Patricia Eldershaw (16 March 1897 - 20 September 1956) was an Australian novelist, critic and historian. With Marjorie Barnard she formed the writing collaboration known as M. Barnard Eldershaw. She was also a teacher and later a public servant.
http://wn.com/Flora_Eldershaw -
Francis L. Sullivan
Francis Loftus Sullivan (6 January 1903, Wandsworth, London - 19 November 1956, New York City) was an English film and stage actor. He attended Stonyhurst, the Jesuit public school in Lancashire, England whose alumni include Charles Laughton and Arthur Conan Doyle.
http://wn.com/Francis_L_Sullivan -
Frank Beaurepaire
MedalCountry |
http://wn.com/Frank_Beaurepaire -
Fred Allen
http://wn.com/Fred_Allen -
Fred MacAulay
Frederick "Fred" MacAulay (born 29 December 1956, Perth, Scotland) is a Scottish comedian. He presents a daily BBC Scotland radio programme, and has appeared on numerous TV shows.
http://wn.com/Fred_MacAulay -
Fred Ottman
Fred Ottman (born August 10, 1956 in Norfolk, Virginia) is a retired American professional wrestler best known as Tugboat or Typhoon and teaming with John "Earthquake" Tenta as The Natural Disasters in the World Wrestling Federation. Ottman is also well-known for his infamous "Shockmaster" gimmick in World Championship Wrestling.
http://wn.com/Fred_Ottman -
Frederick Soddy
Frederick Soddy (2 September 1877 – 22 September 1956) was an English radiochemist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions. He also proved the existence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1921, and has a crater named for him on the far side of the Moon.
http://wn.com/Frederick_Soddy -
Gamal Abdel Nasser
:''This is an Arabic patronymic name; the family name is Abdel Nasser, taken from his father's given name.''
http://wn.com/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser -
Gary Cole
Gary Michael Cole (born September 20, 1956) is an American actor. Cole is known for his supporting roles in the television series Entourage, Fatal Vision, The West Wing, Desperate Housewives, Midnight Caller, American Gothic, ''I'll Be Home for Christmas, Kim Possible, Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, Wanted and Crusade, and the films The Brady Bunch Movie, Office Space, From the Earth to the Moon, Kiss the Sky, I Spy'', ', ', and Pineapple Express. He has also appeared in television movies such as Those She Left Behind. He also had a small cameo appearance in To Live and Die in L.A., has appeared as George Armstrong Custer in the TV movie Son of the Morning Star, and has guest starred on the TV shows Family Guy, Chuck, and Monk.
http://wn.com/Gary_Cole -
Geena Davis
Virginia Elizabeth "Geena" Davis (born January 21, 1956) is an American actress, film producer, writer, former fashion model, and a women's Olympics archery team semi-finalist.
http://wn.com/Geena_Davis -
George Burley
http://wn.com/George_Burley -
George Howard (jazz)
George Howard (September 15, 1956 – March 20, 1998) was a Jazz-Funk/ Fusion /Smooth Jazz soprano saxophonist.
http://wn.com/George_Howard_(jazz) -
George Metesky
George P. Metesky (November 2, 1903 – May 23, 1994), better known as the Mad Bomber, terrorized New York City for 16 years in the 1940s and 1950s with explosives that he planted in theaters, terminals, libraries and offices. Bombs were left in phone booths, storage lockers and restrooms in public buildings, including Grand Central Terminal, Pennsylvania Station, Radio City Music Hall, the New York Public Library, the Port Authority Bus Terminal and the RCA Building, as well as in the New York City Subway. Perhaps most notably, Metesky bombed movie theaters, where he cut into seat upholstery and slipped his explosive devices inside.
http://wn.com/George_Metesky -
Gerry Cooney
Gerry Cooney (born August 4, 1956) is a retired professional boxer from Huntington, New York best known for his loss to Larry Holmes in one of the most celebrated boxing matches in history.
http://wn.com/Gerry_Cooney -
Gordon Elliott
Gordon Elliott (born September 30, 1956) is an Australian reporter and producer, best known for his work on the syndicated 90's TV talk show program The Gordon Elliott Show.
http://wn.com/Gordon_Elliott -
Gordon MacRae
http://wn.com/Gordon_MacRae -
Gottfried Benn
Gottfried Benn (2 May 1886 Putlitz, Brandenburg – 7 July 1956 West Berlin) was a German essayist, novelist, and expressionist poet. A doctor of medicine, he became an early admirer, and later a critic, of the National Socialist revolution. Benn had a literary influence on German verse immediately before and after Nazi Germany.
http://wn.com/Gottfried_Benn -
Grace Kelly
http://wn.com/Grace_Kelly -
Greg Panos
Gregory Peter Panos (born 24 September 1956) in Bronxville, New York is an American writer, futurist, educator, strategic planning consultant, conference / event producer, and technology evangelist in virtual reality, human simulation, motion capture, performance animation, 3D character animation, human-computer interaction and user experience design.
http://wn.com/Greg_Panos -
Greg Phillinganes
Greg Phillinganes(born Gregory Arthur Phillinganes on May 12, 1956 in Detroit,Michigan) is an active session keyboardist in Los Angeles, California. He is a graduate of Cass Technical High School, Detroit Michigan.
http://wn.com/Greg_Phillinganes -
Guido Cantelli
http://wn.com/Guido_Cantelli -
Gustav Suits
Gustav Suits (30 November 1883 - 23 May 1956) is considered one of the greatest Estonian poets. He was also an early leader of the literary movement group Noor-Eesti (Young Estonia).
http://wn.com/Gustav_Suits -
Gustave Charpentier
Gustave Charpentier, born in Dieuze, Moselle on 25 June 1860, died Paris, 18 February 1956) was a French composer, best known for his opera Louise.
http://wn.com/Gustave_Charpentier -
Guy Kibbee
http://wn.com/Guy_Kibbee -
H. L. Mencken
Henry Louis "H. L." Mencken (September 12, 1880 – January 29, 1956), was an American journalist, essayist, magazine editor, satirist, acerbic critic of American life and culture, and a student of American English. Mencken, known as the "Sage of Baltimore", is regarded as one of the most influential American writers and prose stylists of the first half of the 20th century.
http://wn.com/H_L_Mencken -
Habib Bourguiba
http://wn.com/Habib_Bourguiba -
Hannah Mitchell
http://wn.com/Hannah_Mitchell -
Harold Bride
http://wn.com/Harold_Bride -
Heiner Dopp
http://wn.com/Heiner_Dopp -
Henry Stephenson
:See also Henry Kenyon Stephenson for the British politicians and business owners.
http://wn.com/Henry_Stephenson -
Holmes Herbert
Holmes Herbert (30 July 1882 – 26 December 1956) was an English character actor who appeared in Hollywood films from 1915 to 1952.
http://wn.com/Holmes_Herbert -
Hugo Ballin
http://wn.com/Hugo_Ballin -
Huntley Gordon
Huntley Gordon (October 8, 1887 - December 7, 1956) was an actor born in Montreal, Quebec.
http://wn.com/Huntley_Gordon -
Hussein Ahmed Salah
Hussein Ahmed Salah (, born December 31, 1956 in Xarrirad, Awdal Region) is a former long-distance runner from Djibouti, best known for winning a bronze medal in marathon at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He also won silver medals in this event at the 1987 and 1991 World Championships. In addition, he won the 1985 IAAF World Marathon Cup.
http://wn.com/Hussein_Ahmed_Salah -
Ian Curtis
http://wn.com/Ian_Curtis -
Imelda Staunton
Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton, OBE (born 9 January 1956) is an English actress. She is best known for her performances in the British comedy television series Up the Garden Path and the films Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix as Professor Dolores Jane Umbridge and Vera Drake. She drew widespread critical acclaim as Vera Drake, earning her a Best Actress Oscar nomination and a number of wins including the BAFTA and Venice Film Festival Awards for best actress in a leading role.
http://wn.com/Imelda_Staunton -
Ingemar Stenmark
http://wn.com/Ingemar_Stenmark -
Ingrid Kristiansen
http://wn.com/Ingrid_Kristiansen -
Ingvar Ambjørnsen
http://wn.com/Ingvar_Ambjørnsen -
Irlene Mandrell
Ellen Irlene Mandrell (born January 29, 1956) is an American musician, actress and model. She is the younger sister of country singers Barbara Mandrell and Louise Mandrell.
http://wn.com/Irlene_Mandrell -
Irène Joliot-Curie
http://wn.com/Irène_Joliot-Curie -
Isham Jones
Isham Jones (January 31, 1894 – October 19, 1956) was a United States bandleader, saxophonist, bassist and songwriter.
http://wn.com/Isham_Jones -
Jack Givens
Jack "Goose" Givens (born September 21, 1956 in Lexington, Kentucky) is a retired American collegiate and professional basketball player. Givens led the University of Kentucky to the 1978 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship and was named that year's Final Four Most Outstanding Player due in most part to his 41-point performance in Kentucky's 94-88 victory over Duke University in the championship game. He was a 6'5" (1.96 m), 205 lb (93 kg) forward.
http://wn.com/Jack_Givens -
Jackson Pollock
Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. During his lifetime, Pollock enjoyed considerable fame and notoriety. He was regarded as a mostly reclusive artist. He had a volatile personality, sometimes struggling with alcoholism. In 1945, he married the artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on his career and on his legacy.
http://wn.com/Jackson_Pollock -
Jackée Harry
http://wn.com/Jackée_Harry -
James Cousins
http://wn.com/James_Cousins -
James Stewart
http://wn.com/James_Stewart -
Jamie Hyneman
James Franklin "Jamie" Hyneman (born September 25, 1956) is an American special effects expert, best known for being the co-host of the television series MythBusters. He is also the owner of M5 Industries, the special effects workshop where MythBusters is filmed. He is known among Robot Wars devotees for his robot entry, Blendo, which, for a time, was deemed too dangerous for entry in the competition. He is one of the designers of the aerial robotic camera system Wavecam, used in sports and entertainment events. On May 16, 2010, he delivered the commencement address and received a Doctorate of Engineering, honoris causa, from Villanova University.
http://wn.com/Jamie_Hyneman -
Jan Jakub Kolski
http://wn.com/Jan_Jakub_Kolski -
Jan Peter Balkenende
Jan Pieter "Jan Peter" Balkenende () (born 7 May 1956) is a Dutch politician of the party Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He was the Prime Minister of the Netherlands and has been since 22 July 2002, leading four coalition governments so far, cabinets Balkenende I, II, III and IV, none of which served a full 4-year term. On 9 June 2010, Balkenende resigned his position as party leader of the CDA as well as his seat in the newly-elected parliament, taking political responsibility for the CDA's disappointing election results in the Dutch general election in June, 2010. He's currently the caretaker Prime Minister of the Netherlands pending the outcome of the 2010 Dutch cabinet formation.
http://wn.com/Jan_Peter_Balkenende -
Jaq D. Hawkins
Jaq D. Hawkins, also known as Denise Channing, is an occultist, author, and lecturer on chaos magic, born in California who currently lives in the United Kingdom. She has also written under the pseudonym Mark Chao.
http://wn.com/Jaq_D_Hawkins -
Jean Hersholt
http://wn.com/Jean_Hersholt -
Jean Lapierre
Jean-Charles Lapierre, PC (b. May 7, 1956) is a Canadian television broadcaster and a former federal politician.
http://wn.com/Jean_Lapierre -
Jean-Pierre Thiollet
Jean-Pierre Thiollet (born December 9, 1956 in Poitiers) is a French writer and journalist. He usually lives in Paris and is the author of numerous books.
http://wn.com/Jean-Pierre_Thiollet -
Jerry Hall
Jerry Faye Hall (born July 2, 1956) is an American model and actress, also known for her long-term relationship with Mick Jagger, with whom she had four children.
http://wn.com/Jerry_Hall -
Jerry Lee Lewis
Jerry Lee Lewis (born September 29, 1935) is an American rock and roll and country music singer and pianist. An early pioneer of rock and roll music, his career faltered after Lewis married his young cousin, and he afterwards made a transition to country music.
http://wn.com/Jerry_Lee_Lewis -
Jerry Lewis
Jerry Lewis (born Jerome Levitch, March 16, 1926) is an American comedian, actor, film producer, writer, film director and singer. He is best-known for his slapstick humor in stage, radio, screen, recording and television. He was originally paired up with Dean Martin in 1946, forming the comedy team of Martin and Lewis. In addition to the team's popular nightclub work, they starred in a successful series of comedy films for Paramount Pictures. As an innovative filmmaker, Lewis is credited with inventing the video assist system in cinematography. Lewis is also known for his charity fund-raising telethons and position as national chairman for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA).
http://wn.com/Jerry_Lewis -
Jim Elliot
Philip James Elliot (October 8, 1927 – January 8, 1956) was an evangelical Christian missionary to Ecuador who, along with four others, was killed while attempting to evangelize the Waodani people through efforts known as Operation Auca.
http://wn.com/Jim_Elliot -
Jim Laker
James "Jim" Charles Laker (9 February 1922 – 23 April 1986) was a cricketer who played for England in the 1950s, known for "Laker's match" in 1956 at Old Trafford, when he took nineteen wickets in England's victory against Australia. He played 46 Test matches between 1948 and 1959, taking 193 wickets with a bowling average of 21.24; in all first-class matches he took 1,944 wickets at 18.41.
http://wn.com/Jim_Laker -
Jim Moginie
Jim Moginie (born 18 May 1956 in Sydney as James Moginie) is an Australian musician. He is best known for his work with Midnight Oil, of which he was a founding member, guitarist, keyboardist and leading songwriter. Moginie has two children, Samuel Moginie (22) and Alice Moginie (20).
http://wn.com/Jim_Moginie -
Jim Neidhart
James Henry "Jim" Neidhart (born February 8, 1955) is an American professional wrestler, best known for his appearances in the 1980s and 1990s in the World Wrestling Federation as Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart, and is the father of WWE Diva Natalya. Among other accolades, he is a two-time WWF Tag Team Champion with Bret Hart as part of the original Hart Foundation.
http://wn.com/Jim_Neidhart -
Jimmy Barnes
James Dixon Swan (born 28 April 1956), better known as Jimmy Barnes, is a Scottish-born Australian rock singer-songwriter. His father Jim Swan was a prizefighter and his older brother John Swan is also a rock singer. It was actually John who had encouraged and taught Jim how to sing as he wasn't really interested at the time. His career as both a solo performer and as the lead vocalist with the rock band Cold Chisel has made him one of the most popular and best-selling Australian music artists of all time. The combination of 14 Australian Top 40 albums for Cold Chisel and 13 charting solo albums, including nine No. 1s, gives Barnes the highest number of hit albums of any Australian artist.
http://wn.com/Jimmy_Barnes -
Joan Allen
Joan Allen (born August 20, 1956) is an American actress. She worked in theatre, television and film during her early career, and achieved recognition for her Broadway debut in Burn This, winning a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in 1989.
http://wn.com/Joan_Allen -
Joe Giard
Joseph Oscar Giard (October 7, 1898 - July 10, 1956) was an American major league baseball player.
http://wn.com/Joe_Giard -
Joe Montana
For the actor with a similarly pronounced name, see Joe Mantegna.
http://wn.com/Joe_Montana -
Joe Satriani
Joseph "Joe" Satriani (born July 15, 1956 in Westbury, New York) is an Italian American multi-instrumentalist, known primarily for his work as an instrumental rock guitarist, with multiple Grammy Award nominations. Early in his career, Satriani worked as a guitar instructor, and some of his former students have achieved fame with their guitar skills (Steve Vai, Larry LaLonde, Kirk Hammett, Andy Timmons, Charlie Hunter, Kevin Cadogan, Alex Skolnick). Satriani has been a driving force in the music credited to other musicians throughout his career, as a founder of the ever-changing touring trio, G3, as well as performing in various positions with other musicians.
http://wn.com/Joe_Satriani -
Johan van der Velde
Johan van der Velde (born December 12, 1956 in Rijsbergen, Noord-Brabant) is a former Dutch cyclist. In the 1980 Tour de France he won the Maillot blanc, or white jersey, for being the best young rider under 25, also placing 12th overall that year. He had been a racing cyclist for only a year. In the 1981 Tour de France he took first place on the second and 21st stages, finishing 12th overall for the second year. He rode with TI-Raleigh in the Tour de France from 1979 to 1983, and Panasonic in 1986.
http://wn.com/Johan_van_der_Velde -
John Bardeen
http://wn.com/John_Bardeen -
John Bodkin Adams
John Bodkin Adams (21 January 1899 – 4 July 1983) was an Irish-born British general practitioner, convicted fraudster and suspected serial killer. Between the years 1946-1956, more than 160 of his patients died under suspicious circumstances. Of these 132 left him money or items in their will. He was tried and acquitted for the murder of one patient in 1957. Another count of murder was withdrawn by the prosecution in what was later described as "an abuse of process" by the presiding judge Patrick Devlin, causing questions to be asked in Parliament about the prosecution's handling of events. The trial featured in headlines around the world and was described at the time as "one of the greatest murder trials of all time" and "murder trial of the century". It was also described at the time as "unique" because, in the words of the judge, "the act of murder" had "to be proved by expert evidence."
http://wn.com/John_Bodkin_Adams -
John Culberson
John Abney Culberson (born August 24, 1956), American politician, is a Republican congressman from Texas, representing that state's 7th congressional district ([http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/tx07_109.gif map]) in the U.S. House of Representatives since 2001. The district takes in large portions of western Houston and surrounding Harris County.
http://wn.com/John_Culberson -
John James (actor)
John James Anderson was born on April 18, 1956 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and is an American actor, best known to television audiences for playing the character of Jeff Colby in both the prime-time soap opera Dynasty and its spin-off series The Colbys throughout the 1980s.
http://wn.com/John_James_(actor) -
John Lydon
John Joseph Lydon (born 31 January 1956), also known by the former stage name Johnny Rotten, is a singer-songwriter and television presenter, best known as the lead singer of punk band the Sex Pistols from 1975 until 1978, and again for various revivals during the 1990s and 2000s. He is also well known as the lead singer of the post-punk band Public Image Ltd., which he founded and fronted from 1978 until 1993, and again in 2009-2010. A highly controversial figure, Lydon has vocalised his contempt for the British Royal Family as well as other contentious issues such as segregated education. Q Magazine remarked that "somehow he's assumed the status of national treasure."
http://wn.com/John_Lydon -
John T. Raulston
http://wn.com/John_T_Raulston -
Johnny Cash
http://wn.com/Johnny_Cash -
Johnny Owen
http://wn.com/Johnny_Owen -
Jon Walmsley
Jon Walmsley (born February 6, 1956 in Blackburn, Lancashire, England) is an actor best known for his role of "Jason Walton" in the series The Waltons. He has played many other roles in a career going back to 1966, although most people would probably be hard pressed to think of him as anyone other than Jason Walton. Since The Waltons ended he has concentrated on his musical and production careers rather than his acting career, although he has appeared in all of the "reunion" movies.
http://wn.com/Jon_Walmsley -
Joseph Stalin
http://wn.com/Joseph_Stalin -
Joseph Wirth
Karl Joseph Wirth, known as Joseph Wirth, (6 September 1879 Freiburg im Breisgau – 3 January 1956 Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German politician of the Catholic Centre Party who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1921 to 1922. Along with his foreign minister, Walther Rathenau, Wirth set out to follow a policy of "fulfillment" with respect to Germany's reparations in order to show that Germany was incapable of payment.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Wirth -
Josip Broz Tito
http://wn.com/Josip_Broz_Tito -
José Manuel Barroso
http://wn.com/José_Manuel_Barroso -
Juan Ramón Jiménez
http://wn.com/Juan_Ramón_Jiménez -
Judith Butler
Judith Butler (born 24 February 1956) is an American post-structuralist philosopher, who has contributed to the fields of feminism, queer theory, political philosophy, and ethics. She is currently the Maxine Elliott professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature departments at the University of California, Berkeley.
http://wn.com/Judith_Butler -
Katherine MacDonald
Katherine Agnew MacDonald (December 14, 1891–June 4, 1956) was an American actress and film producer. She was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
http://wn.com/Katherine_MacDonald -
Kathleen Beller
Kathleen Beller (born February 19, 1956, in Westchester, New York) is an actress. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actress in a Supporting Role for her role in Promises in the Dark (1979).
http://wn.com/Kathleen_Beller -
Kathleen Howard
Kathleen Howard (July 27, 1884 - April 15, 1956) was a Canadian-born opera singer (mezzo-soprano), magazine editor and US film character actress from the mid-1930s through the 1940s. She spent her childhood in Buffalo, NY and is buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery there.
http://wn.com/Kathleen_Howard -
Keisuke Kuwata
has gained fame as a Japanese multi-instrumentalist, singer-songwriter, and frontman for the Southern All-Stars, as well as his own solo band, the Kuwata band. He has lent a significant amount of his time scoring music to film. He went to Aoyama Gakuin University.
http://wn.com/Keisuke_Kuwata -
Kelly Ward
Kelly Ward (born on November 17, 1956 in San Diego, California) is an American actor and voice director for TV animation. He is most famous for his role as T-Bird's Putzie in Grease.
http://wn.com/Kelly_Ward -
Kelly Willard
Kelly Willard (born in Winter Haven, Florida) is a Contemporary Christian Musician best known for her praise and worship recordings. She was featured as a soloist on projects from Integrity, Vineyard Music, and Maranatha! Music. In addition she sang duets and background vocals with artists like Twila Paris and Keith Green; and did nine solo projects.
http://wn.com/Kelly_Willard -
Kenneth Eriksson
http://wn.com/Kenneth_Eriksson -
Kim Cattrall
Kim Victoria Cattrall (, born 21 August 1956) is an English actress. She is known for her role as Samantha Jones in the HBO comedy/romance series Sex and the City, and for her leading roles in the 1980s films Police Academy, Big Trouble in Little China, and Mannequin.
http://wn.com/Kim_Cattrall -
Kimberly Beck
Kimberly Beck (born January 9, 1956; Glendale, California) is an American actress with over sixty television and film roles to her credit.
http://wn.com/Kimberly_Beck -
Kirk Thornton
Kirk Thornton (Born Sean Thornton on May 13, 1956 in Portland, Oregon) is an American voice actor.
http://wn.com/Kirk_Thornton -
Klaus Allofs
http://wn.com/Klaus_Allofs -
Konstantin Päts
http://wn.com/Konstantin_Päts -
Koo Stark
Kathleen Dee-Anne Stark, better known as Koo Stark (born 26 April 1956), is an American film actress and photographer. She is perhaps best known for her appearance in the film Emily and subsequent relationship with Prince Andrew, son of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, before his marriage to Sarah, Duchess of York.
http://wn.com/Koo_Stark -
Kostas Karamanlis
Konstantinos Alexandrou Karamanlis, known as Kostas Karamanlis (, ; born 14 September 1956) is a former Prime Minister of Greece and former president of the right-conservative New Democracy party, founded by his uncle Konstantinos Karamanlis. He served as Prime Minister for two consecutive terms, winning the 7 March 2004 parliamentary elections and the 16 September 2007 parliamentary elections. However, he asked for mid-term general elections to be held on 4 October 2009. The main reason for the mid-term election was the narrow majority his party enjoyed in Parliament that could not guarantee a stable government needed to handle the economic crisis and its repercussions. On 5 October 2009, Karamanlis conceded defeat in the Greek legislative election and resigned as president of the New Democracy party after 12 years as its leader, after an election victory for the opposition PASOK.
http://wn.com/Kostas_Karamanlis -
Krystian Zimerman
Krystian Zimerman (born December 5, 1956) is a Polish classical pianist who is widely regarded as one of the finest pianists alive.
http://wn.com/Krystian_Zimerman -
Kōji Yakusho
is a Japanese actor.
http://wn.com/Kōji_Yakusho -
La Toya Jackson
La Toya Yvonne Jackson (born May 29, 1956) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, author, television personality, actress, businesswoman, activist and former model . She is the fifth child of the Jackson family. She had a career as a singer throughout the 1980s and 1990s, and returned to music in 2004 with her Billboard charting songs "Just Wanna Dance" and "Free the World". A forthcoming album, ''Startin' Over'', has yet to be released.
http://wn.com/La_Toya_Jackson -
Lani Brockman
Lani Brockman (born on December 11, 1956 in Seattle) is an American theater actress and director. She is the founder and Artistic Director of Studio East.
http://wn.com/Lani_Brockman -
Larry Bird
Larry Joe Bird (born December 7, 1956) is a former American NBA basketball player and coach. Drafted into the NBA sixth overall by the Boston Celtics in 1978, Bird started at small forward and power forward for thirteen seasons, teaming with legendary center Robert Parish and forward Kevin McHale. Due to back problems, he retired as a player from the NBA in 1992. Bird was voted to the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1996 and inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1998.
http://wn.com/Larry_Bird -
Lars von Trier
Lars von Trier (; born Lars Trier; 30 April 1956) is a Danish film director and screenwriter. He is closely associated with the Dogme 95 collective, although his own films have taken a variety of different approaches. He is known for his female-centric parables and his exploration of controversial subject matter.
http://wn.com/Lars_von_Trier -
Laurence Olivier
http://wn.com/Laurence_Olivier -
Lee Ranaldo
Lee M. Ranaldo (born February 3, 1956) is an American singer, guitarist, writer, record producer, and visual artist, best known as a co-founder of the rock band Sonic Youth. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Ranaldo and Thurston Moore, of Sonic Youth, the 33rd and 34th Greatest Guitarists of All Time, respectively.
http://wn.com/Lee_Ranaldo -
Leo Laporte
http://wn.com/Leo_Laporte -
Leslie Cheung
http://wn.com/Leslie_Cheung -
Linda Hamilton
Linda Carroll Hamilton (born September 26, 1956) is an American actress best known for her portrayal of Sarah Connor in The Terminator and its sequel and Catherine Chandler in the television series Beauty and the Beast, for which she was nominated for two Golden Globes and an Emmy.
http://wn.com/Linda_Hamilton -
Lionel Crabb
Lionel "Buster" Crabb OBE, GM (28 January 1909 - presumed dead 19 April 1956) was a British Royal Navy frogman and MI6 diver who vanished during a reconnaissance mission around a Soviet cruiser in 1956.
http://wn.com/Lionel_Crabb -
Lisa Niemi
Lisa Niemi (born May 26, 1956) is a Finnish-American actress and dancer. She was married to actor, singer and dancer Patrick Swayze from 1975 until his death in 2009.
http://wn.com/Lisa_Niemi -
Lise-Marie Morerod
Lise-Marie Morerod (born 16 April 1956) is a Swiss former slalom skier. In 1977, she was women's overall season champion.
http://wn.com/Lise-Marie_Morerod -
Lorenzo Perosi
Monsignor Lorenzo Perosi (21 December 1872 - 12 October 1956) was an Italian composer of sacred music and the only member of the Giovane Scuola who did not write opera. In the late 1890s, while he was still only in his 20s, Perosi was an internationally celebrated composer of sacred music, especially large-scale oratorios. Nobel Prize winner Romain Rolland wrote: "It's not easy to give you an exact idea of how popular Lorenzo Perosi is in his native country." Perosi's fame was not restricted to Europe. A 19 March 1899 New York Times article entitled "The Genius of Don Perosi" began: "The great and ever-increasing success which has greeted the four new oratorios of Don Lorenzo Perosi has placed this young priest-composer on a pedestal of fame which can only be compared with that which has been accorded of late years to the idolized Pietro Mascagni by his fellow-countrymen." Gianandrea Gavazzeni made the same comparison: "The sudden clamors of applause, at the end of the [19th] century, were just like those a decade earlier for Mascagni." Perosi worked for five Popes, including Pope St. Pius X who greatly fostered his rise.
http://wn.com/Lorenzo_Perosi -
Lotte Herrlich
Lotte Herrlich (1883-1956) was a German photographer. She is regarded as the most important female photographer of the German naturism. This mainly was during the 1920s, in which the Freikorperkultur (Free Body Culture) was popular within Germany, before the Nazi Party assumed the power (1930s), promptly prohibiting it.
http://wn.com/Lotte_Herrlich -
Louis Bromfield
Louis Bromfield (December 27, 1896 – March 18, 1956) was an American author and conservationist who gained international recognition winning the Pulitzer Prize and pioneering innovative scientific farming concepts.
http://wn.com/Louis_Bromfield -
Louis Calhern
Louis Calhern (February 19, 1895 – May 12, 1956) was an American stage and screen actor.
http://wn.com/Louis_Calhern -
Lounès Matoub
http://wn.com/Lounès_Matoub -
Lucy Gutteridge
Lucy Karima Gutteridge (born 28 November 1956) is an English actress.
http://wn.com/Lucy_Gutteridge -
Lynde D. McCormick
Admiral Lynde Dupuy McCormick (August 12, 1895 – August 16, 1956) was a four-star admiral in the United States Navy who served as vice chief of naval operations from 1950 to 1951 and as commander in chief of the United States Atlantic Fleet from 1951 to 1954, and was the first supreme allied commander of all NATO forces in the Atlantic.
http://wn.com/Lynde_D_McCormick -
Lyonel Feininger
Lyonel Charles Feininger (July 17, 1871 January 13, 1956) was a German-American painter and caricaturist.
http://wn.com/Lyonel_Feininger -
Lys Assia
Lys Assia (born 3 March 1926, Rupperswil, Aargau, Switzerland) is a Swiss singer.
http://wn.com/Lys_Assia -
Mae Jemison
Mae Carol Jemison (born October 17, 1956) is an African American physician and NASA astronaut. She became the first African American woman to travel in space when she went into orbit aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour on September 12, 1992.
http://wn.com/Mae_Jemison -
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
http://wn.com/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad -
Majida El Roumi
http://wn.com/Majida_El_Roumi -
Makarios III
http://wn.com/Makarios_III -
Margaret Truman
http://wn.com/Margaret_Truman -
Margaret Wycherly
http://wn.com/Margaret_Wycherly -
Marie Doro
Marie Doro (May 25, 1882 – October 9, 1956) was an American stage and film actress of the early silent film era.
http://wn.com/Marie_Doro -
Marilyn Monroe
http://wn.com/Marilyn_Monroe -
Marion Leonard
http://wn.com/Marion_Leonard -
Mark Mangino
Mark Thomas Mangino (born August 26, 1956 in New Castle, Pennsylvania) is an American football coach. He was most recently the head coach of the Kansas Jayhawks college football team from 2002 to 2009. In 2007, Mangino received several National Coach of the Year honors after leading the Jayhawks to their first 12-win season in school history. Prior to coaching the Jayhawks, Mangino served assistant positions at Kansas State and Oklahoma. On December 3, 2009, after allegations of verbal and physical player abuse, Mangino and the Jayhawks agreed on a settlement in which he resigned from his position as head coach.
http://wn.com/Mark_Mangino -
Mark Morris
Mark William Morris (born 29 August 1956) is an American dancer, choreographer and director whose work is acclaimed for its craftsmanship, ingenuity, humor, and at times eclectic musical accompaniments. Morris is popular among dance aficionados, the music world, as well as mainstream audiences.
http://wn.com/Mark_Morris -
Mark R. Hughes
http://wn.com/Mark_R_Hughes -
Martin Jol
Maarten Cornelis "Martin" Jol (born 16 January 1956) is a Dutch football manager and former midfielder. Prior to joining Ajax he managed German club Hamburger SV and English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur. Jol played over 400 games during his career which included spells in the Netherlands, Germany, and England, as well as earning three caps with the Dutch national team.
http://wn.com/Martin_Jol -
Martina Navratilova
Martina Navratilova (born October 18, 1956) is a Czech American and former Czechoslovak tennis player and a former World No. 1. Billie Jean King said about Navratilova in 2006, "She's the greatest singles, doubles and mixed doubles player who's ever lived."
http://wn.com/Martina_Navratilova -
Mary Martin
http://wn.com/Mary_Martin -
Masami Akita
http://wn.com/Masami_Akita -
Masashi Tashiro
is a former Japanese television performer and the founding member of the band Rats & Star who was born on August 31, 1956 in Karatsu, Saga Prefecture, Japan. Tashiro was a tenor vocalist in the rock band Rats & Star, and later on made himself a name as a TV entertainer in Japan. He also directed a movie after his band broke up.
http://wn.com/Masashi_Tashiro -
Maureen McCormick
Maureen Denise McCormick (born August 5, 1956) is an American actress, celebrity and recording artist. She is most widely known as a child actor who played Marcia Brady in the television series The Brady Bunch from 1969 to 1974.
http://wn.com/Maureen_McCormick -
Maurice Tate
http://wn.com/Maurice_Tate -
Mel Gibson
Mel Colm-Cille Gerard Gibson, AO (born January 3, 1956) is an American actor, film director, producer and screenwriter. Born in Peekskill, New York, Gibson moved with his parents to Sydney when he was 12 years old and later studied acting at the Australian National Institute of Dramatic Art.
http://wn.com/Mel_Gibson -
Mel Harris
Mel Harris (Mary Ellen Harris) (born July 12, 1956, Bethlehem) - an American actress.
http://wn.com/Mel_Harris -
Melody Thomas Scott
Melody Thomas Scott (born April 18, 1956) is an American actress best known for playing Nikki Newman on the soap opera The Young and the Restless.
http://wn.com/Melody_Thomas_Scott -
Merzbow
is the main recording name of Japanese noise musician . Since 1979 he has released in excess of 350 recordings on numerous independent record labels.
http://wn.com/Merzbow -
Michael Biehn
Michael Connell Biehn (born July 31, 1956) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in James Cameron's science fiction action films The Terminator, Aliens, and The Abyss. He has also acted in other genres in such films as Tombstone, The Rock, and Planet Terror. On television, Biehn appeared in the cast of the Emmy Award-winning 1980s television series Hill Street Blues.
http://wn.com/Michael_Biehn -
Michele Alboreto
| style="float:right; background:transparent;"
http://wn.com/Michele_Alboreto -
Miladin Šobić
http://wn.com/Miladin_Šobić -
Milburn G. Apt
http://wn.com/Milburn_G_Apt -
Milovan Đilas
http://wn.com/Milovan_Đilas -
Mimi Rogers
Mimi Rogers (born January 27, 1956) is an American movie actress and competitive poker player.
http://wn.com/Mimi_Rogers -
Mistinguett
http://wn.com/Mistinguett -
Mohsen Badawi
Mohsen Badawi (Arabic: ; born November 10, 1956, in Cairo, Egypt) is an entrepreneur, political activist, and writer.
http://wn.com/Mohsen_Badawi -
Nate Saint
"Nate" Saint (August 30, 1923 – January 8, 1956) was an evangelical Christian missionary pilot to Ecuador who, along with four others, was killed while attempting to evangelize the Waodani people through efforts known as Operation Auca.
http://wn.com/Nate_Saint -
Nathan Lane
Nathan Lane is a two-time Tony and Emmy award-winning American actor of stage and screen. He is best known for his roles as Albert in The Birdcage, Max Bialystock in the musical The Producers, Ernie Smuntz in MouseHunt, Nathan Detroit in Guys and Dolls, Pseudolus in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, and his voice work in The Lion King and Stuart Little. In 2008, he was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.
http://wn.com/Nathan_Lane -
Nicanor Duarte
http://wn.com/Nicanor_Duarte -
Nigel Kennedy
Nigel Kennedy (born 28 December 1956) is an English violinist and violist.
http://wn.com/Nigel_Kennedy -
Nikita Khrushchev
http://wn.com/Nikita_Khrushchev -
Nikolay Semenov
http://wn.com/Nikolay_Semenov -
Nikolay Sidorov
Nikolay Aleksandrovich Sidorov (; born November 23, 1956) is a former Soviet track and field athlete where he won the soviet 100 metre championships on 2 occasions, he was then the winner of the gold medal in the 4x100 m relay at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
http://wn.com/Nikolay_Sidorov -
Noel Brotherston
Noel Brotherston (18 November 1956 – 6 May 1995) was a footballer.
http://wn.com/Noel_Brotherston -
Noel Mugavin
Noel Mugavin (born 28 June 1956 in Warrnambool) is a former Australian rules footballer who played his short but bright career with Fitzroy and Richmond in the VFL.
http://wn.com/Noel_Mugavin -
Norman Kerry
http://wn.com/Norman_Kerry -
Pat Finn
Patrick "Pat" Finn (born July 24, 1956) is the former host of several game shows. He is the owner of the production company Rubicon Entertainment.
http://wn.com/Pat_Finn -
Pat McGeown
Pat "Beag" McGeown (3 September 1956 – 1 October 1996) was a volunteer in the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) who took part in the 1981 Irish hunger strike.
http://wn.com/Pat_McGeown -
Patricia Kalember
Patricia Kathryn Kalember (born December 30, 1957) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Georgie on the NBC television show Sisters from 1991 to 1996. Before that, she portrayed Susannah on the popular 1980s television show Thirtysomething.
http://wn.com/Patricia_Kalember -
Paul Kelly (actor)
http://wn.com/Paul_Kelly_(actor) -
Paul Molitor
http://wn.com/Paul_Molitor -
Paul Rostock
Paul Rostock (January 18, 1892 - June 17, 1956) was a German official, surgeon, and university professor. He was Chief of the Office for Medical Science and Research (Amtschef der Dienststelle Medizinische Wissenschaft und Forschung) under Third Reich Commissioner Karl Brandt and a Full Professor, Medical Doctorate, Medical Superintendent of the University of Berlin Surgical Clinic.
http://wn.com/Paul_Rostock -
Paula Zahn
Paula Ann Zahn (born February 24, 1956) is an American journalist, newscaster, former news anchor on ABC News, CBS News, Fox News, and CNN. On July 24, 2007, she announced her resignation from CNN. The final broadcast of Paula Zahn Now aired August 2, 2007. In January 2009, Discovery Communications announced that Zahn had entered into a development deal for a newsmagazine series, On the Case with Paula Zahn. The series, which profiles real crime stories, premiered October 18, 2009 on the Investigation Discovery cable channel.
http://wn.com/Paula_Zahn -
Peaches Browning
http://wn.com/Peaches_Browning -
Pete Fleming
:''
http://wn.com/Pete_Fleming -
Peter R. de Vries
Peter Rudolf de Vries (born 14 November 1956 in Aalsmeer, North Holland) is a Dutch crime reporter. His television program covers high profile cases and set a Dutch television viewing record. In 2005, he started his own political party which was disbanded soon after.
http://wn.com/Peter_R_de_Vries -
Phillip D. Bissett
Phillip D. Bissett (born September 11, 1956), was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, District 30 in Anne Arundel County and is a former Republican candidate for Anne Arundel County Executive.
http://wn.com/Phillip_D_Bissett -
Phillip Longman
http://wn.com/Phillip_Longman -
Pierre Mendès France
http://wn.com/Pierre_Mendès_France -
Pietro Badoglio
http://wn.com/Pietro_Badoglio -
Pio Valenzuela
http://wn.com/Pio_Valenzuela -
Possum Bourne
Peter Raymond George "Possum" Bourne (April 13, 1956 - April 30, 2003) was a champion New Zealand rally car driver. He died under non-competitive circumstances while driving on a public road that was to be the track for an upcoming race.
http://wn.com/Possum_Bourne -
Ralph DePalma
Ralph DePalma (December 18, 1882 – March 31, 1956) was an Italian-American racecar driving champion, most notably winner of the 1915 Indianapolis 500. His entry at the International Motorsports Hall of Fame estimates that he won about 2000 races. DePalma won the 1908, 1909, 1910, and 1911 American AAA national dirt track championships and is credited with winning 24 American Champ car races. He won the Canadian national championship in 1929. DePalma estimated that he had earned $1.5 million by 1934 after racing for 27 years. He is inducted in numerous halls of fame. He competed on boards and dirt road courses and ovals.
http://wn.com/Ralph_DePalma -
Ralph Morgan
http://wn.com/Ralph_Morgan -
Randy Jackson
Randall Darius "Randy" Jackson (born June 23, 1956) is an American bassist, singer, record producer, music manager, A&R; executive and television personality. He is best known as a judge on American Idol and Executive Producer for MTV's ''America's Best Dance Crew''. Jackson has won a Grammy Award as a producer.
http://wn.com/Randy_Jackson -
Randy Rhoads
http://wn.com/Randy_Rhoads -
Ray Combs
Raymond Neil "Ray" Combs, Jr. (April 3, 1956 – June 2, 1996) was an American comedian, actor, and host of the game show Family Feud on CBS and in syndication from 1988 to 1994.
http://wn.com/Ray_Combs -
Ray Wilkins
Raymond Colin Wilkins MBE (born 14 September 1956 in Hillingdon, Middlesex), often known as "Butch" Wilkins, was an English football player and is now a coach and occasional television pundit. He is the brother of former Brighton & Hove Albion manager and player Dean Wilkins. He is currently the assistant manager of Chelsea.
http://wn.com/Ray_Wilkins -
Reynold B. Johnson
Reynold B. Johnson (July 16, 1906 - September 15, 1998) was an American inventor and computer pioneer. A long-time employee of IBM, Johnson is said to be the "father" of the disk drive. Other inventions include automatic test scoring equipment and the videocassette tape.
http://wn.com/Reynold_B_Johnson -
Richard Curtis
Richard Whalley Anthony Curtis, CBE (born 8 November 1958) is New Zealand-born British screenwriter, music producer, actor and film director, known primarily for romantic comedy films such as Four Weddings and a Funeral, ''Bridget Jones's Diary, Notting Hill, and Love Actually, as well as the hit sitcoms Blackadder, Mr. Bean and The Vicar of Dibley''. He is also the founder of the British charity Comic Relief.
http://wn.com/Richard_Curtis -
Richard S. Edwards
Admiral Richard Stanislaus Edwards (18 February 1885 – 2 June 1956) served in the United States Navy during World War I and World War II.
http://wn.com/Richard_S_Edwards -
Rick Ducommun
Richard "Rick" Ducommun (born July 3, 1956) is a Canadian actor and comedian, often seen in supporting roles on both television and the silver screen.
http://wn.com/Rick_Ducommun -
Rita Wilson
Rita Wilson (born October 26, 1956) is an American actress and producer.
http://wn.com/Rita_Wilson -
Rob Paulsen
Robert Fredrick Paulsen III (born March 11, 1956), sometimes credited as Rob Paulson, is an American voice actor, best known as the voice behind Raphael from the 1987 cartoon of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Yakko Warner and Dr. Otto Scratchansniff from Animaniacs, Pinky from Pinky and the Brain and Animaniacs, and Throttle from the 1990s and 2006 versions of Biker Mice From Mars. His role as Yakko won him a Daytime Emmy Award for male vocal performance; he won a second one for his portrayal of Pinky.
http://wn.com/Rob_Paulsen -
Robert Newton
http://wn.com/Robert_Newton -
Robin Curtis
Robin Curtis (born June 15, 1956) is an American actress, most notable for playing Vulcan Lieutenant Saavik in the Star Trek films.
http://wn.com/Robin_Curtis -
Rocky Marciano
http://wn.com/Rocky_Marciano -
Roderick MacKinnon
Roderick MacKinnon (born 19 February 1956) is a professor of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics at Rockefeller University who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Peter Agre in 2003 for his work on the structure and operation of ion channels.
http://wn.com/Roderick_MacKinnon -
Roger Vadim
http://wn.com/Roger_Vadim -
Roger Youderian
Roger Youderian (January 21, 1924 – January 8, 1956) was an Armenian-American evangelical Christian missionary to Ecuador who, along with four others, was killed while attempting to evangelize the Huaorani people through efforts known as Operation Auca.
http://wn.com/Roger_Youderian -
Ron White
http://wn.com/Ron_White -
Ronald Winans
http://wn.com/Ronald_Winans -
Ronan Bennett
Ronan Bennett (born 1956) is a Northern Irish novelist and screenwriter. He was raised in a devout Roman Catholic family headed by William H. and Geraldine Bennett at 420 Merville Garden Village in the Whitehouse area of Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland. Since its development in the late-1940s, Merville has always been proud of its mixed Roman Catholic/Protestant make up. Bennett attended the Christian Brothers Grammar School in West Belfast (generally known as St Mary's CBGS).
http://wn.com/Ronan_Bennett -
Ruth Draper
Ruth Draper (born December 2, 1884, New York City - died December 30, 1956, New York, New York) was an American actress and dramatist. She specialized in character-driven monologues and monodrama.
http://wn.com/Ruth_Draper -
Sam Langford
Sam Langford (March 4, 1883 - January 12, 1956) was a Black Canadian boxing standout of the early part of the 20th century. Called the "Greatest Fighter Nobody Knows," by ESPN. He was rated #2 by The Ring on their list of "100 greatest punchers of all time". Langford was originally from Weymouth Falls, a small community in Nova Scotia, Canada. He was known as the "Boston Bonecrusher", "Boston Terror" or by his most infamous nickname the "Boston Tar Baby," Langford stood only and weighed in his prime.
http://wn.com/Sam_Langford -
Samuel Gottesman
http://wn.com/Samuel_Gottesman -
Sandi Patty
Sandi Patty (born July 12, 1956 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma), known as "The Voice," is an American Contemporary Christian music singer.
http://wn.com/Sandi_Patty -
Sayuri Yamauchi
http://wn.com/Sayuri_Yamauchi -
Sebastian Coe
Sebastian Newbold Coe, Baron Coe, KBE (born 29 September 1956), often known by his nickname Seb Coe, is a former athlete and politician from the United Kingdom. A middle distance runner, Coe won four Olympic medals, including the 1500 m gold medal at the Olympic Games in 1980 and 1984, and set eight outdoor and three indoor world records in middle distance track events (and also participated in a world record relay). His rivalries with fellow Britons Steve Ovett and Steve Cram dominated middle-distance racing for much of the 1980s.
http://wn.com/Sebastian_Coe -
Sebastian Spreng
Sebastian Spreng (born April 6, 1956) is an Argentine-American visual artist and music journalist.
http://wn.com/Sebastian_Spreng -
Sela Ward
http://wn.com/Sela_Ward -
Sergei Beloglazov
MedalCountry|
http://wn.com/Sergei_Beloglazov -
Shahla Sherkat
Shahla Sherkat (Born March 30, 1956 Isfahan, Iran) is a journalist, prominent Persian feminist author, and one of the pioneers of Women's rights movement in Iran.
http://wn.com/Shahla_Sherkat -
Shane Gould
MedalCountry|
http://wn.com/Shane_Gould -
Shawn Colvin
Shawn Colvin (born January 10, 1956) is an American singer-songwriter and musician.
http://wn.com/Shawn_Colvin -
Sheila Kaye-Smith
http://wn.com/Sheila_Kaye-Smith -
Shelagh Rogers
Shelagh Rogers (born 1956) is a Canadian radio broadcaster. She is currently the host of CBC Radio One's The Next Chapter.
http://wn.com/Shelagh_Rogers -
Sheryl Lee Ralph
Sheryl Lee Ralph (born December 30, 1956 in Waterbury, Connecticut) is an American actress and singer.
http://wn.com/Sheryl_Lee_Ralph -
Sri Sri Ravi Shankar
http://wn.com/Sri_Sri_Ravi_Shankar -
Stepfanie Kramer
Stepfanie Kramer (born August 6, 1956) is an American actress, writer, and singer/songwriter. She is probably best known for her role as the tough-minded detective, "Sgt. Dee Dee McCall," on the NBC TV series Hunter." She has been nominated for an Emmy in Special Class Programming and won the Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress Award, honored by the First Americans in the Arts organization in 1995, 2002, and 2003. She was voted one of the most beautiful women in television in 1988, through a national TV Guide poll of viewers. Kramer has written and directed for television, and is also a singer.
http://wn.com/Stepfanie_Kramer -
Stephanie Zimbalist
Stephanie Zimbalist (born October 8, 1956) is an American actress best known for her role as Laura Holt on the NBC detective series Remington Steele.
http://wn.com/Stephanie_Zimbalist -
Steve Ballmer
Steven Anthony "Steve" Ballmer (born March 24, 1956) has been the chief executive officer of Microsoft Corporation since January 2000. , he is one of the richest people in the world with a personal wealth estimated at US$13.1 billion.
http://wn.com/Steve_Ballmer -
Steve Green (singer)
Steve Green (born August 1, 1956 in Portland, Oregon) is a Contemporary Christian music singer notable for his vocal range (tenor) and flexible solo style. Over his twenty-five year career, Green has been honored as a four-time Grammy Award nominee, seven-time Dove Award winner, has had 13 No. 1 songs, and has sold over three million albums. .
http://wn.com/Steve_Green_(singer) -
Steven Miller
http://wn.com/Steven_Miller -
Sue Barker
Susan Barker, MBE (born 19 April 1956, in Paignton, Devon, England) is an English television presenter and former professional tennis player. During her tennis career, she won the women's singles title at the French Open and reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 4. She is now one of the main sports presenters at the BBC.
http://wn.com/Sue_Barker -
Sugar Ray Leonard
http://wn.com/Sugar_Ray_Leonard -
Teena Marie
http://wn.com/Teena_Marie -
The Aldridge Sisters
The Aldridge Sisters, Sheila and Sherry Aldridge, are an American singing act that appeared on The Lawrence Welk Show from 1977 to 1982.
http://wn.com/The_Aldridge_Sisters -
The Boomtown Rats
The Boomtown Rats were an Irish punk rock band that had a series of UK hits between 1977 and 1980. They were led by vocalist Bob Geldof.
http://wn.com/The_Boomtown_Rats -
Theodore Kosloff
Theodore Kosloff (January 22, 1882 – November 22, 1956) was a Russian-born ballet dancer, choreographer and film and stage actor. He was occasionally credited as Theodor Kosloff.
http://wn.com/Theodore_Kosloff -
Tim Daly
James Timothy "Tim" Daly (born March 1, 1956) is an American stage, screen and voice actor, director and producer. He is best known for his television role as Joe Hackett on the NBC sitcom Wings and for his voice role as Superman/Clark Kent in , as well as his recurring role of the drug-addicted screenwriter J.T. Dolan on The Sopranos for which he was nominated for an Emmy Award. He is currently starring as Pete Wilder on Private Practice.
http://wn.com/Tim_Daly -
Tom Burlinson
Tom Burlinson (born 14 February 1956, in Toronto, Canada) is an Australian actor and singer.
http://wn.com/Tom_Burlinson -
Tom Hanks
Thomas Jeffrey "Tom" Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor, producer, writer and director. Hanks worked in television and family-friendly comedies, gaining wide notice in 1988's Big, before achieving success as a dramatic actor in several notable roles, including Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia, the title role in Forrest Gump, Commander James A. Lovell in Apollo 13, Captain John H. Miller in Saving Private Ryan, Joe Fox in ''You've Got Mail and Chuck Noland in Cast Away. Hanks won consecutive Best Actor Academy Awards, in 1993 for Philadelphia and in 1994 for Forrest Gump''. U.S. domestic box office totals for his films exceed $3.9 billion. He is the father of actor Colin Hanks.
http://wn.com/Tom_Hanks -
Tony Kushner
Anthony Robert "Tony" Kushner (born 16 July 1956) is an American playwright and screenwriter. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1993 for his play, , and co-authored with Eric Roth the screenplay for the 2005 film, Munich.
http://wn.com/Tony_Kushner -
Ursula Plassnik
Ursula Plassnik (born May 23, 1956 in Klagenfurt) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008.
http://wn.com/Ursula_Plassnik -
Vladimir Kulich
Ambox
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Kulich -
Vladimir Lisin
Vladimir Lisin (born 7 May 1956, Ivanovo) is a Russian businessman specialised in the steel industry. He is considered by the Forbes magazine to be the richest man in Russia with an estimated net worth of $20.3 billion, judging by the Forbes magazine (2010).
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Lisin -
Vladimír Godár
http://wn.com/Vladimír_Godár -
Vladislav Listyev
http://wn.com/Vladislav_Listyev -
Vyacheslav Molotov
http://wn.com/Vyacheslav_Molotov -
Walter de la Mare
http://wn.com/Walter_de_la_Mare -
Walter Gieseking
Walter Wilhelm Gieseking (5 November 189526 October 1956) was a French-born German pianist and composer.
http://wn.com/Walter_Gieseking -
Waodani
http://wn.com/Waodani -
Warren Moon
Harold Warren Moon (born November 18, 1956 in Los Angeles, California) is a former American professional football quarterback who played for the Canadian Football League's Edmonton Eskimos and the National Football League's Houston Oilers, Minnesota Vikings, Seattle Seahawks and Kansas City Chiefs. He is currently a broadcaster for the Seattle Seahawks.
http://wn.com/Warren_Moon -
Warsaw Pact
http://wn.com/Warsaw_Pact -
Werner Forssmann
http://wn.com/Werner_Forssmann -
Wilhelm Miklas
Wilhelm Miklas (born 15 October 1872 20 March 1956) was an Austrian politician who served as the third President of Austria, from 1928 until its annexation by Nazi Germany in the Anschluss 1938.
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Miklas -
William Fichtner
William Edward Fichtner (born November 27, 1956) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Sheriff Tom Underlay on Invasion, as Alexander Mahone on Prison Break and as Ken Rosenberg in the video games ' and '.
http://wn.com/William_Fichtner -
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
http://wn.com/William_Shakespeare -
William Shockley
William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor. Along with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, Shockley co-invented the transistor, for which all three were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.
http://wn.com/William_Shockley -
Win Lyovarin
http://wn.com/Win_Lyovarin -
Yasuo Tanaka
:For the astrophysicist, see Yasuo Tanaka (astronomer)
http://wn.com/Yasuo_Tanaka -
Yiannis Kouros
Yiannis Kouros (born February 13, 1956 in Tripoli, Greece) is a Greek ultramarathon runner based in Melbourne. He is sometimes called the "Running God" or the "Pheidippides Successor". He holds every men's world record from 100 to 1,000 miles and from 24 hours to 10 days. In 1991, he starred as Pheidippides in the movie ''The Story of the Marathon: A Hero's Journey'', which chronicles the history of marathon running.
http://wn.com/Yiannis_Kouros -
Yogi Berra
Lawrence Peter "Yogi" Berra (born May 12, 1925) is a former American Major League Baseball player and manager. He played almost his entire career for the New York Yankees and was elected to the baseball Hall of Fame in 1972. Berra was one of only four players to be named the Most Valuable Player of the American League three times and one of only six managers to lead both American and National League teams to the World Series.
http://wn.com/Yogi_Berra -
Yoshiaki Yatsu
http://wn.com/Yoshiaki_Yatsu -
Yul Brynner
http://wn.com/Yul_Brynner
King and I, The (1956)
"King and I, The (1956)" Actors
- Deborah Kerr
- Yul Brynner
- Rita Moreno
- Martin Benson
- Terry Saunders
- Rex Thompson
- Carlos Rivas
- Patrick Adiarte
- Alan Mowbray
- Geoffrey Toone
- Robert Banas
- Dennis Bonilla
- Thomas Bonilla
- Gemze De Lappe
- Reuben Fuentes
"King and I, The (1956)" Director
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Lincoln Assassination Eyewitness (Feb 9, 1956)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Published: 11 Apr 2009
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
Lincoln Assassination Witness appears on I've Got a Secret.
http://wn.com/Lincoln_Assassination_Eyewitness_Feb_9,_1956
Eurovision Song Contest 1956 Winner - Switzerland - Lys Assia - Refrain (Chorus)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Published: 04 Jul 2009
- Updated: 11 Aug 2012
The winner of the first Eurovision Song Contest who was held in Switzerland and won by Switzerland.
http://wn.com/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1956_Winner_Switzerland_Lys_Assia_Refrain_Chorus
Spectacular New York, 1956
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:04
- Published: 19 Jun 2009
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
A tour of New York in 1956 in color.Topurchase a clean DVD or digital download of this film for personal home use or educational use contact us at questions@archivefarms.com. To license footage from this film for commercial use visit: www.travelfilmarchive.com
http://wn.com/Spectacular_New_York,_1956
"Angry Monkey" Running at last! 1956 Triumph TR6 Kustom Bobber. built by Dan Patterson.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Published: 09 Feb 2009
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
See more at www.angrymonkeymotorcycles.com
http://wn.com/Angry_Monkey_Running_at_last!_1956_Triumph_TR6_Kustom_Bobber_built_by_Dan_Patterson
Dartmouth Visited (1956)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 37:34
- Published: 08 Feb 2012
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
This promotional film for potential applicants to Dartmouth College follows a fictional applicant, "Bert," through an admissions interview, classes, Great Issues lectures, and student activities. It includes interior views of buildings such as Baker Library and Webster Hall, President Eisenhower's commencement visit, an ROTC parade, football, a talk with President Dickey, and aerial views of the campus. Produced by Robert L. Allen for Dartmouth College Films. 31 minutes. 1956. Stay Connected to Dartmouth on: Facebook - www.facebook.com Twitter - www.twitter.com Flickr - www.flickr.com
http://wn.com/Dartmouth_Visited_1956
Brigitte Bardot-And God Created Woman(1956)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Published: 29 May 2009
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Transitional Helicopter Flight Training (1956)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:52
- Published: 04 Jan 2011
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
airboyd.tv National Archives and Records Administration - ARC Identifier 36696 Local Identifier 111-TF-2423 - Transitional Helicopter Flight Training: Part I - Transition to the H-19 - Department of Defense. Department of the Army. Office of the Chief Signal Officer. (09/18/1947 - 02/28/1964). This film covers the H-19's preflight inspection, taxiing, normal takeoff, hovering, autorotations, normal and steep approach, and engine shutdown. -
http://wn.com/Transitional_Helicopter_Flight_Training_1956
The Ten Commandments (1956): "Prelude" by Elmer Bernstein
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Published: 27 May 2011
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Source: www.facebook.com The Ten Commandments (1956) Soundtrack: "Prelude" Composer: Elmer Bernstein Director: Cecil B. DeMille Stars: Charlton Heston, Yul Brynner and Anne Baxter Awards: Won Oscar. Another 3 wins & 7 nominations Genres: Adventure | Drama | History Country: USA Language: English Release Date: 3 December 1956 Runtime: 220 min Budget: $13500000 (estimated) Gross: $80000000 (USA) Production Co: Motion Picture Associates, Paramount Pictures Storyline To escape the edict of Egypt's Pharoah, Rameses I, condemning all newborn Hebrew males, the infant Moses is set adrift on the Nile in a reed basket. Saved by the pharaoh's daughter Bithiah, he is adopted by her and brought up in the court of her brother, Pharaoh Seti. Moses gains Seti's favor and the love of the throne princess Nefertiri, as well as the hatred of Seti's son, Rameses. When his Hebrew heritage is revealed, Moses is cast out of Egypt, and makes his way across the desert where he marries, has a son and is commanded by God to return to Egypt to free the Hebrews from slavery. In Egypt Moses's fiercest enemy proves to be not Rameses, but someone near to him who can 'harden his heart'. Written by Ron Kerrigan Elmer Bernstein Elmer Bernstein (April 4, 1922 -- August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor best known for his many film scores. In a career which spanned fifty years, he composed music for hundreds of film and television productions. His most popular works include the scores to The <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/The_Ten_Commandments_1956_Prelude_by_Elmer_Bernstein
1956 Ford Police Car Commercial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Published: 14 Jun 2010
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
1956 Ford Police Car Commercial
http://wn.com/1956_Ford_Police_Car_Commercial
Hungarian Revolution crushed by Soviets - 1956
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Published: 01 Oct 2008
- Updated: 27 Jul 2012
This historic footage shows the tremendous damage caused by the Soviet Army when it crushed the anti-communist revolution in Budapest. Hungary wouldn't be free of Communism for another 33 years.
http://wn.com/Hungarian_Revolution_crushed_by_Soviets_1956
Hungarian Revolt 1956
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Published: 21 Oct 2008
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Overview of the events in Hungary 1956.
http://wn.com/Hungarian_Revolt_1956
Harry Belafonte - "Banana Boat Song (Day O)" - 1956
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Published: 02 Nov 2009
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Harry Belafonte - "Banana Boat (Day O)" - 1956
http://wn.com/Harry_Belafonte_Banana_Boat_Song_Day_O_1956
Last footage from Laurel & Hardy ever! In 1956!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Published: 02 Mar 2007
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
You will see a home movie that was taken at the house from stan. Ollie was visit Stan in 1956. The footage is in color. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Last_footage_from_Laurel_Hardy_ever!_In_1956!
![Eames Lounge Chair debut in 1956 on NBC [1/2]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120912030756im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/zfzLzOl795E/0.jpg "Eames Lounge Chair debut in 1956 on NBC [1/2]")
Eames Lounge Chair debut in 1956 on NBC [1/2]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Published: 30 Aug 2007
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
PART 1 of 2 - Charles & Ray Eames show their then-new masterpiece on the Arlene Francis "Home" show broadcast on the NBC television network in 1956. You can download a complete version from Google Video @ video.google.com
http://wn.com/Eames_Lounge_Chair_debut_in_1956_on_NBC_1_2_
1956 Le Mans - Mike Hawthorn Jaguar OnBoard Lap
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Published: 11 Dec 2006
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Mike Hawthorn drives a Jaguar D-Type in Le Mans in 1956
http://wn.com/1956_Le_Mans_Mike_Hawthorn_Jaguar_OnBoard_Lap
Invasion of the Body Snatchers - Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Published: 22 Jul 2007
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
Martini and a Movie Thu, Sept. 13, 2007 8pm Invasion of the Body Snatchers Fairfield Theatre Company's StageOne Fairfield Theatre Company 70 Sanford St. [across from Metro North Station] Fairfield, CT (203) 259-1036 www.fairfieldtheatre.org info@fairfieldtheatre.org
http://wn.com/Invasion_of_the_Body_Snatchers_Trailer
Doris Day - Autumn Leaves - 1956
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Published: 27 Sep 2008
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
I came to know Doris Day and her music through my mother back in the 1950's. She loved Perry Como, Nat "King" Cole, and Doris Day. Her Columbia albums were often played in our home stereo in Cuba. Her clean, delicately textured, and melodic voice filled every room of our household. So it is with great nostalgia that I bring you this gem of a song- "Autumn Leaves". "Autumn Leaves" was originally a 1945 French song "Les Feuilles Mortes" (literally "Dead Leaves") with music by Joseph Kosma and lyrics by poet Jacques Prévert, English lyrics were written in 1947 by the American songwriter Johnny Mercer. With Mercer's exquisite lyrics the song became even more beautiful, it not only conveyed it's message of sadness and longing, but painted a story with the colors of Autumn. I thought it fitting to use pictures of Doris Day and Rock Hudson as the main protagonists, given their popularity as a Romantic Comedy acting team, and in honor and tribute to their lifelong friendship. This song is very dear to me and this is one of the most beautiful covers I've ever heard, and I've heard most of them... Taken from the album "Day by Day" released by Columbia Records on December 17, 1956; here you have Doris Day accompanied by Paul Weston's orchestra rendering an exquisite and beautiful version of "Autumn Leaves". Enjoy.
http://wn.com/Doris_Day_Autumn_Leaves_1956
Climate Science 1956: A Blast from the Past
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Published: 07 Nov 2010
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
To support Climate Crocks: go to www.climatecrocks.com Many climate deniers still seem to think global warming was invented by Al Gore, in 2006. As this recently uncovered recording from 1956 shows, the outlines of climate change science have been clear for many decades. More Greenhouse history "In the 70s, they said there'd be an Ice Age" www.youtube.com Excursions in Science, complete recording www.youtube.com The Discovery of Global Warming www.aip.org summary of climate science history www.aip.org The last 55 million years - Hansen et al, Target CO2 www.columbia.edu Hansen's Bjerknes Lecture to the American Geophysical Union pdf or ppt download here www.columbia.edu
http://wn.com/Climate_Science_1956_A_Blast_from_the_Past
Formula 1 - 1956 Nurburgring Juan Manuel Fangio
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Published: 30 Jul 2006
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
Formula 1 - 1956 Nurburgring Juan Manuel Fangio
http://wn.com/Formula_1_1956_Nurburgring_Juan_Manuel_Fangio
Design for Dreaming 1956 General Motors Motorama Film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Published: 29 Sep 2009
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
Set at the 1956 General Motors Motorama, this is one of the key Populuxe films of the 1950s, showing futuristic dream cars and Frigidaire's "Kitchen of the Future."
http://wn.com/Design_for_Dreaming_1956_General_Motors_Motorama_Film
"Striper Time" (1956)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:07
- Published: 19 Aug 2008
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
For high quality, click link above view count. Honestly, I have no interest in fishing. I found this short film on my DVR because it was slipped in after some movie I recorded on TCM. I noticed that it did not have an entry in the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), so I submitted it. I uploaded the short film as supporting evidence of it's existence, it's onscreen credits, and the fact that it played on TCM. This film is from the RKO-Pathe Sportscope series of short films which featured lesser known sporting events and activities, and played in theatres before feature films. Back in the early days of TV (before ABC's Wide World of Sports came along), television didn't really show "minor sports"; thus, short films were used to show them to the general public. Directed by Van Campen Heilner, who did a number of the Sportsscope shorts, this short features anglers Coot Hall and Harry A. Watkins, both fishing for striped bass, but in different locations and using different methods.
http://wn.com/Striper_Time_1956
Duke Ellington at Newport 1956
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:46
- Published: 15 May 2011
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
From Ken Burns Jazz - The story of the dancing woman, Paul Gonzalves and the 27 chorus sax solo at the1956 Newport Jazz Festival.
http://wn.com/Duke_Ellington_at_Newport_1956
Lone Ranger, The - Trailer (1956)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Published: 17 Feb 2007
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
A greedy, deceitful rancher stirs up trouble with a local Indian tribe, creating a dangerous, hostile climate. Only the Lone Ranger and his faithful friend, Tonto, can prevent a savage war from breaking out.
http://wn.com/Lone_Ranger,_The_Trailer_1956
Creative Commons / Anneli Salo
Public Domain / WhisperToMe
Public Domain / Shikhlinski
Public Domain
Public Domain / TimofKingsland
Creative Commons / Ralf Roletschek
Creative Commons / http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Old_Japanese_military_paraphernalia.jpg
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / Daderot
Creative Commons / unknown
Creative Commons / Yuri1965
Creative Commons
Public Domain / Daderot
Public Domain / U.S. Navy
Creative Commons / PD-heirs
Public Domain / Estormiz
Public Domain / Estormiz
Public Domain / Estormiz
Public Domain / Estormiz
Public Domain / Estormiz
Public Domain / Davidt8
Photo: AP / Chris Pizzello
09 Sep 2012
Related topics Kim KardashianKUWTK Advertisement Kim Kardashian's appearance at Club Hush in Charlotte, North Carolina was kind of a bust. The reality star showed up, hoping to see tons of screaming...
Photo: AP / Rafiq Maqbool
10 Sep 2012
Supporters and family members of cartoonist Aseem Trivedi, arrested for allegedly posting seditious content on his web portal, today protested outside the residence of Coal Minister Sriprakash...
Photo: AP / Rahimullah Yousafzai
11 Sep 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When Osama bin Laden, former leader of al Qaeda and master mind behind the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks, wrote in 2004, "Our actions are but a reaction to...
Photo: AP / Mark Lennihan
11 Sep 2012
(Reuters) - Thousands will gather on Tuesday in New York, suburban Washington and rural Pennsylvania to mark the 11th anniversary of the September 11 attacks, but at the somber day's biggest venue,...
Photo: AP / Lionel Cironneau
11 Sep 2012
The man, named only as Philippe D, 41, recalled he was unable to rouse seven-year-old Zainab al-Hilli who survived the ordeal, believing she was dead as she lay on the ground close to the family car....
Photo: WN / Yeshe Choesang
04 Sep 2012
Article by Yeshe Choesang, WN Correspondent Dharamshala. Dharamshala: - Tibetans around the world celebrated the 52nd Tibetan Democracy Day which marks the anniversary of His Holiness the Dalai Lama's...
Photo: UN / JC McIlwaine
03 Sep 2012
Veteran Algerian diplomat Lakhdar Brahimi, the UN and Arab League envoy for Syria, brings decades of peacemaking experience to his new role - a mission he has described as "nearly...
Photo: WN / Marzena J.
29 Aug 2012
August 29, 2012 -- Updated 1212 GMT (2012 HKT) Disabled marathon runner Claire Lomas, center, lights the Olympic cauldron for the Paralympic Games in Trafalgar Square on August 24, 2012. The London...
The Daily Telegraph Australia
THIEVES have stolen a rare 1956 Triumph Thunderbird motorcycle from an Aldinga Beach property. The 650cc bike was taken from an unlocked garage on the Main South Rd property between 5pm on Tuesday, September 4, and 11.30am on Wednesday, September 5....(size: 1.6Kb)
BBC News
A former interior minister of Hungary, Bela Biszku, who oversaw the crushing of the 1956 revolution, has been arrested on suspicion of war crimes. Mr Biszku, 90, is accused of failing to protect civilians in wartime, and of responsibility for ordering security forces to open fire on crowds. He...(size: 3.1Kb)
Sun Sentinel
Bela Biszku, 90, was detained on suspicion of war crimes for having directly supervised a Military Council that ordered the shootings of civilians during protests in Budapest and in the eastern Hungarian town of Salgotarjan in December 1956....(size: 2.4Kb)
September 8th, 1956
08 Sep 2012
Irish Times
JOE JOYCE FROM THE ARCHIVES:��Portrait Gallery was a short profile of a public figure by an anonymous author in the 1950s: this one was apparently based on an interview with writer Liam O���Flaherty, best known as author of The Informer, filmed by his cousin John Ford. When one is young, one is...(size: 3.0Kb)
noodls
Insiders Artifact: 1956 TV Guide Listing for "The Ed Sullivan Show" September 06, 2012 This week's Insiders artifact features the TV Guide listing for the first of Elvis' three appearances on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on September 9, 1956. Elvis had...(size: 1.8Kb)
September 4th, 1956
04 Sep 2012
Irish Times
FROM THE ARCHIVES:��Unlikely as it seems, hotdogs took pubs by storm in 1956, becoming the pub food of choice, at least among publicans, according to this report. ��� JOE JOYCE�� FOR BUSINESSMEN whose interests demand a quickly-served snack in place of a lunch, publicans throughout Ireland have...(size: 3.1Kb)
September 3rd, 1956
03 Sep 2012
Irish Times
FROM THE ARCHIVES:��Polio was one of the most feared childhood diseases of the mid-20th century, as epidemics in Ireland followed each other regularly over a 15-year period before it was controlled by a newly-developed vaccine. This report appeared as there was a serious outbreak in Cork. ��� JOE...(size: 3.1Kb)
1956 in Music: Rock n Roll and Racism
02 Sep 2012
The Examiner
Related topics rock n rollelvis presleyChuck BerryNat King Coledick clark Advertisement Music changed dramatically in 1956. That year, Elvis Presley burst onto the scene popularizing rock n roll. Although there had been rock hits before, Presley proved different. His charisma and youth endeared him...(size: 10.0Kb)
IBN Live
Life Insurance Corporation of India turns 56 on 1st September, 2012. One of the objectives of the Corporation is the use of people’s money for people’s welfare and the life funds are deployed for the best advantage of LIC policyholders as well as for the community. A new micro insurance product...(size: 2.7Kb)
Mary Edwards Lander Clark, 1956-2012
31 Aug 2012
Chicago Tribune
Mary Edwards Lander Clark could seamlessly navigate the world of the hearing and of the deaf, a "dual citizenship" that served her well as a nationally known advocate for the hearing-impaired and disabled and a schoolteacher for deaf students. "The message Mary conveyed each day, particularly to...(size: 4.4Kb)
This article is about the year 1956.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1920s 1930s 1940s – 1950s – 1960s 1970s 1980s |
| Years: | 1953 1954 1955 – 1956 – 1957 1958 1959 |
| 1956 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1956 MCMLVI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2709 |
| Armenian calendar | 1405 ԹՎ ՌՆԵ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6706 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 112–113 |
| Bengali calendar | 1363 |
| Berber calendar | 2906 |
| British Regnal year | 4 Eliz. 2 – 5 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2500 |
| Burmese calendar | 1318 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7464–7465 |
| Chinese calendar | 乙未年十一月十九日 (4592/4652-11-19) — to —
丙申年十一月三十日(4593/4653-11-30) |
| Coptic calendar | 1672–1673 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1948–1949 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5716–5717 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2012–2013 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1878–1879 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5057–5058 |
| Holocene calendar | 11956 |
| Iranian calendar | 1334–1335 |
| Islamic calendar | 1375–1376 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 31 (昭和31年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4289 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 45 民國45年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2499 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1956 |
Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan.
- January 3 – By popular demand, Peter Pan, starring Mary Martin, is restaged live by Producers' Showcase on NBC-TV.
- January 8 – Operation Auca: Five U.S. missionaries Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, Ed McCully, Jim Elliot and Pete Fleming are killed for tresspassing by the Waodani of Ecuador shortly after making contact with them.
- January 16 – Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser vows to reconquer Palestine.
- January 25–26 – Finnish troops reoccupy Porkkala after Soviet troops vacate its military base. Civilians can return February 4.
- January 26 – The 1956 Winter Olympic Games open in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.
February[link]
- February 11 – British spies Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean resurface in the Soviet Union after being missing for 5 years.
- February 14–26 – 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- February 16 – Only a little more than four months after the release of the 70mm version of Oklahoma!, the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Carousel, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones, is released in Cinemascope 55. MacRae and Jones had previously starred in Oklahoma! Carousel, intended for showing in 55mm, ends up being shown only in 35mm.
- February 22 – Elvis Presley enters the United States music charts for the first time, with Heartbreak Hotel.
- February 23 – Norma Jean Mortenson legally changes her name to Marilyn Monroe.
- February 24 – Doris Day records her most famous song: Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be). It is from Alfred Hitchcock's The Man Who Knew Too Much, in which Day co-stars with James Stewart.
- February 25 – Nikita Khrushchev attacks the veneration of Joseph Stalin as a "cult of personality".
March[link]
- March 1 – The International Air Transport Association finalizes a draft of the Radiotelephony spelling alphabet for the International Civil Aviation Organization.
- March 2 – Morocco declares its independence from France.
- March 9
- The British deport Archbishop Makarios from Cyprus to the Seychelles.
- Soviet Armed Forces suppresses mass demonstrations in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, reacting to Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policy.
- March 11 – After having opened in London the previous year, Laurence Olivier's film, Richard III, adapted from Shakespeare's play, has its U.S. premiere in theatres and on NBC Television on the same day. On TV it is not shown in prime time, but as an afternoon matinée, in a slightly cut version. It is one of the first such experiments of its kind. Olivier is later nominated for an Oscar for his performance.
- March 12
- 96 U.S. Congressmen sign the Southern Manifesto, a protest against the 1954 Supreme Court ruling (Brown v. Board of Education) that desegregated public education.
- The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 500 for the first time rising 2.40 points, or 0.48%, to 500.24.
- March 13 – Elvis Presley releases his first Gold Album titled Elvis Presley.
- March 15 – The Broadway musical My Fair Lady opens in New York City.
- March 19 – At age 48, Dutch boxer Bep van Klaveren contests his last match in Rotterdam.
- March 20 – Tunisia gains independence from France.
- March 21 – The 28th Academy Awards ceremony is held.
- March 23 – Pakistan becomes the first Islamic republic, and a national holiday is observed in the country including the former East Pakistan state.
April[link]
- April 2 – The first episode of As the World Turns is broadcast on the CBS television network
- April 7 – Spain relinquishes its protectorate in Morocco.
- April 9 – Habib Bourguiba is elected prime minister of Tunisia. Confirmation needed
- April 14 – Videotape is first demonstrated at the 1956 NARTB (now NAB) convention in Chicago by Ampex. It is the demonstration of the first practical and commercially successful videotape format known as 2" Quadruplex.
- April 17 – Elizabeth II inaugurates Chew Valley Lake.
- April 18 – Maria Desylla-Kapodistria is elected mayor of Corfu and becomes the first female mayor in Greece.
- April 19
- British diver Lionel Crabb dives into Portsmouth harbour to investigate a visiting Soviet cruiser and vanishes.
- Actress Grace Kelly marries Rainier III, Prince of Monaco.
- April 21 – Former U.S. First Daughter Margaret Truman marries Clifton Daniel.
- April 27 – Heavyweight boxing champion Rocky Marciano retires without losing a professional boxing match.
May[link]
- May 2 – The United Methodist Church in America decides at its General Conference to grant women full ordained clergy status. It also calls for an end to racial segregation in the denomination.
- May 8
- Austria and Israel form diplomatic relations. Confirmation needed
- The constitutional union between Indonesia and the Netherlands is dissolved.
- John Osborne's Look Back in Anger opens at the Royal Court Theatre, London, changing the scope of theatrical and other forms of drama in the UK.
- May 9 – Manaslu, eighth highest mountain in the world, is first ascended.
- May 18 – Lhotse (main), the fourth highest mountain, is first ascended.
- May 23 – French minister Pierre Mendès France resigns due to his government's policy on Algeria.
- May 24 – The first Eurovision Song Contest is broadcast from Lugano, Switzerland. The winning song is Refrain by Lys Assia (music by Géo Voumard, text by Émile Gardaz).
- May 25 – India announces the institution of diplomatic relations with Spain (still under Franco's rule)
June[link]
- June 1 – Vyacheslav Molotov resigns as foreign minister of the Soviet Union; he later becomes ambassador in Mongolia.
- June 3 – British Rail renames 'Third Class' passenger facilities as 'Second Class' (Second Class facilities had been abolished in 1875, leaving just First Class and Third Class).
- June 5 – Elvis Presley introduces his new single, "Hound Dog", on The Milton Berle Show, scandalizing the audience with his suggestive hip movements.
- June 6 – In Singapore, chief minister David Marshall resigns after the breakdown of talks about internal self-government in London.
- June 8 – General Electric/Telechron introduces model 7H241 "The Snooz Alarm", first snooze alarm clock ever.[1]
- June 10 – 1956 Summer Olympics: Equestrian events open in Stockholm, Sweden (all other events are held in November in Melbourne, Australia).
- June 13 – International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO).
- June 14 – The Flag of the United States Army is formally dedicated.[2]
- June 15 – Eindhoven University of Technology is founded in Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- June 18 – The last foreign troops leave Egypt.
- June 23 – Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes the 2nd president of Egypt.
- June 28
- MP Sydney Silverman's bill for the abolition of the death penalty in the UK passes the British House of Commons.
- Labour riots in Poznań, Poland, are crushed with heavy loss of life. Soviet troops fire at a crowd that protests high prices, killing 53.
- The film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I, starring Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner, is released only a few months after the film version of R&H's Carousel. It becomes the most financially successful film version of a Rodgers and Hammerstein musical up to that time, and the only one to win an acting Oscar (Yul Brynner wins Best Actor for his performance as the King of Siam). It is also one of two Rodgers and Hammerstein films to be nominated for Best Picture (which it does not win).
- June 29
- Actress Marilyn Monroe marries playwright Arthur Miller.
- President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Federal Aid Highway Act, creating the Interstate Highway System
- June 30 – A TWA Lockheed Constellation and United Airlines Douglas DC-7 collide in mid-air over the Grand Canyon in Arizona, killing all 128 people aboard both aircraft in the deadliest civil aviation disaster to date; the accident leads to sweeping changes in the regulation of cross-country flight and air traffic control over the United States.
July[link]
- July 2 – A lab experiment at Sylvania Electric Products results in an explosion.
- July 8 – The mountain Gasherbrum II is first ascended.
- July 10 – The British House of Lords defeats the abolition of the death penalty.
- July 16 – With the closing of its "Big Tent" show in Pittsburgh, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus announces all subsequent circuses will be "arena shows" due to changing economics.
- July 24 – At New York City's Copacabana Club, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis perform their last comedy show together (their act started on July 25, 1946).
- July 25 – 72 kilometers (45 mi) south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria sinks after colliding with the Swedish ship SS Stockholm in heavy fog, killing 51.
- July 26 – Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal sparking international condemnation.
- July 30 – A Joint Resolution of Congress is signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, authorizing "In God We Trust" as the U.S. national motto.
- July 31 – Cricket: Jim Laker sets an extraordinary record at Old Trafford in the fourth Test between England and Australia, taking 19 wickets in a first class match (the previous best was 17).
August[link]
- August – The exhibition This Is Tomorrow opens at Whitechapel Art Gallery in London.
- August 6 – After going bankrupt in 1955, the American broadcaster DuMont Television Network has its final broadcast, a boxing match from St. Nicholas Arena.
- August 8 – 262 miners die in a fire in a coal mine in Marcinelle, Belgium.
- August 17 – West Germany bans the Communist Party of Germany.
September[link]
- September 9 – Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the first time.
- September 13 – The hard disk drive is invented by an IBM team led by Reynold B. Johnson.
- September 16 – Television broadcasting commences in Australia.
- September 21 – Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza García is assassinated.
- September 25 – The submarine Transatlantic telephone cable opens.
October[link]
- October 8 – Baseball pitcher Don Larsen of the New York Yankees throws the only perfect game in World Series history in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers. Yogi Berra caught the game. Dale Mitchell was the final out. The New York Yankees won the series. Larsen was named series MVP.
- October 10
- Finland joins UNESCO.
- The Lockheed L-1649A Starliner makes its first flight.
- October 14 – Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Indian Untouchable leader, converts to Buddhism along with 385,000 followers (see Neo-Buddhism).
- October 15
- The RAF retires its last Lancaster bomber.
- Fidel Castro and Che Guevara depart from Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico, enroute to Santiago de Cuba aboard the yacht Granma with 82 men.
- October 17 – The Game of the Century: 13-year-old Bobby Fischer beats GM Donald Byrne in the NY Rosenwald chess tournament.
- October 22 – Suez Crisis: Britain, France, and Israel secretly meet in and make plans to invade Egypt.
- October 23 – The Hungarian revolution breaks out against the pro-Soviet government. Hungary attempts to leave the Warsaw Pact.
- October 26 – Red Army troops invade Hungary.
- October 29
- The Huntley-Brinkley Report debuts on NBC-TV.
- Suez Crisis: Israel invades the Sinai Peninsula and push Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.
- Tangier Protocol: The international city Tangier is reintegrated into Morocco.
- October 31
- Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.
- A United States Navy team becomes the third group to reach the South Pole (arriving by air) and commences construction of the first permanent Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station.
November[link]
- November 1
- The States Reorganisation Act of India reforms the boundaries and names of Indian states. Two new states Kerala and Karnataka were formed.
- City Lights Books publishes Howl and Other Poems by Allen Ginsberg.
- The film Oklahoma! (1955), previously released to select cities in Todd-AO, now receives a national release in Cinemascope, since not all theatres are yet equipped for Todd-AO. To accomplish this, the film had to be actually shot twice, rather than printing one version in two different film processes as is done today.
- November 3 – MGM's film The Wizard of Oz makes its TV debut on the CBS network. This marks the first time a major Hollywood film running more than ninety minutes is televised uncut in one evening. Up to then, only B-movies and British films had been telecast, often edited or in two parts if they ran more than ninety minutes. The longest film telecast prior to this was Olivier's version of Richard III, which, unlike Oz, was somewhat edited and not telecast in prime time.
- November 4 – 1956 Hungarian Revolution: More Soviet troops invade Hungary to crush a revolt that started on October 23. Thousands are killed, more are wounded, and nearly a quarter million leave the country.
- November 6 – United States presidential election, 1956: Republican incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democrat challenger Adlai E. Stevenson in a rematch of their contest 4 years earlier.
- November 7 – Suez Crisis: The United Nations General Assembly adopts a resolution calling for the United Kingdom, France, and Israel to withdraw their troops from Arab lands immediately.
- November 13 – The United States Supreme Court declares Alabama and Montgomery, Alabama laws requiring segregated buses illegal, thus ending the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
- November 14 – Fighting ends in Hungary. Confirmation needed
- November 15 – Middle East Technical University is founded in Ankara, Turkey.
- November 20 – In Yugoslavia, former prime minister Milovan Djilas is arrested after he criticizes Josip Broz Tito.
- November 22 – The 1956 Summer Olympics begin in Melbourne, Australia.
- November 23 – The Suez Crisis causes petrol rationing in Britain.[3]
- November 28 – Roger Vadim's drama film And God Created Woman released in France as Et Dieu… créa la femme, propels Brigitte Bardot into the public spotlight as a "sex kitten".
- November 30 – Floyd Patterson wins the world heavyweight boxing championship that was vacant after the retirement of Rocky Marciano.
December[link]
- December 2
- Fidel Castro and his followers land in Cuba in the boat Granma.
- A pipe bomb planted by George Metesky explodes at the Paramount Theater in Brooklyn, injuring 6 people.
- December 4 - The Million Dollar Quartet (Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash) get together at Sun Studios for the first and last time in history.
- December 5 – Rose Heilbron becomes Britain's first female judge.
- December 9 – Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810 crashes into a mountain in British Columbia. All 62 people on board are killed.
- December 12 – Japan becomes a member of the United Nations.
- December 18 – To Tell the Truth debuts on CBS-TV.
- December 19 – John Bodkin Adams is arrested for the murder of 2 patients in Eastbourne, Great Britain.
- December 23 – British and French troops leave the Suez Canal region.
- December 31 – Bob Barker makes his TV debut as host of the game show Truth or Consequences.
Date unknown[link]
- Asian flu pandemic originates in China.
- Minamata disease is discovered.
- The Alpine Club of Canada, Toronto section, is founded.
Births[link]
January–February[link]
- January 1
- Mark R. Hughes, American entrepreneur (d. 2000)
- Kōji Yakusho, Japanese actor
- January 3 – Mel Gibson, American actor and director
- January 5 – Chen Kenichi, Japan-born Chinese chef
- January 7
- David Caruso, American actor (NYPD Blue)
- Johnny Owen, Welsh professional boxer
- January 9
- Kimberly Beck, American actress
- Imelda Staunton, English actress
- January 10 – Shawn Colvin, American singer
- January 14 – Ben Heppner, Canadian tenor
- January 16 – Martin Jol, Dutch football manager
- January 17 – Paul Young, English musician
- January 18 – Tom Bailey, English musician
- January 20 – Bill Maher, American actor, comedian, and political analyst
- January 21 – Geena Davis, American actress
- January 24 – Lounès Matoub, Algerian Berber Kabyle singer
- January 25 – Bronwyn Pike, Australian politician
- January 27 – Mimi Rogers, American actress
- January 29
- Jan Jakub Kolski, Polish film director
- Irlene Mandrell, American musician, actress
- January 31 – Johnny Rotten, British punk musician and TV personality
- February 1 – Mike Kitchen, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
- February 2 – Adnan Oktar, a.k.a. Harun Yahya, Turkish Author
- February 3
- Nathan Lane, American actor (The Birdcage)
- Lee Ranaldo, American musician (Sonic Youth)
- February 6 – Jon Walmsley, British actor (The Waltons)
- February 10 - Enele Sopoaga, Tuvaluan politician and diplomat
- February 11
- Didier Lockwood, French jazz violinist
- Catherine Hickland, American actress
- February 13
- Yiannis Kouros, Greek-Australian ultramarathoner
- Paul Stojanovich, American television producer
- February 14 – Tom Burlinson, Australian actor
- February 15 – Desmond Haynes, West Indian cricketer
- February 18 – Thomas Gradin, Swedish hockey player
- February 19
- Kathleen Beller, American actress
- Roderick MacKinnon, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- February 24
- Judith Butler, American philosopher
- Paula Zahn, American television journalist (CBS News)
- February 25 – Davie Cooper, Scottish footballer (d. 1995)
- February 26 – Keisuke Kuwata, Japanese musician
- February 29
- Bob Speller, Canadian politician
- Aileen Wuornos, American serial killer (d. 2002)
- Mike Compton, American mandolinist
March–April[link]
- March 1 – Tim Daly, American actor
- March 2 – Eduardo Rodríguez, former President of Bolivia
- March 5
- Teena Marie, American singer (d. 2010)
- Marco Paolini, Italian stage actor, dramaturge and author
- March 7 – Bryan Cranston, American actor
- March 11 – Rob Paulsen, American voice actor
- March 13 – Dana Delany, American actress
- March 16 – Vladimír Godár, Slovak composer
- March 18 – Ingemar Stenmark, Swedish alpine skier
- March 19 – Yegor Gaidar, Russian economist and politician
- March 20 – Catherine Ashton, British politician
- March 21
- Ingrid Kristiansen, Norwegian runner
- José Manuel Barroso, Prime Minister of Portugal
- Win Lyovarin, Thai author
- March 24 – Steve Ballmer, American CEO of Microsoft
- March 28
- Susan Ershler, American mountaineer
- Evelin Jahl, German athlete
- March 30 – Shahla Sherkat, Iranian feminist journalist
- April 3
- Ray Combs, American game show host and comedian (d. 1996)
- Boris Miljković, Serbian TV & theatre director and video artist
- April 4
- Kerry Chikarovski, Australian politician
- David E. Kelley, American writer and television producer
- April 5 – Diamond Dallas Page, former American professional wrestler
- April 6
- Sebastian Spreng, American-Argentinean visual artist
- Dilip Vengsarkar, Indian cricketer
- April 12
- Andy García, Cuban-American actor
- Yasuo Tanaka, Japanese politician, novelist
- April 13 – Possum Bourne, New Zealand rally car driver (d. 2003)
- April 14 – Barbara Bonney, American soprano
- April 16
- David McDowell Brown, American astronaut (Columbia Disaster) (d. 2003)
- Lise-Marie Morerod, Swiss skier
- April 18
- John James, American actor (Dynasty)
- Melody Thomas Scott, American actress
- April 19 – Sue Barker, British tennis player and television presenter
- April 21 – Phillip Longman, American demographer
- April 26 – Koo Stark, British actress
- April 28 – Jimmy Barnes, Australian musician
- April 30 – Lars von Trier, Danish film director
May–June[link]
- May 1 – Alexander Ivanov, Russian-born American chess Grandmaster
- May 4
- David Guterson, American writer
- Ulrike Meyfarth, German high jumper
- May 6 – Vladimir Lisin, Russian business oligarch
- May 7
- Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- Jean Lapierre, Canadian politician and television host
- May 10 – Vladislav Nikolayevich Listyev, Russian journalist (d. 1995)
- May 12 – Greg Phillinganes, American keyboardist
- May 13
- Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, Indian guru
- Kenneth Eriksson, Swedish rally driver
- Kirk Thornton, American voice actor
- May 15 – Dan Patrick, American sports commentator
- May 17
- Sugar Ray Leonard, African American boxer
- Bob Saget, American actor and television host
- May 18 – Jim Moginie, Australian rock guitarist (Midnight Oil)
- May 20 – Ingvar Ambjørnsen, Norwegian author
- May 23
- Buck Showalter, American baseball player and manager
- Ursula Plassnik, Austrian politician
- May 24 – Michael Jackson, Irish Anglican bishop
- May 26 – Lisa Niemi, American actress and dancer, widow of Patrick Swayze
- May 28
- Jerry Douglas, American dobro player
- Sayuri Yamauchi, Japanese seiyuu (d.2012)
- May 29 – La Toya Jackson, American singer
- June 3 – George Burley, Scottish football manager
- June 5 – Kenny G, American grammy-award winning saxophonist
- June 6 – Björn Borg, Swedish tennis player
- June 8 - Udo Bullmann, German politician
- June 9 – Patricia Cornwell, American novelist
- June 10 – Duke Georg Borwin of Mecklenburg, German head of the House of Mecklenburg
- June 11 – Joe Montana, American football player
- June 14 – King Diamond, Danish heavy metal musician
- June 15 – Robin Curtis, American actress
- June 20 – Cho Chikun, Korean professional Go player
- June 23 – Randy Jackson, African American musician and talent judge
- June 25
- Boris Trajkovski, President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2004)
- Anthony Bourdain, American chef, author and television personality
- June 26 – Chris Isaak, American musician
- June 27 – Heiner Dopp, German field hockey player
- June 28 – Noel Mugavin, Australian rules football player
- June 30 – Ronald Winans, African American musician (d. 2005)
July–August[link]
- July 1 – Alan Ruck, American actor
- July 2 – Jerry Hall, American model and actress
- July 3 – Rick Ducommun, Canadian actor and comedian
- July 5 – Sheila Walsh, Scottish Christian artist and former talk-show hostess
- July 9 – Tom Hanks, American actor and director
- July 11 – Sela Ward, American actress
- July 12
- Mel Harris, American actress
- Sandi Patty, American gospel singer
- July 14 – Vladimir Kulich, Czech actor
- July 15
- Ian Curtis, English rock musician (Joy Division) (d. 1980)
- Barry Melrose, Canadian hockey player, coach, and commentator
- Toshihiko Seko, Japanese long-distance runner
- Joe Satriani, famous guitar virtuoso, current guitarist for Chickenfoot
- July 16 – Tony Kushner, American playwright
- July 18 – Sheila Aldridge, American singer (The Aldridge Sisters)
- July 19 – Yoshiaki Yatsu, Japanese professional wrestler
- July 24
- Charlie Crist, American politician
- Pat Finn, American game show host and producer
- July 26
- Andy Goldsworthy, British sculptor and photographer
- Dorothy Hamill, American figure skater and Olympic Gold medalist
- July 30 – Delta Burke, American actress
- July 31
- Michael Biehn, American actor
- Deval Patrick, African American Governor of Massachusetts
- August 1 – Steve Green, American Christian musician
- August 2 – Jim Neidhart, American professional wrestler
- August 4 – Gerry Cooney, American former boxer
- August 5 – Maureen McCormick, American actress (The Brady Bunch)
- August 6 – Stepfanie Kramer, American actress (Hunter)
- August 8
- Chris Foreman, English rock guitarist (Madness)
- David Grant, English singer and vocal coach
- August 10
- Fred Ottman, American professional wrestler
- Charlie Peacock, American Christian producer, singer-songwriter
- August 12 – Bruce Greenwood, Canadian actor
- August 14 – Jackée Harry, American actress and television personality
- August 17 – Dave Jones, English football manager
- August 18
- Kelly Willard, American Christian singer
- Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz, American drummer
- August 19 – Adam Arkin, American actor
- August 20 – Joan Allen, American actress
- August 21 – Kim Cattrall, English-born Canadian actress
- August 22 – Paul Molitor, American baseball player
- August 23 – Andreas Floer, German mathematician (d. 1991)
- August 24 – John Culberson, American politician
- August 26 – Mark Mangino, American football coach
- August 29 – Mark Morris, American choreographer
- August 31 – Masashi Tashiro, Japanese television performer
September–October[link]
- September 1 – Bernie Wagenblast, American editor and broadcaster
- September 2 – Angelo Fusco, Provisional Irish Republican Army member
- September 3 – Pat McGeown, Provisional Irish Republican Army member (d. 1996)
- September 10 – Johnny Fingers, Irish musician (The Boomtown Rats)
- September 11 – Phillip D. Bissett, American politician
- September 12
- Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong actor (d. 2003)
- Ricky Rudd, American race car driver
- Walter Woon, law professor and former Nominated Member of Parliament and Attorney-General of Singapore
- September 14
- Kostas Karamanlis, Greek politician
- Ray Wilkins, English footballer and coach
- September 15 – George Howard, American jazz saxophone musician (d. 1998)
- September 16
- David Copperfield, American illusionist
- Sergei Beloglazov, Russian free-style wrestler
- September 17 – Brian Andreas, American writer, sculptor, painter, and publisher
- September 20
- Gary Cole, American actor
- Debbie Morgan, African-American actress
- September 21 – Jack Givens, American basketball player
- September 23 - Paolo Rossi, Italian soccer player
- September 24 – Gregory Peter Panos, American futurist, writer, inventor, virtual reality expert, human simulation visionary
- September 25 – Jamie Hyneman, American television co-host (MythBusters)
- September 26 – Linda Hamilton, American actress (The Terminator)
- September 29 – Sebastian Coe, British athlete, co-ordinator of the London 2012 Olympic Games
- September 30 – Gordon Elliott, British-Australian television personality and talk show host
- October 4 – Christoph Waltz, Austrian actor (Inglourious Basterds)
- October 8 – Stephanie Zimbalist, American actress (Remington Steele)
- October 10 – Amanda Burton, Irish actress
- October 11 – Nicanor Duarte, President of Paraguay
- October 16 – Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah, Bangladeshi poet (d. 1992)
- October 17 – Mae Jemison, African American astronaut
- October 18 – Martina Navratilova, Czech-American tennis player
- October 19 – Carlo Urbani, Italian physician (d. 2003)
- October 20 – Danny Boyle, English film director
- October 21 – Carrie Fisher, American actress (Star Wars)
- October 23 – Dwight Yoakam, American country singer/musician and actor
- October 26 – Rita Wilson, American actress and producer
- October 27 – Jaq D. Hawkins, British author, occultist and lecturer
- October 28 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of Iran
November–December[link]
- November 8
- Steven Miller, American record producer
- Richard Curtis, English film director, producer and screenwriter
- November 10 – Mohsen Badawi, Egyptian entrepreneur, political activist, and writer
- November 14 – Avi Cohen, Israeli football player
- November 17 – Kelly Ward, American actor
- November 18
- Noel Brotherston, Irish footballer (d. 1995)
- Warren Moon, American football player and quarterback for the Edmonton Eskimos (Canada)
- November 20 – Bo Derek, American actress and model
- November 23
- Shane Gould, Australian swimmer
- Nikolay Sidorov, Soviet athlete
- November 26 – Dale Jarrett, American race car driver
- November 27 – William Fichtner, American actor
- November 28 – Lucy Gutteridge, English actress
- November 29
- Leo Laporte, American author and television host
- Eric Laakso, American football player
- December 5
- Krystian Zimerman, Polish pianist
- Klaus Allofs, German football player
- December 6 – Randy Rhoads, American guitarist
- December 7 – Larry Bird, American basketball player
- December 9 - Jean-Pierre Thiollet, French writer
- December 11 – Lani Brockman, American playwright
- December 12
- Johan van der Velde, Dutch cyclist
- Ana Alicia, Mexican actress (Falcon Crest)
- December 13 – Majida El Roumi, Lebanese singer
- December 14 – Béla Réthy, German sports journalist
- December 16 – Duncan Faure, South African musician
- December 18 – Ron White, American comedian
- December 19 – Masami Akita, Japanese noise musician (also known as Merzbow)
- December 23 – Michele Alboreto, Italian race car driver (d. 2001)
- December 26 – David Sedaris, American essayist
- December 28
- Jimmy Nicholl, Canadian-born footballer
- Nigel Kennedy, English violinist
- December 29 – Fred MacAulay, Scottish comedian
- December 30
- Patricia Kalember, American actress
- Sheryl Lee Ralph, African American actress
- December 31 – Hussein Ahmed Salah, Djiboutian marathon player
Date unknown[link]
- Ronan Bennett, Irish writer
- Shelagh Rogers, Canadian radio host
- Miladin Šobić, Montenegrin singer
- Susan Solomon, American atmospheric chemist
Deaths[link]
January–March[link]
- January 3
- Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian composer (b. 1864)
- Joseph Wirth, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
- January 5 – Mistinguett, French singer (b. 1875)
- January 9 – Marion Leonard, American actress (b. 1881)
- January 12 – Norman Kerry, American actor (b. 1894)
- January 13 – Lyonel Charles Feininger, German painter (b. 1871)
- January 14 – Sheila Kaye-Smith, English writer (b. 1887)
- January 18 – Konstantin Päts, President of Estonia (b. 1874)
- January 21 – Sam Langford, Canadian boxer (b. 1883)
- January 24 – Sir Alexander Korda, Hungarian-born film director (b. 1893)
- January 27 – Erich Kleiber, German conductor (b. 1890)
- January 29 – H. L. Mencken, American writer (b. 1880)
- January 31 – A. A. Milne, English author (Winnie The Pooh) (b. 1882)
- February 2
- Bob Burns, American comedian (b. 1890)
- Charles Grapewin, American actor (b. 1869)
- February 8 – Connie Mack, American baseball executive and manager (b. 1862)
- February 10 – Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, British marshal of the Royal Air Force (b. 1873)
- February 18 – Gustave Charpentier, French composer (b. 1860)
- February 20 – James Cousins, Irish writer (b. 1873)
- February 26 – Elsie Janis, American singer and actress (b. 1889)
- February 29 – Elpidio Quirino, President of the Philippines (b. 1890)
- March 14 – David Browning, American Olympic diver (b. 1931)
- March 17
- Fred Allen, American comedian (b. 1894)
- Irène Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1897)
- March 18 – Louis Bromfield, American writer (b. 1896)
- March 20
- Fanny Durack, Australian swimmer (b. 1889)
- Wilhelm Miklas, Austrian politician and 3rd President of Austria
- March 25 – Robert Newton, English film actor (b. 1905)
- March 30 – Edmund Clerihew Bentley, English inventor (b. 1875)
- March 31 – Ralph DePalma, Italian-born race car driver (b. 1884)
April–June[link]
- April 6 – Pio Valenzuela, Filipino physician and one of the leaders of the Katipunan (b. 1869)
- April 15 – Kathleen Howard, Canadian born American opera singer & character actress (b. 1884)
- April 19 – Ernst Robert Curtius, Alsatian philologist (b. 1886)
- April 21
- Samuel Gottesman, American pulp-paper merchant (b. 1885)
- Charles MacArthur, American playwright and screenwriter (b. 1895)
- April 24 – Henry Stephenson, British character actor (b. 1871)
- April 26 – Edward Arnold, American actor (b. 1890)
- April 29
- Harold Bride, English-born junior radio officer on RMS Titanic (b. 1890)
- Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, German field marshal (b. 1876)
- April 30 – Alben W. Barkley, Vice President of the United States (b. 1877)
- May 3 – Peter Watson, English art collector and benefactor (b. 1908)
- May 12 – Louis Calhern, American actor (b. 1895)
- May 17 – Austin Osman Spare, English magician (b. 1886)
- May 18 – Maurice Tate, English cricketer (b. 1895)
- May 20
- Max Beerbohm, English theater critic (b. 1872)
- Zoltan Halmay, Hungarian Olympic swimmer (b. 1881)
- May 23 – Gustav Suits, Estonian poet (b. 1883)
- May 24 – Guy Kibbee, American actor (b. 1882)
- May 26 – Al Simmons, American baseball player (b. 1902)
- May 29 – Frank Beaurepaire, Australian Olympic swimmer (b. 1891)
- May 31 – Diedrich Hermann Westermann, German linguist (b. 1875)
- June 2
- Jean Hersholt, Danish actor (b. 1886)
- Richard S. Edwards, American admiral (b. 1885)
- June 4 – Katherine MacDonald, American silent film actress (b. 1891)
- June 6 – Margaret Wycherly, English stage & film actress (b. 1881)
- June 11 – Ralph Morgan, American actor (b. 1883)
- June 17 – Paul Rostock, German official, surgeon, and university professor (b. 1892)
- June 22 – Walter de la Mare, English poet, short story writer, and novelist (b. 1873)
- June 23 – Reinhold Glière, Russian composer (b. 1875)
- June 26 – Clifford Brown, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1930)
July–September[link]
- July 7 – Gottfried Benn, German poet (b. 1886)
- July 8 – Giovanni Papini, Italian essayist, poet, novelist (b. 1881)
- July 10 – Joe Giard, American baseball player (b. 1898)
- July 11 - John T. Raulston, Scopes Monkey Trial judge (b. 1868)
- July 20 – James Alexander Calder, Canadian politician (b. 1868)
- August 2 – Albert Woolson, last surviving Union veteran of the American Civil War (b. 1847)
- August 11 – Jackson Pollock, American painter (b. 1912)
- August 14
- Bertolt Brecht, German playwright (Threepenny Opera) (b. 1898)
- Konstantin von Neurath, Nazi German diplomat and foreign minister (b. 1873)
- August 16
- Béla Lugosi, Hungarian-born film actor (Dracula) (b. 1882)
- Lynde D. McCormick, American admiral (b. 1895)
- August 23 – Peaches Browning, American actress (b. 1910)
- August 25 – Alfred Kinsey, American sex researcher (b. 1894)
- September 6 - Lee Jung Seob, Korean oil painter (b. 1916)
- September 11 – Billy Bishop, Canadian pilot (b. 1894)
- September 20 – Flora Eldershaw, Australian novelist, critic, and historian (b. 1897)
- September 22 – Frederick Soddy, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)
- September 27
- Milburn G. Apt, American test pilot (b. 1924)
- Babe Zaharias, American athlete and golfer (b. 1911)
- September 29 – Anastasio Somoza García, President of Nicaragua (b. 1896)
October–December[link]
- October 1 – Albert Von Tilzer, American songwriter (b. 1878)
- October 2 – George Bancroft, American actor (b. 1882)
- October 9 – Marie Doro, American stage & silent film actress (b. 1882)
- October 12 – Don Lorenzo Perosi, Italian composer (b. 1872)
- October 17 – Anne Crawford, British actress (b. 1920)
- October 19 – Isham Jones, American musician (b. 1894)
- October 22 – Hannah Mitchell, English socialist and suffragette (b. 1872)
- October 25 – Risto Ryti, 5th President of Finland (b. 1889)
- October 26 – Walter Gieseking, French conductor (b. 1895)
- November 1 – Pietro Badoglio, Italian general and prime minister (b. 1871)
- November 5 – Art Tatum, American jazz pianist (b. 1909)
- November 6 – Paul Kelly, stage & screen actor (b. 1899)
- November 10
- Harry F. Sinclair, American entrepreneur (b. 1876)
- Victor Young, American composer (b. 1900)
- November 14 – Peter R. de Vries, Dutch crime reporter (b. 1956)
- November 19 – Francis L. Sullivan, English actor (b. 1903)
- November 22 – Theodore Kosloff, Russian-born ballet dancer, choreographer and actor (b. 1882)
- November 24 – Guido Cantelli, Italian conductor (b. 1920)
- November 26 – Tommy Dorsey, American trombonist and bandleader (b. 1905)
- November 27 – Hugo Ballin, American artist, film production designer, and director (b. 1879)
- December 2 – Dell Henderson, Canadian actor (b. 1883)
- December 6 – Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Indian dalit leader (b. 1891)
- December 7 – Huntley Gordon, Canadian actor (b. 1887)
- December 10 – David Shimoni, Israeli poet and writer (b. 1891)
- December 14 – Juho Kusti Paasikivi, 7th President of Finland (b. 1870)
- December 16 – Nina Hamnett, Welsh artist (b. 1890)
- December 17 – Eddie Acuff, American actor (b. 1903)
- December 26 – Holmes Herbert, English actor (b. 1882)
- December 30 – Ruth Draper, American actress (b. 1884)
Date unknown[link]
- Lotte Herrlich, regarded as the most important female photographer of German naturism
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain
- Chemistry – Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Nikolay Semenov
- Physiology or Medicine – André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards
- Literature – Juan Ramón Jiménez
- Peace – Not Awarded
References[link]
- ^ Telechron.net
- ^ "Other Flags – World Flags 101 – US Army Flag". Archived from the original on 2009-05-04. http://www.worldflags101.com/other-flags/us-army-flag.aspx. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
- ^ Motorists panic as petrol rations loom, BBC news
Further reading[link]
- London Institute of World Affairs, The Year Book of World Affairs 1957 (London 1957) full text online, comprehensive reference book covering 1956 in diplomacy, international affairs and politics for major nations and regions
http://wn.com/1956
Related pages:
http://dewn.com/1956
http://eswn.com/1956
http://ruwn.com/1956 год
http://cswn.com/1956
http://ptwn.com/1956
http://plwn.com/1956
http://hiwn.com/१९५६
http://itwn.com/1956
http://idwn.com/1956
http://nlwn.com/1956
http://frwn.com/1956
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Lys Assia | |
|---|---|
 Lys Assia (2009) |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Rosa Mina Schärer |
| Born | (1926-03-03) 3 March 1926 (age 86) |
| Origin | Aargau, Switzerland |
| Occupations | Singer |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1942–present |
Lys Assia (born Rosa Mina Schärer on 3 March 1926, Rupperswil, Aargau, Switzerland) is a Swiss singer who won the first Eurovision Song Contest in 1956. When Lys Assia was a young girl she was a dancer. In 1940, however, she stood in for a female singer. People who heard her singing liked it, so she changed from dancing to singing.
In 1956 she was the winner of the very first Eurovision Song Contest, in which she sang for Switzerland. She had also been in the German national final of that year and returned to the contest again for Switzerland in 1957 and 1958.
In September 2011, Assia entered her song "C'était ma vie" written by Ralph Siegel and Jean Paul Cara into the Swiss national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan.[1] The song, however, only came eighth in a closely fought national selection.
Discography[link]
- Oh Mein Papa
- Ein kleiner goldner Ring
- Refrain(s)
- Das alte Karussell
- Holland Mädel
- Jolie Jacqueline
- L'enfant que j'étais
- Giorgio
- C'était ma vie
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lys Assia |
References[link]
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by None |
Winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1956 |
Succeeded by Corry Brokkenwith "Net als toen" |
| Preceded by Debut entry |
Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1956 with "Das alte Karussell" and "Refrain" 1957 with "L'enfant que j'étais", 1958 with "Giorgio" |
Succeeded by Christa Williams with "Irgendwoher" |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.svg){kind=small}
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Assia, Lys |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 3 March 1924 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Lys_Assia
Related pages:
http://itwn.com/Lys Assia
http://cswn.com/Lys Assia
http://idwn.com/Lys Assia
http://eswn.com/Lys Assia
http://ruwn.com/Лиз Ассиа
http://nlwn.com/Lys Assia
http://plwn.com/Lys Assia
http://frwn.com/Lys Assia
http://dewn.com/Lys Assia
http://ptwn.com/Lys Assia
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_Assia
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Dan Patterson | |
|---|---|
| Occupation | Television producer and writer |
Dan Patterson is a British television producer and writer, responsible for the production of both the British and American incarnations of the improvisation show Whose Line Is It Anyway? and the British satirical panel show Mock the Week with writing partner Mark Leveson. He has also written for episodes of both shows.
He co-created Whose Line Is It Anyway? alongside Mark Leveson, initially on BBC radio before moving with it to Channel 4, and then onward to ABC. In 2004, he established Angst Productions, which is responsible for Mock the Week.[1]
Television[link]
Producer
- Clive Anderson Talks Back - Channel 4
- Clive Anderson All Talk - BBC One
- S and M - Channel 4
- The Brain Drain - BBC Two
- Never Mind the Horrocks - Channel 4
- The Peter Principle - BBC One
- Room 101 - BBC Two
- Whose Line Is It Anyway? - Channel 4 (UK version) and ABC (US version)
- Mock the Week - BBC Two
- Kelsey Grammer American Sketch Show - Fox[citation needed]
- Fast and Loose - BBC Two[2]
References[link]
External links[link]
|
||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Patterson, Dan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Dan_Patterson
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Patterson
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Elmer Bernstein | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1922-04-04)April 4, 1922 New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | August 18, 2004(2004-08-18) (aged 82) Ojai, California, U.S. |
| Genres | Film scores |
| Occupations | Composer, conductor, songwriter |
| Years active | 1951–2004 |
Elmer Bernstein (April 4, 1922 – August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor best known for his many film scores. In a career which spanned fifty years, he composed music for hundreds of film and television productions. His most popular works include the scores to The Magnificent Seven, The Ten Commandments, The Great Escape, To Kill a Mockingbird, and Ghostbusters.
Bernstein won an Oscar for his score to Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967) and was nominated for fourteen Oscars in total. He also won two Golden Globes and was nominated for two Grammy Awards.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Bernstein was born in New York City, the son of Selma (née Feinstein) and Edward Bernstein.[1] He was not related to the celebrated composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein, but the two men were friends, and even shared a certain physical similarity.[2] Within the world of professional music, they were distinguished from each other by the use of the nicknames Bernstein West (Elmer) and Bernstein East (Leonard).[3]
During his childhood, Bernstein performed professionally as a dancer and an actor, in the latter case playing the part of Caliban in The Tempest on Broadway, and he also won several prizes for his painting. He gravitated toward music at the age of twelve, at which time he was given a scholarship in piano by Henriette Michelson, a Juilliard teacher who guided him throughout his entire career as a pianist. She took him to play some of his improvisations for composer Aaron Copland, who was encouraging and selected Israel Citkowitz as a teacher for the young boy.[4] Bernstein's music has some stylistic similarities to Copland's music, most notably in his western scores, particularly sections of Big Jake, in the Gregory Peck film Amazing Grace and Chuck, and in his spirited score for the 1958 film adaptation of Erskine Caldwell's novel God's Little Acre.
Throughout his life, Bernstein demonstrated an enthusiasm for an even wider spectrum of the arts than his childhood interests would imply and, in 1959, when he was scoring The Story on Page One, he considered becoming a novelist and asked the film's screenwriter, Clifford Odets, to give him lessons in writing fiction.
Career[link]
Bernstein wrote the theme songs or other music for more than 200 films and TV shows, including The Magnificent Seven, The Great Escape, The Ten Commandments (1956), The Man with the Golden Arm, To Kill a Mockingbird, Robot Monster, and the fanfare used in the National Geographic television specials.[4] His theme for The Magnificent Seven is also familiar to television viewers, as it was used in commercials for Marlboro cigarettes. Bernstein also provided the score to many of the short films of Ray and Charles Eames.
Broadway[link]
In addition to his film music, Bernstein wrote the scores for two Broadway musicals, How Now, Dow Jones, with lyricist Carolyn Leigh, in 1967 and Merlin, with lyricist Don Black, in 1983.[5]
Politics[link]
Along with many in Hollywood, Bernstein faced censure during the McCarthy era of the 1950s. He was "gray-listed" (not banned, but kept off major projects) due to sympathy with left-wing causes, and had to work on low-budget science fiction films such as Robot Monster and Cat-Women of the Moon.[4]
Comedies[link]
John Landis grew up near Bernstein, and befriended him through his children. Years later, he requested Bernstein do the music for National Lampoon's Animal House, over the studio's objections. He explained to Bernstein that he thought that Bernstein's score, playing it straight as if the comedic Delta frat characters were actual heroes, would emphasize the comedy further. The opening theme to the movie is based upon a slight inversion of a secondary theme from Brahms' Academic Festival Overture. Bernstein accepted the job, and it sparked a second wave in his career, where he continued to do high-profile comedies such as The Blues Brothers, Ghostbusters, Stripes, and Airplane!, as well as most of Landis's films for the next 15 years.
[edit] Cape Fear
When Martin Scorsese announced that he was re-making Cape Fear, Bernstein adapted Bernard Herrmann's original score to the new film. Bernstein leapt at the opportunity to work with Scorsese, and to pay homage to Herrmann. Scorsese and Bernstein subsequently worked together on two more films, 1993's The Age of Innocence and Bringing Out the Dead (1999). Bernstein had previously conducted Herrman's original unused score for Alfred Hitchcock's 1966 Torn Curtain.[6]
Classical[link]
Having studied composition under Aaron Copland, Roger Sessions and Stefan Wolpe, Bernstein also performed as a concert pianist between 1939 and 1950 and wrote numerous classical compositions, including three orchestral suites, two song cycles, various compositions for viola and piano and for solo piano, and a string quartet. As president of the Young Musicians Foundation, Bernstein became acquainted with classical guitarist Christopher Parkening and wrote a Concerto for Guitar and Orchestra, which Parkening recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra under Bernstein's baton for the Angel label in 1999. In addition, Bernstein was a professor at the University of Southern California's Thornton School of Music.[7]
Awards[link]
Over the course of his career, Bernstein won an Academy Award, an Emmy Award, and two Golden Globe Awards.[8] In addition, he was nominated for the Tony Award three times[5] and a Grammy Award five times.
He received 14 Academy Award nominations and was nominated at least once per decade from the 1950s until the 2000s, but his only win was for Thoroughly Modern Millie for Best Original Music Score. Bernstein was recognized by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association with Golden Globes for his scores for To Kill a Mockingbird and Hawaii. In 1963, he won the Emmy for Excellence in Television for his score of the documentary The Making of The President 1960. He is the recipient of Western Heritage Awards for The Magnificent Seven (1960) and The Hallelujah Trail (1965).[8]
He received five Grammy Award nominations from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences and garnered two Tony Award nominations for the Broadway musicals How Now Dow Jones and Merlin.
Additional honors included Lifetime achievement awards from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), the Society for the Preservation of Film Music, the USA, Woodstock, Santa Barbara, Newport Beach and Flanders International Film Festivals and the Foundation for a Creative America.
In 1996, Bernstein was honored with a star on Hollywood Boulevard.[9] In 1999, he received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Five Towns College in New York and was honored by the American Film Institute in Los Angeles. Bernstein again was honored by ASCAP with its marquee Founders Award in 2001[9] and with the NARAS Governors Award in June 2004.
His scores for The Magnificent Seven and To Kill a Mockingbird were ranked by the American Film Institute as the eighth and seventeenth greatest American film scores of all time, respectively, on the list of AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores. Bernstein, Bernard Herrmann, Max Steiner, and Jerry Goldsmith are the only composers to have two scores listed, and are therefore in second place for the most scores on the list, behind John Williams, who has three. Other Bernstein scores for the following the films were nominated for the list:
- The Age of Innocence (1993)
- Far from Heaven (2002)
- The Great Escape (1963)
- Hawaii (1966)
- The Man with the Golden Arm (1955)
- Summer and Smoke (1961)
- Sweet Smell of Success (1957)
- The Ten Commandments (1956)
- Walk on the Wild Side (1962)
Death[link]
Bernstein died of cancer in his sleep at his home in Ojai, California, on August 18, 2004.[10]
Filmography[link]
Broadway theatre[link]
- Peter Pan (1954) - Incidental music composer
- How Now, Dow Jones (1967) - Composer - Tony Co-Nomination for Best Musical, Tony Co-Nomination for Best Composer and Lyricist
- Merlin (1982) - Composer and Incidental music composer - Tony Co-Nomination for Best Composer and Lyricist
References[link]
- ^ Biography elmerbernstein.com
- ^ "Great Escape composer dies at 82". BBC News. August 19, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/3578820.stm.
- ^ "Introduction". Bernstein West. http://www.bernsteinwest.com/elmerbernstein1.html. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ a b c Biography songwritershalloffame.org, retrieved December 21, 2009
- ^ a b Internet Broadway Database listing ibdb.com, retrieved December 21, 2009
- ^ "Talk on the Wild Side" bernardherrmann.org, June 2003
- ^ Patrick Russ, liner notes for Christopher Parkening • Elmer Bernstein • Concerto for Guitar & Orchestra for Two Christophers (Angel CD 7243 5 56859 2 6), New York, Angel Records, 2000.
- ^ a b Internet Movie Database listing, Awards imdb.com, retrieved December 21, 2009
- ^ a b Biography filmreference.com, retrieved December 21, 2009
- ^ "Great Escape composer dies at 82" BBC News, 19 August 2004
External links[link]
- Official website
- Elmer Bernstein at the Internet Movie Database
- Elmer Bernstein at the Internet Broadway Database
- Elmer Bernstein at the TCM Movie Database
- SWF movie with soundtracks
- Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks
- Fan website
- BernsteinWest.com
- Meatballs Movie Website
|
||||||||
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bernstein, Elmer |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | composer, conductor, songwriter |
| Date of birth | 1922-04-04 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | 2004-08-18 |
| Place of death | Ojai, California |
http://wn.com/Elmer_Bernstein
Related pages:
http://itwn.com/Elmer Bernstein
http://cswn.com/Elmer Bernstein
http://eswn.com/Elmer Bernstein
http://ruwn.com/Бернстайн, Элмер
http://ptwn.com/Elmer Bernstein
http://plwn.com/Elmer Bernstein
http://frwn.com/Elmer Bernstein
http://dewn.com/Elmer Bernstein
http://nlwn.com/Elmer Bernstein
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Bernstein
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Hungarian Revolution of 1956 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Cold War | |||||||
 Hungarians gather around the head of the toppled Stalin Monument in Budapest |
|||||||
|
|||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
22x20px Soviet Union ÁVH (Hungarian State Protection Authority) |
 Hungarian revolutionaries |
||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| 22x20px Nikita Khrushchev 22x20px Ivan Konev |
Imre Nagy Pál Maléter |
||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 31,550 troops, 1,130 tanks[1] |
Unknown number of soldiers, militia, and armed civilians | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| (Soviet casualties only) 722 killed 1,251 wounded[2] |
2,500 killed (est.) 13,000 wounded (est.)[3] |
||||||
| History of Hungary | |
|---|---|
 This article is part of a series |
|
| Prehistory | |
| Hungary before the Hungarians | |
| Hungarian prehistory | |
| Early history | |
| Roman Pannonia | |
| Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin | |
| Middle Ages (895–1541) | |
| Principality of Hungary (895–1000) |
|
| Medieval Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1538) |
|
| Turkish Wars (1366–1526) |
|
| Early Modern history | |
| Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867) |
|
| Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1538–1570) |
|
| Ottoman Hungary (1541–1699) |
|
| Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) |
|
| Late modern period |
|
| Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703–1711) |
|
| Hungarian Revolution of 1848 (1848–1849) |
|
| Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) |
|
| Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen |
|
| Hungary in World War I | |
| Interwar period (1918–41) |
|
| Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) |
|
| World War II | |
| Contemporary history (1946 to present) |
|
| Republic of Hungary (1946–49) |
|
| People's Republic (1949–89) |
|
| Revolution of 1956 | |
| Republic of Hungary (since 1989) |
|
| Topical | |
| Church history | |
| Military history | |
| Music history | |
| Jewish history | |
| Székely people | |
|
Hungary Portal |
The Hungarian Revolution or Uprising[4] of 1956 (Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom or felkelés) was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the government of the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956.
The revolt began as a student demonstration which attracted thousands as it marched through central Budapest to the Parliament building. A student delegation entering the radio building in an attempt to broadcast its demands was detained. When the delegation's release was demanded by the demonstrators outside, they were fired upon by the State Security Police (ÁVH) from within the building. The news spread quickly and disorder and violence erupted throughout the capital.
The revolt spread quickly across Hungary, and the government fell. Thousands organized into militias, battling the State Security Police (ÁVH) and Soviet troops. Pro-Soviet communists and ÁVH members were often executed or imprisoned, as former prisoners were released and armed. Impromptu councils wrested municipal control from the ruling Hungarian Working People's Party and demanded political changes. The new government formally disbanded the ÁVH, declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections. By the end of October, fighting had almost stopped and a sense of normality began to return.
After announcing a willingness to negotiate a withdrawal of Soviet forces, the Politburo changed its mind and moved to crush the revolution. On the 4th of November, a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country. Hungarian resistance continued until 10 November. Over 2,500 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops were killed in the conflict, and 200,000 Hungarians fled as refugees. Mass arrests and denunciations continued for months thereafter. By January 1957, the new Soviet-installed government had suppressed all public opposition. These Soviet actions alienated many Western Marxists, yet strengthened Soviet control over Central Europe.
Public discussion about this revolution was suppressed in Hungary for over 30 years, but since the thaw of the 1980s it has been a subject of intense study and debate. At the inauguration of the Third Hungarian Republic in 1989, October 23 was declared a national holiday.
Contents |
Prelude[link]
During World War II, Hungary was a member of the Axis powers, thereby being allied with the fascist forces of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Romania and Bulgaria. As a part of this, in 1941, the Hungarian military participated in the occupation of Yugoslavia and the invasion of the Soviet Union, joining the Axis powers. The Soviet army was however able to force back the Hungarian and other Axis invaders, and by 1944, Soviet armies themselves were advancing towards Hungary. Fearing invasion, the Hungarian government began armistice negotiations with the Allies, but these were ended when Nazi Germany invaded and occupied the country and set up their own pro-Axis regime. Both Hungarian and German forces stationed in Hungary were subsequently defeated when the Soviet Union invaded the country in 1945.
Postwar occupation[link]
After World War II, the Soviet Army occupied Hungary, with the country coming under the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. At the time, Hungary was a multiparty democracy, and elections in 1945 produced a coalition government under Prime Minister Zoltán Tildy. However, the Hungarian Communist Party, a Marxist-Leninist group who shared the Soviet government's ideological beliefs, constantly wrested small concessions in a process named "salami tactics", which sliced away the elected government's influence, despite the fact that it had only received 17% of the vote.[5][6]
After the elections of 1945, the portfolio of the Interior Ministry — which oversaw the Hungarian State Security Police (Államvédelmi Hatóság, later known as the ÁVH) — was forcibly transferred from the Independent Smallholders Party to a nominee of the Communist Party.[7] The ÁVH employed methods of intimidation, falsified accusations, imprisonment and torture, to suppress political opposition.[8] The brief period of multiparty democracy came to an end when the Communist Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to become the Hungarian Working People's Party, which stood its candidate list unopposed in 1949. The People's Republic of Hungary was then declared.[6] By 1949, the Soviets had concluded a mutual assistance treaty with Hungary which granted the Soviet Union rights to a continued military presence, assuring ultimate political control.
Being revolutionary socialists, the Hungarian Communist Party set about to replace the capitalist economy with a socialist one, and as a part of this undertook radical nationalization based on the Soviet model. This however produced economic stagnation, lower standards of living and a deep malaise. Writers and journalists were the first to voice open criticism of the government and its policies, publishing critical articles in 1955.[9] By 22 October 1956, Technical University students had resurrected the banned MEFESZ student union,[10] and staged a demonstration on 23 October which set off a chain of events leading directly to the revolution.
Political repression and economic decline[link]
Hungary became a communist state under the severely authoritarian leadership of Mátyás Rákosi.[11] Under Rakosi’s reign, the Security Police (AVH) began a series of purges, first within the Communist Party to end opposition to Rakosi’s reign. The victims labeled as “Titoists,” “western agents,” or “Trotskyists” for as little a crime as spending time in the west to participate in the Spanish Civil War or for being Jewish (labeled as “Zionist agents”). In total, about half of all the middle and lower level party officials-at least 7,000 people-were purged.[12][13][14]
From 1950 to 1952, the Security Police forcibly relocated thousands of people to obtain property and housing for the Working People's Party members, and to remove the threat of the intellectual and 'bourgeois' class. Thousands were arrested, tortured, tried, and imprisoned in concentration camps, deported to the east, or were executed, including ÁVH founder László Rajk.[13][15] In a single year, more than 26,000 people were forcibly relocated from Budapest. As a consequence, jobs and housing were very difficult to obtain. The deportees generally experienced terrible living conditions and were impressed as slave labor on collective farms. Many died as a result of the poor living conditions and malnutrition.[14]
The Rákosi government thoroughly politicized Hungary's educational system to supplant the educated classes with a "toiling intelligentsia".[16] Russian language study and Communist political instruction were made mandatory in schools and universities nationwide. Religious schools were nationalized and church leaders were replaced by those loyal to the government.[17] In 1949 the leader of the Hungarian Catholic Church, Cardinal József Mindszenty, was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for treason.[18] Under Rákosi, Hungary's government was among the most repressive in Europe.[6][15]
The postwar Hungarian economy suffered from multiple challenges. Hungary agreed to pay war reparations approximating US$300 million, to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, and to support Soviet garrisons.[19] The Hungarian National Bank in 1946 estimated the cost of reparations as "between 19 and 22 per cent of the annual national income."[20] In 1946, the Hungarian currency experienced marked depreciation, resulting in the highest historic rates of hyperinflation known.[21] Hungary's participation in the Soviet-sponsored COMECON (Council Of Mutual Economic Assistance), prevented it from trading with the West or receiving Marshall Plan aid.[22]
In addition, Rakosi began his first Five-Year Plan in 1950-based on Stalin’s industrial program of the same name-which sought to raise industrial output by 380 percent.[23] Like its Soviet counterpart, the Five-Year Plan never achieved these outlandish goals due in part to the crippling effect of the exportation of most of Hungary’s raw resources and technology to the Soviet Union as well as Rakosi’s purges of much of the former professional class. In fact, the Five-Year Plan weakened Hungary’s existing industrial structure and caused real industrial wages to fall by 18 percent between 1949 and 1952.[24] Rakosi’s agricultural programs met with the same lack of success, with attempted collectivization of the peasantry causing a marked fall in agricultural output and a rise in food shortages.
Although national income per capita rose in the first third of the 1950s, the standard of living fell. Huge income deductions to finance industrial investment reduced disposable personal income; mismanagement created chronic shortages in basic foodstuffs resulting in rationing of bread, sugar, flour and meat.[25] Compulsory subscriptions to state bonds further reduced personal income. The net result was that disposable real income of workers and employees in 1952 was only two-thirds of what it had been in 1938, whereas in 1949, the proportion had been 90 per cent.[26] These policies had a cumulative negative effect, and fueled discontent as foreign debt grew and the population experienced shortages of goods.[27]
International events[link]
On 5 March 1953, Joseph Stalin died, ushering in a period of moderate liberalization during which most European communist parties developed a reform wing. In Hungary, the reformist Imre Nagy replaced Mátyás Rákosi, "Stalin's Best Hungarian Disciple", as Prime Minister.[28] However, Rákosi remained General Secretary of the Party, and was able to undermine most of Nagy's reforms. By April 1955, he had Nagy discredited and removed from office.[29] After Khrushchev's "secret speech" of February 1956, which denounced Stalin and his protégés,[30] Rákosi was deposed as General Secretary of the Party and replaced by Ernő Gerő on 18 July 1956.[31]
On 14 May 1955, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact, binding Hungary to the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe. Among the principles of this alliance were "respect for the independence and sovereignty of states" and "noninterference in their internal affairs".[32]
In 1955, the Austrian State Treaty and ensuing declaration of neutrality established Austria as a demilitarized and neutral country.[33] This raised Hungarian hopes of also becoming neutral and in 1955 Nagy had considered "...the possibility of Hungary adopting a neutral status on the Austrian pattern".[34]
In June 1956, a violent uprising by Polish workers in Poznań was put down by the government, with scores of protesters killed and wounded. Responding to popular demand, in October 1956, the government appointed the recently rehabilitated reformist communist Władysław Gomułka as First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, with a mandate to negotiate trade concessions and troop reductions with the Soviet government. After a few tense days of negotiations, on 19 October the Soviets finally gave in to Gomułka's reformist demands.[35] News of the concessions won by the Poles—known as Polish October—emboldened many Hungarians to hope for similar concessions for Hungary and these sentiments contributed significantly to the highly charged political climate that prevailed in Hungary in the second half of October 1956.[36]
Within the Cold War context of the time, by 1956 a fundamental tension had appeared in U.S. policy towards Hungary and the Eastern Bloc generally. The United States both hoped to encourage East European countries to break away from the bloc through their own efforts, but also wished to avoid a U.S.-Soviet military confrontation, fearing escalation into nuclear war. For these reasons, U.S. policy makers had to consider other means of diminishing Soviet influence in Eastern Europe, short of a rollback policy. This led to the development of containment policies such as economic and psychological warfare, covert operations, and, at a later stage, negotiation with the Soviet Union regarding the status of the East-bloc states. In the summer of 1956, relations between Hungary and the U.S. began to improve. At that time, the U.S. responded very favorably to Hungary's overtures about a possible expansion of bilateral trade relations. Hungary's desire for better relations was partly attributable to the country's catastrophic economic situation. Before any results could be achieved, however, the pace of negotiations was slowed by the Hungarian Ministry of Internal Affairs, which feared that better relations with the West might weaken Communist rule in Hungary.[37]
Social unrest builds[link]
Rákosi's resignation in July 1956 emboldened students, writers and journalists to be more active and critical in politics. Students and journalists started a series of intellectual forums examining the problems facing Hungary. These forums, called Petőfi circles, became very popular and attracted thousands of participants.[38] On 6 October 1956, László Rajk, who had been executed by the Rákosi government, was reburied in a moving ceremony which strengthened the party opposition.[39]
On 16 October 1956, university students in Szeged snubbed the official communist student union, the DISZ, by re-establishing the MEFESZ (Union of Hungarian University and Academy Students), a democratic student organization, previously banned under the Rákosi dictatorship.[10] Within days, the student bodies of Pécs, Miskolc, and Sopron followed suit. On 22 October, students of the Technical University compiled a list of sixteen points containing several national policy demands.[40] After the students heard that the Hungarian Writers’ Union planned on the following day to express solidarity with pro-reform movements in Poland by laying a wreath at the statue of Polish-born General Bem, a hero of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 (1848–49), the students decided to organize a parallel demonstration of sympathy.[36][41]
Revolution[link]
First shots[link]
On the afternoon of 23 October 1956, approximately 20,000 protesters convened next to the statue of József Bem - a national hero of Poland and Hungary.[42] Péter Veres, President of the Writers’ Union, read a manifesto to the crowd,[43] the students read their proclamation, and the crowd then chanted the censored patriotic poem the "National Song", which refrains: "This we swear, this we swear, that we will no longer be slaves." Someone in the crowd cut out the communist coat of arms from the Hungarian flag, leaving a distinctive hole and others quickly followed suit.[44] Afterwards, most of the crowd crossed the Danube to join demonstrators outside the Parliament Building. By 6 p.m., the multitude had swollen to more than 200,000 people;[45] the demonstration was spirited, but peaceful.[46]
At 8 p.m., First Secretary Ernő Gerő broadcast a speech condemning the writers' and students' demands.[46] Angered by Gerő's hard-line rejection, some demonstrators decided to carry out one of their demands - the removal of Stalin's 30-foot-high (9.1 m) bronze statue that was erected in 1951 on the site of a church, which was demolished to make room for the Stalin monument.[47] By 9:30 p.m. the statue was toppled and jubilant crowds celebrated by placing Hungarian flags in Stalin's boots, which was all that was left of the statue.[46]
At about the same time, a large crowd gathered at the Radio Budapest building, which was heavily guarded by the ÁVH. The flash point was reached as a delegation attempting to broadcast their demands was detained and the crowd grew increasingly unruly as rumors spread that the protesters had been shot. Tear gas was thrown from the upper windows and the ÁVH opened fire on the crowd, killing many.[48] The ÁVH tried to re-supply itself by hiding arms inside an ambulance, but the crowd detected the ruse and intercepted it. Hungarian soldiers sent to relieve the ÁVH hesitated and then, tearing the red stars from their caps, sided with the crowd.[44][48] Provoked by the ÁVH attack, protesters reacted violently. Police cars were set ablaze, guns were seized from military depots and distributed to the masses and symbols of the communist regime were vandalized.[49]
Fighting spreads, government falls[link]
During the night of 23 October, Hungarian Working People's Party Secretary Ernő Gerő requested Soviet military intervention "to suppress a demonstration that was reaching an ever greater and unprecedented scale."[35] The Soviet leadership had formulated contingency plans for intervention in Hungary several months before.[50] By 2 a.m. on 24 October, under orders of the Soviet defence minister, Soviet tanks entered Budapest.[51]
By noon on 24 October, Soviet tanks were stationed outside the Parliament building and Soviet soldiers guarded key bridges and crossroads. Armed revolutionaries quickly set up barricades to defend Budapest, and were reported to have already captured some Soviet tanks by mid-morning.[44] That day, Imre Nagy replaced András Hegedüs as Prime Minister.[52] On the radio, Nagy called for an end to violence and promised to initiate political reforms which had been shelved three years earlier. The population continued to arm itself as sporadic violence erupted. Armed protesters seized the radio building. At the offices of the Communist newspaper Szabad Nép unarmed demonstrators were fired upon by ÁVH guards who were then driven out as armed demonstrators arrived.[53] At this point, the revolutionaries' wrath focused on the ÁVH;[54] Soviet military units were not yet fully engaged, and there were many reports of some Soviet troops showing open sympathy for the demonstrators.[55]
On 25 October, a mass of protesters gathered in front of the Parliament Building. ÁVH units began shooting into the crowd from the rooftops of neighboring buildings.[56][57] Some Soviet soldiers returned fire on the ÁVH, mistakenly believing that they were the targets of the shooting.[44][58] Supplied by arms taken from the ÁVH or given by Hungarian soldiers who joined the uprising, some in the crowd started shooting back.[44][56]
During this time, the Hungarian Army was divided as the central command structure disintegrated with the rising pressures from the protests on the government. The majority of Hungarian military units in Budapest and the countryside remained uninvolved, as the local commanders generally avoided using force against the protesters and revolutionaries.[59] From October 24 to 29, however, there were 71 cases of armed clashes between the army and the populace in fifty communities, ranging from the defense of attacks on civilian and military objectives to fighting with insurgents depending on the commanding officer.[60] One example is in the town of Kecskemét on October 26, where demonstrations in front of the office of State Security and the local jail led to military action by the Third Corps under the orders of Major General Lajos Gyurkó, in which seven protesters were shot and several of the organizers were arrested. In another case, a fighter jet strafed a protest in the town of Tiszakécske, killing 17 people and wounding 117.[61]
The attacks at the Parliament forced the collapse of the government.[62] Communist First Secretary Ernő Gerő and former Prime Minister András Hegedüs fled to the Soviet Union; Imre Nagy became Prime Minister and János Kádár First Secretary of the Communist Party.[63] Revolutionaries began an aggressive offensive against Soviet troops and the remnants of the ÁVH.
As the Hungarian resistance fought Soviet tanks using Molotov cocktails in the narrow streets of Budapest, revolutionary councils arose nationwide, assumed local governmental authority, and called for general strikes. Public Communist symbols such as red stars and Soviet war memorials were removed, and Communist books were burned. Spontaneous revolutionary militias arose, such as the 400-man group loosely led by József Dudás, which attacked or murdered Soviet sympathizers and ÁVH members.[64] Soviet units fought primarily in Budapest; elsewhere the countryside was largely quiet. One armored division stationed in Budapest, commanded by Pál Maléter, instead opted to join the insurgents. Soviet commanders often negotiated local cease-fires with the revolutionaries.[65] In some regions, Soviet forces managed to quell revolutionary activity. In Budapest, the Soviets were eventually fought to a stand-still and hostilities began to wane. Hungarian general Béla Király, freed from a life sentence for political offenses and acting with the support of the Nagy government, sought to restore order by unifying elements of the police, army and insurgent groups into a National Guard.[66] A ceasefire was arranged on 28 October, and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside.[67]
Interlude[link]
Fighting had virtually ceased between 28 October and 4 November, as many Hungarians believed that Soviet military units were indeed withdrawing from Hungary.[68] There were at least 213 suspected or genuine Hungarian Working People's Party members lynched or executed during this period[69]
The New Hungarian National Government[link]
The rapid spread of the uprising in the streets of Budapest and the abrupt fall of the Gerő-Hegedüs government left the new national leadership surprised, and at first disorganized. Nagy, a loyal Party reformer described as possessing "only modest political skills",[70] initially appealed to the public for calm and a return to the old order. Yet Nagy, the only remaining Hungarian leader with credibility in both the eyes of the public and the Soviets, "at long last concluded that a popular uprising rather than a counter-revolution was taking place".[71] At 1:20 p.m. on October 28, Nagy announced an immediate and general cease-fire over the radio and, on behalf of the new national government, declared the following: • that the government would assess the uprising not as counterrevolutionary but as a “great, national and democratic event” • an unconditional general cease-fire and amnesty for those who participated in the uprising; negotiations with the insurgents • the dissolution of the AVH • the establishment of a national guard • the immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops from Budapest and negotiations for the withdrawal of all Soviet forces from Hungary On November 1, in a radio address to the Hungarian people, Nagy formally declared Hungary’s withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact as well as Hungary’s stance of neutrality.[72] [73][74] Because it held office only ten days, the National Government had little chance to clarify its policies in detail. However, newspaper editorials at the time stressed that Hungary should be a neutral, multiparty social democracy.[75] Many political prisoners were released, most notably Cardinal József Mindszenty.[76] Political parties which were previously banned, such as the Independent Smallholders and the National Peasants' Party, reappeared to join the coalition.[77]
During this time, in 1,170 communities across Hungary there were 348 cases in which revolutionary councils and protesters dismissed employees of the local administrative councils, 312 cases in which they sacked the persons in charge, and 215 cases in which they burned the local administrative files and records. In addition, in 681 communities demonstrators damaged symbols of Soviet authority such as red stars, Stalin or Lenin statues; 393 in which they damaged Soviet war memorials, and 122 communities in which book burnings took place.[78] [79]
Local revolutionary councils formed throughout Hungary,[80][81][82][83] generally without involvement from the preoccupied National Government in Budapest, and assumed various responsibilities of local government from the defunct communist party.[84] By 30 October, these councils had been officially sanctioned by the Hungarian Working People's Party, and the Nagy government asked for their support as "autonomous, democratic local organs formed during the Revolution".[84] Likewise, workers' councils were established at industrial plants and mines, and many unpopular regulations such as production norms were eliminated. The workers' councils strove to manage the enterprise whilst protecting workers' interests, thus establishing a socialist economy free of rigid party control.[85] Local control by the councils was not always bloodless; in Debrecen, Győr, Sopron, Mosonmagyaróvár and other cities, crowds of demonstrators were fired upon by the ÁVH, with many lives lost. The ÁVH were disarmed, often by force, in many cases assisted by the local police.[84]
In total there were approximately 2,100 local revolutionary and workers councils with over 28,000 members. These councils held a combined conference in Budapest decided to end the nationwide labor strikes and resume work on November 5th, with the more important councils sending delegates to the Parliament to assure the Nagy government of their support.[86]
Soviet perspective[link]
On 24 October, the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (the Politburo) discussed the political upheavals in Poland and Hungary. A hard-line faction led by Molotov was pushing for intervention, but Khrushchev and Marshal Zhukov were initially opposed. A delegation in Budapest reported that the situation was not as dire as had been portrayed. Khrushchev stated that he believed that Party Secretary Ernő Gerő's request for intervention on 23 October indicated that the Hungarian Party still held the confidence of the Hungarian public. In addition, he saw the protests not as an ideological struggle, but as popular discontent over unresolved basic economic and social issues.[35]
After some debate,[87][88] the Presidium on 30 October decided not to remove the new Hungarian government. Even Marshal Georgy Zhukov said: "We should withdraw troops from Budapest, and if necessary withdraw from Hungary as a whole. This is a lesson for us in the military-political sphere." They adopted a Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the Principles of Development and Further Strengthening of Friendship and Cooperation between the Soviet Union and other Socialist States, which was issued the next day. This document proclaimed: "The Soviet Government is prepared to enter into the appropriate negotiations with the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and other members of the Warsaw Treaty on the question of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of Hungary."[89] Thus for a brief moment it looked like there could be a peaceful solution.
On 30 October, armed protestors attacked the ÁVH detachment guarding the Budapest Hungarian Working People's Party headquarters on Köztársaság tér (Republic Square), incited by rumors of prisoners held there, and the earlier shootings of demonstrators by the ÁVH in the city of Mosonmagyaróvár.[84][90][91] Over 20 ÁVH officers were killed, some of them lynched by the mob. Hungarian army tanks sent to rescue the party headquarters mistakenly bombarded the building.[91] The head of the Budapest party committee, Imre Mező, was wounded and later died.[92][93] Scenes from Republic Square were shown on Soviet newsreels a few hours later.[94] Revolutionary leaders in Hungary condemned the incident and appealed for calm, and the mob violence soon died down,[95] but images of the victims were nevertheless used as propaganda by various Communist organs.[93]
On 31 October the Soviet leaders decided to reverse their decision from the previous day. There is disagreement among historians whether Hungary's declaration to exit the Warsaw Pact caused the second Soviet intervention. Minutes of the 31 October meeting of the Presidium record that the decision to intervene militarily was taken one day before Hungary declared its neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact.[96] However, some Russian historians who are not advocates of the Communist era maintain that the Hungarian declaration of neutrality caused the Kremlin to intervene a second time.[97]
Two days earlier, on 30 October, when Soviet Politburo representatives Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov were in Budapest, Nagy had hinted that neutrality was a long-term objective for Hungary, and that he was hoping to discuss this matter with the leaders in the Kremlin. This information was passed on to Moscow by Mikoyan and Suslov.[98][99] At that time, Khrushchev was in Stalin's dacha, considering his options regarding Hungary. One of his speechwriters later said that the declaration of neutrality was an important factor in his subsequent decision to support intervention.[100] In addition, some Hungarian leaders of the revolution as well as students had called for their country's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact much earlier, and this may have influenced Soviet decision making.[101]
Several other key events alarmed the Presidium and cemented the interventionists' position:[102][103]
- Simultaneous movements towards multiparty parliamentary democracy, and a democratic national council of workers, which could "lead towards a capitalist state." Both movements challenged the pre-eminence of the Soviet Communist Party in Eastern Europe and perhaps Soviet hegemony itself. For the majority of the Presidium, the workers' direct control over their councils without Communist Party leadership was incompatible with their idea of socialism. At the time, these councils were, in the words of Hannah Arendt, "the only free and acting soviets (councils) in existence anywhere in the world".[104][105]
- The Presidium was concerned lest the West might perceive Soviet weakness if it did not deal firmly with Hungary. On 1956-10-29, Israeli, British and French forces invaded Egypt. Khrushchev reportedly remarked "We should reexamine our assessment and should not withdraw our troops from Hungary and Budapest. We should take the initiative in restoring order in Hungary. If we depart from Hungary, it will give a great boost to the Americans, English, and French—the imperialists. They will perceive it as weakness on our part and will go onto the offensive... To Egypt they will then add Hungary. We have no other choice."[96]
- Khrushchev stated that many in the Communist Party would not understand a failure to respond with force in Hungary. De-Stalinization had alienated the more conservative elements of the Party, who were alarmed at threats to Soviet influence in Eastern Europe. On 17 June 1953, workers in East Berlin had staged an uprising, demanding the resignation of the government of the German Democratic Republic. This was quickly and violently put down with the help of the Soviet military, with 84 killed and wounded and 700 arrested.[106] In June 1956, in Poznań, Poland, an anti-government workers' revolt had been suppressed by the Polish security forces with between 57[107] and 78[108][109] deaths and led to the installation of a less Soviet-controlled government. Additionally, by late October, unrest was noticed in some regional areas of the Soviet Union: while this unrest was minor, it was intolerable.
- Hungarian neutrality and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact represented a breach in the Soviet defensive buffer zone of satellite nations.[110] Soviet fear of invasion from the West made a defensive buffer of allied states in Eastern Europe an essential security objective.
The Presidium decided to break the de facto ceasefire and crush the Hungarian revolution.[111] The plan was to declare a "Provisional Revolutionary Government" under János Kádár, who would appeal for Soviet assistance to restore order. According to witnesses, Kádár was in Moscow in early November,[112] and he was in contact with the Soviet embassy while still a member of the Nagy government.[113] Delegations were sent to other Communist governments in Eastern Europe and China, seeking to avoid a regional conflict, and propaganda messages prepared for broadcast when the second Soviet intervention had begun. To disguise these intentions, Soviet diplomats were to engage the Nagy government in talks discussing the withdrawal of Soviet forces.[96]
According to some sources, the Chinese leader Mao Zedong played an important role in Khrushchev's decision to suppress the Hungarian uprising. Chinese Communist Party Deputy Chairman Liu Shaoqi pressured Khrushchev to send in troops to put down the revolt by force.[114][115] Although the relations between China and the Soviet Union had deteriorated during the recent years, Mao's words still carried great weight in the Kremlin, and they were frequently in contact during the crisis. Initially Mao opposed a second intervention and this information was passed on to Khrushchev on 30 October, before the Presidium met and decided against intervention.[116] Mao then changed his mind in favor of intervention, but according to William Taubman it remains unclear when and how Khrushchev learned of this and thus if it influenced his decision on 31 October.[117]
On 1 November to 3 November, Khrushchev left Moscow to meet with his East-European allies and inform them of the decision to intervene. At the first such meeting, he met with Władysław Gomułka in Brest. Then he had talks with the Romanian, Czechoslovak, and Bulgarian leaders in Bucharest. Finally Khrushchev flew with Malenkov to Yugoslavia, where they met with Josip Broz Tito, who was vacationing on his island Brioni in the Adriatic. The Yugoslavs also persuaded Khrushchev to choose János Kádár instead of Ferenc Münnich as the new leader of Hungary.[118][119]
International reaction[link]
Although the United States Secretary of State recommended on 24 October that the United Nations Security Council convene to discuss the situation in Hungary, little immediate action was taken to introduce a resolution,[120] in part because other world events unfolded the day after the peaceful 'interlude' started, when allied collusion started the Suez Crisis. The problem was not that Suez distracted U.S. attention from Hungary, but that it made the condemnation of Soviet actions very difficult. As Vice President Richard Nixon later explained: "We couldn't on one hand, complain about the Soviets intervening in Hungary and, on the other hand, approve of the British and the French picking that particular time to intervene against [Gamel Abdel] Nasser".[37] Responding to the plea by Nagy at the time of the second massive Soviet intervention on 4 November, the Security Council resolution critical of Soviet actions was vetoed by the Soviet Union; instead resolution 120 was adopted to pass the matter onto the General Assembly. The General Assembly, by a vote of 50 in favor, 8 against and 15 abstentions, called on the Soviet Union to end its Hungarian intervention, but the newly constituted Kádár government rejected UN observers.[121]
The U.S. President, Dwight Eisenhower, was aware of a detailed study of Hungarian resistance which recommended against U.S. military intervention,[122] and of earlier policy discussions within the National Security Council which focused upon encouraging discontent in Soviet satellite nations only by economic policies and political rhetoric.[37][123] In a 1998 interview, Hungarian Ambassador Géza Jeszenszky was critical of Western inaction in 1956, citing the influence of the United Nations at that time and giving the example of UN intervention in Korea from 1950 to 1953.[124]
During the uprising, the Radio Free Europe (RFE) Hungarian-language programs broadcast news of the political and military situation, as well as appealing to Hungarians to fight the Soviet forces, including tactical advice on resistance methods. After the Soviet suppression of the revolution, RFE was criticized for having misled the Hungarian people that NATO or United Nations would intervene if the citizens continued to resist.[125]
Soviet intervention of 4 November[link]
On 1 November, Imre Nagy received reports that Soviet forces had entered Hungary from the east and were moving towards Budapest.[126] Nagy sought and received assurances from Soviet ambassador Yuri Andropov that the Soviet Union would not invade, although Andropov knew otherwise. The Cabinet, with János Kádár in agreement, declared Hungary's neutrality, withdrew from the Warsaw Pact, and requested assistance from the diplomatic corps in Budapest and the UN Secretary-General to defend Hungary's neutrality.[127] Ambassador Andropov was asked to inform his government that Hungary would begin negotiations on the removal of Soviet forces immediately.[128][129]
On 3 November, a Hungarian delegation led by the Minister of Defense Pál Maléter were invited to attend negotiations on Soviet withdrawal at the Soviet Military Command at Tököl, near Budapest. At around midnight that evening, General Ivan Serov, Chief of the Soviet Security Police (KGB) ordered the arrest of the Hungarian delegation,[130] and the next day, the Soviet army again attacked Budapest.[131]
This second Soviet intervention, codenamed "Operation Whirlwind", was launched by Marshal Ivan Konev.[103][132] The five Soviet divisions stationed in Hungary before 23 October were augmented to a total strength of 17 divisions.[133] The 8th Mechanized Army under command of Lieutenant General Hamazasp Babadzhanian and the 38th Army under command of Lieutenant General Hadzhi-Umar Mamsurov from the nearby Carpathian Military District were deployed to Hungary for the operation.[134] Some rank-and-file Soviet soldiers reportedly believed they were being sent to Berlin to fight German fascists.[135] By 9:30 p.m. on 3 November, the Soviet Army had completely encircled Budapest.[136]
At 3:00 a.m. on 4 November, Soviet tanks penetrated Budapest along the Pest side of the Danube in two thrusts: one up the Soroksári road from the south and the other down the Váci road from the north. Thus before a single shot was fired, the Soviets had effectively split the city in half, controlled all bridgeheads, and were shielded to the rear by the wide Danube river. Armored units crossed into Buda and at 4:25 a.m. fired the first shots at the army barracks on Budaõrsi road. Soon after, Soviet artillery and tank fire was heard in all districts of Budapest.[136] Operation Whirlwind combined air strikes, artillery, and the coordinated tank-infantry action of 17 divisions.[137] Between the 4th and 9th of November, the Hungarian Army put up sporadic and disorganized resistance, with Marshal Zhukov reporting the disarming of twelve divisions, two armored regiments, and the entire Hungarian Air Force. The Hungarian Army continued its most formidable resistance in various districts of Budapest and in and around the city of Pécs in the Mecsek Mountains, and in the industrial center of Dunaújváros (then called Stalintown). Fighting in Budapest consisted of between ten and fifteen thousand resistance fighters, with the heaviest fighting occurring in the working-class stronghold of Csepel on the Danube River.[138] Although some very senior officers were openly pro-Soviet, the rank and file soldiers were overwhelmingly loyal to the revolution and either fought against the invasion or deserted. The United Nations reported that there were no recorded incidents of Hungarian Army units fighting on the side of the Soviets.[139]
At 5:20 a.m. on 4 November, Imre Nagy broadcast his final plea to the nation and the world, announcing that Soviet Forces were attacking Budapest and that the Government remained at its post.[140] The radio station, Free Kossuth Rádió, stopped broadcasting at 8:07 a.m.[141] An emergency Cabinet meeting was held in the Parliament building, but was attended by only three Ministers. As Soviet troops arrived to occupy the building, a negotiated evacuation ensued, leaving Minister of State István Bibó as the last representative of the National Government remaining at his post.[142] He wrote For Freedom and Truth, a stirring proclamation to the nation and the world.[143]
At 6:00 am on 4 November,[144] in the town of Szolnok, János Kádár proclaimed the "Hungarian Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government". His statement declared "We must put an end to the excesses of the counter-revolutionary elements. The hour for action has sounded. We are going to defend the interest of the workers and peasants and the achievements of the people's democracy."[145] Later that evening, Kádár called upon "the faithful fighters of the true cause of socialism" to come out of hiding and take up arms. However, Hungarian support did not materialize; the fighting did not take on the character of an internally divisive civil war, but rather, in the words of a United Nations report, that of "a well-equipped foreign army crushing by overwhelming force a national movement and eliminating the Government."[146]
By 8:00 am organised defence of the city evaporated after the radio station was seized, and many defenders fell back to fortified positions.[147] During the same hour, the parliamentary guard laid down their arms, and forces under Major General K. Grebennikm captured Parliament and liberated captured ministers of the Rákosi-Hegedüs government. Among the liberated were István Dobi and Sándor Rónai, both of whom becoming members of the reestablished socialist Hungarian government.[148] Hungarian civilians bore the brunt of the fighting, as Soviet troops spared little effort to differentiate military from civilian targets.[149] For this reason, Soviet tanks often crept along main roads firing indiscriminately into buildings.[147] Hungarian resistance was strongest in the industrial areas of Budapest, which were heavily targeted by Soviet artillery and air strikes.[150]
The longest holdouts against the Soviet assault occurred in Csepel and in Dunaújváros, where fighting lasted until November 11th before the insurgents finally succumbed to the Soviets. [151] At the end of the fighting, Hungarian casualties totaled at around 2,500 dead with an additional 20,000 wounded. Budapest bore the brunt of the bloodshed, with 1,569 civilians killed.[152] Approximately 53 percent of the dead were workers, and about half of all the casualties were people younger than thirty. On the Soviet side, 699 men were killed, 1,450 men were wounded, and 51 men were missing in action. Estimates place around 80 percent of all casualties occurring in fighting with the insurgents in the eighth and ninth districts of Budapest.[153][154][155]
Soviet version of the events[link]
Soviet reports of the events surrounding, during, and after the disturbance were remarkably consistent in their accounts, more so after the Second Soviet intervention cemented support for the Soviet position amongst international Communist Parties. Pravda published an account 36 hours after the outbreak of violence, which set the tone for all further reports and subsequent Soviet historiography:[156]
- On 23 October, the "honest" socialist Hungarians demonstrated against mistakes made by the Rákosi and Gerő governments.
- Fascist, Hitlerite, reactionary, counter-revolutionary hooligans financed by the imperialist west took advantage of the unrest to stage a counter-revolution.
- The honest Hungarian people under Nagy appealed to Soviet (Warsaw Pact) forces stationed in Hungary to assist in restoring order.
- The Nagy government was ineffective, allowing itself to be penetrated by counter-revolutionary influences, weakening then disintegrating, as proven by Nagy's culminating denouncement of the Warsaw Pact.
- Hungarian patriots under Kádár broke with the Nagy government and formed a government of honest Hungarian revolutionary workers and peasants; this genuinely popular government petitioned the Soviet command to help put down the counter-revolution.
- Hungarian patriots, with Soviet assistance, smashed the counter-revolution.
The first Soviet report came out 24 hours after the first Western report. Nagy's appeal to the United Nations was not reported. After Nagy was arrested outside of the Yugoslav embassy, his arrest was not reported. Nor did accounts explain how Nagy went from patriot to traitor.[157] The Soviet press reported calm in Budapest while the Western press reported a revolutionary crisis was breaking out. According to the Soviet account, Hungarians never wanted a revolution at all.[156]
In January 1957, representatives of the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania met in Budapest to review internal developments in Hungary since the establishment of the Soviet-imposed government. A communiqué on the meeting "unanimously concluded" that Hungarian workers, with the leadership of the Kádár government and support of the Soviet army, defeated attempts "to eliminate the socialist achievements of the Hungarian people".[158]
Soviet, Chinese and other Warsaw Pact governments urged Kádár to proceed with interrogation and trial of former Nagy government ministers, and asked for punitive measures against the"counter-revolutionists".[158][159] In addition the Kádár government published an extensive series of "white books" (The Counter-Revolutionary Forces in the October Events in Hungary) documenting real incidents of violence against Communist Party and ÁVH members, and the confessions of Nagy supporters. These white books were widely distributed in several languages in most of the socialist countries and, while based in fact, present factual evidence with a colouring and narrative not generally supported by non-Soviet aligned historians.[160]
Aftermath[link]
Hungary[link]
In the immediate aftermath, many thousands of Hungarians were arrested. Eventually, 26,000 of these were brought before the Hungarian courts, 22,000 were sentenced, 13,000 imprisoned, and several hundred executed. Hundreds were also deported to the Soviet Union, many without evidence. Approximately 200,000 fled Hungary as refugees.[161][162][163][164] Former Hungarian Foreign Minister Géza Jeszenszky estimated 350 were executed.[124] Sporadic armed resistance and strikes by workers' councils continued until mid-1957, causing substantial economic disruption.[165] By 1963, most political prisoners from the 1956 Hungarian revolution had been released.[166]
With most of Budapest under Soviet control by 8 November, Kádár became Prime Minister of the "Revolutionary Worker-Peasant Government" and General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party. Few Hungarians rejoined the reorganized Party, its leadership having been purged under the supervision of the Soviet Presidium, led by Georgy Malenkov and Mikhail Suslov.[167] Although Party membership declined from 800,000 before the uprising to 100,000 by December 1956, Kádár steadily increased his control over Hungary and neutralized dissenters. The new government attempted to enlist support by espousing popular principles of Hungarian self-determination voiced during the uprising, but Soviet troops remained.[168] After 1956 the Soviet Union severely purged the Hungarian Army and reinstituted political indoctrination in the units that remained. In May 1957, the Soviet Union increased its troop levels in Hungary and by treaty Hungary accepted the Soviet presence on a permanent basis.[169]
The Red Cross and the Austrian Army established refugee camps in Traiskirchen and Graz.[164][170] Imre Nagy along with Georg Lukács, Géza Losonczy, and László Rajk's widow, Júlia, took refuge in the Embassy of Yugoslavia as Soviet forces overran Budapest. Despite assurances of safe passage out of Hungary by the Soviets and the Kádár government, Nagy and his group were arrested when attempting to leave the embassy on 22 November and taken to Romania. Losonczy died while on a hunger strike in prison awaiting trial when his jailers "carelessly pushed a feeding tube down his windpipe."[171] The remainder of the group was returned to Budapest in 1958. Nagy was executed, along with Pál Maléter and Miklós Gimes, after secret trials in June 1958. Their bodies were placed in unmarked graves in the Municipal Cemetery outside Budapest.[172]
During the November 1956 Soviet assault on Budapest, Cardinal Mindszenty was granted political asylum at the United States embassy, where he lived for the next 15 years, refusing to leave Hungary unless the government reversed his 1949 conviction for treason. Because of poor health and a request from the Vatican, he finally left the embassy for Austria in September 1971.[173]
International[link]
Despite Cold War rhetoric by the West espousing a rollback of the domination of Eastern Europe by the USSR, and Soviet promises of the imminent triumph of socialism, national leaders of this period as well as later historians saw the failure of the uprising in Hungary as evidence that the Cold War in Europe had become a stalemate.[174] The Foreign Minister of West Germany recommended that the people of Eastern Europe be discouraged from "taking dramatic action which might have disastrous consequences for themselves." The Secretary-General of NATO called the Hungarian revolt "the collective suicide of a whole people".[175] In a newspaper interview in 1957, Khrushchev commented "support by United States... is rather in the nature of the support that the rope gives to a hanged man."[176]
In January 1957, United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, acting in response to UN General Assembly resolutions requesting investigation and observation of the events in Soviet-occupied Hungary, established the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary.[177] The Committee, with representatives from Australia, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Denmark, Tunisia and Uruguay, conducted hearings in New York, Geneva, Rome, Vienna and London. Over five months, 111 refugees were interviewed including ministers, military commanders and other officials of the Nagy government, workers, revolutionary council members, factory managers and technicians, communists and non-communists, students, writers, teachers, medical personnel and Hungarian soldiers. Documents, newspapers, radio transcripts, photos, film footage and other records from Hungary were also reviewed, as well as written testimony of 200 other Hungarians.[178]
The governments of Hungary and Romania refused the UN officials of the Committee entry, and the government of the Soviet Union did not respond to requests for information.[179] The 268-page Committee Report[180] was presented to the General Assembly in June 1957, documenting the course of the uprising and Soviet intervention, and concluding that "the Kádár government and Soviet occupation were in violation of the human rights of the Hungarian people."[181] A General Assembly resolution was approved, deploring "the repression of the Hungarian people and the Soviet occupation", but no other action was taken.[182]
File:Time Man of the year 1957Hunagarianfreedom fighter.jpg
Time's "Man of the Year" for 1956 was the Hungarian Freedom Fighter.[183]
Time magazine named the Hungarian Freedom Fighter its Man of the Year for 1956. The accompanying Time article comments that this choice could not have been anticipated until the explosive events of the revolution, almost at the end of 1956. The magazine cover and accompanying text displayed an artist's depiction of a Hungarian freedom fighter, and used pseudonyms for the three participants whose stories are the subject of the article.[184]
Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány referred to this famous Time Man of the Year cover as "the faces of free Hungary" in a speech to mark the 50th anniversary of the 1956 uprising.[185] Prime Minister Gyurcsány, in a joint appearance with UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, commented specifically on the TIME cover itself, that "It is an idealised image but the faces of the figures are really the face of the revolutionaries"[186]
At the Melbourne Olympics in 1956, the Soviet handling of the Hungarian uprising led to a boycott by Spain, the Netherlands and Switzerland.[187] At the Olympic Village, the Hungarian delegation tore down the Communist Hungarian flag and raised the flag of Free Hungary in its place. A confrontation between Soviet and Hungarian teams occurred in the semi-final match of the water polo tournament. The match was extremely violent, and was halted in the final minute to quell fighting amongst spectators. This match, now known as the "blood in the water match", became the subject of several films.[188][189] The Hungarian team won the game 4–0 and later was awarded the Olympic gold medal.
The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the Communist parties of Western Europe. Within the Italian Communist Party (PCI) a split ensued: most ordinary members and the Party leadership, including Palmiro Togliatti and Giorgio Napolitano, regarded the Hungarian insurgents as counter-revolutionaries, as reported in l'Unità, the official PCI newspaper.[190] However Giuseppe Di Vittorio, chief of the Communist trade union CGIL, repudiated the leadership position, as did the prominent party members Antonio Giolitti, Loris Fortuna and many other influential Communist intellectuals, who later were expelled or left the party. Pietro Nenni, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party, a close ally of the PCI, opposed the Soviet intervention as well. Napolitano, elected in 2006 as President of the Italian Republic, wrote in his 2005 political autobiography that he regretted his justification of Soviet action in Hungary, and that at the time he believed in Party unity and the international leadership of Soviet communism.[191]
Within the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), dissent that began with the repudiation of Stalin by John Saville and E.P. Thompson, influential historians and members of the Communist Party Historians Group, culminated in a loss of thousands of party members as events unfolded in Hungary. Peter Fryer, correspondent for the CPGB newspaper The Daily Worker, reported accurately on the violent suppression of the uprising, but his dispatches were heavily censored;[135] Fryer resigned from the paper upon his return, and was later expelled from the communist party. In France, moderate communists, such as historian Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, resigned, questioning the policy of supporting Soviet actions by the French Communist Party. The French philosopher and writer Albert Camus wrote an open letter, The Blood of the Hungarians, criticizing the West's lack of action. Even Jean-Paul Sartre, still a determined communist, criticised the Soviets in his article Le Fantôme de Staline, in Situations VII.[192]
Commemoration[link]
In December, 1991, the preamble of the treaties with the dismembered Soviet Union, under Mikhail Gorbachev, and Russia, represented by Boris Yeltsin, apologized officially for the 1956 Soviet actions in Hungary. This apology was repeated by Yeltsin in 1992 during a speech to the Hungarian parliament.[124]
On 13 February 2006, the US State Department commemorated the Fiftieth anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Former US Secretary of State Rice commented on the contributions made by 1956 Hungarian refugees to the United States and other host countries, as well as the role of Hungary in providing refuge to East Germans during the 1989 protests against communist rule.[193] US President George W. Bush also visited Hungary on 22 June 2006, to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary.[194]
On June 16, 1989, the 30th anniversary of his execution, Imre Nagy's body was reburied with full honors.[172] The Republic of Hungary was declared in 1989 on the 33rd anniversary of the Revolution, and 23 October is now a Hungarian national holiday.[195]
Historiography[link]
György Litván, a widely respected historian of 1956, has identified seven myths surrounding the 1956 revolution that reflect but are incapable of generally characterising the revolution. Litván celebrates the growth of a new and scientific scholarship after 1989 by a younger generation of historians in Hungary and outside of Hungary; however, Litván notes that despite this academic endeavour, recurring popular and scholarly myths place undue emphasis on particular elements of the revolution. One reason that Litván identifies for the generation of myths, was the position that the 1956 revolution played in Western cold war politics; both for the Western establishment and for far left workers and intellectuals.
Litván identifies these historiographical errors as undue emphases on the central role of the workers councils, the importance of the writers; the central importance of young working class urban insurgents, that only Budapest was revolutionary, that the revolution was morally "pure", that there was unprecedented national unity behind the revolution, and that 1956 was a counter-revolution.[196] Gyáni describes the historiography of 1956 through a plurality of myths, related to the foundational documents of the Kadarist state removing the capacity for individual memory, and after 1989 to the use of law to restrict the collective right to memory in favour of individual rights to control the representation of individuals in the past.
These popular and institutional practices were reflected in both the reformist communist stance of historians following the Imre Nagy Institute and their post-1989 right wing historian opposition.[197] Gyáni and Litván indicate that the historiography of 1956 is a live political issue in Hungary and so outside of the scholarly debate, multiple conflicting remembrances of 1956 exist.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Sources vary widely on numbers of Soviet forces involved in the intervention. The UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) estimated 75,000-200,000 troops and 1,600-4,000 tanks OSZK.hu (p. 56, para. 183), but recently released Soviet archives (available in Lib.ru, Maksim Moshkow's Library) list the troop strength of the Soviet forces as 31,550, with 1,130 tanks and self-propelled artillery pieces. Lib.ru (Russian)
- ^ Györkei, Jenõ; Kirov, Alexandr; Horvath, Miklos (1999). Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956. New York: Central European University Press. p. 350. ISBN 963-9116-35-1.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter V footnote 8PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Alternate references are "Hungarian Revolt" and "Hungarian Uprising". In Hungarian, first the neutral term "felkelés" (uprising) was used, then in the 1957-1988 period, the negative term "ellenforradalom" (counter-revolution) was mandated by the government, while the new official name after 1990 has become the positive "forradalom és szabadságharc" (revolution and freedom fight) to imitate the old expression for the 1848-1849 revolution. Another explanation of the terms is that "Revolution" conforms to both English (see U.S. Department of State background on Hungary) and Hungarian ("forradalom") conventions. There is a distinction between the "complete overthrow" of a revolution and an uprising or revolt that may or may not be successful (Oxford English Dictionary). The 1956 Hungarian event, although short-lived, is a true "revolution" in that the sitting Government was indeed deposed. Unlike "coup d'état" or "putsch" which imply action of a few, the 1956 revolution was effected by the masses.
- ^ Kertesz, Stephen D. (1953). Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Chapter VIII (Hungary, a Republic), p.139-52. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. ISBN 0-8371-7540-2. Retrieved 2006-10-8
- ^ a b c UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. A (Developments before 22 October 1956), paragraph 47 (p. 18)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter IX D, para 426 (p. 133)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II.N, para 89(xi) (p. 31)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. A (Developments before 22 October 1956), paragraphs 49 (p. 18), 379–380 (p. 122) and 382–385 (p. 123)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ a b Crampton, R. J. (2003). Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century–and After, p. 295. Routledge: London. ISBN 0-415-16422-2.
- ^ Video: Hungary in Flames CEU.hu producer: CBS (1958) - Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:40
- ^ Litván, György (1996). The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression. London: Longman.
- ^ a b Tőkés, Rudolf L. (1998). Hungary's Negotiated Revolution: Economic Reform, Social Change and Political Succession, p. 317. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-57850-7
- ^ a b John Lukacs (1994). Budapest 1900: A Historical Portrait of a City and Its Culture. Grove Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-8021-3250-5.
- ^ a b Gati, Charles (September 2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5606-6. (page 49). Gati describes "the most gruesome forms of psychological and physical torture...The reign of terror (by the Rákosi government) turned out to be harsher and more extensive than it was in any of the other Soviet satellites in Central and Eastern Europe." He further references a report prepared after the collapse of communism, the Fact Finding Commission Torvenytelen szocializmus (Lawless Socialism): "Between 1950 and early 1953, the courts dealt with 650,000 cases (of political crimes), of whom 387,000 or 4 percent of the population were found guilty. (Budapest, Zrinyi Kiado/Uj Magyarorszag, 1991, 154).
- ^ Kardos, József (2003). "Monograph (Hungarian)". Iskolakultúra (University of Pécs) 6–7 (June–July 2003): 73–80. http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00011/00072/pdf/tan-konf-vita2003-6-7.pdf. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
- ^ Burant (Ed.), Stephen R. (1990). Hungary: a country study (2nd Edition). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 320 pages. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html. , Chapter 2 (The Society and Its Environment) "Religion and Religious Organizations"
- ^ Douglas, J. D. and Philip Comfort (eds.) (1992). Who's Who in Christian History, p. 478. Tyndale House: Carol Stream, Illinois. ISBN 0-8423-1014-2
- ^ The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Armistice Agreement with Hungary; 20 January 1945. Retrieved 2006-08-27.
- ^ Kertesz, Stephen D. (1953). Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Memorandum of the Hungarian National Bank on Reparations, Appendix Document 16. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. ISBN 0-8371-7540-2.
- ^ Magyar Nemzeti Bank - English Site: History Retrieved 27 August 2006 According to Wikipedia Hyperinflation article, 4.19 × 1016 percent per month (prices doubled every 15 hours).
- ^ Kertesz, Stephen D. (1953). Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Chapter IX (Soviet Russia and Hungary's Economy), p. 158. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. ISBN 0-8371-7540-2.
- ^ Litván, György (1996). The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression. London: Longman.
- ^ Litván, György (1996). The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression. London: Longman.
- ^ Bognár, Sándor; Iván Pető, Sándor Szakács (1985). A hazai gazdaság négy évtizedének története 1945–1985 (The history of four decades of the national economy, 1945–1985). Budapest: Közdazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó. ISBN 963-221-554-0. pp. 214, 217 (Hungarian)
- ^ Transformation of the Hungarian economy The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution (2003). Retrieved 2006-08-27.
- ^ Library of Congress: Country Studies: Hungary, Chapter 3 Economic Policy and Performance, 1945–85. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
- ^ János M. Rainer (Paper presented on 4 October 1997 at the workshop "European Archival Evidence. Stalin and the Cold War in Europe", Budapest, 1956 Institute). Stalin and Rákosi, Stalin and Hungary, 1949–1953. http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/tanulmanyok/1945_56/rmj5. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
- ^ Gati, Charles (September 2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5606-6. (page 64)
- ^ Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev, First Secretary, Communist Party of the Soviet Union (24 February–25, 1956). "On the Personality Cult and its Consequences". Special report at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Archived from the original on August 4, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060804155735/http://www.uwm.edu/Course/448-343/index12.html. Retrieved 2006-08-27.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. A (Developments before 22 October 1956), paragraph 48 (p. 18)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Halsall, Paul (Editor) (November 1998). "The Warsaw Pact, 1955; Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance". Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham University. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1955warsawpact.html. Retrieved 2006-10-08.
- ^ Video (in German): Berichte aus Budapest: Der Ungarn Aufstand 1956 {{CEU.hu Director: Helmut Dotterweich, (1986) - Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:27}}
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter VIII The Question Of The Presence And The Utilization Of The Soviet Armed Forces In The Light Of Hungary’s International Commitments, Section D. The demand for withdrawal of Soviet armed forces, para 339 (p. 105)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ a b c "Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders, 24 October 1956" (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 2002-11-04. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc5.pdf. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
- ^ a b Machcewicz, Paweł (June, 2006). "1956 - A European Date". www.culture.pl. http://www.culture.pl/en/culture/artykuly/es_1956_machcewicz. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ a b c Borhi, László (1999). "Containment, Rollback, Liberation or Inaction? The United States and Hungary in the 1950s" (PDF). Journal of Cold War Studies 1 (3): 67–108. DOI:10.1162/152039799316976814. http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/152039799316976814?cookieSet=1&journalCode=jcws. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter IX. B (The background of the uprising), para 384 (p. 123)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Andreas, Gémes; James S. Amelang, Siegfried Beer (Editors) (2006). "International Releatons and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution: a Cold War Case Study" (PDF). Public Power in Europe. Studies in Historical Transformations. CLIOHRES. pp. 231. http://www.cliohres.net/books/1/13_Gemes.pdf. Retrieved 2006-10-14.
- ^ Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Resolution by students of the Building Industry Technological University: Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, 22 October 1956. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
- ^ United Nations Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary. Page 145, para 441. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ Video (in Hungarian): The First Hours of the Revolution {{[1] director: György Ordódy, producer: Duna Televízió - Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:40}}
- ^ Hungarian Revolt, 23 October–4 November 1956 (Richard Lettis and William I. Morris, editors): Appendices Proclamation of the Hungarian Writers' Union (23 October 1956). Retrieved 2006-09-8.
- ^ a b c d e Heller, Andor (1957). No More Comrades. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company. pp. 9–84. ASIN B0007DOQP0. http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=13&cid=15#N_1_.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. A (Meetings and demonstrations), para 54 (p. 19)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ a b c UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 55 (p. 20) & para 464 (p. 149)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ "A Hollow Tolerance". Time. 23 July 1965. http://jcgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,841895,00.html. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
- ^ a b UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 56 (p. 20)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. C (The First Shots), paragraphs 56–57 (p. 20)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Gati, Charles (September 2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5606-6. (page 160). Gati states: "discovered in declassified documents, the Soviet Ministry of Defense had begun to prepare for large-scale turmoil in Hungary as early as July 1956. Codenamed "Wave", the plan called for restoration of order in less than six hours...the Soviet Army was ready. More than 30,000 troops were dispatched to—and 6,000 reached—Budapest by the 24th, that is, in less than a day."
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II.C, para 58 (p. 20)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter IV.C, para 225 (p. 71)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II.C, para 57 (p. 20)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II.N, para 89(ix) (p. 31)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter IV. B (Resistance of the Hungarian people) para 166 (p. 52) and XI. H (Further developments) para 480 (p 152)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ a b UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter X.I, para 482 (p. 153)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Gati, Charles (September 2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5606-6. (page 159)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II.F, para 64 (p. 22)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
- ^ Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
- ^ Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II.F, para 65 (p. 22)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter XII.B, para 565 (p. 174)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), KGB Chief Serov's report, 29 October 1956, (by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) Retrieved 2006-10-08
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter IV.C, para 167 (p. 53)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt (Cold War International History Project Series). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5606-6. (pp. 176–177)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. F (Political Developments) II. G (Mr. Nagy clarifies his position), paragraphs 67–70 (p. 23)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Video:Narrator: Walter Cronkite, producer (1956). Revolt in Hungary. CBS. HU OSA 306-0-1:40. http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html.
- ^ Ellenforradalmi erők a magyar októberi eseményekben 1-5, Budapest: a Magyar Népköztársaság Minisztertanácsa Tájekoztatási Hivatala, 1956-8; available in translation as The counter-revolutionary forces in the October events in Hungary 1-5 (volumes after 2 variously titled, including 5: The counter-revolutionary conspiracy of Imre Nagy and his accomplices) Budapest: Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic, 1957-1958; names 213 people killed by the rebels.
- ^ Gati, Charles (September 2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-8047-5606-6.
- ^ Gati, Charles (September 2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 0-8047-5606-6.
- ^ Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. F (Political developments), paragraph 66 (p. 22)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Zinner, Paul E. (1962). Revolution in Hungary. Books for Libraries Press. ISBN 0-8369-6817-4.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary(1957) Chapter XII. D (Reassertion of Political Rights), paragraph 583 (p. 179) and footnote 26 (p. 183)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Video: Revolt in Hungary {{[2] Narrator: Walter Cronkite, producer: CBS (1956) - Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:40}}
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary(1957) Chapter II. F (A Brief History of the Hungarian Uprising), paragraph 66 (p. 22) and footnote 26 (p. 183)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
- ^ Litván, György (1996). The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression. London: Longman.
- ^ George Mikes, correspondent (1956). http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-01.html. Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:1
- ^ Hungary: workers’ councils against Russian tanks in International Socialism (magazine) Issue: 112 (Posted: 12 October 06)
- ^ Hungary '56: "the proletariat storming heaven" - Mouvement Communiste
- ^ Andy Anderson 1956: The Hungarian Revolution - 15. The Workers' Councils
- ^ a b c d UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter XI (Revolutionary and Workers' Councils), paragraph 485–560 (pp. 154–170)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. E (Revolutionary and Workers' Councils), paragraph 63 (p. 22)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
- ^ Treaty Organization "Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on October 30, 1956". Cold War International History Project. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 30 October 1956. http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/va2/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=HOME.document&identifier=CDF3A2FB-C2C1-31B5-36E61D39150BAD0A&sort=Subject&item=Warsaw Treaty Organization. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
- ^ "When the Soviet Union nearly blinked", BBC News, 2006-10-23
- ^ Declaration of the Government of the USSR on the Principles of Development and Further Strengthening of Friendship and Cooperation between the Soviet Union and other Socialist States 30 October 1956, Printed in The Department of State Bulletin, XXXV, No. 907 (12 November 1956), pp. 745–747. Retrieved 2006-10-19.
- ^ Mark Kramer, "New Evidence on Soviet Decision-making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises" (PDF), Cold War International History Project Bulletin, page 368.
- ^ a b The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution: Part 3. Days of Freedom
- ^ Gati, Charles (September 2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5606-6. (page 177)
- ^ a b Parsons, Nicholas T. "Narratives of 1956". The Hungarian Quarterly XLVIII (Summer 2007). http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no186/18.html. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ William Taubman: Khrushchev. The Man and His Era (2005), ISBN 978-0-7432-7564-4, page 296.
- ^ Szakolczai, Attila. Pál, Germuska; Zoltán, Lux. eds. Lesson 3: The Days of Freedom. Budapest: The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. http://www.rev.hu/history_of_56/ora3/ora3_e.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ a b c "Working Notes and Attached Extract from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting, October 31, 1956" (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 2002-11-04. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc6.pdf. Retrieved 2006-07-08.
- ^ Sebestyen, Victor, Ungernrevolten 1956: Tolv dagar som skakade världen (2006), p. 286. (Swedish edition of Twelve Days: The Story of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution), ISBN 91-518-4612-8. (Cites Borhi, Hungary in the Cold War (2004), p. 243–249.)
- ^ Mark Kramer, "New Evidence on Soviet Decision-making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises" (PDF), Cold War International History Project Bulletin, page 369.
- ^ Sebestyen, Victor, Ungernrevolten 1956: Tolv dagar som skakade världen (2006), p. 286.
- ^ Sebestyen, Victor, Ungernrevolten 1956: Tolv dagar som skakade världen (2006), p. 286. (Cites Burlatsky, Khrushchev and the first Russian Spring (1991), p. 88–94.)
- ^ Johanna Granville, "New Insights on the 1956 Crisis", 2000-01
- ^ Rainer, János M. (1996-11-01). "Decision in the Kremlin, 1956 — the Malin Notes". Paper presented at Rutgers University. The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. http://www.rev.hu/sulinet56/online/szerviz/szakirod/kremls.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
- ^ a b Cold War International History Project: Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 1 November 1956 [3]. Retrieved 2008-12-6.
- ^ Arendt, Hannah (1951 (1958 edition)). Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt. pp. 480–510. ISBN 0-15-670153-7.
- ^ Auer, Stefan (2006-10-25). "Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism and the Revolutions in Central Europe: 1956, 1968, 1989". Eurozine. http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2006-10-25-auer-en.html. Retrieved 2006-10-27.
- ^ Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), Report from A. Grechko and Tarasov in Berlin to N.A. Bulganin, (by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) Retrieved 2006-10-10
- ^ Andrzej Paczkowski, Pół wieku dziejów Polski, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2005, ISBN 83-01-14487-4, p. 203
- ^ Ł. Jastrząb, "Rozstrzelano moje serce w Poznaniu. Poznański Czerwiec 1956 r. – straty osobowe i ich analiza", Wydawnictwo Comandor, Warszawa 2006
- ^ Norbert Wójtowicz, Ofiary "Poznańskiego Czerwca", Rok 1956 na Węgrzech i w Polsce. Materiały z węgiersko–polskiego seminarium. Wrocław październik 1996, ed. Łukasz Andrzej Kamiński, Wrocław 1996, p. 32–41.
- ^ Okváth, Imre (1999). "Hungary in the Warsaw Pact: The Initial Phase of Integration, 1957–1971". The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
- ^ "Overview". The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 1999. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/. Retrieved 2006-09-04.
- ^ Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), Working Notes from the Session of the CPSU CC Presidium on 3 November, 1956, with Participation by J. Kádár, F. Münnich, and I. Horváth, (by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars) Retrieved 2006-10-8
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. J (Mr. Kádár forms a government), para 77–78 (p. 26–27)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Philip Short, Mao: a life (2001), page 451.
- ^ John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: a new history (2005), page 109.
- ^ Sebestyen, Victor, Ungernrevolten 1956: Tolv dagar som skakade världen (2006), p. 247. ISBN 91-518-4612-8.
- ^ William Taubman: Khrushchev. The Man and His Era (2005), ISBN 978-0-7432-7564-4, page 297.
- ^ Mark Kramer, "New Evidence on Soviet Decision-making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises" (PDF), Cold War International History Project Bulletin, pages 373–374.
- ^ Slobodan Stankovic, "Yugoslav Diplomat who Defied Soviet Leaders Dies", Radio Free Europe Research, 1982-08-05.
- ^ Csaba Békés (Hungarian Quarterly (Spring 2000)). The Hungarian Question on the UN Agenda: Secret Negotiations by the Western Great Powers 26 October–4 November 1956. (British Foreign Office Documents). http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/tanulmanyok/1956/hungquest. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ Hungarian Revolt, 23 October–4 November 1956 (Richard Lettis and William I. Morris, editors): Appendices The Hungary Question in the United Nations. Retrieved 2006-09-3.
- ^ "Study Prepared for US Army Intelligence "Hungary, Resistance Activities and Potentials" (January 1956)" (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 2002-11-04. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc1.pdf. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
- ^ "Minutes of the 290th NSC Meeting (12 July 1956)" (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 2002-11-04. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc2.pdf. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
- ^ a b c CNN: Géza Jeszenszky, Hungarian Ambassador, Cold War Chat (transcript). Retrieved 1998-11-8. Archived May 11, 2001 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Policy Review of Voice For Free Hungary Programming from 23 October to 23 November 1956 (15 December 1956)" (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc10.pdf. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter VIII.D, para 336 (p. 103)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Imre Nagy’s Telegram to Diplomatic Missions in Budapest Declaring Hungary’s Neutrality (1 November 1956) by permission of the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zürich and the National Security Archive at the George Washington University on behalf of the PHP network
- ^ "Andropov Report, 1 November 1956". Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), www.CWIHP.org, by permission of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/va2/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=home.document&identifier=82699F97-EC4B-54BD-C4D29366EA294161. Retrieved 2006-09-04.
- ^ "Minutes of the Nagy Government's Fourth Cabinet Meeting, 1 November 1956" (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc7.pdf. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II.I, para 75 (p. 25)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II.I, para 76 (p. 26)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter IV. E (Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops), para 181 (p. 56)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Györkei, Jenõ; Kirov, Alexandr; Horvath, Miklos (1999). Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956. New York: Central European University Press. p. 350. ISBN 963-9116-36-X.
- ^ Schmidl, Erwin; Ritter, László (November 2006). The Hungarian Revolution 1956 (Elite). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84603-079-X. (page 54)
- ^ a b Fryer, Peter (1957). Hungarian Tragedy. London: D. Dobson. Chapter 9 (The Second Soviet Intervention). ASIN B0007J7674. http://www.vorhaug.net/politikk/hungarian_tragedy/9_the_second_intervention.html.
- ^ a b UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter V.C, para 196 (pp. 60–61)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Györkei, Jenõ; Kirov, Alexandr; Horvath, Miklos (1999). Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956. New York: Central European University Press. p. 350. ISBN 963-9116-36-X.
- ^ Lindvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter V. B (The Second Soviet Military Intervention), para 188 (p. 58)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter VII. D (The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention), para 291 (p. 89)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter VII. D (a silent carrier wave was detected until 9:45 am), para 292 (p. 89)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Bibó, István (1991). Democracy, Revolution, Self-Determination. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 325–327. ISBN 0-88033-214-X.
- ^ Bibó, István. "Nyilatkozat, 1956. November 4. [Declaration, November 4, 1956]" (in Hungarian). Válogatott tanulmányok [Assorted studies]. 4, 1935–1979. ifj. István Bibó, Tibor Huszár. http://mek.niif.hu/02000/02043/html/524.html. Retrieved 2009-10-30. "in Hungarian: Magyarok! Nagy Imre miniszterelnök a ma hajnali szovjet támadáskor a szovjet követségre ment a tárgyalások folytatására, és onnan visszatérni már nem tudott. A reggel összehívott minisztertanácson a Parlament épületében tartózkodó Tildy Zoltánon kívül már csak B. Szabó István és Bibó István államminiszter tudott megérkezni. Mikor a Parlamentet a szovjet csapatok körülfogták, Tildy államminiszter a vérontás elkerülése végett megállapodást kötött velük, mely szerint ők megszállják az épületet, a benne levő polgári személyek pedig szabadon távozhatnak. Ő, a megállapodáshoz tartva magát, eltávozott. Az országgyűlés épületében egyedül alulírott Bibó István államminiszter maradtam, mint az egyedüli törvényes magyar kormány egyedüli képviselője. Ebben a helyzetben a következőket nyilatkozom: In English: To My Fellow Hungarians! When the Soviet Army attacked today at dawn, Prime Minister Nagy Imre went to the Soviet Embassy to negotiate and could not return. Tildy Zoltán, who was already in the Parliament building, and ministers Szabó István and Bibó István attended the council of ministers meeting which was convened this morning. As Soviet troops surrounded the Parliament building, minister Tildy Zoltán - to avoid bloodshed - reached an agreement, by which Soviet soldiers would occupy the Parliament building and allow all civilians to evacuate. According to this agreement, he then departed. Only the undersigned, Bibó István, remained in the Parliament building as the only representative of the only existing legal Hungarian government. Under these circumstances, I make the following declaration: (Available in English)"
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter VII.E, para 296 (p. 90)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter VIII.B, para 596 (p. 185)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter VIII. B (The Political Background of the Second Soviet Intervention), para 600 (p. 186)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ a b UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter V.C, para 197 (p. 61)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Lindvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter V.C, para 198 (p. 61)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter V. B (The Second Soviet Military Intervention), para 200 (p. 62)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
- ^ Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
- ^ Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
- ^ Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings", Journal of Contemporary History, Vol.33, No.2, April 1998, p.210.
- ^ Péter Gosztonyi, "Az 1956-os forradalom számokban", Népszabadság (Budapest), 1990-11-3
- ^ a b Barghoorn, Frederick. Soviet Foreign Propaganda. Princeton University Press. 1964.
- ^ Pravda (Moscow), 4 November [227/228]: "Without the Slightes Delays", Moscow
Imre Nagy turned out to be, objectively speaking, an accomplice of the reactionary forces. Imre Nagy cannot and does not want to fight the dark forces of reaction... The Soviet Government, seeing that the presence of Soviet troops in Budapest might lead to further aggravation of the situation, ordered troops to leave Budapest, but ensuing events have shown that reactionary forces, taking advantage of the non-intervention of the Nagy Cabinet, have gone still further... The task of barring the way to reaction in Hungary has to be carried out without the slightest delay -such is the course dictated by events...
Retrieved 2007-10-8 Hungarian-history.hu - ^ a b George Washington University: The National Security Archive, Communiqué on the Meeting of Representatives of the Governments and the Communist and Workers’ Parties of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and the Soviet Union (Budapest, January 6, 1957), Retrieved: 2008-12-7
- ^ George Washington University: The National Security Archive, Minutes of the Meeting between the Hungarian and Chinese Delegations in Budapest on 16 January 1957, Retrieved: 2008-12-7
- ^ The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents by Csaba Békés & Malcolm Byrne (Published by Central European University Press, 2002, ISBN 963-9241-66-0, ISBN 978-963-9241-66-4, 598 pages), p. 375, para 4: "...the (Kádár) regime had to find an explanation for the revolution and collapse of the old regime in October 1956...they chose to interpret the uprising as a conspiracy by anti-communist, reactionary forces. This is why they labeled many ordinary citizens' actions as crimes. Critical opposition attitudes were described as "a plot to overthrow the people's democratic regime", and workers and peasants who took part in the revolt were called "jailbirds, ragamuffins, and kulaks." Armed resistance to occupying forces became "murder and wrecking state property." This kind of terminology became part of the official ideology of the regime toward the outside world." Also p. 375, footnote 40: "For a typical survey of propaganda intended for distribution abroad, see the so called "White Books" entitled The Counter-Revolutionary Forces in the October Events in Hungary, 4 vols., (Budapest: Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic, 1956–1957)...The White Books published in the individual counties of Hungary in 1957–1958 summarized local "counter-revolutionary" events."
- ^ "Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M. N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N. P. Dudorov (15 November 1956)" (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 2002-11-04. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc8.pdf. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
- ^ Fink, Carole; Frank Hadler, Tomasz Schramm, Association internationale d'histoire contemporaine de l'Europe (2006). 1956: European and global perspectives, Volume 1 of Global history and international studies. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 16. ISBN 3-937209-56-5.
- ^ Molnár, Adrienne; Kõrösi Zsuzsanna, (1996). "The handing down of experiences in families of the politically condemned in Communist Hungary". IX. International Oral History Conference. Gotegorg. pp. 1169–1166. http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/tanulmanyok/kadarrendszer/kzsma1. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
- ^ a b Cseresnyés, Ferenc (Summer 1999). "The '56 Exodus to Austria". The Hungarian Quarterly (Society of the Hungarian Quarterly) XL (154): 86–101. http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
- ^ Csaba Békés, Malcolm Byrne, János Rainer (2002). "Hungary in the Aftermath, Introduction". The 1956 Hungarian revolution: a history in documents. Central European University Press. p. 364. ISBN 963-9241-66-0, 9789639241664. http://books.google.com/?id=EdWI_oSbfl0C&pg=PA364&lpg=PA364&dq=Hungarian+revolution+of+1956+resistance+strikes+1957&q=Hungarian%20revolution%20of%201956%20resistance%20strikes%201957. Retrieved 2009-10-31. "I call upon the Hungarian people to regard neither the occupation force nor the puppet government it may install as a legal authority but rather to employ every means of passive resistance against it... (István Bibó minister of state of the Petőfi Party) Despite the devastation of the Soviet attack, most of Hungarian society seemed to respond to Bibó's plea and continued to defy the new regime, keeping Soviet and Hungarian security forces tied up for months dealing with strikes, demonstrations, sabotage, work slowdowns, and other acts of resistance (Document No. 102)"
- ^ Békés, Csaba, Malcolm Byrne, János M. Rainer (2002). Hungarian Tragedy, p. L. Central European University Press: Budapest. ISBN 963-9241-66-0.
- ^ "Situation Report to the Central Committee of the Communist Party by Malenkov-Suslov-Aristov (22 November 1956)" (PDF). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc9.pdf. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter XIV.I.A, para 642 (p. 198), János Kádár's 15 points (4 November 1956)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Annex A (Agreement between the Hungarian People Republic and the government of the USSR on the legal status of Soviet forces) pp. 112–113)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ International Committee of the Red Cross: ICRC action in Hungary in 1956. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ Fryer, Peter (1997). Hungarian Tragedy, p. 10. Index Books: London. ISBN 1-871518-14-8.
- ^ a b "On This Day 16 June 1989: Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy" British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors. Retrieved 13 October 2006.
- ^ "End of a Private Cold War". Time Magazine. 1971-10-11. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903181,00.html. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
- ^ Johns Hopkins University Professor Charles Gati, in his book Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt (see Further reading, below), agreed with a 2002 essay by Hungarian historian Csaba Bekes "Could the Hungarian Revolution Have Been Victorious in 1956?". Gati states: "Washington implicitly acknowledging the division of the continent into two camps, understood that Moscow would not let go of a country bordering on neutral but pro-Western Austria and an independent Yugoslavia, so it shed... tears over Soviet brutality, and exploited the propaganda opportunities..." (p. 208)
- ^ "How to Help Hungary". Time Magazine. 1956-12-24. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808812,00.html. Retrieved 2006-09-03.
- ^ Simpson, James (1997). Simpson's Contemporary Quotations. Collins. pp. 672 pages. ISBN 0-06-270137-1. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012033743/http://bartleby.com/63/86/186.html.
- ^ United Nations Secretary-General (1957-01-05) (PDF). Report of the Secretary-General Document A/3485. United Nations. http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/dag/docs/a3485e.pdf. Retrieved 2006-10-13.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter I. D (Organization and Function of the Committee), paragraphs 1–26 (pp. 10–13)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter I. E (Attempts to observe in Hungary and meet Imre Nagy), paragraphs 32–34 (p. 14)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ UN General Assembly (1957) Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary. Retrieved 2006-10-14.
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) Chapter II. N (Summary of conclusions), paragraph 89 (pp. 30–32)PDF (1.47 MB)
- ^ United Nations General Assembly, Thirteenth Session: Resolution 1312 (XIII) The Situation in Hungary (Item 59, p. 69 (1958-12-12)
- ^ "Man of the Year, The Land and the People". Time. 1957-01-07. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808898-1,00.html. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
- ^ "Freedom Fighter". Time. 1957-01-07. http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/archive/stories/1956.html. . Retrieved 2008-09-21.
- ^ Formal Address of Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány in the Hungarian Parliament (23 October 2006). Retrieved 2008-09-21.
- ^ Statement with the Hungarian Prime Minister (11 October 2006) Retrieved: 2008-09-22
- ^ Melbourne/Stockholm 1956 (All facts) Olympic.org Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ Radio Free Europe: Hungary: New Film Revisits 1956 Water-Polo Showdown. Retrieved 2006-10-13.
- ^ Szabadság, szerelem (Children of Glory) (film) 2006.
- ^ The following are references in English on the conflicting positions of l'Unità, Antonio Giolitti and party boss Palmiro Togliatti, Giuseppe Di Vittorio and Pietro Nenni.
- ^ Napolitano, Giorgio (2005) (in Italian). Dal Pci al socialismo europeo. Un'autobiografia politica (From the Communist Party to European Socialism. A political autobiography). Laterza. ISBN 88-420-7715-1.
- ^ Sartre, Jean-Paul (1956), L’intellectuel et les communistes français (French) Le Web de l'Humanite, 21 June 2005. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
- ^ "US State Department Commemorates the 1956 Hungarian Revolution" (Press release). American Hungarian Federation. 2006-02-13. http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/news_1956_StateDepartment_Reception_2006-02-13.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-08.
- ^ "Hungary a Model for Iraq, Bush Says in Budapest" (Press release). International Information Programs. 2006-06-22. http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/June/200606221431051CJsamohT0.2036402.html. Retrieved 2006-10-14.
- ^ "National Symbols" (pdf). Fact Sheets on Hungary. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2003. http://www.mfa.gov.hu/NR/rdonlyres/98D131BF-BFB4-4545-B9BE-BAB02F71A1D9/0/National_Symbols.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-24.
- ^ György Litván (2006) "Mítoszok és legendák 1956-ról" [Myths and Legends 1956] História (Hungary, ISSN:01392409) : ¶¶1–22 in the online edition.
- ^ Gábor Gyáni, (2006) "Memory and Discourse on the 1956 Hungarian Revolution," Europe-Asia Studies 58:8: 1199–1203, 1206–1208 doi:10.1080/09668130600995731
Further reading[link]
- Arendt, Hannah (1951). Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt. pp. 480–510. ISBN 0-15-670153-7.
- Bekes, Csaba (Editor); Byrne, Malcolm (Editor), Rainer, Janos (Editor) (2003). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents (National Security Archive Cold War Readers). Central European University Press. pp. 600 pages. ISBN 963-9241-66-0.
- Bibó, István (1991). Democracy, Revolution, Self-Determination. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 331–354. ISBN 0-88033-214-X.
- Gadney, Reg (October 1986). Cry Hungary: Uprising 1956. Macmillan Pub Co. pp. 169 pages. ISBN 0-689-11838-4.
- Gati, Charles (2006). Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt (Cold War International History Project Series). Stanford University Press. pp. 264 pages. ISBN 0-8047-5606-6.
- Granville, Johanna (2004). The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 323 pages. ISBN 1-58544-298-4.
- Granville, Johanna (1999) In the Line of Fire: New Archival Evidence on the Soviet Intervention in Hungary, 1956, Carl Beck Paper, no. 1307 (1999).
- Györkei, Jenõ; Kirov, Alexandr; Horvath, Miklos (1999). Soviet Military Intervention in Hungary, 1956. New York: Central European University Press. p. 350. ISBN 963-9116-36-X.
- Kertesz, Stephen D. (1953). Diplomacy in a Whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana. ISBN 0-8371-7540-2. http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/dipl/dipl00.htm.
- Korda, Michael. Journey to a Revolution: A Personal Memoir and History of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Harper Perrenial (2006). ISBN 978-0-06-077262-8
- Michener, James A. (1985 (reissue edition)). The Bridge at Andau. New York: Fawcett. ISBN 0-449-21050-2.
- Morris, William E.; Lettis, Richard (Editor) (Reprint edition (August 2001)). The Hungarian Revolt: 23 October–4 November 1956. Simon Publications. ISBN 1-931313-79-2.
- Napolitano, Giorgio (2005) (in Italian). Dal Pci al socialismo europeo. Un'autobiografia politica (From the Communist Party to European Socialism. A political autobiography). Laterza. ISBN 88-420-7715-1.
- Péter, László (2008). Resistance, Rebellion and Revolution in Hungary and Central Europe: Commemorating 1956. London: UCL SSEES. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-903425-79-7.
- Schmidl, Erwin A. & Ritter, László. (2006) The Hungarian Revolution, 1956; Osprey Elite series #148. ISBN 1-84603-079-X ISBN 978-1-84603-079-6
- Sebestyen, Victor (2006). Twelve Days: The Story of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. New York: Pantheon. pp. 340 pages. ISBN 0-375-42458-X.
- Sugar, Peter F.; Hanak, Peter, Frank, Tibor (Editors) (1994). A History of Hungary: From Liberation to Revolution (pp. 368–83). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 448 pages. ISBN 0-253-20867-X.
- United Nations: Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary, General Assembly, Official Records, Eleventh Session, Supplement No. 18 (A/3592), New York, 1957 (268 pages)PDF (1.47 MB)
- Ürményházi, Attila J.(2006) "The Hungarian Revolution-Uprising, Budapest 1956", National Library of Australia ISBN 0-646-45885-X, Record Id: 40312920
- Zinner, Paul E. (1962). Revolution in Hungary. Books for Libraries Press. pp. 380 pages. ISBN 0-8369-6817-4.
- Lendvai, Paul (2008). One Day That Shook the Communist World: The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy. Princeton UP. pp. 254. ISBN 978-0-691-13282-2.
- Litván, György (1996). The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression, 1953-1963. Longman. pp. 221. ISBN 0 582 21505 6.
- Cox, Terry. Hungary 1956--forty Years on. London: F. Cass, 1997. Print.
- Matthews, John P. C. Explosion: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956. New York, NY: Hippocrene, 2007. Print.
External links[link]
- Historical collections
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hungarian Revolution of 1956 |
- 1956 Hungarian Revolution Collection of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Cold War International History Project (Virtual Archive 2.0), containing documents and other source materials relating to the 1956 Revolution.
- Institute of Revolutionary History, Hungary A Hungarian language site providing historical photos and documents, books and reviews, and links to English language sites.
- OSA Digital Archive Videos of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution
- Universal Pictures and Warner Pathé newsreels regarding the revolution
- "On this day 4 November 1956: Soviet troops overrun Hungary" (Accessed 12 October 2006) - BBC reports on the first day of the second Soviet intervention and the fall of the Nagy government.
- Hungary '56 Andy Anderson's pamphlet, written in 1964 and originally published by Solidarity (UK), about events of the Hungarian uprising of 1956, focusing on Hungarian demands for economic and political self-management. (AK Press 2002, ISBN 0-934868-01-8)
- The short film Big Picture: Operation Mercy is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- The short film Hungarian Revolution Aftermath (1956) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- The short film Hungarian Revolution (1956) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- Feature films
- Freedom's Fury The 2005 documentary film depicting events surrounding the Hungarian-Soviet confrontation in the Olympic water polo tournament, now known as the "blood in the water match". Narrated by Mark Spitz, produced by Lucy Liu and Quentin Tarantino.
- Torn from the flag Documentary film 2007. The significant global effects of the Hungarian revolution of 1956.
- Commemorations
- The 1956 Portal A resource for Hungarian-American organizations to highlight and promote their 1956 Hungarian Revolution commemoration activities, including 1956 photos, videos, resources, and events across the US.
- Freedom Fighter 56 Personal stories of survival and escape from participants in the revolution
- 1956 Hungarian Memorial Oral History Project Multicultural Canada oral history collection of revolution refugees in Canada
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
http://wn.com/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956
Related pages:
http://itwn.com/Rivoluzione ungherese del 1956
http://cswn.com/Maďarské povstání
http://idwn.com/Revolusi Hongaria
http://eswn.com/Revolución húngara de 1956
http://ruwn.com/Венгерское восстание 1956 года
http://nlwn.com/Hongaarse Opstand
http://ptwn.com/Revolução Húngara de 1956
http://plwn.com/Powstanie węgierskie 1956
http://frwn.com/Insurrection de Budapest
http://dewn.com/Ungarischer Volksaufstand
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
