Solomon "Sol" LeWitt (September 9, 1928 – April 8, 2007) was an American artist linked to various movements, including Conceptual art and Minimalism.[1]
LeWitt came to fame in the late 1960s with his wall drawings and "structures" (a term he preferred instead of "sculptures") but was prolific in a wide range of media including drawing, printmaking, photography, and painting. He has been the subject of hundreds of solo exhibitions in museums and galleries around the world since 1965.
LeWitt was born in Hartford, Connecticut to a family of Jewish immigrants from Russia. His mother took him to art classes at the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford.[2] After receiving a BFA from Syracuse University in 1949, LeWitt traveled to Europe where he was exposed to Old Master painting. Shortly thereafter, he served in the Korean War, first in California, then Japan, and finally Korea. LeWitt moved to New York City in 1953 and set up a studio on the Lower East Side, in the old Ashkenazi Jewish settlement on Hester Street. During this time he studied at the School of Visual Arts while also pursuing his interest in design at Seventeen magazine, where he did paste-ups, mechanicals, and photostats.[3] In 1955, he was a graphic designer in the office of architect I.M. Pei for a year. Around that time, LeWitt also discovered the work of the late 19th-century photographer Eadweard Muybridge, whose studies in sequence and locomotion were an early influence. These experiences, combined with an entry-level job as a night receptionist and clerk he took in 1960 at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York, would influence LeWitt's later work.
At the MoMA, LeWitt’s co-workers included fellow artists Robert Ryman, Dan Flavin, and Robert Mangold. Curator Dorothy Canning Miller's now famous 1960 “Sixteen Americans” exhibition with work by Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, and Frank Stella created a swell of excitement and discussion among the community of artists with whom LeWitt associated. LeWitt also became friends with Hanne Darboven, Eva Hesse, and Robert Smithson.
LeWitt taught at several New York schools, including New York University and the School of Visual Arts, during the late 1960s. In 1980, LeWitt left New York for Spoleto, Italy. After returning to the United States in the late 1980s, LeWitt made Chester, Connecticut, his primary residence.[3] He died at age 78 in New York from cancer complications.[4]
LeWitt is regarded as a founder of both Minimal and Conceptual art.[3] His prolific two and three-dimensional work ranges from wall drawings (over 1200 of which have been executed) to hundreds of works on paper extending to structures in the form of towers, pyramids, geometric forms, and progressions. These works range in size from gallery-sized installations to monumental outdoor pieces. LeWitt’s first serial sculptures were created in the 1960s using the modular form of the square in arrangements of varying visual complexity.
In the early 1960s, LeWitt first began to create his "structures," a term he used to describe his three-dimensional work.[5] His frequent use of open, modular structures originates from the cube, a form that influenced the artist’s thinking from the time that he first became an artist. After creating an early body of work made up of closed form wooden objects, heavily-lacquered by hand, in the mid-1960s he “decided to remove the skin altogether and reveal the structure.” This skeletal form, the radically simplified open cube, became a basic building block of the artist’s three-dimensional work. In the mid 1960s, LeWitt began to work with the open cube: twelve equal linear elements connected at eight corners to form a skeletal structure. From 1969, he would conceive many of his modular structures on a large scale, to be constructed in aluminum or steel by industrial fabricators. Each of his large open cubes is 63 inches high, approximately eye level. At this scale, the artist introduced bodily proportion to his fundamental sculptural unit.[6]
Since the mid-1980s, he has composed some of his sculptures from stacked cinder blocks, still generating variations within self-imposed restrictions.[7] In the mid-1980s, LeWitt began to work with concrete blocks. In 1985, the first cement Cube was built in a park in Basel.[8] From 1990 onwards, LeWitt conceived multiple variations on a tower to be constructed using concrete blocks.[6] In a shift away from his well-known geometric vocabulary of forms, the works LeWitt realized in the late 1990s indicate vividly the artist's growing interest in somewhat random curvilinear shapes and highly saturated colors.[9]
In 1968, LeWitt began to conceive sets of guidelines or simple diagrams for his two-dimensional works drawn directly on the wall, executed first in graphite, then in crayon, later in colored pencil and finally in chromatically rich washes of India ink, bright acrylic paint, and other materials.[10] Since he created a work of art at the Paula Cooper Gallery in 1969, thousands of LeWitt’s drawings have been installed directly on the surfaces of walls.[11] Between 1969 and 1970 he created four "Drawings Series", which presented different combinations of the basic element that governed many of his early wall drawings. In each series he applied a different system of change to each of twenty-four possible combinations of a square divided into four equal parts, each containing one of the four basic types of lines LeWitt used (vertical, horizontal, diagonal left, and diagonal right). The result is four possible permutations for each of the twenty-four original units. The system used in Drawings Series I is what LeWitt termed ‘Rotation,’ Drawings Series II uses a system termed ‘Mirror,’ Drawings Series III uses ‘Cross & Reverse Mirror,’ and Drawings Series IV uses ‘Cross Reverse’.[12]
In Wall Drawing #122, first installed in 1972 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, the work contains “all combinations of two lines crossing, placed at random, using arcs from corners and sides, straight, not straight and broken lines” resulting in 150 unique pairings that unfold on the gallery walls. LeWitt further expanded on this theme, creating variations such as Wall Drawing #260 at the Museum of Modern Art, New York), which systematically runs through all possible two-part combinations of arcs and lines.[13] Conceived in 1995, Wall Drawing #792: Black rectangles and squares underscores LeWitt's early interest in the intersections between art and architecture. Spanning the two floors of the Barbara Gladstone Gallery, Brussels, this work consists of varying combinations of black rectangles, creating an irregular grid-like pattern.[14]
In 2005 LeWitt began a series of ‘scribble’ wall drawings, so termed because they required the draftsmen to fill in areas of the wall by scribbling with graphite. The scribbling occurs at six different densities, which are indicated on the artist’s diagrams and then mapped out in string on the surface of the wall. The gradations of scribble density produce a continuum of tone that implies three dimensions.[15] The largest scribble wall drawing, Wall Drawing #1268, is on view at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, LeWitt created highly saturated colorful acrylic wall drawings. While their forms are curvilinear, playful and seem almost random, they are also drawn according to an exacting set of guidelines. The bands are a standard width, for example, and no colored section may touch another section of the same color.[16]
According to the principle of his work, LeWitt's wall drawings are usually executed by people other than the artist himself.[17] He would therefore eventually use teams of assistants to create such works. Writing about making wall drawings, LeWitt himself observed in 1971 that "each person draws a line differently and each person understands words differently".[18] Between 1968 and his death in 2007, LeWitt created more than 1,270 wall drawings.[19] The wall drawings, executed on-site, generally exist for the duration of an exhibition; they are then destroyed, giving the work in its physical form an ephemeral quality.[20] They can be installed, removed, and then reinstalled in another location, as many times as required for exhibition purposes. When transferred to another location, the number of walls can change only by ensuring that the proportions of the original diagram are retained.[21]
Permanent murals by LeWitt can be found at, among others, the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo; Akron Art Museum, Akron; the Atlanta City Hall, Atlanta; the AXA Center, New York; the Columbus Circle Subway Station, New York; The Jewish Museum (New York), New York; the Green Center for Physics at MIT, Cambridge; the Embassy of the United States in Berlin; the Wadsworth Atheneum; and John Pearson's House Oberlin, Ohio. The artist's last public wall drawing, Wall Drawing #1259: Loopy Doopy (Springfield) (2008), is at the United States Courthouse in Springfield, Massachusetts (designed by architect Moshe Safdie).
In the 1990s, LeWitt started using gouache, an opaque water-based paint, to produce free-flowing abstract works in contrasting colors. These represented a significant departure from the rest of his practice, as he created these works with his own hands.[5] LeWitt’s gouaches are often created in series based on a specific motif. Past series have included Irregular Forms, Parallel Curves, Squiggly Brushstrokes and Web-like Grids.[22]
From 1966, LeWitt's interest in seriality led to his production of more than 50 artist's books until 2002; he later donated many examples to the Wadsworth Athenaeum's library. In 1976, with Lucy Lippard and others, LeWitt founded Printed Matter, an organization established to publish and disseminate artist's books.[3]
LeWitt collaborated with architect, Stephen Lloyd, to design a synagogue for his congregation Beth Shalom Rodfe Zedek; he conceptualized the "airy" synagogue building, with its shallow dome supported by "exuberant wooden roof beams", an homage to the wooden synagogues of eastern Europe.[23][24]
Since the early 1960s he and his wife, Carol Androccio, gathered nearly 9,000 works of art through purchases, in trades with other artists and dealers, or as gifts.[25] In this way he acquired works by approximately 750 artists, including Flavin, Ryman, Hanne Darboven, Eva Hesse, Donald Judd, On Kawara, Carl Andre, Dan Graham, Hans Haacke, Gerhard Richter, and others.
LeWitt's work was first publicly exhibited in 1963 at St. Mark's Church, New York.[26] Dan Graham's John Daniels Gallery later gave him his first solo show in 1965.[27] In 1966, he participated in the "Primary Structures" exhibit at the Jewish Museum in New York (a seminal show which helped define the minimalist movement), submitting an untitled, open modular cube of 9 units. The same year he was included in the "10" exhibit at Dwan Gallery, New York. He was later invited by Harald Szeemann to participate in "When Attitude Becomes Form," at the Kunsthalle Bern, Switzerland, in 1969. Interviewed in 1993 about those years LeWitt remarked, “I decided I would make color or form recede and proceed in a three-dimensional way.”
The Gemeentemuseum in The Hague presented his first retrospective exhibition in 1970, and his work was later shown in a major mid-career retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1978.[26] In 1972/1973, LeWitt's first museum shows in Europe were mounted at the Kunsthalle Bern and the Museum of Modern Art, Oxford.[28] MoMA gave LeWitt his first retrospective in 1978-79. The exhibition traveled to various American venues. For the 1987 Skulptur Projekte Münster, Germany, he realized Black Form: Memorial to the Missing Jews, a rectangular wall of black concrete blocks for the center of a plaza in front of an elegant, white Neoclassical government building; it is now installed at Altona Town Hall, Hamburg. Other major exhibitions since include Sol LeWitt Drawings 1958-1992, which was organized by the Gemeentemuseum in The Hague, the Netherlands in 1992 which traveled over the next three years to museums in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, France, Spain, and the United States; and in 1996, the Museum of Modern Art, New York mounted a traveling survey exhibition: Sol LeWitt Prints: 1970-1995. A major LeWitt retrospective was organized by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in 2000. The exhibition traveled to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, and Whitney Museum of American Art, New York.
In 2006, LeWitt’s “Drawing Series…” was displayed at Dia:Beacon and was devoted to the 1970s drawings by the conceptual artist. He had drawn directly on the walls using graphite, colored pencil, crayon, and chalk. The works were based on LeWitt’s complex principles, which eliminated the limitations of the canvas for more extensive constructions.[29]
Sol LeWitt: A Wall Drawing Retrospective, a collaboration between the Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG), MASS MoCA (Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art), and the Williams College Museum of Art (WCMA) opened to the public in 2008 at MASS MoCA in North Adams, Massachusetts. The exhibition will be on view for 25 years and is housed in a three-story 27,000-square-foot (2,500 m2) historic mill building in the heart of MASS MoCA’s campus fully restored by Bruner/Cott and Associates architects (and outfitted with a sequence of new interior walls constructed to LeWitt’s specifications.) The exhibition consists of 105 drawings –- comprising nearly one acre of wall surface—that LeWitt created over 40 years from 1968–2007 and will include[citation needed] several drawings never before seen, some of which LeWitt created for the project shortly before his death.
Furthermore, the artist was the subject of exhibitions at P.S. 1 Contemporary Center, Long Island City (Concrete Blocks); The Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover (Twenty-Five Years of Wall Drawings, 1968-1993); and Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford (Incomplete Cubes), which traveled to three art museums in the United States. At the time of his death, LeWitt had just organized a retrospective of his work at the Allen Memorial Art Museum in Oberlin, Ohio.
LeWitt's works are found in the most important museum collections including: Tate Modern, London, the Stedelijk van Abbemuseum, Amsterdam, Musee National d'Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, Hallen für Neue Kunst Schaffhausen, Switzerland, Australian National Gallery, Canberra, Australia, Guggenheim Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, Dia:Beacon, the National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.[30]
Black Form Dedicated to the Missing Jews, Altona City Hall,
Altona, Hamburg, Germany, 1987.
Sol LeWitt was one of the main figures of his time; he transformed the idea and practice of drawing and changed the relationship between an idea and the art it produces.[citation needed] LeWitt’s art is not about the singular hand of the artist; it is the ideas behind the works that surpass each work itself.[31]
Sol LeWitt is represented by the Paula Cooper Gallery in New York, Donald Young Gallery in Chicago, Lisson Gallery in London, and Yvon Lambert Gallery in Paris.[32][33][34] The Pace Gallery was appointed the International Representative of the LeWitt Estate in November 2007, and continues to represent the Estate today.
To date, LeWitt's most highly valued works at auction have all been three-dimensionall structures, the earliest of which date to 1965. His auction record of $520,000 was set in 2006 by his three-dimensional structure Wall Floor Piece #1 (1976) at Christie's, New York.[35]
- LeWitt, Sol. Arcs, from Corners & Sides, Circles, & Grids and All Their Combinations. Bern, Switzerland: Kunsthalle Bern & Paul Biancini, 1972.
- LeWitt, Sol. The Location of Eight Points. Washington, DC: Max Protetch Gallery, 1974.
- LeWitt, Sol. Photogrids. New York: P. David Press, 1977/1978. ISBN 0-8478-0166-7
- Legg, Alicia (ed.). Sol LeWitt: the Museum of Modern Art, New York. New York: The Museum, 1978. ISBN 0-87070-427-3
- LeWitt, Sol. Geometric Figures & Color. New York: H.N. Abrams, 1979. ISBN 0-8109-0953-7
- LeWitt, Sol. Autobiography. New York and Boston: Multiple and Lois and Michael K. Torf, 1980. ISBN 0-9605580-0-4
- LeWitt, Sol. Sol LeWitt Wall Drawings, 1968-1984. [Amsterdam, Endhoven, and Hartford, CT: Stedelijk Museum, Van Abbemuseum, and Wadsworth Atheneum, 1984.] ISBN 90-70149-09-5
- LeWitt, Sol. Sol LeWitt Prints, 1970-86. London: Tate Gallery, 1986. ISBN 0-946590-51-6
- LeWitt, Sol. Sol LeWitt Drawings, 1958-1992. The Hague: Haags Gemeentemuseum, 1992. ISBN 90-6730-092-6
- LeWitt, Sol. Sol LeWitt, Twenty-Five Years of Wall Drawings, 1968-1993. Andover, MA, and Seattle: Addison Gallery of American Art and University of Washington Press, 1993. ISBN 1-879886-34-0
- LeWitt, Sol. Sol LeWitt - Structures, 1962-1993. Oxford: Museum of Modern Art, 1993. ISBN 0-905836-78-2
- LeWitt, Sol, Cristina Bechtler, and Charlotte von Koerber. 100 Cubes. Ostfildern: Cantz, 1996. ISBN 3-89322-753-9
- LeWitt, Sol. Sol LeWitt, Bands of Color. Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Art, 1999. ISBN 0-933856-58-X
- Garrels, Gary, and Sol LeWitt. Sol LeWitt: a Retrospective. San Francisco and New Haven: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and Yale University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-300-08358-0
- Gale, Peggy (ed.). Artists Talk: 1969–1977. Halifax, NS: Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, 2001. ISBN 0-919616-40-2
- LeWitt, Sol, Nicholas Baume, Jonathan Flatley, and Pamela M. Lee. Sol LeWitt: Incomplete Open Cubes. Hartford, CT, and Cambridge, MA: Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art and MIT Press, 2001. ISBN 0-262-52311-6
- LeWitt, Sol, Dean Swanson, and Martin L. Friedman. LeWitt x 2: Sol LeWitt: Structure and Line: Selections from the LeWitt Collection. Madison, WI: Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, 2006. ISBN 0-913883-33-6
- LeWitt, Sol. Sol LeWitt: Wall Drawings. Bologna, Italy: Damiani, 2006. ISBN 88-89431-59-8
- Cross, Susan, and Denise Markonish (eds.). Sol LeWitt: 100 Views. North Adams, MA, and New Haven, CT: Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art and Yale University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-300-15282-1
- Maffei, Giorgio, and Emanuele De Donno. Sol LeWitt: Artist's Books. Sant'Eraclio di Foligno, Italy: Viaindustriae, 2009. ISBN 978-88-903459-2-0
- LINES & FORMES (sic), Livre d'artiste (album de douze planches en noir et blanc), édité par YVON LAMBERT, Paris 1989, ISBN 29009820605.
- ^ McNay, Michael. "Obituary: Sol LeWitt: American artist whose treatment of forms and colours defied critical analysis". The Guardian, April 11, 2007. Accessed April 17, 2011.
- ^ Michael Kimmelman (April 9, 2007), Sol LeWitt, Master of Conceptualism, Dies at 78 New York Times.
- ^ a b c d Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Collection online: Sol LeWitt. Accessed April 17, 2011.
- ^ Ulaby, Neda. "Sol LeWitt: conceptual art pioneer dies at 78." All Things Considered, NPR, April 9, 2007. Accessed April 17, 2011.
- ^ a b Sol LeWitt: Structures and Drawings, April 28 - June 30, 2011 Barbara Mathes Gallery, New York.
- ^ a b Sol LeWitt: Structures 1965-2006, May 24 – December 2, 2011 Public Art Fund, New York.
- ^ [1] Guggenheim Collection.
- ^ Sol LeWitt: Concrete Block, December 17, 1999 - February 27, 2000. MoMA P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center, New York. Accessed April 17, 2011.
- ^ Sol LeWitt on the Roof: Splotches, Whirls and Twirls, April 26, 2005 – October 30, 2005 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
- ^ Christopher Knight (April 10, 2007), Sol LeWitt, 78; sculptor and muralist changed art Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Sol LeWitt, Wall Drawing #1268: Scribbles: Staircase (AKAG) (2006) Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo.
- ^ Sol LeWitt, Wall Drawing 1211, 2006 MASS MoCA, North Adams, MA.
- ^ Sol LeWitt: Arcs and Lines, May 7 - August 26, 2011 Paula Cooper Gallery, New York.
- ^ Sol LeWitt, September 11 - October 30, 2010 Barbara Gladstone Gallery, Brussels.
- ^ Sol LeWitt, Wall Drawing 1247: Scribbles 7. (PW), 2007 MASS MoCA, North Adams, MA.
- ^ Sol LeWitt, Wall Drawing 1152: Whirls and twirls (Met), 2005 MASS MoCA, North Adams, MA.
- ^ Sol LeWitt National Gallery, Washington, D.C.
- ^ Adrian Searle (December 7, 2006), Second thoughts The Guardian.
- ^ Jock Reynolds (June 13, 2009), The Logical and the Lyrical: The stunning beauty of Sol Lewitt’s ‘Wall Drawing #146A’ Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Sol LeWitt. Wall Drawings from 1968 to 2007 Centre Pompidou-Metz.
- ^ Sol LeWitt, Wall Drawing #1136 (2004) Tate, London.
- ^ Sol LeWitt: Gouaches, September 6 - October 15, 2005. Paula Cooper Gallery, New York. Accessed April 17, 2011.
- ^ Ivry, Benjamin (May 8, 2009). "Sol LeWitt: A Jewish Artist's Leap Into the Unknown". Forward. http://forward.com/articles/105238/.
- ^ Zimmer, William (December 9, 2001). "Art Takes a Prominent Spot In Chester's New Synagogue". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/09/nyregion/art-art-takes-a-prominent-spot-in-chester-s-new-synagogue.html.
- ^ Genocchio, Benjamin. "LeWitt the collector, filling up a warehouse." New York Times, January 1, 2004. Accessed April 17, 2011.
- ^ a b Sol LeWitt: Works on Paper, May 8 - June 19, 2009. Paula Cooper Gallery, New York. Accessed April 17, 2011.
- ^ Kennedy, Randy (June 26, 2009). "A Round Peg". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/arts/design/28kenn.html. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- ^ Sol LeWitt, September 15 - October 23, 2004. Lisson Gallery, London.
- ^ Danielle O'Steen (October 11, 2006). The Writing on the Walls: Sol LeWitt at Dia:Beacon. ARTINFO. http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/21215/the-writing-on-the-walls-sol-lewitt-at-diabeacon/. Retrieved 2008-04-29
- ^ Sol LeWitt Lisson Gallery, London.
- ^ Adam D. Weinberg (August 21, 2007). Backstage Stars. CULTURE+TRAVEL. http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/25514/backstage-stars/. Retrieved 2008-04-29
- ^ Sol LeWitt. Donald Young Gallery, Chicago. Accessed April 17, 2011.
- ^ Sol LeWitt. Lisson Gallery, London. Accessed April 17, 2011.
- ^ Sol LeWitt. Yvon Lambert Gallery, Paris. Accessed April 17, 2011.
- ^ Sol LeWitt, Wall Floor Piece #1, Sale 1725 Christie's, Post War and Contemporary Art Evening Sale, 15 November 2006, New York.
- Sol LeWitt artwork at Brooke Alexander Gallery
- Sol LeWitt at the Museum of Modern Art
- Oral history interview with Sol LeWitt, 1974 July 15, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
- The Pace Gallery
- In vast LeWitt show, absurdity and beauty Boston Globe, Boston, MA
- Cotter, Holland. Now in Residence: Walls of Luscious Austerity. New York Times, December 4, 2008.
- Lacayo, Richard. Sol LeWitt's Dazzling Line Drawings. Time magazine, November 17, 2008.
- Exhibition at the Cincinnati Art Museum in 2008
- Thomas Dreher: Sol LeWitt: The two Series "Forms derived from a Cube" and "Pyramids" (PDF file, 8 p., ca. 10 MB)
- Dreher, Thomas. Sol LeWitt: Structures 1962-1993. (German, illustrated review of an exhibition in 1993 at the Villa Stuck in Munich)
- Dreher, Thomas. Sol LeWitt: "Pyramids" for Joseph Beuys, Munich 1986 (German, illustrations of a room in the Lenbachhaus in Munich with four wall drawings realized by LeWitt's crew in 1986)
- Crown Point Press LeWitt's prints
- Sol LeWitt at NMAC Foundation
- Vogel, Carol. Subway Riders Are Greeted by a Blast of Sol LeWitt Color New York Times, September 13, 2009.
- Kimmelman, Michael. Sol LeWitt, Master of Conceptualism, Dies at 78. New York Times, April 9, 2007.
- Obituary in the Connecticut Post
- Associated Press. “Sol LeWitt, influential American artist, at 78.” April 9, 2007.
- Gray, Sadie. Conceptualist pioneer Sol LeWitt dies aged 78. Independent, UK, April 10, 2007.
- Sol LeWitt on ArtNet.
- Sol LeWitt Interviews, Conceptual Paradise, Leuphana University Lueneburg
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