published: 19 Dec 2010
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Aegean Sea
- Aelius Herodianus
- Aeolic Greek
- Aeolis
- Aeschylus
- Aesop
- Agora
- Alcaeus of Mytilene
- Alcibiades
- Alexander the Great
- Alexandria
- Alpha
- Anaxagoras
- Anaximander
- Ancient Corinth
- Ancient Greece
- Ancient Greek
- Ancient Greek accent
- Ancient Greek law
- Ancient Greek temple
- Antioch
- Antisthenes
- Antoine Meillet
- Apella
- Apollonius Dyscolus
- Aramaic language
- Aramaic primacy
- Arcado-Cypriot
- Arcadocypriot Greek
- Archaic Greece
- Archilochus
- Archimedes
- Archons of Athens
- Areopagus
- Argos
- Aristophanes
- Aristotle
- Army of Macedon
- Asia Minor
- Aspasia
- Aspirated consonant
- Athenian democracy
- Athenian festivals
- Attalid dynasty
- Attic dialect
- Attic Greek
- Attic numerals
- Atticism
- Bacchylides
- Ben Sira
- Beta
- Biblical Aramaic
- Biblical Hebrew
- Boeotia
- Book of Joshua
- Byzantine Empire
- Byzantine literature
- Chalkidiki Greek
- Chi (letter)
- Christian Bible
- Church Fathers
- Circa
- Classical antiquity
- Classical Athens
- Classical Greece
- Companion cavalry
- Constantine I
- Constantinople
- Corinth
- Cretan Greek
- Crete
- Cypriot Greek
- Cypriot syllabary
- Cyprus
- Dardanelles
- Delos
- Delphi
- Delta (letter)
- Democritus
- Demosthenes
- Demotic Greek
- Deuterocanon
- Diadochi
- Digamma
- Diogenes of Sinope
- Dodecanese
- Doric dialect
- Doric Greek
- Doris (Asia Minor)
- Early Christian
- Empedocles
- Epaminondas
- Ephesus
- Epicurus
- Epsilon
- Eta
- Euclid
- Euripides
- French language
- Gamma
- Gorgias
- Gospel of John
- Graeco-Armenian
- Graeco-Aryan
- Grammar
- Graphē paranómōn
- Greek alphabet
- Greek astronomy
- Greek Dark Ages
- Greek diacritics
- Greek exonyms
- Greek language
- Greek literature
- Greek mathematics
- Greek morphemes
- Greek numerals
- Greek orthography
- Greek Wikipedia
- Greek words for love
- Greeklish
- Griko language
- Hebrew Bible
- Heliaia
- Hellenic languages
- Hellenistic
- Hellenistic armies
- Hellenistic era
- Hellenistic Greece
- Hellenistic Judaism
- Heraclitus
- Herodotus
- Hesiod
- Heta
- Hipparchus
- Hippocrates
- Hipponax
- History of Greek
- Homer
- Homeric Greek
- Hoplite
- Hypatia
- Ibycus
- Ionia
- Ionian Sea
- Ionic Greek
- Iota
- Iotacism
- ISO 639-3
- Kappa
- Katharevousa
- King of Athens
- Kings of Macedon
- Koine Greek
- Koine Greek grammar
- Koppa (letter)
- Lambda
- Language family
- Latin
- League of Corinth
- Leonidas I
- Lesbos Island
- Leucippus
- Linear A
- Linear B
- Lingua franca
- LINGUIST List
- Locrian Greek
- Lucian
- Lycurgus of Sparta
- Lysander
- Macedon
- Magna Graecia
- Maniots
- Medieval Greek
- Menander
- Miletus
- Milo of Croton
- Mimnermus
- Minoan civilization
- Misthi, Cappadocia
- Modern English
- Modern Greek
- Modern Greek grammar
- Mu (letter)
- Mycenaean Greece
- Mycenaean Greek
- New Testament
- Nu (letter)
- Old Testament
- Olympia, Greece
- Omega
- Omicron
- Paideia
- Pamphylian Greek
- Papyrus
- Parmenides
- Parthenon
- Paul Kretschmer
- Pausanias (general)
- Peloponnese
- Peltast
- Pergamon
- Pericles
- Pezhetairos
- Phalanx formation
- Phi
- Philip II of Macedon
- Phonology
- Phrynichus Arabius
- Pi (letter)
- Pindar
- Pitch accent
- Plato
- Plutarch
- Polybius
- Pontic Greek
- Pontic language
- Pontus
- Pre-Greek substrate
- Protagoras
- Proto-Greek language
- Psi (letter)
- Ptolemaic Egypt
- Ptolemy
- Pyrrhus of Epirus
- Pythagoras
- Rho
- Rhodes
- Roman Empire
- Roman Greece
- Sampi
- San (letter)
- Sappho
- Sarissa
- Seleucid army
- Seleucid Empire
- Semitic languages
- Septuagint
- Sigma
- Simonides of Ceos
- Socrates
- Solon
- Sophocles
- Sparta
- Spartan Army
- Spiritus asper
- Stesichorus
- Stigma (letter)
- Stress (phonology)
- Substratum
- Tau
- Temple of Artemis
- Temple of Hephaestus
- Temple of Zeus
- Thales of Miletus
- Themistocles
- Theognis of Megara
- Thermopylae
- Theta
- Thucydides
- Timocreon
- Troy
- Tsakonian language
- Tyrtaeus
- Ulrich Wilamowitz
- Upsilon
- Vocabulary
- Voiceless consonant
- Vulgar Latin
- Western Roman Empire
- Western world
- Wiley-Blackwell
- Xenophon
- Xi (letter)
- Xyston
- Yevanic language
- Zeno of Citium
- Zeta
-
Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
http://wn.com/Acropolis_of_Athens -
Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
http://wn.com/Aegean_Sea -
Alexandria
http://wn.com/Alexandria -
Antioch
http://wn.com/Antioch -
Areopagus
:This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met. It is also the term for the judicial body which met there. For the 16th century literary movement, see Areopagus (poetry). For the regional government during the Greek War of Independence, see Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece. For the modern Greek Supreme Court, see Court of Cassation (Greece).
http://wn.com/Areopagus -
Asia Minor
http://wn.com/Asia_Minor -
Attalid dynasty
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
http://wn.com/Attalid_dynasty -
Boeotia
http://wn.com/Boeotia -
Classical Athens
The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508-322 BC) was a notable polis (city-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Hippias. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War) . The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.
http://wn.com/Classical_Athens -
Constantinople
Constantinople (, , Turkish: Istanbul) was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.
http://wn.com/Constantinople -
Crete
http://wn.com/Crete -
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (, ), formerly known as the Hellespont
http://wn.com/Dardanelles -
Dodecanese
http://wn.com/Dodecanese -
Ephesus
http://wn.com/Ephesus -
Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania, including Saranda and Himara, and a large number of Greek islands, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands, and other islands include the Strophades, Sphagia, Schiza, Sapientza and Kythira. The sea is one of the most seismic areas in the world.
http://wn.com/Ionian_Sea -
Lesbos Island
http://wn.com/Lesbos_Island -
Macedon
http://wn.com/Macedon -
Miletus
http://wn.com/Miletus -
Parthenon
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: ) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BCE. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
http://wn.com/Parthenon -
Peloponnese
http://wn.com/Peloponnese -
Pergamon
http://wn.com/Pergamon -
Sparta
http://wn.com/Sparta -
Temple of Hephaestus
http://wn.com/Temple_of_Hephaestus -
Temple of Zeus
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully-developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, when the cult of Zeus was joined the already establish cult here of Hera.
http://wn.com/Temple_of_Zeus -
Thermopylae
http://wn.com/Thermopylae -
Troy
http://wn.com/Troy -
Yevanic language
http://wn.com/Yevanic_language
-
Aelius Herodianus
Aelius Herodianus (Latin; Greek ) or Herodian, ca. 180-250, was one of the most celebrated grammarians of Greco-Roman antiquity. He is usually known as Herodian except when there is a danger of confusion with the historian also named Herodian.
http://wn.com/Aelius_Herodianus -
Aeschylus
http://wn.com/Aeschylus -
Aesop
http://wn.com/Aesop -
Alcaeus of Mytilene
http://wn.com/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene -
Alcibiades
http://wn.com/Alcibiades -
Alexander the Great
http://wn.com/Alexander_the_Great -
Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
http://wn.com/Anaxagoras -
Anaximander
http://wn.com/Anaximander -
Antisthenes
Antisthenes (; c. 445-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
http://wn.com/Antisthenes -
Antoine Meillet
http://wn.com/Antoine_Meillet -
Apollonius Dyscolus
Apollonius Dyscolus (fl. 2nd century AD) is considered one of the greatest of the Greek grammarians. He was born at Alexandria, son of Mnesitheus. The dates for his life are not known. His son Aelius Herodianus was born c. 185, which places Apollonius in the middle to late 2nd century.
http://wn.com/Apollonius_Dyscolus -
Archilochus
:For the hummingbird genus, see ''Archilochus.
http://wn.com/Archilochus -
Archimedes
http://wn.com/Archimedes -
Aristophanes
http://wn.com/Aristophanes -
Aristotle
http://wn.com/Aristotle -
Aspasia
Aspasia (ca. 470 BC–ca. 400 BC, Greek: ) was a Milesian woman who was famous for her involvement with the Athenian statesman Pericles. Very little is known about the details of her life. She spent most of her adult life in Athens, and she may have influenced Pericles and Athenian politics. She is mentioned in the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day.
http://wn.com/Aspasia -
Bacchylides
Bacchylides () (5th century BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets which included his uncle Simonides. The elegance and polished style of his lyrics have been a commonplace of Bacchylidean scholarship since at least Longinus (De Sublimitate 33,5). Some scholars however have associated these qualities with superficial charm. He has often been compared unfavourably with his contemporary, Pindar, as "a kind of Boccherini to Pindar's Haydn", yet the differences in their styles doesn't allow for easy comparison and "to blame Bacchylides for not being Pindar is as childish a judgement as to condemn...Marvel for missing the grandeur of Milton." His career coincided with the ascendency of dramatic styles of poetry, as embodied in the works of Aeschylus or Sophocles, and he is in fact one of the last poets of major significance within the more ancient tradition of purely lyric poetry. The most notable features of his lyrics are their clarity in expression and simplicity of thought, making them an ideal introduction to the study of Greek lyric poetry in general and to Pindar's verse in particular.
http://wn.com/Bacchylides -
Ben Sira
Jesus ben Sira, Ben Sira, was the author of the deuterocanonical book Sirach. Ben Sirah, a Jew who had been living in Jerusalem, may have authored the work in Alexandria, Egypt circa 180–175 BC, where he is thought to have established a school.
http://wn.com/Ben_Sira -
Constantine I
http://wn.com/Constantine_I -
Democritus
http://wn.com/Democritus -
Demosthenes
http://wn.com/Demosthenes -
Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope ( Diogenes ho Sinopeus), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic, he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey) in 412 or 404 BCE
http://wn.com/Diogenes_of_Sinope -
Empedocles
http://wn.com/Empedocles -
Epaminondas
Epaminondas (Greek: ) (ca. 410 BC – 362 BC) or Epameinondas was a Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics. In the process he broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years, having been defeated in the Messenian War ending in 600 BC. Epaminondas reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities. He was militarily influential as well, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics.
http://wn.com/Epaminondas -
Epicurus
http://wn.com/Epicurus -
Euclid
http://wn.com/Euclid -
Euripides
http://wn.com/Euripides -
Gorgias
Gorgias (, ca. 485-c.380 BCE) "the Nihilist", Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. "Like other Sophists he was an itinerant, practicing in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to invite miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies."
http://wn.com/Gorgias -
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
http://wn.com/Heraclitus -
Herodotus
http://wn.com/Herodotus -
Hesiod
http://wn.com/Hesiod -
Hipparchus
http://wn.com/Hipparchus -
Hippocrates
http://wn.com/Hippocrates -
Hipponax
Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek iambic poet.
http://wn.com/Hipponax -
Homer
http://wn.com/Homer -
Hypatia
http://wn.com/Hypatia -
Ibycus
Ibycus (Ancient Greek: ) (6th century BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. The extant fragments of his work contain the earliest-known example of the triadic choral lyric and epinician poetry.
http://wn.com/Ibycus -
Leonidas I
http://wn.com/Leonidas_I -
Leucippus
http://wn.com/Leucippus -
Lycurgus of Sparta
http://wn.com/Lycurgus_of_Sparta -
Lysander
http://wn.com/Lysander -
Maniots
http://wn.com/Maniots -
Milo of Croton
http://wn.com/Milo_of_Croton -
Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
http://wn.com/Parmenides -
Paul Kretschmer
http://wn.com/Paul_Kretschmer -
Pausanias (general)
http://wn.com/Pausanias_(general) -
Pericles
http://wn.com/Pericles -
Philip II of Macedon
http://wn.com/Philip_II_of_Macedon -
Pindar
http://wn.com/Pindar -
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato -
Plutarch
http://wn.com/Plutarch -
Polybius
http://wn.com/Polybius -
Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
http://wn.com/Protagoras -
Ptolemy
http://wn.com/Ptolemy -
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (, Pyrros; 319-272 BC) was a Greek general of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from ca. 297 BC), and later he became King of Epirus (306-302, 297-272 BC) and Macedon (288-284, 273-272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.
http://wn.com/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus -
Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (, O Pythagoras o Samios, "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
http://wn.com/Pythagoras -
Sappho
Sappho ( in English; Attic Greek ' , Aeolic Greek ' ) was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired throughout antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.
http://wn.com/Sappho -
Simonides of Ceos
http://wn.com/Simonides_of_Ceos -
Socrates
http://wn.com/Socrates -
Solon
Solon (ancient Greek: , c. 638 BC–558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
http://wn.com/Solon -
Sophocles
http://wn.com/Sophocles -
Stesichorus
Stesichorus (Ancient Greek: , circa 640 - 555 BC) was the first great poet of the Greek West. He is best known for telling epic stories in lyric metres but he is also famous for some ancient traditions about his life, such as his opposition to the tyrant Phalaris, and the blindness he is said to have incurred and cured by composing verses first insulting and then flattering to Helen of Troy. He was ranked among the nine lyric poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria and yet his work attracted relatively little interest among ancient commentators, which in turn left a disproportionate number of gaps in the modern record as one scholar observed in 1967: "Time has dealt more harshly with Stesichorus than with any other major lyric poet." Recent discoveries, recorded on Egyptian papyrus (notably and controversially, the Lille papyrus, in 1974), have enhanced modern understanding of his work, confirming his role as a link between Homer's epic narrative and the lyric narrative of poets like Pindar.
http://wn.com/Stesichorus -
Thales of Miletus
http://wn.com/Thales_of_Miletus -
Themistocles
Themistocles (Greek: ; "Glory of the Law"); c. 524–459 BC, was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, and was possibly one of the 10 Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
http://wn.com/Themistocles -
Thucydides
http://wn.com/Thucydides -
Timocreon
Timocreon, of Ialysus in Rhodes, was a Greek lyric poet who flourished about 480 BC.
http://wn.com/Timocreon -
Xenophon
http://wn.com/Xenophon -
Zeno of Citium
http://wn.com/Zeno_of_Citium
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Biblical Greek Read Aloud 1: First John 1:5-10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:12
- Published: 19 Dec 2010
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
First of a short series where I read biblical Greek texts in US Erasmian pronunciation and then a modern Greek pronunciation modified toward Koine Hellenistic. Links: Randall Buth: www.biblicalulpan.org Buth's pronunciation paper (PDF): www.biblicalulpan.org Modern Greek readings of New Testament: www.helding.net
http://wn.com/Biblical_Greek_Read_Aloud_1_First_John_15-10
Basics of Biblical Greek Lecture. Greeting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:48
- Published: 22 Aug 2010
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
This is the greeting lecture for the lecture series by Bill Mounce, author of Basics of Biblical Greek. You can purchase hsi entire series of the book in video and mp3 audio, and use them in conjunction with the free online Greek class at learnbiblicalgreek.com.
http://wn.com/Basics_of_Biblical_Greek_Lecture_Greeting
All Things Are Better In Koine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Published: 18 Dec 2008
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
A Tongue-in-cheek music video about Biblical Greek. Song written and recorded by Derek North, rap section composed by Sam Casucci, video directed and edited by Nick Casucci.
http://wn.com/All_Things_Are_Better_In_Koine
Accenting Biblical (Koine) and ancient Greek (Part 1 - General Principles)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:09
- Published: 14 Oct 2010
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
This is the first part of a short series on how to properly accent ancient and Biblical Greek.
http://wn.com/Accenting_Biblical_Koine_and_ancient_Greek_Part_1_General_Principles
Introduction to Biblical Greek: Unit 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:38
- Published: 01 Aug 2012
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
This video will eventually be replaced by a revised version and is uploaded now primarily for current members of the class.
http://wn.com/Introduction_to_Biblical_Greek_Unit_2
The (koine) Greek Alphabet Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:54
- Published: 11 May 2011
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
The first of 18 songs by "The Singing Grammarian: Songs and Visual Presentations for Learning New Testament Greek Grammar." Purchase all 18 songs from www.kregel.com, tinyurl.com As this is for teaching Koine Greek, the Erasmian method of pronunciation is used (so you don't need to correct my pronunciation in the comments :-) Brief history on Greek pronunciation: tinyurl.com
http://wn.com/The_koine_Greek_Alphabet_Song
First Greek (koine) lesson with Prof. Christophe Rico - Part I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:54
- Published: 05 Feb 2012
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
First Greek (Koine) class following the book "Polis" by Christophe Rico, éditions du Cerf, 2009. Teacher: Prof. Christophe Rico Assistant: Thomas Rego The Polis method takes inspiration from the Total Physical Response (TPR) method, according to which learning foreign languages should follow the physical and oral process by which a mother tongue is acquired -- a process in which stages of passive learning precede those of active learning. In this very first Greek class students are expected, following the TPR method, to show their understanding of the languages by performing the orders (in Greek!) given by the teacher. The main innovation of the Polis method is the application of the TPR technique to so-called "dead" tongues, which it attempts to teach as though they were "living" ones. Hence, since it stimulates all the cognitive faculties of the student, the Polis method facilitates the acquisition of the grammar and vocabulary, and enables one, after two years of learning, to read and understand a simple text without dictionary or translation. For more information about the Polis Institute, see: www.polisjerusalem.org For more information about the book and the method, see: poliskoine.com
http://wn.com/First_Greek_koine_lesson_with_Prof_Christophe_Rico_Part_I
First Greek (koine) lesson with Prof. Christophe Rico - Part II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:10
- Published: 08 Feb 2012
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
First Greek (Koine) class following the book "Polis" by Christophe Rico, éditions du Cerf, 2009. Teacher: Prof. Christophe Rico Assistant: Thomas Rego The Polis method takes inspiration from the Total Physical Response (TPR) method, according to which learning foreign languages should follow the physical and oral process by which a mother tongue is acquired -- a process in which stages of passive learning precede those of active learning. In this very first Greek class students are expected, following the TPR method, to show their understanding of the languages by performing the orders (in Greek!) given by the teacher. The main innovation of the Polis method is the application of the TPR technique to so-called "dead" tongues, which it attempts to teach as though they were "living" ones. Hence, since it stimulates all the cognitive faculties of the student, the Polis method facilitates the acquisition of the grammar and vocabulary, and enables one, after two years of learning, to read and understand a simple text without dictionary or translation. For more information about the Polis Institute, see: www.polisjerusalem.org For more information about the book and the method, see: poliskoine.com
http://wn.com/First_Greek_koine_lesson_with_Prof_Christophe_Rico_Part_II
Koine Greek - 2 Corinthians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:44
- Published: 08 May 2012
- Updated: 08 May 2012
2 Corinthians in the Textus Receptus read with native modern Greek pronunciation 2 Cor 2v1 - 4:07 2 Cor 3v1 - 6:29 2 Cor 4v1 - 9:15 2 Cor 5v1 - 12:00 2 Cor 6v1 - 15:03 2 Cor 7v1 - 17:40 2 Cor 8v1 - 20:44 2 Cor 9v1 - 24:16 2 Cor 10v1 - 26:49 2 Cor 11v1 - 29:45 2 Cor 12v1 - 34:35 2 Cor 13v1 - 38:35
http://wn.com/Koine_Greek_2_Corinthians
Koine Greek Adjectives
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Published: 07 Nov 2008
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
fun/dry video kind of explaining how adjectives work in Koine Greek. Most is sarcastic, and is not helpful, but there is a little bit of learning in here. Wallace and Mounce textbooks were the basis. This was filmed at about 4am in the morning.
http://wn.com/Koine_Greek_Adjectives
Biblical Hermaneutics: Greek Exegesis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:54
- Published: 04 Oct 2011
- Updated: 16 Jul 2012
The word hermaneutics is from the greek word ἑρμηνεύω (hermaneuo) meaning to translate, explain, interpret. Thus, Biblical Hermaneutics is the study of the principles of interpretation concerning the books of the Bible. The specific area of Biblical Hermaneutics adressed in this video is Exegesis which can be defined as studying the Bible in the original languages so that one is not relying on an intermediate chain of language translations which may obscure or lose meanings. "
http://wn.com/Biblical_Hermaneutics_Greek_Exegesis
Polis - Koine Greek Class
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Published: 30 Dec 2009
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Video of a Greek Koine Class following the book "Polis" by Christophe Rico, éditions du Cerf, 2009. For more information about the book and the method, see: poliskoine.com
http://wn.com/Polis_Koine_Greek_Class
Institute of Biblical Greek Fluency Course
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Published: 09 Sep 2011
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
The Fluency Course offered by the Institute of Biblical Greek is a full service course that uses all sorts of learning methods to teach Biblical Greek. This brief video explains how the course uses live meetings, recorded meetings and lectures, conversation, audio/visual aids, automated quizzes, MP3s and more to provide a Biblical and ancient Greek education like no other.
http://wn.com/Institute_of_Biblical_Greek_Fluency_Course
The Lord's Prayer in Koine Greek / ΠΑΤΕΡ ΗΜΩΝ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:36
- Published: 13 Feb 2011
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
The Lord's Prayer in Koine Greek using a modern/restored first-century pronunciation. It's taken from Matthew 6:9-13. Hope you enjoy it. Greek Text -- Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς· ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου· ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου· γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,· ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς· τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον· καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν· καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
http://wn.com/The_Lord's_Prayer_in_Koine_Greek_ΠΑΤΕΡ_ΗΜΩΝ
Learn Greek Free Lesson 1: Greek Alphabet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:14
- Published: 30 Sep 2010
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Greek Lesson 1 from Learn Greek Free where you learn to read New Testament Greek
http://wn.com/Learn_Greek_Free_Lesson_1_Greek_Alphabet
Basic Koine Greek
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:17
- Published: 15 Aug 2011
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
This is the 2nd class at Sovereign Grace Family Church on Biblical (Koine) Greek. In it, Pastor Keith expands on the alphabet, showing how the letters work together to make sounds (according to the Erasmian pronunciation) and he ends with some very basic vocabulary words. The first part of this class is available at our sermon audio page: www.sermonaudio.com
http://wn.com/Basic_Koine_Greek
Biblical Greek Alphabet for Kids (KOINE GREEK)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Published: 09 Nov 2010
- Updated: 04 Oct 2012
NOTE: this is NOT modern Greek and the pronunciation doesn't reflect MODERN Greek. Biblical Greek (koine greek) pronunciation is taught differently from teacher to teacher, because we do not know exactly how it was pronounced in ancient Greece. If you studied Koine Greek, you may have been taught a different pronunciation.
http://wn.com/Biblical_Greek_Alphabet_for_Kids_KOINE_GREEK
Biblical Greek and Hebrew study tools are hazardous materials.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Published: 26 Feb 2011
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
All Greek study tools are corrupt. They are all derived from pagan sources and written by ungody men. From Liddell, who wanted to secularize the Bible, to the current crop of Greek study tools, all have serious flaws. The recent book Biblical Greek Language and Lexicography by John Taylor contains essays by the world's leading Greek linguists who generally agree that all current Greek study tools are obsolete, misleading and in serious need of a complete overhaul. Bad news for scholars and preachers who love to correct the Holy Bible with the Greek.
http://wn.com/Biblical_Greek_and_Hebrew_study_tools_are_hazardous_materials
Basics of Biblical Greek Lecture Videos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Published: 06 Feb 2011
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Koine Greek - 1 Corinthians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:25
- Published: 20 Jun 2012
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
1 Corinthians in the Textus Receptus read with native modern Greek pronunciation 1 Cor 2 -- 4:24 1 Cor 3 -- 6:53 1 Cor 4 -- 10:01 1 Cor 5 -- 13:17 1 Cor 6 -- 15:14 1 Cor 7 -- 18:19 1 Cor 8 -- 24:14 1 Cor 9 -- 26:08 1 Cor 10 -- 30:09 1 Cor 11 -- 34:26 1 Cor 12 -- 39:05 1 Cor 13 -- 43:04 1 Cor 14 -- 45:00 1 Cor 15 -- 50:10 1 Cor 16 -- 57:27
http://wn.com/Koine_Greek_1_Corinthians
Mounce Greek Study System: Learn Biblical Greek with Accordance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Published: 03 Nov 2011
- Updated: 17 Jul 2012
Dr. Bill Mounce has partnered together with Accordance Bible Software to bring you the Mounce Greek Study System: Learn biblical Greek with Accordance.
http://wn.com/Mounce_Greek_Study_System_Learn_Biblical_Greek_with_Accordance
Koine Greek Video: Τὸ ἀκράτισμα
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Published: 14 Jan 2012
- Updated: 14 May 2012
Here's a video that might help you think Greek as soon as you wake up in the morning! There are mistakes (I corrected some of them in the subtitles)... but ὁ ἁμαρτήματα ποιεῖν φοβούμενος οὐδὲν οὐδέποτε πράξει! Τῷ δὲ Δανιὴλ Στρὶττ μεγάλως εὐχαριστῶ ἐπὶ τῷ ἡμῖν γνωρῖσαι αὐτὸν τίς ἐστι χαμαικέρασος! (danielstreett.wordpress.com
http://wn.com/Koine_Greek_Video_Τὸ_ἀκράτισμα
Modern Biblical Greek and Hebrew Lexicographical Scientific Method.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:39
- Published: 27 Feb 2011
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Many definitions in Greek and Hebrew lexicons are derived from pagan sources or corrupt modern bibles based on the Westcott and Hort Greek text. Henry Liddell, pictured, is the grandfather of modern greek lexicons. He wanted to secularize the bible and sought to define biblical words with pagan Greek meanings.The beliefs of these scholars were opposed to the traditional church doctrines held by true Christians for over 1900 years. Correcting the King James Bible with corrupt Greek and Hebrew study tools is folly..
http://wn.com/Modern_Biblical_Greek_and_Hebrew_Lexicographical_Scientific_Method
Photo: AP / Geert vanden Wijngaert
21 Oct 2012
Related topics Royal WeddingsLuxembourg Royal WeddingCountess Stephanie de Lannoy Advertisement Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg and Countess Stephanie de Lannoy of Belgium were married earlier today in...
Photo: AP / Thao Nguyen
22 Oct 2012
Cycling's governing body agreed Monday to strip Lance Armstrong of his seven Tour de France titles and ban him for life, following a report from the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency that accused him of leading...
Photo: AP / Alessandra Tarantino
23 Oct 2012
L'AQUILA (ITALY): An Italian court convicted seven scientists and experts of manslaughter on Monday for failing to adequately warn citizens before an earthquake struck central Italy in 2009, killing...
Photo: U.S. Army Courtesy
23 Oct 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling As the two armies faced each other on that fateful day, a day in which perhaps the die had already been cast, a ground swell of experienced and newly...
Photo: US Army / Brendan Mackie
21 Oct 2012
Top Pentagon leaders, White House advisers and members of Congress from both parties have long regarded the rapid expansion of Afghanistan’s army and police as a crucial element of the U.S. exit...
WorldNetDaily
24 Oct 2012
The matter could have been left there, but I volunteered that today’s American blacks have benefited enormously from the horrible suffering of our ancestors. Why? I said the standard of living...
Stuff
24 Oct 2012
LATEST: Rugby legend Jonah Lomu has told the Auckland District Court of how a meeting at Wellington's Hummingbird bar led to an apparent $18 million job offer but ended in bitterness. Lomu testified...
Stockhouse
24 Oct 2012
Second Quarter Grants Support Global Priorities and Local Innovation Sixty-eight community organizations in 41 countries around the world were awarded a total of $10.5 million in grants from The...
Three Out Of Four Kentucky Residents "Too Busy To Cook" Hunts Dinner Sauces Answers The ...
24 Oct 2012
Stockhouse
OMAHA, Neb., Aug. 30, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Due to time constraints, seventy-three percent of Kentuckians often skip making a home-cooked dinner in favor of something else, according to a recent survey by Cravebox. Starting today, Hunt's is giving busy Kentuckians an answer to the "What's for...(size: 5.1Kb)
Today In History
24 Oct 2012
Dayton Daily News
Today is Wednesday, October 31, the 305th day of 2012. There are 61 days left in the year. Highlights in history on this date: 1517 - Martin Luther nails 95 theses at Wittenberg Palace church, marking the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Germany. 1731 - Expulsion of Protestants from...(size: 6.1Kb)
PRESS DIGEST - British business - Oct 24
24 Oct 2012
Reuters
The Times GREEK LEADER PUSHES FOR AUSTERITY PACKAGE Antonis Samaras, the Greek prime minister, held a fresh round of talks on Tuesday in an attempt to convince his coalition partners to accept the last details of an austerity package. The Telegraph BBC HAS LOST PUBLIC TRUST OVER...(size: 1.8Kb)
Putting the Boom Back Into NYC Construction
24 Oct 2012
Huffington Post
Time was when it didn't matter that big development projects built in New York City had whopping cost overages and time delays. NYC was the business and economic hub of the world. If you wanted to do business in NYC, you understood that there were costs of doing business here, according to Seth...(size: 4.3Kb)
HURT: Obama may have embraced exceptionalism
24 Oct 2012
The Washington Times
ANALYSIS/OPINION: Good news, America! Just three years and 351 days into his presidency, President Obama has finally accepted the concept of American exceptionalism in the world. “America remains the one indispensable nation,” Mr. Obama said during Monday night’s debate. Perhaps he...(size: 6.8Kb)
Lomu rumbled 'fraud' bid
24 Oct 2012
Stuff
Rugby legend Jonah Lomu has told the Auckland District Court of how a meeting at Wellington's Hummingbird bar led to an apparent $18 million job offer but ended in bitterness. Lomu testified late yesterday in the trial of Loizos Michaels, who has pleaded not guilty to 31 counts of fraud. He outlined...(size: 2.6Kb)
MSNBC
ATHENS (Reuters) - Greece's international lenders have made some concessions on labor reforms that have emerged as the main sticking points in an austerity package worth nearly 12 billion euros, the country's finance minister told Reuters on Monday. "The government has agreed with the troika on the...(size: 14.8Kb)
MSNBC
* Lenders back down on scrapping automatic wage hikes * Two parties have long opposed wage, other cuts * Troika to tell Euro Working Group no deal agreed-official * Draft deal shows two-year extension on cuts assumed (Adds details from draft deal) By Lefteris Papadimas ATHENS, Oct 23 (Reuters) - A...(size: 19.7Kb)
Football: Barca down plucky Celtic
24 Oct 2012
Otago Daily Times
Jordi Alba scored with almost the last kick of the match as Barcelona snatched a stirring 2-1 comeback win at home to a battling Celtic in Champions League...(size: 1.0Kb)
MSNBC
* Lenders back down on scrapping automatic wage hikes * Two parties have long opposed wage, other cuts * Troika to tell Euro Working Group no deal agreed-official * Draft deal shows two-year extension on cuts assumed (Adds details from draft agreement on measures, official) By Lefteris Papadimas...(size: 19.6Kb)
"Koine" redirects here. For other uses, see Koine (disambiguation).
| Koine Greek | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | modern [kiˈni] |
| Spoken in | Eastern Roman Empire |
| Era | 300 BC – 300 AD |
| Language family |
Indo-European
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Linguist List | grc-koi |
| History of the Greek language (see also: Greek alphabet) |
 |
| Proto-Greek (c. 3000–1600 BC)
|
| Mycenaean (c. 1600–1100 BC)
|
| Ancient Greek (c. 800–330 BC) Dialects: Aeolic, Arcadocypriot, Attic-Ionic, Doric, Locrian, Pamphylian, Homeric Greek, Macedonian |
| Koine Greek (c. 330 BC–330)
|
| Medieval Greek (330–1453)
|
| Modern Greek (from 1453) Dialects: Calabrian, Cappadocian, Cheimarriotika, Cretan, Cypriot, Demotic, Griko, Katharevousa, Pontic, Tsakonian, Maniot, Yevanic
|
Koine Greek (Greek: Ελληνιστική Κοινή[1] "Hellenistic common [language]", or ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, "the common dialect", also simply called koine "common [language]", or "Alexandrian dialect", "common Attic" or "Hellenistic Greek") is the universal dialect of the Greek language spoken throughout post-Classical antiquity (c. 300 BC – AD 300), developing from the Attic dialect, with admixture of elements especially from Ionic.
Koine, the first supra-regional Greek dialect, came to serve as the lingua franca of the Western world following the conquests of Alexander the Great.[2] Although superseded in the West Roman Empire by Vulgar Latin, it retained its dominance in the East, forming the basis of medieval Greek. By way of the latter, it is also the main ancestor of modern Greek.[3]
Koine's religious significance is exemplified by its status as the language of the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, and of the Christian New Testament.[4] As the language of the New Testament and of the Church Fathers, Koine Greek is also known as biblical, patristic or New Testament Greek.[5][6]
Contents |
Name[link]
Koinḗ (Κοινή), Greek for "common", is a term which had been previously applied by ancient scholars to several forms of Greek speech. A school of scholars such as Apollonius Dyscolus and Aelius Herodianus maintained the term Koine to refer to the Proto-Greek language, while others would use it to refer to any vernacular form of Greek speech which differed somewhat from the literary language.[4] But when Koine Greek became a language of literature by the first century B.C. some people distinguished it into two forms: Hellenic (Greek) as the literary post-classical form, and vernacular as the day to day spoken form.[4] Others chose to refer to Koine as the Alexandrian dialect (περὶ τῆς Ἀλεξανδρέων διαλέκτου) or the dialect of Alexandria, or even the universal dialect of its time. The former was often used by modern classicists.
Origins and history[link]
Koine Greek arose as a common dialect within the armies of Alexander the Great.[4] Under the leadership of Macedon, their newly formed common dialect was spoken from Egypt to Mesopotamia.[4] Though elements of Koine Greek took shape during the Classical Era, the post-Classical period of Greek is defined as beginning with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, when cultures under Hellenistic sway in turn began to influence the language. The passage into the next period, known as Medieval Greek, dates from the foundation of Constantinople by Constantine I in 330. The post-Classical period of Greek thus refers to the creation and evolution of Koine Greek throughout the entire Hellenistic and Roman eras of history until the start of the Middle Ages.[4]
The linguistic roots of the Common Greek dialect had been unclear since ancient times. During the Hellenistic age, most scholars thought of Koine as the result of the mixture of the four main Ancient Greek dialects, "ἡ ἐκ τῶν τεττάρων συνεστῶσα" (the composition of the Four). This view was supported in the early 20th century by Paul Kretschmer in his book "Die Entstehung der Koine" (1901), while Ulrich Wilamowitz and Antoine Meillet, based on the intense Ionic elements of the Koine — such as σσ instead of ττ and ρσ instead of ρρ (θάλασσα — θάλαττα, ἀρσενικός — ἀρρενικός) — considered Koine to be a simplified form of Ionic.[4] The final answer which is academically accepted today was given by the Greek linguist G. N. Hatzidakis, who proved that, despite the "composition of the Four", the "stable nucleus" of Koine Greek is Attic. In other words, Koine Greek can be regarded as Attic with the admixture of elements especially from Ionic, but also from other dialects. The degree of importance of the non-Attic linguistic elements on Koine can vary depending on the region of the Hellenistic World.[4] In that respect, the varieties of Koine spoken in the Ionian colonies of Asia Minor (e.g. Pontus) would have more intense Ionic characteristics than others and those of Laconia and Cyprus would preserve some Doric and Arcado-Cypriot characteristics, respectively etc. The literary Koine of the Hellenistic age resembles Attic in such a degree that it is often mentioned as Common Attic.[4]
Sources[link]
The first scholars who studied Koine, both in Alexandrian and contemporary times, were classicists whose prototype had been the literary Attic language of the Classical period, and would frown upon any other kind of Hellenic speech. Koine Greek was therefore considered a decayed form of Greek which was not worthy of attention.[4] The reconsideration on the historical and linguistic importance of Koine Greek began only in the early 19th century, where renowned scholars conducted a series of studies on the evolution of Koine throughout the entire Hellenistic and Roman period which it covered. The sources used on the studies of Koine have been numerous and of unequal reliability. The most significant ones are the inscriptions of the post-Classical periods and the papyri, for being two kinds of texts which have authentic content and can be studied directly.[4] Other significant sources are the Septuagint, the somewhat literal Greek translation of the Old Testament, and the New Testament. The teaching of the Testaments was aimed at the most common people, and for that reason they use the most popular language of the era. Information can also be derived from some Atticist scholars of the Hellenistic and Roman periods, who, in order to fight the evolution of the language, published works which compared the supposedly "correct" Attic against the "wrong" Koine by citing examples. For example, Phrynichus Arabius during the 2nd century AD wrote:
Βασίλισσα οὐδείς τῶν Ἀρχαίων εἶπεν, ἀλλὰ βασίλεια ἢ βασιλίς.
Basilissa (Queen) none of the Ancients said, but Basileia or Basilis.Διωρία ἑσχάτως ἀδόκιμον, ἀντ' αυτοῦ δὲ προθεσμίαν ἐρεῖς.
Πάντοτε μὴ λέγε, ἀλλὰ ἑκάστοτε καὶ διὰ παντός.
Dioria (deadline) is badly illiteral, instead use Prothesmia.
Do not say Pantote (always), but Hekastote and Dia pantos.
Other sources can be based on random findings such as inscriptions on vases written by popular painters, mistakes made by Atticists due to their imperfect knowledge of pure Attic, or even some surviving Greco-Latin glossaries of the Roman period,[7] e.g.:
Καλήμερον, ἦλθες;
Bono die, venisti?
Good day, you came?Ἐὰν θέλεις, ἐλθὲ μεθ' ἡμῶν.
Si vis, veni mecum.
If you want, come with us (The Latin actually says with me, not us).Ποῦ;
Ubi?
Where?Πρὸς φίλον ἡμέτερον Λεύκιον.
Ad amicum nostrum Lucium.
To our friend Lucius.Τί γὰρ ἔχει;
Ἀρρωστεῖ.
Quid enim habet?
Indeed, what does he have?
What is it with him?
Aegrotat.
He's sick.
Finally, a very important source of information on the ancient Koine is the modern Greek language with all its dialects and its own Koine form, which have preserved some of the ancient language's oral linguistic details which the written tradition has lost. For example the Pontic and Cappadocian dialects preserved the ancient pronunciation of η as ε (νύφε, συνέλικος, τίμεσον, πεγάδι etc.), while the Tsakonic preserved the long α instead of η (ἁμέρα, ἀστραπά, λίμνα, χοά etc.) and the other local characteristics of Laconic.[4] Dialects from the Southern part of the Greek-speaking regions (Dodecanese, Cyprus etc.), preserve the pronunciation of the double similar consonants (ἄλ-λος, Ἑλ-λάδα, θάλασ-σα), while others pronounce in many words υ as ου or preserve ancient double forms (κρόμμυον — κρεμ-μυον, ράξ — ρώξ etc.). Linguistic phenomena like the above imply that those characteristics survived within Koine, which in turn had countless variations in the Greek-speaking world.[4]
Types[link]
Biblical Koine[link]
"Biblical Koine" refers to the varieties of Koine Greek used in the Christian Bible and related texts. Its main sources are:
- the Septuagint, a 3rd century BC Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible which included the Deuterocanon. Most of the texts are translations, but there are some portions and texts composed directly in Greek. Sirach, for instance, has not been found in Hebrew;
- the New Testament, compiled originally in Greek.
Septuagint Greek[link]
There has been some debate to what degree biblical Greek represents the mainstream of contemporary spoken Koine and to what extent it contains specifically Semitic substratum features (cf. Aramaic primacy). These could have been induced either through the practice of translating closely from Hebrew or Aramaic originals, or through the influence of the regional non-standard Greek spoken by the originally Aramaic-speaking Jews. Some of the features discussed in this context are the Septuagint's normative absence of the particles μέν and δέ, and the use of ἐγένετο to denote "it came to pass." Some features of biblical Greek which are thought to have originally been non-standard elements eventually found their way into the main of the Greek language.
New Testament Greek[link]
The Greek of the New Testament is less distinctively Semitic than that of the Septuagint, partly because it appeared 300 years later and partly because it is largely a de novo composition in Greek, not primarily a translation from biblical Hebrew and biblical Aramaic.[8]
Patristic Greek[link]
The term patristic Greek is sometimes used for the Greek written by the Church Fathers, the Early Christian theologians in late antiquity. Christian writers in the earliest time tended to use a simple register of Koiné, relatively close to the spoken language of their time, following the model of the Bible. After the 4th century, when Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire, more learned registers of Koiné also came to be used.[9]
Differences between Attic and Koine Greek[link]
The study of all sources from the six centuries which are symbolically covered by Koine reveals linguistic changes from ancient Greek on elements of the spoken language including:
- grammar - accidence and syntax,
- morphology - word formation
- vocabulary
- phonology - pronunciation
Most new forms start off as rare and gradually become more frequent until they are established. As most of the changes between modern and ancient Greek were introduced via Koine, Koine is largely familiar though still unintelligible to most writers and speakers of Modern Greek.
Differences in grammar[link]
Main article: Koine Greek grammar
Phonology[link]
During the period generally designated as "Koine" Greek, a great deal of phonological change occurred: at the start of the period, the pronunciation was virtually identical to Ancient Greek phonology, whereas in the end it had much more in common with Modern Greek phonology.
The three most significant changes were the loss of vowel length distinction, the replacement of the pitch accent system by a stress accent system, and the monophthongization of several diphthongs:
- The ancient distinction between long and short vowels was gradually lost, and from the 2nd century BC all vowels were isochronic.[4]
- Since the 2nd century BC, the means of accenting words changed from pitch to stress, meaning that the accented syllable is not pronounced in a musical tone but louder and/or stronger.[4]
- The aspirate breathing (aspiration), which was already lost in the Ionic varieties of Asia Minor and the Aeolic of Lesbos, stopped being pronounced and written in popular texts.[4]
- The ι in long diphthongs (those with the long vowels: ᾱͅ, ῃ, ῳ) stopped being pronounced and written in popular texts.[4]
- The diphthongs αι, ει, and οι became single vowels. In this manner 'αι', which had already been converted by the Boeotians into a long ε since the 4th century BC and written η (e.g. πῆς, χῆρε, μέμφομη), became in Koine, too, first a long ε and then short. The diphthong 'ει' had already merged with ι in the 5th century BC in regions such as Argos or in the 4th c. BC in Corinth (e.g. ΛΕΓΙΣ), and it acquired this pronunciation also in Koine. The diphthong 'οι' acquired the pronunciation of the modern French 'U' ([y]), which lasted until the 10th century AD. The diphthong 'υι' came to be pronounced [yj], and remained pronounced as a diphthong. The diphthong 'ου' had already acquired the pronunciation of Latin 'U' since the 6th century BC and preserved it in modern times.[4]
- The diphthongs αυ and ευ came to be pronounced [av] and [ev] (via [aβ], [eβ]), but are partly assimilated to [af], [ef] before the voiceless consonants θ, κ, ξ, π, σ, τ, φ, χ, and ψ.[4]
- Simple vowels have preserved their ancient pronunciations, except η which is pronounced as ι, and υ, which retained the pronunciation [y] of modern French 'U' only until the 10th c. AD, and was later also pronounced as ι. With those changes in phonology there were common spelling mistakes between υ and οι, while the sound of ι was multiplied (iotacism).[4]
- The consonants also preserved their ancient pronunciations to a great extent, except β, γ, δ, φ, θ, χ and ζ. Β, Γ, Δ (Beta, Gamma, Delta), which were originally pronounced [b, ɡ, d], acquired the sounds of v, gh, and dh ([v] (via [β]), [ɣ], [ð]), which they still have today, except when preceded by a nasal consonant (μ, ν); in that case, they retain their ancient sounds (e.g. γαμβρός [ɣambros], άνδρας [andras], άγγελος [aŋɡelos]). The latter three (Φ, Θ, Χ), which were initially pronounced as aspirates (/pʰ/, /tʰ/ and /kʰ/ respectively), developed into the fricatives [f] (via [ɸ]), [θ], and [x]. Finally the letter Ζ, which is still categorised as a double consonant with ξ and ψ, because it was initially pronounced as σδ (sd), later acquired the sound of Z as it appears in Modern English and Greek.[4]
New Testament Greek Phonology The Koine Greek in the table represents a reconstruction of New Testament Koine Greek, deriving to some degree from the dialect spoken in Judaea and Galilaea during the 1st century and similar to the dialect spoken in Alexandria, Egypt. Note the realizations of certain phonemes differ from the more standard Attic dialect of Koine. Note the soft fricative "β" in intervocalic position, the preservation of the aspirated plosive value of "ph", "th" and "kh", the preservation of a distinction between the four front vowels "i", "ē", "e", and "y" (which is still rounded), and other features.
| letter | Greek | Transliteration | IPA |
| Alpha | α | a | a |
| Beta | β (-β-) | b | b (-β-) |
| Gamma | γ | g | ɣ |
| Delta | δ | d | d |
| Epsilon | ε | e | ɛ |
| Zeta | ζ | z | zː |
| Eta | η | ē | e |
| Theta | θ | th | tʰ |
| Iota | ι | i | i |
| Kappa | κ | k | k |
| Lambda | λ | l | l |
| Mu | μ | m | m |
| Nu | ν | n | n |
| Xi | ξ | x | ks |
| Omicron | ο | o | o |
| Pi | π | p | p |
| Rho | ρ | r | ɾ |
| Sigma | σ (-σ-/-σσ-) | s (-s-/-ss-) | s (-z-/-sː-) |
| Tau | τ | t | t |
| Upsilon | υ | y | y |
| Phi | φ | ph | pʰ |
| Chi | χ | ch | kʰ |
| Psi | ψ | ps | ps |
| Omega | ω | ō | o |
| . | αι | ai | ɛ |
| . | ει | ei | i |
| . | οι | oi | y |
| . | αυ | au | ɑw |
| . | ευ | eu | ɛw |
| . | ηυ | ēu | ew |
| . | ου | ou | u |
Sample Koine texts[link]
The following texts show differences from Attic Greek in all aspects - grammar, morphology, vocabulary and can be inferred to show differences in phonology.
The following comments illustrate the phonological development within the period of Koine. The phonetic transcriptions are tentative, and are intended to illustrate two different stages in the reconstructed development, an early conservative variety still relatively close to Classical Attic, and a somewhat later, more progressive variety approaching Modern Greek in some respects.
Sample 1 - A Roman Decree[link]
The following excerpt, from a decree of the Roman Senate to the town of Thisbae in Boeotia in 170 BC, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a hypothetical conservative variety of mainland Greek Koiné in the early Hellenistic era.[10] The transcription shows partial, but not yet completed raising of η and ει to /i/, retention of pitch accent, fricativization of γ to /j/[clarification needed] but no fricativisation of the other stops as yet, and retention of word-initial /h/.
περὶ ὧν Θισ[β]εῖς λόγους ἐποιήσαντο· περὶ τῶν καθ᾿αὑ[τ]οὺς πραγμάτων, οἵτινες ἐν τῇ φιλίᾳ τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἐνέμειναν, ὅπως αὐτοῖς δοθῶσιν [ο]ἷς τὰ καθ᾿ αὑτοὺς πράγματα ἐξηγήσωνται, περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν· ὅπως Κόιντος Μαίνιος στρατηγὸς τῶν ἐκ τῆς συνκλήτου [π]έντε ἀποτάξῃ οἳ ἂν αὐτῷ ἐκ τῶν δημοσίων πρα[γμ]άτων καὶ τῆς ἰδίας πίστεων φαίνωνται.
[ˈperì hôːn tʰizbîːs lóɡuːs epojéːsanto; perì tôːn katʰ hautùːs praɡmátoːn, hoítines en tîː pʰilíaːi tîː heːmetéraːi enémiːnan, hópoːs autoîs dotʰôːsin hoîs tà katʰ hautùːs práɡmata ekseːɡéːsoːntai, perì túːtuː tûː práɡmatos húːtoːs édoksen; hópoːs ˈkʷintos ˈmainios strateːɡòs tôːn ek têːs syŋkléːtuː pénte apotáksiː, hoì àn autôːi ek tôːn deːmosíoːn praɡmátoːn kaì têːs idíaːs písteoːs pʰaínoːntai]
Concerning those matters about which the citizens of Thisbae made representations. Concerning their own affairs: the following decision was taken concerning the proposal that those who remained true to our friendship should be given the facilities to conduct their own affairs; that our governor Quintus Maenius should delegate five members of the senate who seemed to him suitable in the light of their public actions and individual good faith.
Sample 2 - Greek New Testament[link]
The following excerpt, the beginning of the Gospel of John, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a progressive popular variety of Koiné in the early Christian era, with vowels approaching those of Modern Greek.[11]
Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. οὗτος ἦν ἐν ἀρχῇ πρὸς τὸν θεόν. πάντα δι᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο, καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἕν. ὃ γέγονεν. ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἦν, καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἦν τὸ φῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων. καὶ τὸ φῶς ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ φαίνει, καὶ ἡ σκοτία αὐτὸ οὐ κατέλαβεν.
[ˈen arˈkʰi in o ˈloɣos, ke o ˈloɣos in bros to(n) tʰeˈo(n), ke tʰeˈos in o ˈloɣos. ˈutos in en arˈkʰi pros to(n) tʰeˈo(n). ˈpanda di aɸˈtu eˈjeneto, ke kʰoˈris aɸˈtu eˈjeneto ude ˈen o ˈjeɣonen. en aɸˈto zoˈi in, ke i zoˈi in to pʰos ton anˈtʰropon; ke to pʰos en di skoˈtia ˈpʰeni, ke i skoˈti(a) a(ɸ)ˈto u kaˈtelaβen]
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him was not anything made that was made. In him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light shines in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.
Sample 3 - Greek Old Testament[link]
This is from the LXX version of Joshua, dating to c. 150 BC. This Greek is the "biblical Greek" discussed above. Note that because of literalness this text in many ways does not fit the Hellenistic Greek of the time, full of semiticisms.
Καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν Μωυσῆ εἶπεν κύριος τῷ ᾿Ιησοῖ υἱῷ Ναυη τῷ ὑπουργῷ Μωυσῆ λέγων. Μωυσῆς ὁ θεράπων μου τετελεύτηκεν· νῦν οὖν ἀναστὰς διάβηθι τὸν Ιορδάνην, σὺ καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς οὗτος, εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἣν ἐγὼ δίδωμι αὐτοῖς. πᾶς ὁ τόπος, ἐφ᾽ ὃν ἂν ἐπιβῆτε τῷ ἴχνει τῶν ποδῶν ὑμῶν, ὑμῖν δώσω αὐτόν, ὃν τρόπον εἴρηκα τῷ Μωυσῇ, τὴν ἔρημον καὶ τὸν ᾿Αντιλίβανον ἕως τοῦ ποταμοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου, ποταμοῦ Εὐφράτου, καὶ ἕως τῆς θαλάσσης τῆς ἐσχάτης ἀφ᾽ ἡλίου δυσμῶν ἔσται τὰ ὅρια ὑμῶν. οὐκ ἀντιστήσεται ἄνθρωπος κατενώπιον ὑμῶν πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς σου, καὶ ὥσπερ ἤμην μετὰ Μωυσῆ, οὕτως ἔσομαι καὶ μετὰ σοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐγκαταλείψω σε οὐδὲ ὑπερόψομαί σε. ἴσχυε καὶ ἀνδρίζου· σὺ γὰρ ἀποδιαστελεῖς τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ τὴν γῆν, ἣν ὤμοσα τοῖς πατράσιν ὑμῶν δοῦναι αὐτοῖς. ἴσχυε οὖν καὶ ἀνδρίζου φυλάσσεσθαι καὶ ποιεῖν καθότι ἐνετείλατό σοι Μωυσῆς ὁ παῖς μου, καὶ οὐκ ἐκκλινεῖς ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν εἰς δεξιὰ οὐδὲ εἰς ἀριστερά, ἵνα συνῇς ἐν πᾶσιν, οἷς ἐὰν πράσσῃς. καὶ οὐκ ἀποστήσεται ἡ βίβλος τοῦ νόμου τούτου ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου, καὶ μελετήσεις ἐν αὐτῷ ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός, ἵνα συνῇς ποιεῖν πάντα τὰ γεγραμμένα· τότε εὐοδωθήσῃ καὶ εὐοδώσεις τὰς ὁδούς σου καὶ τότε συνήσεις. ἰδοὺ ἐντέταλμαί σοι· ἴσχυε καὶ ἀνδρίζου, μὴ δειλιάσῃς μηδὲ φοβηθῇς, ὅτι μετὰ σοῦ κύριος ὁ θεός σου εἰς πάντα, οὗ ἐὰν πορεύῃ. Καὶ ἐνετείλατο ᾿Ιησοῦς τοῖς γραμματεῦσιν τοῦ λαοῦ λέγων. Εἰσέλθατε κατὰ μέσον τῆς παρεμβολῆς τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ ἐντείλασθε τῷ λαῷ λέγοντες ῾Ετοιμάζεσθε ἐπισιτισμόν, ὅτι ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέραι καὶ ὑμεῖς διαβαίνετε τὸν Ιορδάνην τοῦτον εἰσελθόντες κατασχεῖν τὴν γῆν, ἣν κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν δίδωσιν ὑμῖν. καὶ τῷ Ρουβην καὶ τῷ Γαδ καὶ τῷ ἡμίσει φυλῆς Μανασση εἶπεν ᾿Ιησοῦς. Μνήσθητε τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου, ὃ ἐνετείλατο ὑμῖν Μωυσῆς ὁ παῖς κυρίου λέγων Κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν κατέπαυσεν ὑμᾶς καὶ ἔδωκεν ὑμῖν τὴν γῆν ταύτην. αἱ γυναῖκες ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ παιδία ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ κτήνη ὑμῶν κατοικείτωσαν ἐν τῇ γῇ, ᾗ ἔδωκεν ὑμῖν· ὑμεῖς δὲ διαβήσεσθε εὔζωνοι πρότεροι τῶν ἀδελφῶν ὑμῶν, πᾶς ὁ ἰσχύων, καὶ συμμαχήσετε αὐτοῖς, ἕως ἂν καταπαύσῃ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ὑμῶν ὥσπερ καὶ ὑμᾶς καὶ κληρονομήσωσιν καὶ οὗτοι τὴν γῆν, ἣν κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν δίδωσιν αὐτοῖς· καὶ ἀπελεύσεσθε ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν κληρονομίαν αὐτοῦ, ἣν δέδωκεν ὑμῖν Μωυσῆς εἰς τὸ πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου ἀπ᾽ ἀνατολῶν ἡλίου. καὶ ἀποκριθέντες τῷ ᾿Ιησοῖ εἶπαν Πάντα, ὅσα ἂν ἐντείλῃ ἡμῖν, ποιήσομεν καὶ εἰς πάντα τόπον, οὗ ἐὰν ἀποστείλῃς ἡμᾶς, πορευσόμεθα· κατὰ πάντα, ὅσα ἠκούσαμεν Μωυσῆ, ἀκουσόμεθα σοῦ, πλὴν ἔστω κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν μετὰ σοῦ, ὃν τρόπον ἦν μετὰ Μωυσῆ. ὁ δὲ ἄνθρωπος, ὃς ἐὰν ἀπειθήσῃ σοι καὶ ὅστις μὴ ἀκούσῃ τῶν ῥημάτων σου καθότι ἂν αὐτῷ ἐντείλῃ, ἀποθανέτω. ἀλλὰ ἴσχυε καὶ ἀνδρίζου.
Further reading[link]
- Stevens, Gerald L. New Testament Greek Primer. ISBN 0-7188-9206-2
- Stevens, Gerald L. New Testament Greek Intermediate. From Morphology to Translation. ISBN 0-7188-9200-3
- Easterling, P & Handley, C. Greek Scripts: An illustrated introduction. London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, 2001. ISBN 0-902984-17-9
Notes[link]
- ^ pronounced Koine Greek: [koi̯ˈne], Modern Greek: [ciˈni eliniˈci]; see e.g. Κοπιδάκης, Μ. Ζ. "Εισαγωγή στην Ελληνιστική Κοινή", in Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, Κοπιδάκης, Μ. Ζ. (ed.), Athens, 1999, pp. 82-92
- ^ Wardhaugh, Ronald (2010). An introduction to sociolinguistics (6th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4051-8668-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=JELvevZ1q5UC&pg=PA40. Retrieved 14 September 2011. "The original koiné was, of course, the Greek koiné of the Ancient World, a unified version of the Greek dialects, which after Alexander’s conquests (circa 330 BCE) became the lingua franca of the Western world, a position it held until it was eventually superseded, not without a struggle, by Vulgar Latin."
- ^ Horrocks, Geoffrey C. (2010). Greek : a history of the language and its speakers (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. xiii. ISBN 978-1-4051-3415-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=f__JVG7TGKsC&pg=PR13. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Andriotis, Nikolaos P. History of the Greek Language.
- ^ Remarks on the synonyms of the New Testament by Johann August Heinrich Tittmann, Edward Craig, Edward Robinson, Moses Stuart pg 148-155
- ^ A history of ancient Greek by Maria Chritē, Maria Arapopoulou, Centre for the Greek Language (Thessalonikē, Greece) pg 436 ISBN 0-521-83307-8
- ^ Augsburg.
- ^ Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare(1856-1924) Grammar of Septuagint Greek
- ^ Horrocks (1997: ch.5.11.)
- ^ G. Horrocks (1997), Greek: A history of the language and its speakers, p. 87), cf. also pp. 105-109.
- ^ Horrocks (1997: 94).
References[link]
- Abel, F.-M. Grammaire du grec biblique.
- Allen, W. Sidney, Vox Graeca: a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek – 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-521-33555-8
- Andriotis, Nikolaos P. History of the Greek Language
- Buth, Randall, Ἡ κοινὴ προφορά: Koine Greek of Early Roman Period
- Conybeare, F.C. and Stock, St. George. Grammar of Septuagint Greek: With Selected Readings, Vocabularies, and Updated Indexes.
- Smyth, Herbert Weir, Greek Grammar, Harvard University Press, 1956. ISBN 0-674-36250-0
External links[link]
- The Biblical Greek Forum An online community for biblical Greek.
- Greek-Language.com Dictionaries, manuscripts of the Greek New Testament, and tools for applying linguistics to the study of Hellenistic Greek
- New Testament Greek Online
- Polis Koine A method to learn Koine Greek including a video of a class
- Diglot A daily di-glot or tri-glot (Vulgate) reading
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Koine_Greek
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Koinè
http://cs.wn.com/Koiné
http://id.wn.com/Bahasa Yunani Koine
http://es.wn.com/Koiné
http://ru.wn.com/Койне
http://nl.wn.com/Koinè
http://pl.wn.com/Koine
http://fr.wn.com/Koinè (grec)
http://de.wn.com/Koine
http://pt.wn.com/Koiné
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
