Kharkiv

Friday, 31 August 2012

kharkiv n 1: a city in northeastern Ukraine; former capital of the Ukraine [syn: Kharkov, kharkiv]

Armin Van Buuren LIVE in Fan Zone Kharkiv, June 13 (EURO-2012)

EURO 2012. Opening of the fan zone in Kharkiv,Ukraine.mp4

Gorky Park Opening Traffic Jams and Parking Mayhem, Kharkiv

BBC Panorama _ Chris Rogers witnessed racist violence at a match in Kharkiv, Ukraine

Kharkiv City, Ukraine - Харьков, Украина

Holland fans in Kharkiv. Orange Parade. 2nd part.

March of the Dutch fans in Kharkiv (09-06-2012)

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Balakliia
Balakliia (, , translit. Balakleya) is a city in the Kharkiv Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Balakliyskyi Raion (district), and is an important railroad junction in the oblast.
http://wn.com/Balakliia
Barvinkove
Barvinkove (, ) is a city in Kharkiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 12,998 (2001).
http://wn.com/Barvinkove
Baturyn
Baturyn (; also referred to as Baturin), is a historic town in the Chernihiv Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. It is located in the Bakhmatskyi Raion (district) of the oblast, on the banks of the Seym River. The current estimated population is 3,066.
http://wn.com/Baturyn
Belgorod
Belgorod () is a city in western Russia, situated on the Seversky Donets river just 40 km north from the Ukrainian border, at . It is the administrative center of Belgorod Oblast. Population: 337,030 (2002 Census). Belgorod is served by Belgorod International Airport (EGO)
http://wn.com/Belgorod
Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
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Cetinje
http://wn.com/Cetinje
Cherkasy
http://wn.com/Cherkasy
Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi ( ; ; ; ; ; see also ) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast (province) in southwestern Ukraine. The city is situated on the upper course of the River Prut, a tributary of the Danube, in the northern part of historic region of Bukovina, which is currently divided between Romania and Ukraine. At the time of the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of the city was 240,600..
http://wn.com/Chernivtsi
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Chuhuiv
Chuhuiv (, , translit. Chuguev) is a city in the Kharkiv Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of the Chuhuivskyi Raion (district), the city itself is directly subordinate to the oblast, and is located at around .
http://wn.com/Chuhuiv
Chyhyryn
Chyhyryn (, ) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast of central Ukraine. In 1648 to 1669 the city was the capital of Ukraine (Cossack Hetmanate).
http://wn.com/Chyhyryn
Cincinnati
Cincinnati () is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. The municipality is located north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border. The population within city limits was estimated to be 333,200 in 2009, making it the state's third-largest city. According to a 2008 Census Bureau estimate, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,155,137 making it the largest MSA in Ohio (surpassing Cleveland, which ranks 26th), and the 24th most populous in the United States. Residents of Cincinnati are called Cincinnatians.
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Cincinnati, Ohio
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Crimea
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Czech Republic
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Daugavpils
Daugavpils () is the second largest city in Latvia. It is located approximately 230 km south-east of the Latvian capital, Riga, on the banks of the Daugava River, from which the city gets its name. Daugavpils literally means "Castle on the Daugava." Daugavpils has a favorable geographical position as it borders Belarus and Lithuania (distances of 33 and 25 km respectively). It is located some 120 km from the Latvian border with Russia. Daugavpils is a big railway junction and industry centre.
http://wn.com/Daugavpils
Derhachi
Derhachi (, , translit. Dergachi) is a city in the Kharkiv Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Derhachivskyi Raion (district), and is located 12 km northwest of the oblast capital, Kharkiv.
http://wn.com/Derhachi
Derzhprom
The Derzhprom or Gosprom ( ) building is a constructivist structure located in Freedom Square, Kharkiv, Ukraine. Its name is an abbreviation of two words that, taken together, mean State Industry. In English the structure is known as the State Industry Building or the Palace of Industry.
http://wn.com/Derzhprom
Dnipropetrovsk
Dnipropetrovsk ( ) or Dnepropetrovsk () formerly Yekaterinoslav (, , translit. Katerynoslav) is Ukraine's third largest city with 1.1 million inhabitants. It is located southeast of Ukraine's capital Kiev on the Dnieper River, in the south-central region of the country. Dnipropetrovsk is the administrative center of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (province).
http://wn.com/Dnipropetrovsk
Drobitsky Yar
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Drobytsky Yar
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Georgia (country)
http://wn.com/Georgia_(country)
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany
Halych
http://wn.com/Halych
Hlukhiv
Hlukhiv (, ), is a historic town in Sumy region of Ukraine, just south from the Russian border (see ). As of 2001, the city's population is 35,800. It is near the air base of Chervonoye Pustogorod.
http://wn.com/Hlukhiv
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel
Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
http://wn.com/Istanbul
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy
Ivano-Frankivsk
http://wn.com/Ivano-Frankivsk
Izium
Izyum (; also spelled Izium, Izum), is a city situated on the Donets River in the Kharkiv Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of the Iziumsky Raion (district), the city itself is also designated as a separate raion within the oblast, and is located approximately 75 miles (120 km) southeast of the oblast capital, Kharkiv.
http://wn.com/Izium
Jinan
Jinan (; ;) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Shandong Province in the People's Republic of China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilization and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city is located in north-western Shandong about south of the national capital of Beijing, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast, and Tai'an to the south.
http://wn.com/Jinan
Katyn massacre
http://wn.com/Katyn_massacre
Kharkiv
Kharkiv (, ;) or Kharkov () is the second largest city in Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Kharkiv
Kherson
Kherson () is a city in southern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Kherson Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate raion (district) within the oblast. Kherson is an important port on the Black Sea and Dnieper River, and the home of a major ship-building industry. The current estimated population is 329,000 (as of 2007).
http://wn.com/Kherson
Kherson Oblast
http://wn.com/Kherson_Oblast
Kiev Oblast
http://wn.com/Kiev_Oblast
Kirovohrad
Kirovohrad ( , , Kirovograd), formerly Elisavetgrad, is a city in central Ukraine. It is located on the Inhul river. It is a motorway junction. Pop. 239,400 (2004 est.).
http://wn.com/Kirovohrad
Krasnohrad
Krasnohrad () is a city in Kharkiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 22,670 (2001).
http://wn.com/Krasnohrad
Kupiansk
http://wn.com/Kupiansk
Kutaisi
http://wn.com/Kutaisi
Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
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Leningrad
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Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Lithuania
Liubotyn
Lyubotyn (, , translit. Lyubotin) is a city in the Kharkiv Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine. It is designated as a separate raion (district).
http://wn.com/Liubotyn
Lozova
http://wn.com/Lozova
Luhansk
Luhansk (, ) (formerly Voroshilovgrad) also known as Lugansk (; ) is a city in southeastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Luhansk Oblast (province). The city itself is also designated as its own separate municipality within the oblast. The current estimated population is around 445,900 (as of 2004)
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Lutsk
http://wn.com/Lutsk
Lviv
http://wn.com/Lviv
Lviv Oblast
http://wn.com/Lviv_Oblast
Merefa
Merefa () is a city in eastern Ukraine. Its is located in the Kharkivsky Raion (district) of the Kharkiv Oblast (province).
http://wn.com/Merefa
Montenegro
http://wn.com/Montenegro
Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
http://wn.com/Moscow
Mykolaiv
Mykolaiv (), also known as Nikolayev (from Russian ), is a major city in southern Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Mykolaiv
Nazi Germany
http://wn.com/Nazi_Germany
Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod (), colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Novosibirsk. Population: 1,311,252 (Russian Census (2002)); It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District.
http://wn.com/Nizhny_Novgorod
NKVD
The '''People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs' ( Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del''), abbreviated NKVD ( ) was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Stalin.
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Odessa
Odessa or Odesa (; ) is the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast (province) located in southern Ukraine. The city is a major seaport located on the northwest shore of the Black Sea and the fourth largest city in Ukraine with a population of 1,029,000 (as of the 2001 census).
http://wn.com/Odessa
Odessa Oblast
http://wn.com/Odessa_Oblast
Pervomaiskyi
Pervomaiskyi () is a city in Kharkiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 32,523 (2001)and 41,352 (Current figures by the city administration).This makes Pervomaikyi the fourth largest city in Kharkiv Oblast. The city is also known for its popular Khimprom which was one of the biggest chemical factories in the former USSR.The city is situated about 100 KM south east from the district center and on the main rail road "Pivdenna Zaliznitsa".Pervomaiski is 4th largest city in the district of Kharkov as some facts confirm that also.The city has lush green plots and parks,a cultural center named "DK Khimik" and a stadium also named "Khimik".
http://wn.com/Pervomaiskyi
Pivdenne
Pivdenne (, ) is a city in Kharkiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 8,516 (2001).
http://wn.com/Pivdenne
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland
Poltava
Poltava (, ) is a city in central Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Poltava Oblast, as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Poltavskyi Raion within the oblast. The city itself is also designated as its own separate raion within the oblast. The current estimated population is 313,400 (as of 2004). The city lies on the banks of the river Vorskla.
http://wn.com/Poltava
Poltava Oblast
http://wn.com/Poltava_Oblast
Poznań
http://wn.com/Poznań
Rishon LeZion
Rishon LeZion ( , lit. First to Zion), is the fourth-largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain 12 kilometers south of Tel Aviv. It is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area. The city had a population of 227,600 at the end of 2009. Founded in 1882 by European Jewish immigrants, it was the second Jewish farm colony established in Land of Israel in the 19th century, after Petah Tikva.
http://wn.com/Rishon_LeZion
Rivne
Rivne (; , Rovno; ; ) is a historic city in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Rivne Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Rivne Raion (district) within the oblast. The city itself is also designated as its own separate raion within the oblast.
http://wn.com/Rivne
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia
Saint Petersburg
http://wn.com/Saint_Petersburg
Sevastopol
Sevastopol (; ) (see pronunciation below) is a port city, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea peninsula. It has a population of 342,451 (2001). The city, formerly the home of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, is now home to a Ukrainian naval base and facilities leased by the Russian Navy and used as the headquarters of both the Ukrainian Naval Forces and Russia's Black Sea Fleet. In 1993, the city was the subject of a territorial dispute between the Russian Federation and Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Sevastopol
Seversky Donets
Seversky Donets (; ; alternatively Donetz) is a river on the south of the East European Plain. It originates in the Central Russian Upland, north of Belgorod, flows south-east through Ukraine (Kharkiv, Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts) and then again through Russia (Rostov Oblast) to join the Don River, about from the Sea of Azov. Seversky Donets is the fourth largest river in Ukraine and is an important source of fresh water in the east of the country.
http://wn.com/Seversky_Donets
Simferopol
Simferopol (; ; ; , meaning city of common good; , literally: The white mosque) is the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in southern Ukraine. As the capital of Crimea, Simferopol is an important political, economic, and transport center of the peninsula. As of 2006, the city's population is 340,600.
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Soviet Union
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St. Petersburg
http://wn.com/St_Petersburg
Stanyslaviv
http://wn.com/Stanyslaviv
Starobelsk
http://wn.com/Starobelsk
Sumy Oblast
http://wn.com/Sumy_Oblast
Ternopil
http://wn.com/Ternopil
Ternopil Oblast
http://wn.com/Ternopil_Oblast
Tianjin
(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
http://wn.com/Tianjin
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey
Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
http://wn.com/Ukraine
Ukrainian SSR
http://wn.com/Ukrainian_SSR
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Urals
http://wn.com/Urals
USSR
http://wn.com/USSR
Uzhhorod
http://wn.com/Uzhhorod
Valky
Valky () is a city in Kharkiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 10,381 (2001).
http://wn.com/Valky
Varna
Varna (, pronounced ) is the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and in Northern Bulgaria, third-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia and Plovdiv, and 92nd-largest in the European Union, with a population of 358,724 (500,502 in Varna Province).
http://wn.com/Varna
Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
http://wn.com/Vienna
Vinnytsia
Vinnytsia (, ; ; also known by other names) is a city located on the banks of the Southern Buh River, in central Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Vinnytsia
Volodymyr-Volynskyi
Volodymyr-Volynskyi (, , , ) is a city located in Volyn Oblast, in north-western Ukraine. Serving as the administrative centre of the Volodymyr-Volynskyi District, the city itself is also designated as a separate raion within the oblast. The city is the historic centre of the region of Volhynia and the historic capital of the Principality of Volhynia.
http://wn.com/Volodymyr-Volynskyi
Vovchansk
Vovchansk (, ) is a city in Ukraine's Kharkiv Oblast (province). Population (2001): 20,695.
http://wn.com/Vovchansk
Warsaw
Warsaw ( ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of June 2009 was estimated at 1,711,466, and the Warsaw metropolitan area at approximately 2,785,000. The city area is , with an agglomeration of (Warsaw Metro Area Obszar Metropolitalny Warszawy). Warsaw is the 9th largest city in the European Union by population.
http://wn.com/Warsaw
Zaporizhia Oblast
http://wn.com/Zaporizhia_Oblast
Zhytomyr
Zhytomyr (, , , ) is a historic city in the North of the western half of Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Zhytomyr Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Zhytomyr Raion (district). Note that the city of Zhytomyr is not a part of the Zhytomyr raion: the city itself is designated as its own separate raion within the oblast; moreover Zhytomyr consists of two so-called "raions in a city": the Bohunskyi raion and the Koroliovskyi raion (named in honour of Sergei Koroliov). Zhytomyr is located at around , occupying an area of .
http://wn.com/Zhytomyr
Zmiiv
Zmiiv (, ) is a city in Kharkiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. The population as of 2001 was 17,063. Zmiiv is the administrative center of Zmiivskyi Raion. Between 1976 and 1990, the city was renamed after Klement Gottwald, a Czechoslovak politician, to Gotwald ().
http://wn.com/Zmiiv

Aleksandr Lyapunov
http://wn.com/Aleksandr_Lyapunov
Alexander Siloti
http://wn.com/Alexander_Siloti
Alexander Zorich
Alexander Zorich is the collective pen name of two Russian writers; Yana Botsman and Dmitry Gordevsky. The two write in Russian, in genres such as science fiction, fantasy and alternate history, as well as PC game scenarios.
http://wn.com/Alexander_Zorich
Andrey Denisov
Andrey Ivanovich Denisov (), born on October 3, 1952 in Kharkiv, is the First Deputy Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation. From 2004 to 2006, he was the Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations. He presented his credentials to the United Nations Secretary-General on August 4, 2004. Previously, he had been the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs from December 2001 to July 2004, and Russia's Ambassador to the Arab Republic of Egypt from May 2000 to December 2001. Andrey Denisov graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1974.
http://wn.com/Andrey_Denisov
Artem Mikoyan
Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan (; ) ( — December 9, 1970) was a Soviet aircraft designer of Armenian descent. In partnership with Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich he designed many of the famous MiG military aircraft.
http://wn.com/Artem_Mikoyan
Belarusians
Belarusians (, ) Bielarusy; also Belarussians, Belorussians, or Byelorussians) are an East Slavic ethnic group (or nationality) who populate the majority of the Republic of Belarus. Introduced to the world as a new state in the early 1990s, the Republic of Belarus brought with it the notion of a re-emerging Belarusian ethnicity, drawn upon the lines of the Old Belarusian language spoken by the Ruthenian ethnic group that ruled (together with ancestors of today's Lithuanians) the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, after the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, many of the Old Belarusian-speaking Ruthenian nobles would be absorbed by the Polish szlachta in the West and, later, the Russian nobility in the East, leaving only a small rural-dwelling population to be the propagators of a distinct non-literary Belarusian language up until its revival.
http://wn.com/Belarusians
Benjamin B. Fischer
Benjamin B. Fischer has worked for the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) for nearly 30 years. In recent years, he has been employed by the CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence. The White House Millennium Council selected his monograph ''At Cold War's End: US Intelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe'', 1989-1991 (1999) for inclusion in a time capsule at the National Archives to be opened in 2100. In 2002 Fischer was a visiting research fellow at the Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo.
http://wn.com/Benjamin_B_Fischer
Buddhist
http://wn.com/Buddhist
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China
Eugen Schauman
http://wn.com/Eugen_Schauman
Evgeny Lifshitz
Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz (; February 21, 1915 – October 29, 1985) was a leading Soviet physicist of Jewish origin and the brother of physicist Ilya Mikhailovich Lifshitz. (Some commonly encountered alternative transliterations of his names include Yevgeny or Evgenii and Lifshits or Lifschitz.) Lifshitz is well known in general relativity for coauthoring the BKL conjecture concerning the nature of a generic curvature singularity. , this is widely regarded as one of the most important open problems in the subject of classical gravitation.
http://wn.com/Evgeny_Lifshitz
Fedor von Bock
Fedor von Bock (December 3, 1880 – May 4, 1945) was an officer in the German military from 1898 to 1945, attaining the rank of Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) during World War II. As a leader who lectured his soldiers about the honor of dying for the German Fatherland, he was nicknamed "Der Sterber" (literally, "The Die-er") . Bock served as the commander of Army Group North during the Invasion of Poland in 1939, commander of Army Group B during the Invasion of France in 1940, and later as the commander of Army Group Center during the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941; his final command was that of Army Group South in 1942.
http://wn.com/Fedor_von_Bock
Galina Vale
Galina Vale born Galina Ivanovna Vernigora in Kharkov, Ukraine, is a classically trained virtuoso guitarist. Her individualistic solo performances combine a charismatic stage presence and dynamic powerful playing style with an unusually wide ranging and technically demanding repertoire; including classical music, flamenco, arrangements of Latin American and East European folk music.
http://wn.com/Galina_Vale
George Shevelov
http://wn.com/George_Shevelov
H. L. Oldie
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Hnat Khotkevych
http://wn.com/Hnat_Khotkevych
Ho Chi Minh
http://wn.com/Ho_Chi_Minh
Hryhorii Skovoroda
Hryhorii Savych Skovoroda (, ; 3 December 1722 – 9 November 1794) was a Ukrainian philosopher, poet, teacher and composer who lived in the Russian Empire and who made enormous contributions to Russian philosophy and culture. . He lived and worked in Ukraine and passionately and consciously identified with its people, differentiating them from those of Russia and condemning Russia's interference in his homeland. Skovoroda was so important for Russian culture and development of Russian philosophical thought, that he is often recognized as a Russian philosopher. He has been referred to as the "Russian Socrates."
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Igor Vovchanchyn
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Irina Press
Irina Natanovna Press (; , Irina Natanivna Press) (10 March 1939, Kharkov – 21 February 2004, Russia) was a Ukrainian athlete who won two Olympic gold medals for the USSR team, in 80 m hurdles (1960) and pentathlon (1964). She trained at VSS Trud and later at Dynamo.
http://wn.com/Irina_Press
Irina Zhurina
Irina Zhurina (; born 28 August 1946 in Kharkiv, Ukraine) is a Russian operatic coloratura soprano.
http://wn.com/Irina_Zhurina
Isaak Dunayevsky
Isaak Osipovich Dunayevsky (; also transliterated as Dunaevski or Dunaevsky; – 25 July 1955) was the biggest Soviet film composer and conductor of the 1930s and 1940s, who achieved huge success in music for operetta and film comedies, frequently working with the film director Grigori Aleksandrov. He is considered one of the greatest Soviet composers of all time and many of his songs are very well known and are held in high regard in Russia and former Soviet Union.
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Jew
http://wn.com/Jew
Jinan
Jinan (; ;) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Shandong Province in the People's Republic of China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilization and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city is located in north-western Shandong about south of the national capital of Beijing, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast, and Tai'an to the south.
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Juliya Chernetsky
Juliya Chernetsky (; born July 10, 1982 in Odessa), is a television personality best known for her popularity on the music-themed network Fuse, formerly known as MuchMusicUSA. She is best known by her stage name Mistress Juliya. She hosted the heavy metal-themed program Uranium and a call-in and e-mail advice program called Slave to the Metal. She currently hosts Fuse Top 20 Countdown along with several online programs that she self-promotes.
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Jura Soyfer
Jura Soyfer (December 8, 1912. Kharkov, Ukraine - February 15/16, 1939, Buchenwald concentration camp, Germany) was an important Austrian political journalist and cabaret writer.
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Justine Pasek
http://wn.com/Justine_Pasek
Karina Smirnoff
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Konstanty Gorski
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Leonid Bykov
Leonid Bykov (, , December 12, 1928 in Znamenske, Donetsk Oblast of Ukraine, USSR - April 11, 1979 in Kiev Oblast of Ukraine, USSR) was a Soviet and Ukrainian actor, film director, and script writer.
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Leonid Haydamaka
Leonid Hryhorovych Haydamaka
http://wn.com/Leonid_Haydamaka
Les Kurbas
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Lev Landau
http://wn.com/Lev_Landau
Lyudmila Gurchenko
Lyudmila Markovna Gurchenko (, Lyudmyla Markivna Hurchenko, born November 12, 1935) is a popular Soviet and Russian actress, singer and entertainer.
http://wn.com/Lyudmila_Gurchenko
Maksym Kalynychenko
Maksym Serhiyovych Kalynychenko (; (born on January 26, 1979 in Kharkiv, USSR) is a professional Ukrainian football midfielder for Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, sometimes playing in central midfield or as a winger. Observers have noted his pace, creativity, and accuracy in free kicks / penalties. This is offset by his reputation for mercurial play. Middlesbrough have recently shown interest in the player.
http://wn.com/Maksym_Kalynychenko
Maria Burmaka
http://wn.com/Maria_Burmaka
Mark Taimanov
Mark Evgenievich Taimanov (; born 7 February 1926, Kharkov) is a leading Soviet and Russian chess player and concert pianist.
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Marshal Zhukov
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Mikhail Koshkin
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Mykola Khvylovy
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Mykola Kulish
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Olga Krasko
Olga Yuriyevna Krasko () is a Russian actress, born 30 November 1981, Kharkiv, Soviet Union (now Ukraine). She has starred in Russian theater productions, and is noted that as the heroine in The Turkish Gambit (2005), she is the only female in a lead role in that film.
http://wn.com/Olga_Krasko
People's Secretariat
The '''People's Secretariat of Ukraine''' was the executive body of the Provisional Central Executive Committee of Soviets in Ukraine. It was formed in Kharkiv on December 30, 1917 by the Russian and other local Bolsheviks as the Ukrainian Soviet government and the opposition to the Central Rada and the General Secretariat of Ukraine. The Central Executive Committee that was elected by the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets canceled the declaration of independence, declared that Ukraine is in a federal subordination to the Russian SFSR, and called on to fight against the separatists, the Ukrainian Central Rada and the General Secretariat of Ukraine.
http://wn.com/People's_Secretariat
Russian American
Russian Americans are Americans whose ancestors were born in Russia. Non-ethnic Russians in this group could be Jews, Ukrainians, or any other ethnicity who were born and grew up in Russia or ex-USSR. Some Rusyn Americans identify as Russian American.
http://wn.com/Russian_American
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http://wn.com/Russian_Civil_War
Saint Tatiana
http://wn.com/Saint_Tatiana
Sarmatians
http://wn.com/Sarmatians
Scythians
The Scythians or Scyths (, ) were an ancient Iranian people of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who throughout Classical Antiquity dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe, known at the time as Scythia. They were believed to have ranged west of the Altai Mountains until 2006, when a royal burial was found to the east in Mongolia. By Late Antiquity the closely-related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in the west. Much of the surviving information about the Scythians comes from the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 440 BC) in his Histories and Ovid in his poem of exile Epistulae ex Ponto, and archaeologically from the depictions of Scythian life shown in relief on exquisite goldwork found in Scythian burial mounds in Ukraine and Southern Russia.
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http://wn.com/Sergei_Bortkiewicz
Sergei Sviatchenko
Sergei Sviatchenko (born 1952 in Kharkiv) is a Ukrainian artist who lives in Denmark since 1990. Sviatchenko graduated from The Academy of Arts and Architecture in Kharkiv in 1975, and in 1986 he obtained a Ph. D. degree from the School of Architecture in Kiev.
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Tamara Press
Tamara Natanovna Press (; , Tamara Natanivna Press) (born 10 May 1937 in Kharkiv, Ukraine) is a former Soviet shot putter and discus thrower in the 1960s. She competed for VSS Trud. Together with her younger sister Irina Press, who was also a track athlete, she was half of the "Press Sisters", a duo who won almost everything that there was to win in track and field, except for distance running.
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(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
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Armin Van Buuren LIVE in Fan Zone Kharkiv, June 13 (EURO-2012)

June 13th, 2012 Armin Van Buuren Фан-Зона в...

published: 13 Jun 2012

Author: Televidenie90x

City Kharkiv presentation

Presentation of Kharkov as a host of EURO-2012...

published: 12 Jun 2007

Author: MetalistFans

Kharkiv

Kharkiv's Visiting Card The center of culture, industry, education, transport, scienti...

published: 19 Aug 2009

Author: Investinkharkiv

Kharkiv Euro 2012, 09.06 FUNNY FAN

...

published: 10 Jun 2012

Author: Gepard198805

Euro 2012 in Kharkiv

Film about volunteer's work in the European Football Championship 2012...

published: 21 Jul 2012

Author: artnesterof

EURO 2012. Opening of the fan zone in Kharkiv,Ukraine.mp4

The concert in the Freedom Square, Kharkiv. the 7th of June, 2012...

published: 08 Jun 2012

Author: UkrainianGirlie

Gorky Park Opening Traffic Jams and Parking Mayhem, Kharkiv

Sped up with VirtualDub (4x frame rate)....

published: 24 Aug 2012

Author: Kircaldy

BBC Panorama _ Chris Rogers witnessed racist violence at a match in Kharkiv, Ukraine

...

published: 23 Aug 2012

Author: pubpublicitate

Kharkiv City, Ukraine - Харьков, Украина

Presentation was created from photos which I have taken from Uspenskiy Cathedral in 2007/0...

published: 21 Apr 2010

Author: Mokropot

Holland fans in Kharkiv. Orange Parade. 2nd part.

09/06/2012...

published: 18 Jun 2012

Author: Kharkivismylife

March of the Dutch fans in Kharkiv (09-06-2012)

visite.com.ua...

published: 11 Jun 2012

Author: mediaarhiv

ULTRAS KHARKIV preview 2012

music - Two Steps From Hell -- Heart Of Courage...

published: 23 Feb 2012

Author: Gorya88FCMKh

Kharkiv. 13.6.2012

UEFA EURO 2012™ Poland-Ukraine. 13.6.2012. Kharkiv. Netherlands 1 - 2 Germany...

published: 14 Jun 2012

Author: olegda88

Oranje Fiesta in Kharkiv Fan Zone - Part 1 - June 13, 2012

Kharkiv, Ukraine fan zone, very hot, 1-4 pm (before Oranje vs Duitsland). Songs: Viva Holl...

published: 13 Jun 2012

Author: marketingsutra

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AP / Manu Fernandez
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Photo: UN / Evan Schneider

Iran is stockpiling weapons grade uranium, a new reported finds

The Australian

30 Aug 2012

A UNITED NATIONS report will confirm this week that Iran is expanding its nuclear program in defiance of the international community, bolstering calls for tougher sanctions amid the threat of an...

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Photo: AP / Muzaffar Salman

In this photo taken on a government-organized tour for the media, a Syrian woman passes by Syrian government army soldiers, at one of several suburbs of Damascus that saw heavy fighting between troops and defectors before Assad's forces retook the areas in late January, in Harasta suburb, Damascus, Syria, on Wednesday Feb. 15, 2012.

Syria President Bashar Assad appears confident of victory

The Los Angeles Times

30 Aug 2012

BEIRUT — He flashed a smile and seemed at ease. He vowed victory even though it wouldn't happen any time soon. Syrian President Bashar Assad looked confident in a televised interview aired...

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Photo: AP / Manu Fernandez

Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo, from Portugal, left scores against FC Barcelona's Mascherano during a Spanish La Liga soccer match a at the Camp Nou stadium in Barcelona, Spain, Saturday, April 21, 2012.

Real Madrid Beats Barcelona In Supercup Second Leg: Cristiano Ronaldo Scores Incredible Goal (VIDEO)

Huffington Post

30 Aug 2012

Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo from Portugal celebrates his goal during a Spanish Supercup second leg soccer match against FC Barcelona at the Santiago Bernabeu stadium in Madrid, Spain, Wednesday,...

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Photo: AP / Australian Defense Department, CPL Bernard Pearson, HO

In this photo released by the Australian Defense Department, an Australian Surveillance Reconnaissance Vehicle (SRV) patrols outside the perimeter of a forward operating base in Afghanistan Sept. 17, 2005. An elite Australian commando was injured and an Afghani soldier killed when their patrol clashed with insurgents in Afghanistan, Friday, Sept. 23, 2005. The clash came less than a month after a group of 190 Australian special forces commandos began arriving in Afghanistan to bolster international efforts to restore law and order amid an upsurge in violence blamed on the al-Qaida terror network and supporters of the ousted Taliban regi

Australian soldiers killed in Afghanistan

Herald Tribune

30 Aug 2012

CANBERRA, Australia - Australia says it has suffered fatalities in Afghanistan after the U.S.-led military coalition there reported that a man in an Afghan army uniform had killed three of its troops....

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Photo: AP / Jay Reeves

Waves crash into the public fishing pier at Gulf State Park in Gulf Shores, Ala., shortly before Hurricane Isaac made landfall in Louisiana on Tuesday, Aug. 28, 2012. Crews removed flooring panels from the pier to prevent damage.

Isaac becomes Category 1 hurricane near Gulf Coast

Kypost

29 Aug 2012

NEW ORLEANS (AP) - Finally a hurricane, the unwieldy and wobbly Isaac bore down on New Orleans Tuesday, almost seven years to the day that Hurricane Katrina transformed this city and became a symbol...

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photo: AP / Armando Franca

Portugal's Cristiano Ronaldo signs autographs to ball boys before a training session of Portugal at the Euro 2012 soccer championship in Opalenica, Poland, Tuesday, June 19, 2012.

Cristiano a cut above the rest Kharkiv: Cristiano Ronaldo found time to change his hairstyle ... 19 Jun 2012

The Telegraph India Cristiano a cut above the rest Kharkiv: Cristiano Ronaldo found time to change his hairstyle at half-time, going from a mini-Mohican in the first half to a swept-back look in the second, but either way the Portugal forward was a cut above anyone else on the pitch. Mocked by Danish fans who played on...(size: 3.5Kb)

Germany, Portugal enter quarters Kharkiv: Germany and Portugal advanced to the quarter finals of Euro ... 18 Jun 2012

The Telegraph India Germany, Portugal enter quarters Kharkiv: Germany and Portugal advanced to the quarter finals of Euro 2012 on Sunday with 2-1 Group B wins over Denmark and Netherlands, respectively. Lukas Podolski marked his 100th appearance by putting Germany ahead in the 19th minute but Dane Michael Krohn-Dehli...(size: 2.4Kb)

photo: AP / Paolo Giovannini

Inter Milan's Wesley Sneijder celebrates after scoring during the Serie A soccer match between Udinese and Inter, at the Friuli Stadium in Udine, Italy, Wednesday, April 25, 2012.

Sneijder apology Kharkiv: Wesley Sneijder has been in remorseful mood since the Netherlands' 1-2 defeat ... 17 Jun 2012

The Telegraph India Sneijder apology Kharkiv: Wesley Sneijder has been in remorseful mood since the Netherlands' 1-2 defeat to Germany at Euro 2012, repeatedly apologising for his side's poor showings. He has promised that there will be a reaction in their final Group B game against Portugal on Sunday, but even victory...(size: 2.0Kb)

Portugal aim to raise bar Kharkiv: Portugal and the Netherlands shared 16 yellow cards and ... 17 Jun 2012

The Telegraph India Portugal aim to raise bar Kharkiv: Portugal and the Netherlands shared 16 yellow cards and four reds in their last competitive match and there are plenty more reasons that make their decisive Euro 2012 Group B match on Sunday a powder keg. Two teams with a penchant for theatrics, self-styled hard...(size: 3.2Kb)

Portugal v Netherlands Kharkiv 16 Jun 2012

Irish Times EVEN WHEN he is nowhere to be seen, the pervading presence of Cristiano Ronaldo and the mystery over his failure to sparkle at international tournaments continues to dominate the Portuguese camp at Euro 2012. Ronaldo again took centre stage as Portugal gave a news conference...(size: 1.8Kb)

Euro 2012: Euro fans in Ukraine spending spare time on beer and vodka tours according to tourist agencies in Kharkiv 14 Jun 2012

New York Daily News June 14--KIEV -- International visitors to Ukraine for the Euro 2012 football championship have shown limited interest in tours to cultural and historical sites, preferring to visit breweries and distilleries instead, a newspaper reported on Thursday....(size: 1.6Kb)

Germany win 2-1 Kharkiv: Two superb first-half goals by red-hot striker Mario Gomez earned Germany ... 14 Jun 2012

The Telegraph India Germany win 2-1 Kharkiv: Two superb first-half goals by red-hot striker Mario Gomez earned Germany a 2-1 victory over a disappointing Netherlands in Euro 2012 Group B on Wednesday to put the winners in sight of the quarter finals. Gomez, who also scored in the opening 1-0 win over Portugal, produced...(size: 2.2Kb)

Germany vs. Holland: LIVE SCORE UPDATES On EURO 2012 Group B Match In Kharkiv 13 Jun 2012

Huffington Post Mesut Ozil of Germany in action during the UEFA EURO 2012 group B match between Germany and Portugal at Arena Lviv on June 9, 2012 in L'viv, Ukraine....(size: 12.5Kb)

EURO 2012 LIVE: Holland v Germany - follow the action from Kharkiv as it happens 13 Jun 2012

The Daily Mail Follow Sportsmail's coverage of Euro 2012 as Holland and Germany renew a heated rivalry in Group B when they clash for their second game in Kharkiv. The Dutch slumped to a surprise defeat against Denmark in their opening game while the Germans got off to a better start when they defeated Portugal....(size: 3.9Kb)

Denmark stun Dutch in Kharkiv 09 Jun 2012

CNN June 9, 2012 -- Updated 1801 GMT (0201 HKT) Denmark had billed as Group B's rank outsiders to reach knockout stages (CNN) -- Denmark produced the first major surprise of Euro 2012 as Morten Olsen's side secured a 1-0 win over World Cup finalists Netherlands in Kharkiv. Famed for their Total Football...(size: 2.5Kb)

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For other uses, see Kharkiv (disambiguation).

"Kharkov" redirects here. For other uses, see Kharkov (disambiguation).

Kharkiv (Харків)
Kharkov (Харьков)

Freedom Square, Kharkiv

Flag
Coat of arms	Logo

Map of Ukraine with Kharkiv highlighted.

Coordinates: 49°55′0″N 36°19′0″E / 49.916667°N 36.316667°ECoordinates: 49°55′0″N 36°19′0″E / 49.916667°N 36.316667°E

Country

Ukraine

Oblast

Kharkiv Oblast

Municipality

Kharkiv City Municipality

Founded

1654^{[citation needed]}

Districts

List of 9

Dzerzhynsky Raion
Zhovtnevy Raion
Kyivsky Raion
Kominternіvsky Raion
Leninsky Raion
Moskovsky Raion
Frunzensky Raion
Ordzhonikidzevsky Raion
Chervonozavodsky Raion

Government

• Mayor

Hennadiy Kernes^[1]

Area

• City

310 km² (120 sq mi)

Elevation

152 m (499 ft)

Population (2010)

• City

1,449,000

• Density

4,500/km² (12,000/sq mi)

• Metro

1,732,400

Time zone

EET (UTC+2)

• Summer (DST)

EEST (UTC+3)

Postal code

61001—61499

Licence plate

ХА, 21 (old)

Sister cities

Belgorod, Bologna, Cincinnati, Kaunas, Lille, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Nuremberg, Poznań, St. Petersburg, Tianjin, Jinan, Kutaisi, Varna, Rishon LeZion, Brno, Daugavpils

Website

http://www.city.kharkov.ua/en

Kharkiv (Ukrainian: Харків, pronounced [ˈxɑrkiw])^[2] or Kharkov (Russian: Ха́рьков)^[2] is the second-largest city in Ukraine.

The city was founded in 1654 and was a major centre of Ukrainian culture in the Russian Empire. Kharkiv became the first city in Ukraine where the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed in December 1917 and Soviet government was formed. Kharkiv became and remained the capital of the Ukrainian SSR until 1934, when the administrative capital was moved to Kiev. Currently, it is the administrative centre of the Kharkiv oblast (province), as well as the administrative centre of the surrounding Kharkivskyi Raion (district) within the oblast. The city is located in the northeast of the country. As of 2006, its population was 1,461,300.^[3]

Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific, educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 60 scientific institutes, 30 establishments of higher education, 6 museums, 7 theatres and 80 libraries. Its industry specializes primarily in machinery. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the city. Among them are world renown giants like the Morozov Design Bureau and the Malyshev Tank Factory, leaders in tank production since the 1930s; Khartron (aerospace and nuclear electronics); and the Turboatom turbines producer.

There is an underground rapid-transit system (metro) with about 38.1 km (24 mi) of track and 29 stations. A well-known landmark of Kharkiv is the Freedom Square (Maidan Svobody formerly known as Dzerzhinsky Square), which is currently the sixth largest city square in Europe, and the 12th largest square in the world.

Geography [link]

Kharkiv and vicinities, LandSat-5 satellite image, near natural colors, 2011-06-18

Kharkiv is located in the northeastern region of Ukraine at around 49°55′0″N 36°19′0″E / 49.916667°N 36.316667°E / 49.916667; 36.316667. Historically, Kharkiv lies in the Sloboda Ukraine region (Slobozhanshchyna also known as Slobidshchyna), in which it is considered the main city. The city rests at the confluence of the Kharkiv, Lopan, and Udy rivers, where they flow into the Seversky Donets watershed.

Climate [link]

Kharkiv's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb), with cold and snowy winters, and hot summers. The seasonal average temperatures are not too cold in winter, not too hot in summer: −4.6 °C (23.7 °F) in January, and +21.3 °C (70.34 °F) in July. The average rainfall totals 513 mm (20 in) per year, with the most in June and July.

Climate data for Kharkiv, Ukraine 1981-2010
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	11.0 (51.8)	14.6 (58.3)	21.8 (71.2)	30.4 (86.7)	34.5 (94.1)	36.8 (98.2)	37.6 (99.7)	39.8 (103.6)	33.7 (92.7)	29.3 (84.7)	20.3 (68.5)	13.4 (56.1)	39.8 (103.6)
Average high °C (°F)	−2.2 (28.0)	−1.6 (29.1)	4.3 (39.7)	14.0 (57.2)	20.8 (69.4)	24.3 (75.7)	26.4 (79.5)	25.7 (78.3)	19.4 (66.9)	12.0 (53.6)	3.6 (38.5)	−1.1 (30.0)	12.1 (53.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−4.6 (23.7)	−4.5 (23.9)	0.7 (33.3)	9.2 (48.6)	15.6 (60.1)	19.3 (66.7)	21.3 (70.3)	20.3 (68.5)	14.4 (57.9)	7.9 (46.2)	0.9 (33.6)	−3.5 (25.7)	8.1 (46.6)
Average low °C (°F)	−7 (19.4)	−7.3 (18.9)	−2.4 (27.7)	4.6 (40.3)	10.3 (50.5)	14.2 (57.6)	16.2 (61.2)	14.9 (58.8)	9.8 (49.6)	4.3 (39.7)	−1.5 (29.3)	−5.9 (21.4)	4.2 (39.6)
Record low °C (°F)	−35.6 (−32.1)	−29.8 (−21.6)	−32.2 (−26.0)	−11.4 (11.5)	−1.9 (28.6)	2.2 (36.0)	5.7 (42.3)	2.2 (36.0)	−2.9 (26.8)	−9.1 (15.6)	−20.9 (−5.6)	−30.8 (−23.4)	−35.6 (−32.1)
Precipitation mm (inches)	36 (1.42)	33 (1.3)	32 (1.26)	34 (1.34)	50 (1.97)	61 (2.4)	60 (2.36)	42 (1.65)	47 (1.85)	44 (1.73)	41 (1.61)	36 (1.42)	516 (20.31)
Avg. rainy days	10	8	9	13	14	15	13	10	12	12	13	12	141
Mean monthly sunshine hours	49.6	65.0	108.5	162.0	238.7	264.0	272.8	248.0	186.0	124.0	48.0	31.0	1,797.6
Source no. 1: Weather and climate – Kharkiv's climate ^[4]
Source no. 2: Hong Kong Observatory. (sun only 1961-1990)^[5]

History [link]

19th-century view of Kharkiv, with the Assumption Cathedral belltower dominating the skyline.

Monument to the persecuted kobzars in Kharkiv

Memorial to the thousands of Ukrainian intellectuals murdered by the NKVD in 1937–38

23 August Memorial

Archeological evidence discovered in the area of present-day Kharkiv indicates that a local population has existed in that area since the 2nd millennium BC. Cultural artifacts date back to the Bronze Age, as well as those of later Scythian and Sarmatian settlers. There is also evidence that the Chernyakhov culture flourished in the area from the 2nd to the 6th century.

Founded in the middle of 17th century by the eponymous, near-legendary character called Kharko (a diminutive form of the name Chariton, Ukrainian: Харитон), the settlement became a city in 1654. Kharkiv became the centre of the Sloboda cossack legion. The city had a fortress with underground passageways.

Within the Russian Empire [link]

Kharkiv University was established in 1805. The streets were first cobbled in the city centre in 1830. A system of running water was established in 1870. In 1912 the first sewer system was built. Gas lighting was installed in 1890 and electric lighting in 1898. In 1869 the first railway station was constructed, and the first tram lines in 1906.

From 1800–1917 the population increased by 30 times.

Kharkiv became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture. In 1812 the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. One of the first Prosvitas in Eastern Ukraine was also established in Kharkiv. A powerful nationally aware political movement was also established there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by the lawyer Mykola Mikhnovsky in 1900.

Soviet period [link]

Memorial to the thousands of Polish officers slaughtered by the NKVD in Kharkiv as part of the Katyn massacre

Modern view of the Derzhprom building.

Prior to the formation of the Soviet Union, Bolsheviks established Kharkiv as the capital of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (from 1919–1934) in opposition to the Ukrainian People's Republic with its capital of Kiev.

As the country's capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration. Derzhprom was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in the Soviet Union at the time with a height of 63 m.^[6] In the 1920s, a 150 m wooden radio tower was built on top of the building. The radio tower was destroyed in World War II.

In 1928, the SVU (Union for the Freedom of Ukraine) process was initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia) building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.

In the early 1930s, the Holodomor famine drove many people off the land into the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the city.

In 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938. Blind Ukrainian street musicians were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered by the NKVD.^[7] In January 1935 the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev.

During April and May 1940 about 3,800 Polish prisoners of Starobelsk camp were executed in the Kharkiv NKVD building, later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in Pyatykhatky forest (part of the Katyn massacre) on the outskirts of Kharkiv.^[8] The site also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested and shot in the 1937–38 Stalinist purges.

German occupation [link]

During World War II, Kharkiv was the site of several military engagements. The city was captured and recaptured by Nazi Germany on 24 October 1941; there was a disastrous Red Army offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942;^[9]^[10] the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February 1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 15 March 1943 and then finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. Kharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most populous city in the Soviet Union captured by the Germans, since in the years preceding World War II, Kiev was by population the smaller of the two.

The significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv's Jewish community prided itself with the 2nd largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people (slightly more than half Jewish) were killed and buried in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named Drobitsky Yar.

During World War II, four battles took place for control of the city:

Before the occupation, Kharkiv's tank industries were evacuated to the Urals with all their equipment, and became the heart of Red Army's tank programs (particularly, producing the legendary T-34 tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continue to produce some of the world's best tanks.

Post War [link]

In the post-war period many of the destroyed homes and factories were rebuilt. Gas lines were installed for heating in government and later private homes. An airport was built in 1954. Following the war Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial centre in the former USSR (after Moscow and Leningrad).

In independent Ukraine [link]

In 2007, the Vietnamese minority in Kharkiv built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with a monument to Ho Chi Minh.^[11]

Government and administrative divisions [link]

While Kharkiv is the administrative centre of the Kharkiv Oblast (province), the city affairs are managed by the Kharkiv Municipality. Kharkiv is a city of oblast subordinance.

Administrative divisions of Kharkiv

The territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative raions (districts):

Leninsky (Ukrainian: Ленінський район)
Dzerzhynsky (Ukrainian: Дзержинський район)
Kyivsky (Ukrainian: Київський район)
Moskovsky (Ukrainian: Московський район)
Frunzensky (Ukrainian: Фрунзенський район)
Ordzhonikidzevsky (Ukrainian: Орджонікідзевський район)
Kominternіvsky (Ukrainian: Комінтернівський район)
Chervonozavodsky (Ukrainian: Червонозаводський район)
Zhovtnevy (Ukrainian: Жовтневий район)

Demographics [link]

Historical populations
Year	Pop.
1660^[12]	1,000
1788^[13]	10,742
1850^[14]	41,861
1861^[14]	50,301
1901^[14]	198,273
1916^[15]	352,300
1917^[16]	382,000
1920^[15]	285,000
1926^[15]	417,000
1939^[17]	833,000
1941^[15]	902,312
1941^[18]	1,400,000
1941^[15]^[19]	456,639
1943^[20]	170,000
1959^[14]	930,000
1962^[14]	1,000,000
1976^[14]	1,384,000
1982^[13]	1,500,000
1989	1,593,970
1999	1,510,200
2001^[21]	1,470,900

According to the 1989 Soviet Union Census, the population of the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including 1,494,200 permanent city residents.^[22] Kharkiv is currently the second-largest city in Ukraine after the capital, Kiev.^[3]

The nationality structure of Kharkiv as of the 1989 census is: Ukrainians 50.38%, Russians 43.63%, Jews 3%, Belarusians 0.75%, and all others (more than 25 minorities) 2.24%.^[22] According to the Soviet census of 1959 there were Ukrainians (48.4%), Russians (40.4%), Jews (8.7%) and other nationalities (2.5%).^[23]

According to the census of 2001 done on the Kharkiv region 53.8% consider Ukrainian as their native tongue (3.3% more than in the 1989 census). The Russian language is considered native for 44.3% of the population (a decline of 3.8% since 1989).^[24]

Notes [link]

1660 year – approximated estimation
1788 year – without the account of children
1920 year – times of the Russian Civil War
1941 year – estimation on May 1, right before the World War II
1941 year – next estimation in September varies between 1,400,000 and 1,450,000
1941 year – another estimation in December during the occupation without the account of children
1943 year – August 23, liberation of the city; estimation varied 170,000 and 220,000
1976 year – estimation on June 1
1982 year – estimation in March

Economy [link]

During the Soviet era Kharkiv was the capital of industrial production in Ukraine and the third largest centre of industry and commerce in the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s the industry started to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000 employees. The enterprises form machine-building, electro-technologic, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.

State-owned industrial giants, such as Turboatom^[25] and Elektrotyazhmash^[26] occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g., turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the Antonov aircraft manufacturing plant. The Malyshev factory produces not only armoured fighting vehicles, but also harvesters. Khartron^[27] is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine and the former CIS.

Kharkiv is also the headquarters of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, UkrSibbank, which has been part of the BNP Paribas group since December 2005.

Kharkiv markets:

Barabashovo (commonly Barabashka, Baraban), the largest in Ukraine (in second place Odessa seventh kilometer) and one of the largest in Eastern Europe.
Blagoveshinskiy (commonly Blagbaz).
Konniy (Horse Market).
Raiskiy (commonly Book gully).

Science and education [link]

Kharkiv is one of the most prolific centres of higher education and research of Eastern Europe. The city has 13 national universities and numerous professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering its students a wide range of disciplines. Kharkiv National University (12,000 students), National Technical University “KhPI” (20,000 students), Kharkiv National Aerospace University "KhAI" are the leading universities in Ukraine. A total number of 150,000 students attend the universities and other institutions of higher education in Kharkiv. About 9,000 foreign students from 96 countries study in the city. More than 17,000 faculty and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in Kharkiv.

The city has a high concentration of research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the universities. Among them are three national science centres: Kharkіv Institute of Physics and Technology,^[28] Institute of Metrology,^[29] Institute for Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, such as the B Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering^[30] and Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine. A total number of 26,000 scientists are working in research and development. A number of world renowned scientific schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the theoretical physics school and the mathematical school.

In addition to the libraries affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv State Scientific V. Korolenko-library^[31] is a major research library. Kharkiv has 212 (secondary education) schools, including 10 lyceums and 20 gymnasiums.

Modern Kharkiv [link]

Kharkiv EURO 2012 host city emblem

The Annunciation Cathedral is one of the tallest Orthodox churches in the world.

Of the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: Derzhprom building, Memorial Complex, Freedom Square, Taras Shevchenko Monument, Mirror Stream, Dormition Cathedral, Historical Museum, Annunciation Cathedral, T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children's narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V and many more.

Sport [link]

Kharkiv is Ukraine's second-largest city, and as in the whole country sports are taken seriously. The most popular sport is football. The city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian National competitions. The most successful is Metalist that also participated in international competitions on numerous occasions. Metalist Stadium will host three group matches at UEFA Euro 2012.

Metalist Kharkiv, which plays at the Metalist Stadium
FC Kharkiv, which plays at the Dynamo Stadium
FC Helios, which plays at the Helios Arena
FC Arsenal Kharkiv, which plays at the Arsenal-Spartak Stadium (currently participates in regional competitions)

There is also a female football club Zhytlobud-1, which represented Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender for the national title. Kharkiv also has a Ice Hockey club, Kharkivski Akuly, which play in the Professional Hockey League.

RC Olimp' is the city's rugby union club. They are recently the strongest in Ukraine and provide many players for the national team.

Igor Rybak, an Olympic champion lightweight weightlifter, is from Kharkiv.^[32]

Culture [link]

Kharkiv is one of the main cultural centres in Ukraine. It is home of 20 museums, over 10 theaters and a number of picture galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every year.

Literature [link]

In the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to as a Literary Klondike.^{[citation needed]} It was the centre for the work of literary luminaries such as: Les Kurbas, Mykola Kulish, Mykola Khvylovy, Mykola Zerov, Valerian Pidmohylny, Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers were executed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event in Ukrainian history is called the "Executed Renaissance" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia).

In the 1930s most of these literary figures were repressed. Today a literary museum located on Chervonoprapirna Street marks celebrates their work and achievements.

Kharkiv is the unofficial capital of Ukrainian Science fiction and Fantasy. It is the home to popular writers like H. L. Oldie, Alexander Zorich, Andrey Dashkov, Yuri Nikitin and Andrey Valentinov. Annual science fiction convention "Star Bridge" (Звёздный мост) is held in Kharkiv since 1999.

Music [link]

Kharkiv sponsors the prestigious Hnat Khotkevych International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments which takes place every 3 years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture 2 days before its opening.^[33]

Twin towns – Sister cities [link]

Kharkiv is currently twinned with:^[34]

Belgorod, Russia (2001)^[35]
Bologna, Italy (1966)^[35]
Brno, Czech Republic (2005)^[35]^[36]
Cetinje, Montenegro (2011)^[37]
Cincinnati, United States (1989)^[38]^[35]^[39]
Daugavpils, Latvia (2006)^[40]^[35]
Gaziantep, Turkey (2011)^[41]
Jinan, PR China (2004)^[35]
Kaunas, Lithuania (2001)^[42]^[35]
Kutaisi, Georgia (2005)^[43]^[35]
Lille, France (1978)^[44]^[35]
Moscow, Russia (2001)^[35]
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (2001)^[35]
Nuremberg, Germany (1990)^[45]^[35]
Poznań, Poland (1998)^[46]^[35]^[47]
Rishon LeZion, Israel (2008)^[35]
Saint Petersburg, Russia (2003)^[35]^[48]
Tianjin, PR China (1993)^[35]
Varna, Bulgaria (1995)^[49]^[50]^[35]
Warsaw, Poland (2011)^[51]

Nobel and Fields prize winners [link]

Vladimir Drinfel'd (mathematics)
Simon Kuznets (economics)
Lev Landau (physics)^{[dubious – discuss]}
Ilya Mechnikov (biology)

Notable people [link]

This list has no precise inclusion criteria as described in the Manual of Style for standalone lists. Please help by adding inclusion criteria. (May 2012)

Nikolai P. Barabashov – Astronomer, co-author of the first pictures of the far side of the Moon
Vladimir Bobri — Illustrator, author, composer, educator and guitar historian
Sergei Bortkiewicz — Russian Romantic composer and pianist
Maria Burmaka – Ukrainian singer, musician and songwriter
Leonid Bykov – Soviet actor, film director, and script writer
Adolphe Mouron Cassandre — Ukrainian-French painter, commercial poster artist, and typeface designer
Valentina Chepiga – Female Bodybuilder and 2000 Ms. Olympia Champion
Juliya Chernetsky (Mistress Juliya) – television host, actress, model, and music promoter in the United States
Andrey Denisov – former Russian diplomat
Vladimir Drinfel'd — Mathematician, was awarded Fields Medal in 1990
Isaak Dunayevsky — Soviet composer and conductor
Konstanty Gorski — Polish composer, violist, organist, and music teacher
Valentina Grizodubova — One of the first female pilots in the Soviet Union
Lyudmila Gurchenko (Hurchenko) – Soviet and Russian actress, singer and entertainer
Mikhail Gurevich – (originally from Rubanshchina) Soviet aircraft designer, a partner (with Artem Mikoyan) of the famous MiG military aviation bureau
Mikhail Gurevich— Ukrainian chess player
Leonid Haydamaka – bandurist, conductor, founder of first orchestra of Ukrainian folk instruments.
Maksym Kalynychenko – Ukrainian football player
Vasily Karazin – the founder of Kharkiv University, which now bears his name.
Hnat Khotkevych – Ukrainian writer, ethnographer, composer, bandurist
Mikhail Koshkin – (originally from Brynchagi), chief designer of Soviet tank T-34
Olga Krasko – Russian actress
Mykola Kulish – Ukrainian playwright
Les Kurbas – Ukrainian dramatist
Simon Kuznets – was a Russian American economist
Lev Landau – (originally from Baku) head of the department of theoretical physics at the Kharkov Polytechnical Institute 1932-37, Nobel Prize winner 1962
Evgeny Lifshitz — Leading Soviet physicist
Eduard Limonov – Writer, poet and controversial politician

Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy – lead developer of the Soviet Shuttle Buran programme
Aleksandr Lyapunov – Russian mathematician, mechanician and physicist. Inventor of motion stability theory
Boris Mikhailov — photographer / artist
Mykola Mikhnovsky - Ukrainian political leader and activist
Justine Pasek - Miss Universe 2003
Valerian Pidmohylny – Ukrainian poet
Irina Press — Ukrainian athlete who won two Olympic gold medals
Tamara Press — Soviet shot putter and discus thrower
Alexander Shchetynsky — Composer
Eugen Schauman – Finnish nationalist who killed Russian general Nikolay Ivanovich Bobrikov in 1904
George Shevelov – Ukrainian and Slavic linguist, philologist, essayist, literary historian, and literary critic
Klavdiya Shulzhenko — the most popular female singer of the Soviet Union
Alexander Siloti — Russian pianist, conductor and composer
Hryhorii Skovoroda – Ukrainian poet, philosopher and composer
Karina Smirnoff – Ukrainian professional world champion dancer, starring on Dancing with the Stars
Jura Soyfer — Austrian political journalist and cabaret writer
Otto Struve — Russian-American astronomer
Sergei Sviatchenko – Ukrainian artist
Mark Taimanov — Leading Ukrainian chess player and concert pianist
Nikolai Tikhonov — Premier of the Soviet Union
Yevgeniy Timoshenko — professional poker player.
Galina Vale — Leading British concert guitarist of Ukrainian origin
Vladimir Vasyutin — Soviet cosmonaut of Ukrainian descent
Igor Vovchanchyn – Mixed martial artist
Vasyl Yermylov – Painter and Designer
Serhiy Zhadan – Ukrainian poet, novelist, and translator.
Irina Zhurina – opera singer, People's Artist of Russia

Transport [link]

The city of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centres in Ukraine, which is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic. The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis, railways, and air traffic.

Local transport [link]

Being an important transportation centre of Ukraine, Kharkiv itself contains many different transportation methods. Kharkiv's Metro is the city's rapid transit system, operating since 1975, it includes three different lines with 29 stations in total.^[52] The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers annually, trolleybuses, tramways (which celebrated 100 years of service in 2006), and marshrutkas (private minibuses).

Railways [link]

The first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869, traffic was opened on the Kursk–Kharkiv–Azov line. Kharkiv's passenger railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed in the Second World War. A new railway station was built in 1952.

Kharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine and abroad by regular railway trains. Regional trains known as elektrichkas connect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages.

Air travel [link]

Kharkiv is served by an international airport which used to have about 200 flights a day, almost all of them being passenger flights. The Kharkiv International Airport was only recently granted international status. The airport itself is not large and is situated within the city boundaries, south from the city centre. Flights to Kiev and Moscow are scheduled daily. There are regular flights to Vienna and Istanbul, and several other destinations. Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv Airport — Aeromost-Kharkiv — is not serving any regular destinations as of 2007. The Kharkiv North Airport is a factory airfield and was a major production facility for Antonov aircraft company.

Footnotes and references [link]

This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (April 2012)

^ Kharkiv mayor declares over Hr 6 million income for 2011, Kyiv Post (10 April 2012)
^ ^a ^b "Kharkiv on Encyclopædia Britannica - current edition". Britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316419/Kharkiv. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
^ ^a ^b "Results / General results of the census / Number of cities". 2001 Ukrainian Census. http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
^ Climate Information for Kharkiv, Weather and Climate,pogoda.ru.net, accessed 24 April 2012.
^ Climatological Information for Har'kov, Ukraine, Hong Kong Observatory accessed 6 April 2012.
^ "Derzhprom statistcs". kharkov.ua. http://www.kharkov.ua/culture/2b.html.
^ Ukrainian minstrels: and the blind shall sing by Natalie Kononenko, M.E. Sharp, ISBN 0-7656-0144-3/ISBN 978-0-7656-0144-5, page 116
^ Fischer, Benjamin B., "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field", Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999–2000, last accessed on 10 December, 2005
^ The Red Army committed 765,300 men to this offensive, suffering 277,190 casualties (170,958 killed/missing/PoW, 106,232 wounded) and losing 652 tanks, and 4,924 guns and mortars. Glantz, David M., Kharkov 1942, anatomy of a military disaster through Soviet eyes, pub Ian Allan, 1998, ISBN 0-7110-2562-2 page 218.
^ per Robert M. Citino, author of "Death of the Wehrmacht", and other sources, the Red Army came to within a few miles of Kharkiv on 14 May 1942 by Soviet forces under Marshal Timoshenko before being driven back by German forces under Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, p. 100
^ In↑ «Сегодня»,21 December 2007.
^ Л.И. Мачулин. Mysteries of the underground Kharkov. — Х.: 2005. ISBN 966-8768-00-0 (Russian)
^ ^a ^b Kharkov: Architecture, monuments, renovations: Travel guide. Ed. А. Лейбфрейд, В. Реусов, А. Тиц. — Х.: Прапор, 1987(Russian)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Н.Т. Дьяченко. Streets and squares of Kharkov. – X.: Прапор, 1977(Russian)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e А.В. Скоробогатов. Kharkov in times of German occupation (1941–1943). – X.: Прапор, 2006. ISBN 966-7880-79-6(Ukrainian)
^ Oleksandr Leibfreid, Yu. Poliakova. Kharkov. From fortress to capital. – Х.: Фолио, 2004(Russian)
^ State archives of Kharkov Oblast. Ф. Р-2982, оп. 2, file 16, pp 53–54
^ Colonel Н. И. Рудницкий. Военкоматы Харькова в предвоенные и военные годы.(Russian)
^ In reference to the German census of December 1941; without children and teenagers no older 16 years of age; numerous city-dwellers evaded the registration(Russian)
^ Mykyta Khruschev. Report to ЦК ВКП(б) of August 30, 1943. History: without «white spots». Kharkiv izvestia, № 100—101, August 23, 2008, page 6(Russian)
^ Ukrainian Census (2001)
^ ^a ^b "Kharkiv today" (in Russian). Our Kharkіv. http://www.kharkov.com/news/?p=25. Retrieved May 4, 2007.
^ Історія міста Харкова ХХ століття, Харків 2004, р. 456
^ "Census of 2001". ukrcensus.gov.ua. http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/regions/reg_khar/.
^ "turboatom.com.ua". turboatom.com.ua. 2012-04-13. http://www.turboatom.com.ua/. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
^ "spetm.com.ua". spetm.com.ua. http://www.spetm.com.ua/eng/index.html. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
^ khartron.com.ua
^ "Official website of Kharkіv Institute of Physics and Technology". Kipt.kharkov.ua. http://www.kipt.kharkov.ua/. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
^ "Official website of Kharkiv Institute of Metrology". Metrology.kharkov.ua. http://www.metrology.kharkov.ua/. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
^ "Official website of Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering". Ilt.kharkov.ua. http://www.ilt.kharkov.ua/. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
^ "official website of Kharkiv State Scientific V. Korolenko-library". Korolenko.kharkov.com. http://korolenko.kharkov.com/. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
^ Volodymyr Kubiĭovych, Danylo Husar Struk (1993). Encyclopedia of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=kkgOAQAAMAAJ&q=Ihor+Rybak+jewish&dq=Ihor+Rybak+jewish&hl=en&ei=4PNRTZ2-HMH68Aaw24HmCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
^ http://proua.com/news/2010/04/16/122834.html
^ "Sister cities of Kharkiv" (in Russian). http://kharkov.vbelous.net/sisttown.htm. Retrieved May 4, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Міста-побратими – Харківська міська рада (Ukrainian)
^ "Brno – Partnerská města" (in Czech). © 2006–2009 City of Brno. http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
^ Чорногорське місто Цетіньє стало партнером Харкова(Ukrainian)
^ Побратимські зв'язки між містами України та США (Ukrainian)
^ "OKI Sister City Coalition". http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/.
^ Міжрегіональне співробітництво між Україною та Латвією (Ukrainian)
^ Харків і Газіантеп - міста-побратими(Ukrainian)
^ Співробітництво між регіонами України та регіонами Литовської Республіки (Ukrainian)
^ Sister cities – Kutaisi City Local Government^{[dead link]}
^ Partenariat et amitié existantsеntre villes et régions de France et d‘Ukraine (French)
^ Побратимські стосунки між містами та регіонами (Ukrainian)
^ Співробітництво міст України та Польщі
^ "Poznań Official Website – Twin Towns" (in Polish). © 1998–2008 Urząd Miasta Poznania. http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
^ Международные и межрегиональные связи || Официальный портал Администрации Санкт-Петербурга (Russian)
^ Побратимські зв'язки між містами України та Республіки Болгарія (Ukrainian)
^ "Асоціація міст України і Національна асоціація общин республіки Болгарія підписали угоду про співпрацю". Kmv.gov.ua. http://www.kmv.gov.ua/print/news.asp?Id=20789. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
^ Харків і Варшава стали містами-побратимами (Ukrainian)
^ "Metro. Basic facts" (in Ukrainian). City transportation Kharkiv. http://www.gortransport.kharkov.ua/subway/index.php. Retrieved March 1, 2011.

External links [link]

Find more about Kharkiv on Wikipedia's sister projects:
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	Source texts from Wikisource
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General
- Citynet UA — Official website of Kharkiv City Information Centre (Ukrainian)/(English)
- Misto Kharkiv — Official website of Kharkiv City Council (Ukrainian)/(English)
- Your beloved Kharkiv — Kharkiv city portal (Ukrainian)/(Russian)(English)
- Kharkiv Za Jazz Fest — official web-site of International kharkiv jazz festival KHARKIV ZA JAZZ FEST.
- Old Kharkiv Gallery — Photos and postcards
- — 360 VR panoramas of Kharkiv`s square (dinosaur exhibition summer 2010)
- Kharkiv churches, monuments and other sights (English)
- Kharkiv under Nazi Occupation (English)
Maps
- Kharkiv on Google Maps

Administrative divisions of Kharkiv Oblast

Administrative center: Kharkiv

Districts

Cities

Major cities	Chuhuiv Izium Kharkiv Kupiansk Lozova Liubotyn Pervomaiskyi

Other cities	Balakliia Barvinkove Bohodukhiv Derhachi Krasnohrad Merefa Pivdenne Valky Vovchansk Zmiiv

List of: urban-type settlements — villages

v t e Administrative divisions of Ukraine

Capital: Kiev

Oblasts	Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kiev Kirovohrad Luhansk Lviv Mykolaiv Odessa Poltava Rivne Sumy Ternopil Vinnytsia Volyn Zakarpattia Zaporizhia Zhytomyr

Cities with special status	Kiev Sevastopol

Autonomous republic	Crimea

Administrative centers	Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kiev Kirovohrad Luhansk Lutsk Lviv Mykolaiv Odessa Poltava Rivne Sevastopol Simferopol Sumy Ternopil Uzhhorod Vinnytsia Zaporizhia Zhytomyr

v t e Historical Capitals of Rus' and other Ukrainian states

Medieval Ukrainian states

Kievan Rus'	Kiev

Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia	Volodymyr · Halych · Lviv

Cossack Hetmanate	Chyhyryn · Baturyn · Hlukhiv

Grand Duchy of Rus'	Kiev

Ukrainian states after Russian Empire and before Ukrainian SSR

West Ukrainian People's Republic	Lviv · Ternopil · Stanyslaviv

Ukrainian People's Republic	Kiev (1917–1920)

Ukrainian Soviet Republic (ru)	Kiev

Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic	Kharkiv · Luhansk

Ukrainian SSR (since 1917), independent Ukraine (since 1991)

Ukrainian SSR (part of the SU 1922-91), Ukraine	Kharkiv (1919-1934) · Kiev (since 1934)

Footnotes:	¹Meaning (Cossack) states on the territory of current Ukraine

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Armin van Buuren
Van Buuren performing on Queensday in Amsterdam, 2011
Background information
Birth name	Armin van Buuren
Also known as	Gaia, AVB
Born	(1976-12-25) 25 December 1976 (age 35) Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands^[1]
Origin	Koudekerk aan den Rijn, South Holland, Netherlands
Genres	Trance Progressive Trance Uplifting Trance Neo-trance
Occupations	Remixer, Producer, DJ, Composer, Musician, Pianist, Songwriter
Instruments	Synthesizer, drum machine, equalizer, personal computer
Years active	1995–present
Labels	Armada Music (2003–present), Vandit (Co-Joined), Ministry of Sound Australia
Associated acts	Alibi, Dark Matter, Electrix, Lilmotion, Major League, Monsieur Basculant, Red & White, Technology, Triple A, Wodka Wasters, Nadia Ali,^[2] Christian Burns,^[2] Ferry Corsten,^[2] Adam Young,^[2] BT,^[2] Sophie Ellis-Bextor,^[2] Guy Chambers^[2]
Website	arminvanbuuren.com

Armin van Buuren (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑr.mɪn vɑn ˈby.rə(n)]), OON (born 25 December 1976 in Leiden, Netherlands)^[1] is a Dutch trance producer and DJ. Between 2007 and 2010, he was voted number one in DJ Magazine's annual top 100 list of the most popular DJs.^[1] In the 2011 list, he ranked in second place. Since 2001, Van Buuren has hosted a weekly radio show called A State of Trance, which claims to have around 15 million weekly listeners in 26 countries,^[3] which would make it one of the most listened-to radio shows in the world. His 2008 studio album, Imagine, entered the Dutch album chart at #1, a first for a dance music artist in Dutch music history.^[4]

1 Personal life
2 Career
3 Discography
- 3.1 Year Mixes
4 References
5 External links

Personal life [link]

Armin van Buuren was born in Leiden, Netherlands on 25 December 1976,^[1] but grew up in Koudekerk aan den Rijn. Van Buuren started making music when he was 14.^{[citation needed]} He was inspired by French electronic music composer, Jean Michel Jarre, and wished to become a great electronic music composer like Jarre.^{[citation needed]}

He finished high school at the Stedelijk Gymnasium Leiden in 1995, and left for college to study law at Leiden University. While studying law, Van Buuren's interest for making music blossomed, and he began working as a DJ in a local club called Nexus. As his musical career began to take off, he put his law degree on hold, although he did return to finish law school in 2003.

On 18 September 2009, Van Buuren married Erika van Thiel in Wassenaar, Netherlands. They met during a vacation on Crete, and had been together for nine years prior to the marriage.^[5]^[6]

On 12 January 2011, Van Buuren announced the pregnancy of his wife Erika on Twitter.^[7] He hoped the baby, due that summer, would be his "best production ever."^[7] Their daughter, Fenna, was born on 24 July 2011.^[8]

Career [link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012)

1995–1999: Early career and success [link]

In 1995, Van Buuren had his first major success with a track called "Blue Fear", which was released under the Cyber Records label; he was 19 years old at the time. This track, which was produced in the "Euro Trance" mold, made it onto the UK Chart. Another successful track, "Communication" was released under the same label, and became popular in Ibiza, Spain in the summer of 1999. After being signed to AM PM Records, this track entered the UK Chart at No. 18 in 2000.

Armin van Buuren at Lizard Lounge, Dallas, Texas, 9 August 2008

Van Buuren began his DJ career at club Nexus in Leiden, where he learned to play long DJ sets, which were regularly six to seven hours per set.^[9] During school holidays he played more than four times a week. In 1999, he met Dave Lewis who introduced him as a DJ in England and the United States.^[9] His career accelerated, entering the DJ magazine Top-100 in November 2001 at Number 27.^[9] He has played in more than 25 different countries and can often be found on the main stage at big summer festivals. Van Buuren played a record-breaking twelve and a half hour set for Dancetheater in The Hague (the Netherlands).^[10]^[11] In the United Kingdom he performs regularly at Passion (resident 2002), Godskitchen, Gatecrasher, Slinky, Ministry of Sound, Peach and Golden.

In the beginning of 1999, Van Buuren started his label Armind together with United Recordings. The first release, Gig – "One," was well received. The second release "Touch Me," under the name Rising Star was signed to Ministry of Sound in the UK, before the record was released.

By the time of his third release, Gimmick – "Free" was signed to R&S Records, Van Buuren had managed to make his label popular very quickly. Under the surname Gaia he released "4 Elements" on Captivating Sounds, a sub-label of Warner Brothers. Teaming up with Tiësto, two new projects were born: Major League – "Wonder Where You Are?" was released on Black Hole Recordings and Alibi – "Eternity" was released on Armind. "Eternity" received club and chart success and was signed to Paul van Dyk's imprint Vandit Records. Another major collaboration followed this. Together with Ferry Corsten, Van Buuren recorded a riff-classic titled "Exhale" for the System F. album. Released as a single, this track reached gold status in less than a month.

[edit] 2000–2004: A State of Trance and 76

In 2000, Van Buuren started his own Armin van Buuren compilation series. He managed to find a balance between progressive house,and vocal trance music styles. His first compilation album, A State of Trance (not to be confused with his weekly A State of Trance radio shows), sold more than 10,000 copies and contains Van Buuren's well known remix of Moogwai, "Viola." His second album, Basic Instinct featured a new track: "Perpetuous Dreamer" – "The Sound of Goodbye." This track entered the Dutch charts in June 2001 at number 26. Later in the year, the track hit No. 1 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. The third album, In Motion was released 6 August 2001. This album contained the real trance sound and was very popular in the United States. A fourth album, Transparence, followed in 2002. In 2003, he worked with such artists such as DJ Seth Alan Fannin throughout a global tour on Dance Revolution in Europe, selling out to crowds of 20,000 people in Armin's home country of the Netherlands.

In March 2001, Van Buuren started his own radio show on ID&T Radio (traditionally broadcast in Dutch and later English since ASOT 183). In this weekly two-hour show, entitled A State of Trance, he plays the latest popular trance music tracks. His show and the artists he features are popularized by publishing the artists and track titles on his website. This radio-show/website combination has proven popular internationally. When ID&T Radio changed genres in 2004, Van Buuren left and took A State of Trance with him. The show then moved to Fresh FM, a Dutch radio station. It is now a weekly feature on SLAM!FM, another Dutch radio station, DI.FM, an online radio station, and on XM Satellite Radio, channel 80 in the United States and Canada. A complete list of stations that broadcast A State of Trance can be found at the ASOT section of Armin's website. Also in 2004, Van Buuren remixed the 24 theme song into a trance hit. In June 2005, the 200th episode was celebrated in Amsterdam and subsequently aired on radio. The 250th (eight hour) anniversary episode was celebrated in Club Asta in The Hague, Netherlands, featuring Van Buuren, Jonas Steur, M.I.K.E., John Askew, Rank 1 and Menno de Jong.^{[citation needed]}

In 2002, he had a residency at Glow in Washington D.C.,^[9] and he has played all across North America in San Francisco, Vancouver, Houston, Toronto, Boston, Calgary, Charlotte, Chicago, Montreal, Detroit, Edmonton, Atlanta, Austin, Denver, New York City, Los Angeles, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Seattle and at The Necto (nightclub). He has also regularly appeared at Amnesia on the island of Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Spain. In October that year, Van Buuren was voted Number 5 in the DJ Magazine 100 top DJ's. The following year, he jumped up to the No. 3 spot, and held 3rd place for the next three years. His work left him at the No. 2 spot, just below Paul van Dyk in the 2006 polls, and, in 2007, Armin reached #1, heading the 2007 DJ Mag Top 100. He was voted No. 1 again in 2008, 2009 and again in 2010.^{[citation needed]}

In June 2003, Van Buuren released his debut studio album, 76, a 76-minute album divided into 13 tracks.^[12]

Armin Van Buuren performing at Avalon, Boston, Massachusetts 2007

[edit] 2005–present: Shivers, Imagine and Mirage

On 8 August 2005, Van Buuren released his second studio album, Shivers. On the album Van Buuren worked with artists such as Pakistani-American singer Nadia Ali, English singer Justine Suissa and American trance duo Gabriel & Dresden.

On 11 November 2006, he had a live performance called Armin Only in Ahoy Rotterdam for the second time (after 12 November 2005) with a nine hour solo set, where he performed to over 11,000 fans.

In the summer of 2007, Van Buuren recorded and released a live set at Amnesia, Ibiza. Universal Religion Chapter 3, Live from Amnesia at Ibiza was released on 28 September 2007 as a mix compilation on Armada Records and in the US as "Universal Religion 2008" on Ultra Records on 4 December 2007.

On 17 April 2008, Van Buuren released his third studio album, Imagine. It features collaboration with singers such as Sharon den Adel of Within Temptation and Jacqueline Govaert of Krezip. The album debuted at number one on the Dutch Albums Chart. Since the release of Imagine, Van Buuren has been working with Benno de Goeij and DJ-RA of Rank 1 on solo productions and remixes.^{[citation needed]}

19 April 2008 saw the 3rd edition of Armin Only, this time in the Jaarbeurs in Utrecht, Netherlands. The event was attended by 16,000 fans and (partly) broadcast live on Dutch National TV. During the second half of 2008, Van Buuren took this show abroad, with visits to Australia, Romania, Poland, Belgium, and a special New Years Eve 2008 show at Together As One in Los Angeles, U.S.

On 29 September 2008, Armin won the DJ Award for "Best Trance DJ" at Ibiza along with other nominees, that of Tiësto, Ferry Corsten and Paul van Dyk.

On 12 January 2008, Van Buuren was given the "Buma Cultuur Pop Award," the most prestigious Dutch music award.

In 2009, Foreign Media Games announced the production of In The Mix: Featuring Armin van Buuren, a music game being produced in collaboration with Cloud 9 Music and Van Buuren's Armada Music label. The title is scheduled to be released sometime in 2010 exclusively for the Wii console.^[13]

He has collaborated with his brother, guitarist Eller van Buuren, in such venues as Together As One in Los Angeles, U.S., on New Year's Eve 2009, as well as on Armin's 2008 album Imagine.

On 3 March 2010, Van Buuren was awarded with the prestigious Golden Harp, for his musical work and contribution to Dutch music, by the music collecting society BUMA/STEMRA at the 2010 Buma Harpen Gala in Hilversum, the Netherlands.^[14]^[15]

On 23 June 2010, it was announced that Van Buuren's fourth studio album, Mirage was due to be released on 10 September.^[16] The first single "Full Focus", was released through iTunes Store on 24 June at midnight.^[17] The song peaked at number sixty in the Netherlands. One of the confirmed tracks from the album is a collaboration with English singer Sophie Ellis-Bextor called Not Giving Up On Love, which was released as a single from Bextor's fourth studio album, Make a Scene.^[18]^[19] Armin also wrote a song for English singer Seal, but due to the release of his greatest hits album, Hits, the collaboration never came together.^[20]

On 12 September 2010, Van Buuren launched "A State of Sundays", a new weekly 24-hour radio show aired on Sirius XM Radio ^[21]

On 20 October 2010, Van Buuren won the award for Most Popular International DJ presented by The Golden Gnomes.^[22]

On 27 October 2010, Van Buuren was announced, for the 4th year running, as the number 1 DJ, and thus prolonging his title as 'Most Popular DJ in the World'.^[23]

The 2010 edition of Armin Only: Mirage kicked off on 13 November 2010, in Utrecht, Netherlands, with more shows coming in Saint-Petersburg, Kiev, Buenos Aires, Melbourne, Beirut, Poznań, Moscow and Bratislava .^[24]

On 27 November 2010, Van Buuren made his third appearance in Shanghai, China.

On 2 February 2012, Van Buuren mentioned a new studio album in the works on episode #546 of his radio show, "A State Of Trance".

A State of Trance 500 (ASOT 500)[link]

To mark the 10 year anniversary and 500th episode of his weekly radio show A State of Trance, Van Buuren performed at five shows across five continents over five consecutive weeks along with various artists.

The first show was held on 19 March 2011 in Johannesburg, South Africa at the MTN Expo Center. In addition to Armin, Blake Jarrell, Protoculture, Lange, Leon Bolier, and Jorn van Deynhoven were performers. Super8 & Tab were to be part of the South African show, however a flight cancellation caused them to be absent for the event. The event was attended by over 20,000 people.

Miami's show was performed at the Ultra Music Festival on 27 March, and part of the show were Marcus Schossow, Alex M.O.R.P.H., Cosmic Gate, Gareth Emery, Ferry Corsten, ATB, and Sander van Doorn.

Argentina held the third celebration of ASOT 500 in club G.E.B.A Buenos Aires, with Heatbeat, Jochen Miller, Dash Berlin, Markus Schulz, John O'Callaghan and W & W. It was the only of the five ASOT 500 celebrations that was held outdoors. Van Buuren recorded a live video with his cell phone and uploaded it to Twitter while playing his live set.

ASOT 500 was celebrated in the Netherlands in Den Bosch. Accompanied by more than 30 DJs from countries all over the world, the event was attended by over 30,000 people. DJs present included Markus Schulz, Gareth Emery, Above & Beyond, Paul Oakenfold and Sean Tyas. The event was radio broadcast live to over 30 countries.^[25]^{[dated info]}

The final show was held in Sydney, Australia on 16 April at Acer Arena in Olympic Park. It was a sold out event weeks before the night. Artists present included Shogun, tyDi, Menno de Jong, Aly & Fila, and Alex M.O.R.P.H. Van Buuren played for three hours.

A State of Trance 550 (ASOT 550)[link]

In March 2012, Van Buuren performed in six shows across three continents as part of ASOT 550. He began his tour on March 1 in London, continued on to Moscow on March 7, and to Kiev, Ukraine on March 10. Then, he traveled to the United States to host his show at the Beyond Wonderland festival in Southern California. A week later on March 25, he closed out Ultra Music Festival 2012 for the 5th edition. This was followed by the final show in the Brabanthallen of Den Bosch, the Netherlands.

A State of Trance sponsored a tent at the Electric Daisy Carnival at Met Life stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on May 19, 2012, which by all accounts could be considered an unofficial extension of ASOT 550. ^[26]

Discography [link]

Main article: Armin van Buuren discography

76 (2003)
Shivers (2005)
Imagine (2008)
Mirage (2010)

Year Mixes [link]

Van Buuren is well known for his annual "Year Mix" which incorporates clips and custom mashups from the year's most popular trance tracks. Each year-mix consists of about 85 individual releases, edited into a two hour mix which is released on double CD as well as aired on his weekly radio show at the end of each year. According to Van Buuren, each year-mix takes several months to make, including thousands of digital audio edits and hundreds of audio plugins.

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Armin van Buuren - Armada Music". http://www.armadamusic.com/artist/armin-van-buuren/. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Armada Music: Armin van Buuren - Mirage". http://www.armadamusic.com/music/?release=ARDI1688. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
^ "About - A State of Trance". http://www.astateoftrance.com/about/. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
^ "Armin van Buuren – Imagine". dutchcharts.nl. http://www.dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Armin+van+Buuren&titel=Imagine&cat=a. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
^ "RTL Boulevard – Armin van Buuren getrouwd" (in (Dutch)). Rtl.nl. http://www.rtl.nl/%28/actueel/rtlboulevard/nieuws/articleview/%29/components/actueel/rtlboulevard/2009/09_september/entertainment/articles/17092009_Armin_van_buuren_getrouwd.xml. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
^ "Radio 538 | Headlines | Armin van Buuren gaat trouwen | Radio 538 = 102 FM". Radio538.nl. http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=876641/contentid=93396/. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Armin van Buuren announcing the pregnancy of his wife on Twitter". Armin van Buuren. http://twitter.com/arminvanbuuren/status/25106231626563584.
^ "Armin for "Best Dad In the World"!". http://www.arminvanbuuren.com/news/2011/07/armin-for-%E2%80%98best-dad-in-the-world%E2%80%99/. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Armin van Buuren Profile". InternetDJ.Com. before May 2003. http://www.internetdj.com/links.php?op=viewlinkdetails&lid=686&ttitle=Armin_Van_Buuren.
^ "Armin Van Buuren Trance Deejay Netherlands DJ Global DJ". Tranceelements.com. 25 December 1976. http://www.tranceelements.com/djs/armin-van-buuren-trance-music-biography.html. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
^ "Armin Van Buuren Biography". Starpulse.com. 25 December 1976. http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Van_Buuren,_Armin/Biography/. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
^ "Armin van Buuren - 76 - Release". http://www.arminvanbuuren.com/discography/?release=Arma056. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ 'In The Mix: Featuring Armin van Buuren' (Wii) Shows Off Career Mode – Screen, 30 October 2009
^ "Buma Gouden – en Zilveren Harpen, Buma Exportprijs en Beste Nederlandse Lied uitgereikt" (in Dutch). Buma Cultuur. 3 March 2010. http://www.bumacultuur.nl/nl/nieuws/171/buma-gouden-en-zilveren-harpen-buma-exportprijs-en-beste-nederlandse-lied-uitgereikt. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
^ "Armin van Buuren awarded with Gouden Harp". Armada Music. 4 March 2010. http://www.armadamusic.com/news/2010/03/armin-van-buuren-awarded-with-gouden-harp/. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
^ "New single Full Focus available tonight at 00:00". arminvanbuuren.com. 23 June 2010. http://www.arminvanbuuren.com/news/362/. Retrieved 23 June 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "New single Full Focus out now! " Armin van Buuren". arminvanbuuren.com. http://www.arminvanbuuren.com/news/2010/06/new-single-full-focus-out-now/. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
^ Levine, Nick (7 June 2010). "Music – News – Ellis-Bextor switches single plans". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a223927/ellis-bextor-switches-single-plans.html. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
^ Levine, Nick (24 June 2010). "Armin werkte 'harder dan ooit' aan nieuwe plaat" (in Dutch). DePers.nl. http://www.depers.nl/entertainment/489763/Armin-werkte-harder-dan-ooit.html. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
^ van Luling, Dennis (30 June 2010). "Armin van Buuren verovert ook Zuid-Amerika" (in Dutch). NU.nl. http://www.nu.nl/muziek/2281427/armin-van-buuren-verovert-zuid-amerika.html. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
^ Armin launches A State of Sundays on Sirius XM « Armin van Buuren
^ Golden Gnome Awards
^ Armin van Buuren no 1 DJ in the DJ Mag Top 100 again! « Armin van Buuren
^ Shows & Tickets « Armin Only
^ "A State of Trance 500". Armin van Buuren. Dance Foundation. 20 March 2011. http://www.astateoftrance.com/a-state-of-trance-500/.
^ « Armin van Buuren

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Armin van Buuren

Official website
Artist Page on ArmadaMusic.com
Armin van Buuren on Myspace
Armin van Buuren at Allmusic
Armin van Buuren discography at Discogs
Armin van Buuren discography at MusicBrainz
Armin van Buuren at the Internet Movie Database
Armin van Buuren's profile on Trancepedia
Armada Music – the record label of Armin van Buuren
Armin van Buuren – A State of Trance episodes
*Flowd - artist channel on *Flowd network.

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Erol Alkan	Mixmag Number 1 DJ 2007	Succeeded by Tiësto
Preceded by n/a	Beatport Music Awards: Best Trance Artist 2008–2010	Succeeded by n/a
Preceded by Paul van Dyk	DJ Magazine Number 1 DJ 2007–2010	Succeeded by David Guetta

Armin van Buuren

Studio albums

Other albums

Compilation albums

A State of Trance	A State of Trance 2004 A State of Trance 2005 A State of Trance 2006 A State of Trance 2007 A State of Trance 2008 A State of Trance 2009 A State of Trance 2010 A State of Trance 2011 A State of Trance 2012

Universal Religion	Universal Religion Chapter One Universal Religion 2004 Universal Religion Chapter 3 Universal Religion Chapter 4 Universal Religion Chapter 5

Video games

In the Mix featuring Armin van Buuren

Persondata
Name	Buuren, Armin van
Alternative names	Al mine van buren
Short description
Date of birth	23 December 1995
Place of birth	Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands
Date of death
Place of death

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For other uses, see Dutchess (disambiguation).

The Dutchess
File:Fergiethedutchess.jpg
Studio album by Fergie
Released	September 19, 2006 (2006-09-19)
Recorded	2006
Genre	Pop, R&B, hip hop
Length	54:58
Label	A&M, will.i.am
Producer	Polow da Don, Printz Board, Rgobb Boldt, Ron Fair, George Pajon Jr, Keith Harris, John Legend, will.i.am

Singles from The Dutchess
"London Bridge" Released: July 18, 2006 "Fergalicious" Released: October 23, 2006 "Glamorous" Released: February 1, 2007 "Big Girls Don't Cry" Released: May 15, 2007 "Clumsy" Released: September 25, 2007 "Finally" Released: March 18, 2008

The Dutchess is the debut studio album by American recording artist Fergie, who is a member of The Black Eyed Peas. The album was released on September 19, 2006. As of 2008, the album has sold more than six million copies worldwide. The song, "All That I Got (The Make Up Song)" has been remixed slightly and used as one of the two main music themes for Tyra Banks' talk show, Tyra. Edited and Parental Advisory versions of the album were available. In Japan, the United States and Australia, deluxe versions of the album were released. For sales in Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, the Parental Advisory version is the only Universal album edited in Peru.

The album produced 5 top five singles in the U.S., including three number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100, "London Bridge", "Big Girls Don't Cry", and "Glamorous", as well as the number two single "Fergalicious" and the number five single "Clumsy". All five of the aforementioned singles have sold over two million digital downloads each in the U.S., thus setting a new record in the digital era for the most multi-platinum singles from one album.^[1]

1 Background
2 Singles
- 2.1 Promotional singles
3 Critical reception
4 Chart performance
5 Track listing
6 Charts and certifications
7 Awards
8 References
9 External links

Background [link]

The title is a derivation and misspelling of the title "The Duchess of York", as Fergie (a derivative of her last name "Ferguson") and Sarah Ferguson, the real Duchess of York, share a surname and nickname. will.i.am was an executive producer for the album. Ludacris, B-Real from Cypress Hill and Rita Marley all make guest appearances.^[2] Fergie has made it clear in interviews that she will still be an active member of the Black Eyed Peas.

In Australia, with the success of her first number-one single "Big Girls Don't Cry", the album peaked at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart on July 23, 45 weeks after it was released. The album has shifted over 210,000 copies and is certified triple platinum by ARIA. It has spent an impressive 62 weeks inside the nation's top 50, and 21 weeks inside the top 10.^[3] It spent four consecutive weeks at number one.^[4] Fergie has also had five consecutive top 4 hits from a debut album, the first artist to do so was Delta Goodrem with her 2003 album, Innocent Eyes, which had five consecutive number ones. Due to the re-release of The Dutchess in the U.S, the original album bounced back from #104 to #28, because of the 11,000 copies of the deluxe edition sold in its first week.

On December 21, 2007, Fergie performed "Finally" on the 9th Annual A Home for the Holidays special on CBS and on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve 2008 on ABC, where Ryan Seacrest announced that it would be a single in 2008. It was released to radio on February 26, 2008.^[5] The music video for "Finally" was filmed by Marc Webb, but has yet to be released.^[6] Some songs were written with Fergie's old band, Wild Orchid members Renee Sands, and Stefanie Ridel.

Singles [link]

"London Bridge" was released as the lead single from the album on July 18, 2006, and was Fergie's first single as a solo artist. As of January 1, 2008, the single has sold 1,792,912 copies in the U.S. "Fergalicious" is the second single from the album, The Dutchess. It features Black Eyed Peas member will.i.am, who also produced the track. "Fergalicious" was not officially released as the second single in the UK, where "Glamorous" was officially made the second single instead. However, "Fergalicious" still managed to chart at number 26 on the UK Official Download Chart and will be released as the fourth single there, over a year after the song's initial release, as a double A-side with "Clumsy". This is possibly due to the huge success of "Big Girls Don't Cry" in the UK which reached #2, saved the album, and even made it reach a new peak position at #18. As of August 2008, the single has sold over 2,700,000 copies.

"Glamorous" is the third single of The Dutchess; the song features Ludacris. The beat was originally presented to Gwen Stefani as a remix for her single "Luxurious", but the singer ultimately decided not to use it. Ludacris' verse is leftover from that version. In March 2007, the song became Fergie's second number-one single in the United States. The single was released on March 19, 2007 in the UK and was the second single taken from the album. The single was not as successful in Latin America (excluding Mexico, where it proved to be a hit) as "London Bridge" and "Fergalicious". "Glamorous" is the fourth single from the album in Brazil, where "Big Girls Don't Cry" was released as the third single. Fergie sang this song along with "Big Girls Don't Cry" at the Concert for Diana. As of March 2008, the single has sold 2,300,000 copies. "Big Girls Don't Cry", also known as "Big Girls Don't Cry (Personal)", is a song written by Fergie and Toby Gad for Fergie's debut solo album The Dutchess (2006). The song was released as the album's fourth single in 2007 (see 2007 in music) and topped the charts in several countries, most notably in Australia (for nine consecutive weeks - also becoming the number-one single in the ARIA's Year End Charts for 2007), and in the United States. It was the most played song of 2007 in Brazil (the success of the song there is due to Big Brother Brasil, which chose the song as the theme of the most popular couple of the show) and the most downloaded track in the U.S., with astonishing sales of more than 2,750,000 copies sold. In July 2007, Fergie performed the song at the Concert for Diana and Live Earth. By the end of August 2007, the song became Fergie's third number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was nominated in the 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance' category at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards, which was held February 10, 2008.

"Clumsy" was written by Fergie and will.i.am, sampling Little Richard's "The Girl Can't Help It", Deee-Lite's "Who Was That", and a small part of MC Lyte's "Poor Georgie". The song was released as the album's fifth single. The song peaked at number five in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100, making it the fifth consecutive top-five single from The Dutchess. Fergie has also had five consecutive top 5 hits from a debut album on the ARIA Charts in Australia making her the first artist to do so since Delta Goodrem in 2003 with Innocent Eyes who had five consecutive number ones. Initially "Clumsy" was Fergie's least successful single, but later it was replaced by "Finally". "Here I Come" is a song produced and featured will.i.am. The track was released as a single in Australia in January 2008. It reached 22 on Australia Singles Chart and 122 on Billboard Hot 100. It was used on the commercials that advertised the debut of the new channel CW and in a Motorola Rockr commercial for Brazil and Portugal featuring Fergie. "Finally" is the sixth single from The Dutchess. It was sent to U.S. radio on February 26, 2008. It is the album's least successful single. It featured John Legend on piano.

Promotional singles [link]

"Party People" was released as the first single from Nelly's fifth studio album Brass Knuckles. The song is also a single from the Deluxe Edition of The Dutchess. It reached 40 in the USA and 14 in the UK.

"Labels or Love" is the second single from the Deluxe Edition of The Dutchess, and eighth overall. The song did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100, but in UK it reached 56. This is the last single from the album and a music video was filmed.

Critical reception [link]

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source	Rating
About.com	^[7]
Allmusic	^[8]
Robert Christgau	^[9]
Entertainment Weekly	B+^[10]
Now Magazine	(C)^[11]
Prefix Magazine	^[12]
Rolling Stone	^[13]
Slant Magazine	^[14]
Yahoo! Music	(B)^[15]

Initial critical response to The Dutchess was mixed. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 58, based on 15 reviews, which indicates "average reviews". Andy Kellman from Allmusic gave to the album a rating of 2/5 stars and claimed that: "The Dutchess has all the characteristics of a release fronted by someone who has been itching to go solo and prove herself, once and for all, as a versatile force all her own". But that "The whole process, produced mostly by fellow Pea will.i.am, is mildly entertaining but tremendously taxing".^[16] A positive review came from Bill Lamb of About.com, who gave to the album a rating of 4/5 stars. He stated that "Fergie proves herself a skilled entertainer that can make you dance, laugh, nearly cry, and just have a really good time." He finished the review, saying that "The Dutchess is one of the top debuts of the year. Similar to Gwen Stefani's experience, this album is good enough to pull into question the wisdom of Fergie sticking with The Black Eyed Peas or considering striking out on her own.^[17] Another favorable review came from Entertainment Weekly's Leah Greenblatt' who say that "The Dutchess reaches further than most albums by contemporary divas."^[18] The Uncut review of The Dutchess was also positive, considering the album "One of the most rambunctiously entertaining and high-spirited records of 2006". Dan Gennoe from Dot Music was also favorable to the album, naming The Dutchess as an "exceptionally random R&B mixtape".^[19] Kathryn Perry from The Phoenix described The Dutchess as "An eclectic, danceable collection of hip-hop, R&B, and pop confections".^[20]

Chart performance [link]

The Dutchess debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 in the United States with sales of more than 150,000 in its first week.^[21] 51 weeks after its release, The Dutchess climbed to a new peak of number two in the U.S.^[22] In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number 27 with 9,110 copies sold.^{[citation needed]} The song "Losing My Ground" was the upcoming single, though it was replaced for "Glamorous" for unknown reasons. In a matter of weeks it dropped out of the chart altogether until the success of "Glamorous" when the album shot up from 77 to 28. Again, after the success of "Big Girls Don't Cry", the album climbed to 19 and after dropping a few places, went back up to its number 18 peak. To date, the album has produced three Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits, including "London Bridge", "Glamorous", and "Big Girls Don't Cry", with "Fergalicious" peaking at number two. Fifth single "Clumsy" peaked at the number five on the chart. A remix of "Big Girls Don't Cry", which features Sean Kingston, became an iTunes-only single and the new song "Pick It Up" (which appears on the Japanese re-released edition of the album) will become a single in Japan.^{[citation needed]}

Track listing [link]

No.	Title	Writer(s)	Producer(s)	Length
1.	"Fergalicious" (featuring will.i.am)	Will Adams, Stacy Ferguson, Dania Birks, Juana Burns, Juanita Lee, Kim Nazel, Fatima Shaheed, Derrick Rahming	will.i.am	4:52
2.	"Clumsy"	Adams, Ferguson, Bobby Troup	will.i.am	4:01
3.	"All That I Got (The Make Up Song)" (featuring will.i.am)	Adams, Ferguson, Keith Harris, Lionel Richie, Ronald Lapread, Sr.	Keith Harris, will.i.am, Ron Fair*	4:05
4.	"London Bridge"	Ferguson, Jamal Jones, Sean Garrett, Mike Hartnett	Polow da Don	4:01
5.	"Pedestal"	Ferguson, Printz Board	Printz Board	3:22
6.	"Voodoo Doll"	Ferguson, Adams	will.i.am	4:23
7.	"Glamorous" (featuring Ludacris)	Ferguson, Jones, Adams, Elvis Williams, Christopher Bridges	Polow da Don	4:06
8.	"Here I Come" (featuring will.i.am)	Adams, Ferguson, William Robinson, Jr.	will.i.am	3:21
9.	"Velvet"	Ferguson, George Pajon, Jr., Michael Fratantuno	will.i.am, George Pajon, Jr.	4:53
10.	"Big Girls Don't Cry"	Ferguson, Toby Gad	will.i.am, Ron Fair* taboo	4:28
11.	"Mary Jane Shoes" (featuring Rita Marley and the I-Threes)	Ferguson, Vincent Ford, Adams	will.i.am	3:55
12.	"Losing My Ground"	Ferguson, Stefanie Ridel, Renee Sandstrom, Rob Boldt	Rob Boldt, Ron Fair	4:08
13.	"Finally"	John Stephens, Ferguson, Ridel	John Legend, Ron Fair, Stefanie Ridel*	4:53

(*) Denotes vocal producer

American iTunes Store bonus tracks^[23]
No.	Title	Writer(s)	Producer(s)	Length
14.	"Close to You"	Ferguson, Boldt	Rob Boldt, Ron Fair	4:26
15.	"Paradise"	Adams, Ferguson, Jay Beckenstein	will.i.am	4:08

Deluxe edition bonus tracks^[24]
No.	Title	Writer(s)	Producer(s)	Length
14.	"Barracuda"	Ann Wilson, Nancy Wilson, Roger Fisher, Michael DeRosier	will.i.am	4:39
15.	"Party People" (Nelly featuring Fergie)	Cornell Haynes, Jr., Jones, Garrett, Ferguson	Polow da Don	4:02
16.	"Clumsy" (Collipark Remix) (featuring Soulja Boy Tell 'Em)	Adams, Ferguson, Troup	will.i.am	3:52
17.	"Labels or Love"	Salaam Remi, Rico Love, Douglas Cuomo	Salaam Remi	3:51

Charts and certifications [link]

Charts [link]

Chart	Peak position
Australian Albums Chart^[25]	1
Austrian Albums Chart^[26]	17
Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders)^[27]	45
Belgian Albums Chart (Wallonia)^[27]	63
Canadian Albums Chart^[28]	4
Danish Albums Chart^[29]	27
Dutch Albums Chart^[30]	46
French Albums Chart^[31]	44
German Albums Chart^[25]	11
Irish Albums Chart^[25]	9
Japanese Albums Chart^[32]	3
New Zealand Albums Chart^[25]	2
Norwegian Albums Chart^[27]	17
Polish Albums Chart^[25]	14
Portuguese Albums Chart^[27]	25
Spanish Albums Chart^[27]	93
Swedish Albums Chart^[27]	35
Swiss Albums Chart^[25]	11
UK Albums Chart^[25]	19
US Billboard 200^[25]	2

The Dutchess EP

Chart (2008)	Peak position	Sales/shipments
U.S. Billboard 200^[25]	46	14,466

End of year charts [link]

Year	Country	Chart	Ranking
2007	Australia	ARIA	5^[33]
2008	Australia	ARIA	64^[34]

Certifications [link]

Country	Certification (sales thresholds)
Argentina	Gold^[35]
Australia	3× Platinum^[36]
Brazil	Platinum^[37]
Canada	3× Platinum^[38]
Denmark	Gold^[39]
Germany	Gold^[40]
Japan	Platinum^[41]
New Zealand	Platinum^[42]
Poland	Platinum^[43]
Russia	3× Platinum^[44]
Switzerland	Gold^[45]
United States	3× Platinum^[46]

Preceded by Time on Earth by Crowded House	Australian ARIA Albums Chart number-one album July 30, 2007 – August 20, 2007	Succeeded by Where We Land by Damien Leith

Awards [link]

MTV Australia Video Music Awards

Sexiest Video – "Fergalicious" (2007)

MuchMusic Video Awards

Best International Video – "Fergalicious" (2007)
Best International Video – Artist (2008)

Juno Awards

Best International Album – The Dutchess (2008)

ASCAP Awards

Song of the Year – "Big Girls Don't Cry" (2008)

MTV Japan Video Music Awards

Best Female Video – "Big Girls Don't Cry" (2008)

Teen Choice Awards

Best (2008)

References [link]

^ "Week Ending April 19, 2009: She's The Youngest To Ever Do It - Chart Watch". New.music.yahoo.com. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/33072/week-ending-april-19-2009-shes-the-youngest-to-ever-do-it/. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
^ mtv.com MTV.com. Retrieved August 16, 2006.
^ Steffen Hung. "Fergie - The Dutchess". australian-charts.com. http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?key=37340&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
^ Australian ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart. ARIA. Retrieved on August 26, 2007.
^ R&R :: Going For Adds :: CHR/Top 40
^ Video Static: Music Video News: March 9, 2008–March 15, 2008
^ "Review: Fergie's The Dutchess". About.com. http://top40.about.com/od/albums/fr/fergiedutchess.htm.
^ "Review: Fergie's The Dutchess". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r854152.
^ The Dutchess album review by Robert Christgau MSNMusic Retrieved 2010-08-12
^ "Review: Fergie's The Dutchess". Entertainment Weekly. 2006-09-18. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1535137,00.html.
^ "Review: The Dutchess". Now Magazine. http://www.nowtoronto.com/music/discs.cfm?content=155537&archive=26,3,2006.
^ "Review: The Dutchess". Prefix Magazine. http://www.prefixmag.com/reviews/fergie/the-dutchess/15512/.
^ The dutchess Review by Rolling Stone Rolling Stone Retrieved 2010-08-12
^ "Review: The Dutchess". Slant Magazine. http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/fergie-the-dutchess/957/.
^ "Review: The Dutchess". Yahoo! Music. http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/060929/33/20pxc.html/.
^ The Dutchess review Allmusic Retrieved 2010-08-12
^ The Dutchess review About.com Retrieved 2010-08-12
^ Greenblatt, Leah (2006-09-18). "The Dutchess | News". EW.com. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1535137,00.html. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
^ "Fergie The Dutchess Album Review, New album reviews and latest album releases on Yahoo! Music". Yahoo!. 2006-10-01. http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/060929/33/20pxc.html. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
^ Perry, Kathryn (2006-10-10). "Fergie - CD Reviews - Boston Phoenix". Thephoenix.com. http://thephoenix.com/Boston/music/24519-fergie-the-dutchess/. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
^ Billboard Album Charts - Top 200 Albums - Music Retail Sales
^ 'High School Musical 2' Still Tops On Billboard 200
^ "The Dutchess - Fergie". iTunes Store. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/the-dutchess/id193131169?l=es. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
^ "Amazon.com: The Dutchess - Deluxe: Fergie: Music". amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00181XY44. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Fergie - The Dutchess - Music Charts". aCharts.us. http://acharts.us/album/14602. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
^ "Fergie - The Dutchess - austriancharts.at". Austrian Charts. Hung Medien. http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Fergie&titel=The+Dutchess&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Fergie - The Dutchess World Charts". Ultratop 50. Hung Medien. http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Fergie&titel=The+Dutchess&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
^ "Fergie > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p587339/charts-awards. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
^ Steffen Hung. "Fergie - The Dutchess". danishcharts.com. http://www.danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Fergie&titel=The+Dutchess&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
^ "Dutch Top 100 Albums"
^ "France Top 200 Albums"
^ "ファーギーのプロフィール" (in Japanese). Oricon. Oricon Style. http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/306108/. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
^ "ARIA Top 100 Albums 2007". Aria.com.au. http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2007.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
^ [1]^{[dead link]}
^ "Intérprete Título - Galardones". Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers. http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=Fergie&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP. Retrieved 2010-07-22.
^ "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2007 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesARIACharts-Accreditations-2007Albums.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
^ "Certificados Interna" (in Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos. http://www.abpd.org.br/certificados_interna.asp. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
^ "Gold & Platinum Certification". Canadian Recording Industry Association. http://www.cria.ca/gold/0108_g.php. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
^ "Guld og platin 2009". IFPI Denmark. http://www.ifpi.dk/index.php?pk_menu=262. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank ('The Dutchess')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=The+Dutchess&strInterpret=&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
^ "Work list of November 2006 and certified gold". RIAJ. http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaj.or.jp%2Fdata%2Fothers%2Fgold%2F200611.html. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
^ "Top 40 Albums". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp. Retrieved 2010-07-22. Note: The reader must select Chart #1576 - Monday 6 August 7 to show the certification.
^ "Platinum certification awards" (in Polish). Polish Music Charts. http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/platynowe/index.php. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
^ "Gold and Platinum International Albums in Russia – 2005" (in Russian). National Federation of Phonogram Producers. 2M. http://web.archive.org/web/20090124001139/http://2m-online.ru/gold_n_platinum/detail.php?COUNTRY=5076. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
^ "Swiss Award - The Dutchess". Swiss Music Charts. Hung Medien. http://swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=the+dutchess. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
^ "Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - The Dutchess". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=The%20Dutchess&artist=&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved 2010-07-23.

External links [link]

The Dutchess at Metacritic

v t e Fergie

Studio albums	The Dutchess

Singles	"London Bridge" "Fergalicious" "Glamorous" "Big Girls Don't Cry" "Clumsy" "Finally"

Promotional singles	"Here I Come" "Labels or Love"

Featured singles	"Impacto (Remix)" "Sing" "Party People" "That Ain't Cool" "Just Stand Up!" "We Are The World 25 for Haiti" "Gettin' Over You" "Beautiful Dangerous"

Concert tours	Verizon VIP Tour

Related articles	Discography Wild Orchid Kids Incorporated The Black Eyed Peas "All of the Lights"

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