A lemon orchard in the Upper Galilee in Israel.

A community apple orchard originally planted for productive use during the 1920s, in Westcliff on Sea (Essex, England)

Streuobstwiese, a rural community orchard, traditionally for productive use. Today endorsed for its quality of habitat and biodiversity

An orchard is an intentional planting of trees or shrubs that is maintained for food production. Orchards comprise fruit or nut-producing trees which are grown for commercial production. Orchards are also sometimes a feature of large gardens, where they serve an aesthetic as well as a productive purpose.^[1] A fruit garden is generally synonymous with an orchard, although it is set on a smaller non-commercial scale and may emphasize berry shrubs in preference to fruit trees.

Most temperate-zone orchards are laid out in a regular grid, with a grazed or mown grass or bare soil base that makes maintenance and fruit gathering easy.

Many Orchards where originally planted alongside Public Houses so that the fruit could be harvested to make alcohol, such as cider and wine. Many traditional pubs still maintain their orchards as to keep with tradition but alcohol is rarely made from its fruit. The Old Orchard in Devon still produces cider from its orchard.

Orchards are often concentrated near bodies of water, where climatic extremes are moderated and blossom time is retarded until frost danger is past.

The forest garden is a food production system that is closely related to the orchard. A move towards more ecologically-friendly coffee production has led to forest-garden production of coffee. Brazil nuts and rubber are produced in such a method in some areas.

Often, mixed orchards are planted. In Europe, quince is sometimes planted along with apples.

Meadow orchard (Streuobstwiese)[link]

Streuobstwiese (pl. Streuobstwiesen) is a German word that means a meadow with scattered fruit trees or fruit trees that are planted in a field.^[2] Streuobstwiese, or a meadow orchard,^[3] is a traditional landscape in the temperate, maritime climate of continental Western Europe. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Streuobstwiesen were a kind of a rural community orchard that were intended for productive cultivation of stone fruit. In recent years, ecologists have successfully lobbied for state subsidies to valuable habitats, biodiversity and natural landscapes, which are also used to preserve old meadow orchards. Both conventional and meadow orchards provide a suitable habitat for many animal species that live in a cultured landscape. A notable example is the hoopoe that nests in tree hollows of old fruit trees and, in the absence of alternative nesting sites, is threatened in many parts of Europe, because of the destruction of old orchards.^[4]

Crops[link]

Layout[link]

At the Orchard painting by Canadian Artist

An orchard's layout is the technique of planting the crops in a proper system. There are different methods of planting and thus different layouts. Some of these layout types include:

1. Square method
2. Rectangular method
3. Quincunx method
4. Triangular method
5. Hexagonal (or Equilateral triangle) method
6. Contour (or Terracing) method

For different varieties, these systems may vary by some extent.

Orchards by region[link]

Apple orchards in Azwell, Washington surrounding a community of pickers' cabins

Sour cherry orchard on Lake Erie shoreline (Leamington, Ontario)

The most extensive orchards in the United States are apple and orange orchards, although citrus orchards are more commonly called groves. The most extensive apple orchard area is in eastern Washington state, with a lesser but significant apple orchard area in most of Upstate New York. Extensive orange orchards are found in Florida and southern California. In eastern North America, many orchards are along the shores of Lake Michigan (such as the Fruit Ridge Region), Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.

In Canada, apple and other fruit orchards are widespread on the Niagara Peninsula, south of Lake Ontario. This region is known as Canada Fruitbelt and, in addition to large-scale commercial fruit marketing, it is a favorite playground for "pick-your-own" activities in the summer.

Murcia is a major orchard area (or la huerta) in Europe, with citrus crops. New Zealand, China, Argentina and Chile also have extensive apple orchards.

Towns associated with orchards[link]

Tenbury Wells in Worcestershire has been called The Town in the Orchard, since the 19th century, because it was surrounded by extensive orchards. Today, this heritage is celebrated through an annual Applefest.^[5]

Airports associated with orchards[link]

• ORD
• Orchard Field

Historical orchards[link]

Old growth apple orchard in Ottawa, Canada

• Orchard House in Concord, Massachusetts was the residence of American celebrated writer Louisa May Alcott.
• Fruita, Utah part of Capitol Reef National Park has Mormon pioneer orchards maintained by the United States National Park Service.

Orchard conservation and promotion organisations and schemes within England[link]

• Natural England, through its Countryside Stewardship Scheme, Environmental Stewardship and Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme, gives grant aid and advice for the maintenance, enhancement or re-creation of historical orchards.^[6]

• The 'Orchard Link' organisation provides advice on how to manage and restore the county of Devon's orchards, as well as enabling the local community to use the local orchard produce.^[7] An organisation called 'Orchards Live' carries out similar work in North Devon.^[8]

• The 'People's Trust for Endangered Species' aims to locate, assess and map every traditional orchard within England.^[9]

• The UK Biodiversity Partnership lists traditional orchards and a priority UK Biodiversity Action Plan habitat.^[10]

• The Wiltshire Traditional Orchards Project maps, conserves and restores traditional orchards within Wiltshire, England.

See also[link]

Trees portal

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Orchard

• Home Orchard Society
• North American Fruit Explorers
• Orchards pathway on England In Particular
• Pennsylvania tree fruit production guide; a guide on how to set up an orchard in practice
• Traditional Orchards A Summary by Natural England. Other free publications are also available in the same series on this website.
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orchard". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Liam Clancy
Liam Clancy (right) with singer Odetta in 2006.
Background information
Birth name	William Clancy
Born	(1935-09-02)2 September 1935
Origin	Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary, Ireland
Died	4 December 2009(2009-12-04) (aged 74) Cork, Ireland
Genres	Folk, traditional Irish
Occupations	Musician, actor
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, concertina
Years active	1955–2009
Associated acts	The Clancy Brothers, Makem and Clancy
Website	http://www.liamclancy.com/

William "Liam" Clancy (2 September 1935 – 4 December 2009) (Irish Liam Mac Fhlannchadha) was an Irish folk singer and actor from Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary. He was the youngest and last surviving member of performing group The Clancy Brothers. The group were regarded as Ireland's first pop stars.^[1] They recorded 55 albums, achieving global sales of millions and appearing at a sold-out Carnegie Hall, New York and the Royal Albert Hall, London.^[2][3]

Liam was regarded as the group's most powerful vocalist.^[4] Bob Dylan regarded him as the greatest ballad singer ever,^[1][3][5][6] whilst Gay Byrne described him as one of the “most famous four Irishmen in the world”.^[2] He was a central figure during the 1960s folk revival,^[3] on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.^[7] Shortly before his death in 2009 The Irish Times said Clancy "does seem a little like a figure from the Pleistocene era":^[8] upon his death the newspaper said his legacy was secured.^[7]

Biography[link]

As a child he was known as William or Willie.^[9] He displayed an artistic disposition at an early age, while growing up in Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary. Born there he was in 1935 as one of eleven children of Robert Joseph Clancy and Joanna McGrath.^[2] The first song he learned was "The Croppy Boy".^[4] He received a Christian Brothers education before taking a job as an insurance man in Dublin.^[2] Whilst there he also took night classes at the National College of Art and Design.^[2]

However, while still in his teens, Liam explored writing and painting, though he was particularly drawn to the theatre. In his early performing days, he began to call himself Liam rather than William or Willie. Before he was twenty years old, Liam had founded the local dramatic society now called "Brewery Lane Theatre and Arts Centre", and had produced, directed, set-directed, and starred in John Millington Synge's The Playboy of the Western World. Liam also performed at the renowned Gaiety Theatre in Dublin.^[10] He encountered Diane Hamilton Guggenheim when she came to his hometown to visit his mother, and set off on a tour of Ireland alongside her.^[2][3] During her 1955 trip to Keady, Clancy encountered Tommy Makem for the first time.^[2] He would later pursue Guggenheim to the United States.^[3] He referred to Greenwich Village as "the island for people escaped from repressed backgrounds".^[7]

Clancy began singing with his brothers at fund-raising events for the Cherry Lane Theatre and the Guthrie benefits. The Clancy Brothers & Tommy Makem, began recording on Paddy Clancy's Tradition label in the late 1950s. Liam Clancy played guitar in addition to singing and also recorded several solo albums. They recorded their seminal The Rising of the Moon album in 1959, giving live performances in the American cities of Boston, Chicago and New York.^[2] A record-breaking sixteen minute long performance^[9] on American TV's The Ed Sullivan Show on 17 March 1961 launched the group into stardom.^[2][3] They were supposed to only play two songs but the main act cancelled at short notice.^[11] There were international tours, which included performances at Carnegie Hall (a sell-out in 1962)^[11] and the Royal Albert Hall.^[3] Their trademark attire was Aran geansaí—these were sent across the water by Mrs Clancy for her boys to wear against the unforgiving American climate.^[3] The quartet recorded numerous albums for Columbia Records and enjoyed great success during the 1960s folk revival. Liam was a close friend of Bob Dylan when they both were going out with two sisters in New York. He performed live for United States President John F. Kennedy.^[12] Liam Clancy was the last surviving member of the original Clancy Brothers; Tom Clancy died on November 7, 1990, Patrick Clancy died on November 11, 1998 and Tommy Makem died on August 1, 2007. Liam said of his status as last known survivor,

“There was always a pecking order, especially when you’re working with family. But they all died off, and I got to the top of the pecking order, with nobody looking over my shoulder. There’s a great sense of freedom about that”.^[2]

After The Clancy Brothers split, Liam had a solo career in Canada.^[3] He made several television performances both in CBC's National television variety show, The Irish Rovers Show from Vancouver and in Calgary, Alberta.^[2] He had a hit with "The Dutchman" and presented his own television show in Calgary, also appearing on the CBC concert series Summer Evening in 1976.^[13] In 1975, he was booked to play a festival in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, where Tommy Makem was also playing.^[2] The two played a set together and formed Makem and Clancy, performing in numerous concerts and recording several albums as a duo, until 1988.^[2] The whole ensemble also got back together in the 1980s for a reunion tour.^[2][3] After the death of Tom Clancy in 1990, Liam came together with Paddy and Bobby Clancy and nephew Robbie O'Connell.^[2] He also performed alongside his Fayreweather Band and the Phil Coulter Orchestra.^[2]

In later life, Liam maintained a solo career accompanied by musicians Paul Grant and Kevin Evans, whilst also engaging in other pursuits. He lived in County Waterford at this stage.^[3] He had a recording studio in Ring, County Waterford.^[2]

In 2001, Liam Clancy published a memoir titled The Mountain of the Women. He also was in No Direction Home, the 2005 Bob Dylan documentary directed by Martin Scorsese.^[2]

In 2006, Clancy was profiled in a two-hour documentary titled The Legend of Liam Clancy, produced by Anna Rodgers and John Murray with Crossing the Line Films, and screened on the Irish channel RTÉ. In February 2007, this documentary won the award for best series at the Irish Film and Television Awards in Dublin. In 2008 Liam performed in a filmed concert titled Liam Clancy and Friends, Live at The Bitter End which featured the last filmed performance of his friend Odetta, as well as songs from Tom Paxton, Shane MacGowan, Gemma Hayes, Eric Bibb, and Fionn Regan as well as members of Danú.

The same director Alan Gilsenan went on to direct a full length biography of Liam Clancy, The Yellow Bittern: The Life and Times of Liam Clancy.^[5] This was released at the 2009 Dublin Film Festival and went on to have a theatrical and DVD release in Ireland the UK. The film includes appearances by Pete Seeger, Jean Ritchie, Bob Dylan, Odetta, and many others^[12] as well as much unseen archive such as The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem at Newport Festival. The Irish Times praised the film and director Gilsenan who it said had "tracked down an impressive number of secondary sources, and his use of other performers’ music is often inspired".^[8]

His final album The Wheels of Life was released in 2009: this included duets with Mary Black and Gemma Hayes as well as songs by Tom Paxton and Donovan.^[2]

Liam was an ardent proponent of political views and often outspoken on matters of social injustice right up until his death.^[14] He criticised both Gulf Wars and the grim, harsh economic climate which gripped Ireland during his last months alive.^[4] He told The Irish Times in September 2009 that he was on his “last legs”.^[15] He had already given his final performance, at the National Concert Hall the previous May, during which he recited the Dylan Thomas poem "And death shall have no dominion".^[15] He was unable to perform a full-length show on the final night of a two-night sold-out run but put in a 40-minute appearance nonetheless.^[16] His manager described it as “a very profound moment. He expressed his fear of dying, but he did it with great dignity”.^[15]

Death[link]

Liam Clancy died from pulmonary fibrosis on 4 December 2009, in Bon Secours Hospital in Cork, Ireland. Bobby Clancy died of the same disease seven years previously^[5] and is buried in the new cemetery in Ring, Co. Waterford, where he spent the last number of years of his life, owning a successful recording studio. Clancy was survived by his wife, Kim, and their four children, Eben, Siobhán, Fiona and Donal, as well three previous children Sean, Andrew and Anya.^[3][5] His son Eben was in the process of coming over from the United Kingdom and he had had a chat with his son Donal who was in the middle of a tour of California.^[16] The other three sat beside him as he died.^[3] Liam had intended to give another interview at the time but succumbed to the disease before this was possible.^[16]

The leader of Fine Gael, Enda Kenny, mourned the loss of a "brilliant musician".^[5] Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism Martin Cullen said, "Liam Clancy was a nationally and internationally renowned folk singer and was an example of an absolutely dedicated artistic craftsman. This generous and life-giving person enriched all of our lives with memorable songs and was part of the fabric of Ireland’s proud traditional music culture".^[17] Alan Gilsenan described the death as the "end of an era".^[5]

The American city of Boston was said to be in shock at the news as his influence there is "inescapable".^[18] Radio disc jockeys in New York paid tribute to the man who, according to the New York Daily News, "played a major role in defining how Americans heard Irish popular music over the last half century", with one DJ saying The Clancy Brothers had "broke down a wall that was long overdue".^[19] Christy Moore, on a prescheduled appearance on The Late Late Show aired live on the night of Liam's death, said, "I would have been listening to Radio Luxembourg and rock 'n' roll as a young fellow and then I got to hear of the Clancy brothers, when I was 16 I came to Dublin to hear them in a concert. It was about 1962, I think it was the Olympia, it was the most exciting concert I had ever attended. It was Irish, it was rock 'n' roll, it was funky and it was even sexy".^[20][21]

Clancy's lunchtime funeral at St Mary's Church in Dungarvan on 7 December was attended by hundreds of mourners, including both the Aides de Camp of the Taoiseach and President of Ireland, Minister Cullen and various musicians and artists.^[22] He was later buried in Ring.^[22]

Discography[link]

Solo recordings[link]

• 1965 – Liam Clancy – Vanguard LP/CD

*re-released with bonus tracks as 'Irish Troubadour' on Vanguard CD

• 1974 – Farewell to Tarwaithie – Plainsong LP

*on Shanachie CD as "The Dutchman"

• 2007 - Yes Those Were The Days: The Essential Liam Clancy Dolphin Records
• 2008 - “The Wheels of Life”, Dolphin Records
• Kerrygold Cheddar Cheese – special edition 45rpm – unknown year

Guest recordings[link]

• 1955 – The Lark in the Morning – Tradition LP/Rykodisc CD
• 1956 – The Countess Cathleen – Tradition LP
• 1989 – Phil Coulter: Words and Music – Shanachie CD
• 1992 – Phil Coulter: A Touch of Tranquility – Shanachie CD
• 1994 – Joanie Madden: Whistle on the Wind – Green Linnet CD
• 1999 – Cherish the Ladies: At Home – RCA CD
• 2000 – The Boys Won't Leave the Girls Alone – Windham Hill CD
• 2002 – Danú: All Things Considered – Shanachie CD

Clancy Brothers & Tommy Makem[link]

Tradition Records

• The Lark in the Morning – Tradition LP/Rykodisc CD – (1955)
• The Rising of the Moon (or Irish Songs of Rebellion) (1956, 1959 second version)
• Come Fill Your Glass with Us (or Irish Songs of Drinking and Blackguarding) (1959)
• The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem (self-titled) – (1961)

Columbia Records

• A Spontaneous Performance Recording (1961)
• Hearty and Hellish! A Live Nightclub Performance (1962)
• The Boys Won't Leave the Girls Alone (1962) – 2 stereo issues (one includes alternate mixes)

*the last two albums were issued on now out of print Shanachie CDs

• In Person at Carnegie Hall (1963) – also on Columbia CD
• The First Hurrah! (1964)
• Recorded LIVE in Ireland (1965)
• Isn't It Grand, Boys (1966)
• Freedom's Sons (1966)
• In Concert (1967) – also on Columbia CD
• The Irish Uprising (1967)
• Home, Boys, Home (1968)
• Sing of the Sea (1968)
• The Bold Fenian Men (1969)
• Reunion (1984) – Released on Blackbird LP/Shanachie CD
• Luck Of The Irish – Columbia/Sony compilation. Contains 1 new song (Wars Of Germany) and 3 new performances of previously released songs: (Home Boys Home, The Old Orange Flute and They're Moving Father's Grave To Build A Sewer) (1992)
• Bob Dylan 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration (1992)
• Irish Drinking Songs (1993) – contains unreleased material from the Carnegie Hall album
• Ain't it Grand: A Collection of Unissued Gems (1995) – unreleased material from the 1960s era

The Clancy Brothers (Liam, Tom, Pat, Bobby)[link]

• Christmas – Columbia LP/CD (1969)
• Flowers in the Valley – Columbia LP (1970)

Audio Fidelity Records

• Welcome to Our House (1970)

Lou Killen, Paddy, Liam, Tom Clancy[link]

Audio Fidelity Records

• Show Me The Way (1972)
• Save the Land! (1972)
• Live on St. Patrick's Day (1973)

Vanguard Records

• Clancy Brothers Greatest Hits (1973) – Vanguard LP/CD

*This was reissued as 'Best of the Vanguard Years' with bonus material from the 1982 Live! album with Bobby Clancy and Robbie O'Connell.

Liam Clancy and Tommy Makem[link]

Blackbird and Shanachie Records

• Tommy Makem and Liam Clancy (1976)
• The Makem & Clancy Concert (1977)
• Two for the Early Dew (1978)
• The Makem and Clancy Collection (1980) – contains previously released material and singles
• Live At The National Concert Hall (1983)
• We've Come A Long Way (1986)

Bob Dylan[link]

• The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration (Pat, Liam & Bobby Clancy sing "When The Ship Comes In" with Tommy Makem and Robbie O'Connell)

The Clancy Brothers (Tom, Pat, Bobby) and Robbie O'Connell[link]

• Mini CD (3 inch disc)

The Clancy Brothers (Liam, Pat, Bobby) and Robbie O'Connell[link]

• Older But No Wiser – Vanguard (1995)

Clancy, Evans, and Doherty[link]

• 1996 – Shine on Brighter – Popular CD

Clancy, O'Connell & Clancy[link]

Helvic Records

• Clancy, O'Connell & Clancy – (1997)
• The Wild And Wasteful Ocean – (1998)

Filmography[link]

• 1984 – The Story of the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem – Shanchie
• 1984 – Reunion Concert: Belfast – Shanachie
• circa 1985 – Pete Seeger's Rainbow Quest (1965) – Central Sun / Shanachie (reissue)
• 1997 – Farewell to Ireland – Pinnacle Vision
• 2007 – Yes...Those Were the Days: Liam Clancy – Live at the Olympia, Dublin – unknown distributor

*originally released in 1992 as "In Close Up: Volumes 1 and 2"

• 2007 – The Best of 'Hootenanny' – Shout!
• 2009 – The Yellow Bittern: The life and times of Liam Clancyhttp://www.liamclancymovie.com/

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site
• Liam Clancy at the Internet Movie Database
• Liam Clancy on Tubridy Tonight (22 March 2008)
• Obituary at The Irish Times
• Obituary in The Daily Telegraph
• Obituary
• Sineád Crowley, RTÉ Arts & Media Correspondent, looks back at the life and career of folk legend Liam Clancy (Video)
• Troubadour who didn't do justice to his talent- Saturday, December 12, 2009, The Irish Times
• Clancy Brother's Festival
• The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem
• The Yellow Bittern - The life and times of Liam Clancy (Documentary)

Masanobu Fukuoka
Fukuoka throwing a seedball at a 2002 workshop at Navdanya
Born	(1913-02-02)2 February 1913 Iyo, Japan
Died	16 August 2008(2008-08-16) (aged 95)
Nationality	Japanese
Occupation	Agricultural scientist, farmer, philosopher
Known for	Philosophy, Natural farming
Notable work(s)	The One-Straw Revolution
Awards	Ramon Magsaysay Award, Desikottam Award, Earth Council Award

Masanobu Fukuoka (福岡 正信, Fukuoka Masanobu^?, 2 February 1913 – 16 August 2008) was a Japanese farmer and philosopher celebrated for his natural farming and re-vegetation of desertified lands. He was a proponent of no-till, no-herbicide grain cultivation farming methods traditional to many indigenous cultures,^[1] from which he created a particular method of farming, commonly referred to as "Natural Farming" or "Do-Nothing Farming".^[2][3][4]

He was the author of several Japanese books, scientific papers and other publications, and was featured in television documentaries and interviews from the 1970s onwards.^[5] His influences went beyond farming to inspire individuals within the natural food and lifestyle movements. He was an outspoken advocate of the value of observing nature's principles.^[6]

Life[link]

Fukuoka was born on 2 February 1913 in Iyo, Ehime, Japan, the second son of Kameichi Fukuoka, an educated and wealthy land owner and local leader. He attended Gifu Prefecture Agricultural College and trained as a microbiologist and agricultural scientist, beginning a career as a research scientist specialising in plant pathology. He worked at the Plant Inspection Division of the Yokohama Customs Bureau in 1934 as an agricultural customs inspector. In 1937 he was hospitalised with pneumonia, and while recovering he stated that he had a profound spiritual experience that transformed his world view^[7][8][9] and led him to doubt the practices of modern "Western" agricultural science. He immediately resigned from his post as a research scientist, returning to his family's farm on the island of Shikoku in southern Japan.

From 1938, Fukuoka began to practise and experiment with new techniques on organic citrus orchards and used the observations gained to develop the idea of "Natural Farming". Among other practices, he abandoned pruning an area of the citrus trees, which caused the trees to become affected by insects and tangled branches. He stated that the experience taught him the difference between nature and non-intervention.^[10][11] His efforts were interrupted by World War II, during which he worked at the Kōchi Prefecture agricultural experiment station on subjects including farming research and food production.

Iyo, Ehime. Place of Fukuoka's family home seen middle right.

In 1940, Fukuoka married his wife Ayako, and over his life they had five children together. After the war, his father lost most of the family lands due to forced redistribution by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers and was left with only three-eighths of an acre of rice land and the hillside citrus orchards his son had taken over before the war. Despite these setbacks, in 1947 he took up natural farming again with success, using no-till farming methods to raise rice and barley. He wrote his first book Mu: The God Revolution, or Mu: Kami no Kakumei (無　神の革命) in Japanese, during the same year, and worked to spread word of the benefits of his methods and philosophy. His later book, The One-Straw Revolution was published in 1975 and translated into English in 1978.

From 1979, Fukuoka travelled the world extensively, giving lectures, working directly to plant seeds and re-vegetate areas, and receiving a number of awards in various countries in recognition of his work and achievements. By the 1980s, Fukuoka recorded that he and his family shipped some 6,000 crates of citrus to Tokyo each year totalling about 90 tonnes.^[9]

During his first journey overseas, Fukuoka was accompanied by his wife Ayako, met macrobiotic diet leaders Michio Kushi and Herman Aihara,^[12]:63 and was guided by his leading supporter and translation editor Larry Korn. They sowed seeds in desertified land, visited the University of California in Berkley and Los Angeles, the Green Gulch Farm Zen Center, the Lundberg Family Farms, and met with United Nations UNCCD representatives including Maurice Strong, who encouraged Fukuoka's practical involvement in the "Plan of Action to Combat Desertification". He also travelled to New York and surrounding areas such as Boston and Amherst College in Massachusetts.

In 1983, he travelled to Europe for 50 days holding workshops, educating farmers and sowing seeds. In 1985, he spent 40 days in Somalia and Ethiopia, sowing seeds to re-vegetate desert areas, including working in remote villages and a refugee camp. The following year he returned to the United States, speaking at three international conferences on natural farming^[12]:343 in Washington state, San Francisco and at the Agriculture Department of the University of California, Santa Cruz. Fukuoka also took the opportunity to visit farms, forests and cities giving lectures and meeting people. In 1988, he lectured at the Indian Science Congress, state agricultural universities and other venues.

Fukuoka went to Thailand in 1990 and 1991, visiting farms and collecting seeds for re-vegetating deserts in India which he returned to during November and December that year to sow seeds in the deserts^[where?] for two months in an attempt to re-vegetate them. The next year saw him participate in official meetings in Japan associated with the Earth Summit in Rio, Brazil, and in 1996 he returned to Africa, sowing seeds in desert areas of Tanzania, observing Baobab trees and jungle country. He taught the making and sowing of clay seed balls in Vietnam during 1995 and attended the World Expo 2005 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan.^[13]

He travelled to the Philippines in 1998, carrying out Natural Farming research, and visited Greece later that year to assist plans to re-vegetate 10,000 hectares around the Lake Vegoritis area in the Pella Prefecture and to produce a film of the major seed ball effort. The next year he returned to Europe, visiting Mallorca.

He visited China in 2001, and in 2002 he returned again to India to speak at the "Nature as Teacher" workshop at Navdanya Farm and at Bija Vidyapeeth Earth University in Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand in northern India. On Gandhi's Day, he gave the third annual Albert Howard Memorial Lecture to attendees from all six continents. That autumn he was to visit Afghanistan with Yuko Honma but was unable to attend, shipping eight tons of seed in his stead. In 2006, he appeared in an hour long interview on Japanese television network NHK.^[14]

Masanobu Fukuoka died on 16 August 2008, at the age of 95, after a period of confinement in bed and in a wheelchair.

Natural Farming[link]

Fukuoka called his agricultural philosophy shizen nōhō (自然農法^?), most commonly translated into English as "natural farming".^[15] It is also referred to as "the Fukuoka Method", "the natural way of farming" or "Do-Nothing Farming", despite being labor intensive.

The system is based on the recognition of the complexity of living organisms that shape an ecosystem and deliberately exploiting it. Fukuoka saw farming not just as a means of producing food but as an aesthetic and spiritual approach to life,^[16] the ultimate goal of which was "the cultivation and perfection of human beings".^[17]

The five principles of Natural Farming^[18] are that:

• human cultivation of soil, plowing or tilling are unnecessary, as is the use of powered machines
• prepared fertilizers are unnecessary, as is the process of preparing compost
• weeding, either by cultivation or by herbicides, is unnecessary. Instead only minimal weed suppression with minimal disturbance
• applications of pesticides or herbicides are unnecessary
• pruning of fruit trees is unnecessary^[19]

Clay seed balls[link]

Fukuoka re-invented and advanced the use of clay seed balls. Clay seeds balls were originally an ancient practice in which seeds for the next season's crops are mixed together, sometimes with humus or compost for microbial inoculants, and then are rolled within clay to form into small balls. This method is now commonly used in guerilla gardening to rapidly seed restricted or private areas.^[20]

Awards[link]

In 1988, Fukuoka received India's most prestigious award, the Desikottam Award^[21] as well as the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service in the Philippines',^[22] often considered "Asia's Nobel Prize".^[23]

In March 1997, the Earth Summit+5 forum in Rio de Janeiro elected to award him with the Earth Council Award,^{[citation needed]} which he received in person at a ceremony in Tokyo on May 26 that year,^[24] honoring him for his contributions to sustainable development.^[21]

In 1998, Fukuoka received a grant of US$10,000 from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund but the grant was returned because his advanced age prevented him from completing the project.^[25]

Influence[link]

In the preface to The One Straw Revolution, Wendell Berry wrote that the Natural Farming system would not be directly applicable to most American farms. In fact, Fukuoka’s techniques have proved difficult to apply, even on most Japanese farms, and is too technically demanding for most people to follow.^[26] Despite this, in the international development of the organic farming movement, Fukuoka is considered to be amongst the "five giant personalities who inspired the movement"^[27] along with Austrian Rudolf Steiner, German-Swiss Hans Müller, Lady Eve Balfour in the United Kingdom and J.I. Rodale in the United States.

One Straw Revolution has been translated into over 20 languages and sold more than one million copies^[28] and Fukuoka has been widely influential, inspiring an international movement of individuals investigating and applying his principles to varying degrees,^[4] such as Akinori Kimura,^[26][29] David Mas Masumoto,^[30] Yoshikazu Kawaguchi, and has significantly influenced alternative movements in the West, such as permaculture.^[31][32]

His books are considered both farming compendiums and guides to a way of life.^[33] His influence likened to that of a "strict and authoritarian grandfather figure" having a tendency to "theorize in a grand way" but not always be practical.^[26] Fukuoka theorized that any ecological system forms an extremely complex "network of relationality" and is a "holistic system", and this included farms themselves. His ideology disregarded causal associations in farming systems, believing that attention should not be on the crops but on the system as a whole. For example, he did not focus on the idea of "harmful insects" requiring to be dealt with, in his system the crops in the farm had to become strong enough to resist insects.^[34]

In Northern Thailand, his visit organized by a former student was influential in the rapid and widespread adoption of organic and chemical-free rice agriculture.^[35]

Criticisms[link]

In some applications, Fukuoka’s famous ‘do-nothing’ techniques have been criticized as “grow-nothing” techniques, leading to crop failures and requiring many years of adaption to make them work.^{[citation needed]} Despite its simple appearance, his technique has been described as sophisticated^[26] and in the initial years of transition from conventional, there is some loss in crop yield, estimated by Fukuoka himself to be about 10%.^{[citation needed]}

Critics argue that he was too focused on the "inner world" and its connection with nature, and did not give attention to the realm of interpersonal relationships or society which are also an essential part of living, and his rejection of mechanization was not justifiable for modern agricultural production.^[36] Fukuoka had few followers or associates in his own native country of Japan.^[6]

Family farm recent developments[link]

Family farm hill, Iyo, Ehime

His farm in Shikoku changed hands to his son and daughter-in-law gradually during the late 1980s, as Fukuoka reached an advanced age^[37] and his grandson now also farms. The family orchards of iyo-kan, amanatsu mikan and related varieties of citrus, and many more fruit and other trees remain.^[28] Many of his iyo-kan and amanatsu mikan trees are still growing, although some old iyo-kan were replaced by new varieties of fruit due to old age. Woodlands remain along with orchards, including some areas of wild vegetables still growing amongst them. Some areas of straw-mulched cropping continue to produce grains and vegetables.

The farm now also features an orchard area of ginko trees, shiitake mushroom crops grow on tree logs in shady woodland, and recent new plantings of limes, grapefruits, feijoas, avocados and mangos exist.^[38][39][40]

Some new experimentation is taking place but, for the most part, the family does not adhere strictly to Fukuoka's method.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography[link]

• 1947 (Japanese) Mu: Kami no Kakumei (無　神の革命^?); First edition self-published in 1947 and re-published in 1973 as Mu I: Kami no Kakumei (無 I　神の革命^?), 280pp., 21 cm; New publishing by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) in 1985 July ISBN 978-4-393-74111-5 and 2004 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74143-6; (Religion (volume) (宗教編, Shūkyō Hen^?)).
  • 1994^[when?] "Mu 1: The God Revolution" Translator Alfred Birnbaum. Japan.^[41]
• 1958 (Japanese) Hyakushō Yawa・「fu*」Shizen Nōhō (百姓夜話・「付」自然農法^?); Self-published in 1958.
• 1969 (Japanese) Mu: Mu no Tetsugaku (無　無の哲学^?); First edition self-published in 1969; re-published in 1985 July as Mu II: Mu no Tetsugaku (無 II　無の哲学^?) by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) ISBN 978-4-393-74112-2; again in 2004 Sept ISBN 978-4-393-74144-3; (Philosophy (volume) (哲学編, Tetsugaku Hen^?)).
• 1972 (Japanese) Mu: Shizen Nōhō (無　自然農法^?) - first edition self-published in 1972. Publication issued by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) in 1985 Oct as Mu III: Shizen Nōhō (無 III　自然農法^?) ISBN 978-4-393-74113-9 and again in 2004 Sept ISBN 978-4-393-74145-0; (Doing-practise (volume) (実践編, Jissen Hen^?)).
• 1975 (Japanese) Shizen Nōhō - Wara Ippon no Kakumei (自然農法　わら一本の革命^?); Published by Hakujusha (柏樹社^?) Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan ISBN?; New publishing by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) in 1983 May ISBN 978-4-393-74103-0 and again in 2004 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74141-2.
  • 1978 "The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming" translators Chris Pearce, Tsune Kurosawa & Larry Korn. Preface Wendell Berry. Rodale Press. 1984– Indian Eng. edns. 30 yr anniv. 2009 republishing NYRB.
• 1975 (Japanese) Shizen Nōhō - Midori no Tetsugaku no Riron to Jissen (自然農法　緑の哲学の理論と実践^?); Published by Jiji Tsūshinsha (時事通信社^?, Jiji Press Co.), Tōkyō, in 1975 Dec, 310pp. ISBN 978-4-7887-7626-5.13-3.
  • 1985 "The Natural Way Of Farming - The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy" translator Frederic P. Metreaud. Japan Publications. Out of print. ISBN 978-0-87040-613-3.
• 1984 (Japanese) Shizen ni Kaeru (自然に還る^?); Published by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?), 362 pp., in 1984 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74104-7. An enlarged and revised edition, 458 pp., in 1993 April ISBN 978-4-393-74114-6. Re-published in 2004 Sept ISBN 978-4-393-74146-7.
  • 1987 "The Road Back to Nature - Regaining the Paradise Lost" translator Frederic P. Metreaud. Japan Publications. Out of print. ISBN 978-0-87040-673-7.
• 1992 (Japanese) Wara Ippon no Kakumei・Sōkatsuhen「Kami to Shizen to Hito no Kakumei」 (わら一本の革命・総括編「神と自然と人の革命」^?); Self-published by Shizenjuen (Shou Shin Sha) (自然樹園 (小心舎)^?, One of Fukuoka Masanobu's own self-publishing publisher names) in 1992 Dec, 230 pp., 26×26 cm ISBN 978-4-938743-01-7; ISBN 4-938743-01-9.
  • 1996 "The Ultimatium [sic] of God Nature The One-Straw Revolution A Recapitulation" - English retranslation, less than 100 copies, no ISBN. Publisher: "Shou Shin Sha (小心舎)".
• 1997 (Japanese) "shizen" o ikiru (「自然」を生きる^?), includes an interview with Kanamitsu Toshio (金光寿郎^?); Published by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) in 1997 Feb ISBN 978-4-393-74115-3 and again in 2004 Aug ISBN 978-4-393-74147-4.
• 2001 (Japanese) Wara Ippon no Kakumei Sōkatsuhen -Nendo Dango no Tabi- (わら一本の革命　総括編　—粘土団子の旅—^?); Self-published by Shizenjuen (Shou Shin Sha) (自然樹園 (小心舎)^?, Self-published), 2001 May. ISBN 978-4-938743-02-4; ISBN 4-938743-02-7; Re-published in 2010 April by Shunjūsha (春秋社^?) ISBN 978-4-393-74151-1.
• 2009 (bilingual) Iroha Revolutionary Verses (いろは革命歌, Iroha Kakumei Uta^?), Fukuoka, Masanobu's hand-written classical song-verses and drawings. Bilingual Japanese and English. ISBN 978-4-938743-03-1; ISBN 4-938743-03-5.

Journals and papers[link]

(Japanese)

•     (1937 Aug). "柑橘樹脂病特にその完全時代に就て [(A study) On Citrus gummosis (fungus): specifically in its Perfect State (sexually-reproductive state)]" (in Japanese) (PDF). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 日本植物病理學會報 (The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ) http://www.ppsj.org/ 日本植物病理学会) 7 (1): 32–33. ISSN 00319473. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/lognavi?name=nels&lang=en&type=pdf&id=ART0003055436. Retrieved 9 April 2011.  - prepared while working at the Plant Inspection Division of the Yokohama Customs Bureau (横濱税關植物檢査課^?).

•     (1971 July). "私の農法(講演〔「近代農法の反省と今後の農業」セミナーより〕) [My farming ways (A lecture at the "Reflecting on modern-day farming ways and considering the future of farming" seminar)]" (in Japanese). Cooperative Research Institute Monthly Report 協同組合経営研究月報 (Cooperative Research Institute 協同組合経営研究所, Japan.) (214): 19–36. ISSN 09141758. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40000735157/en/. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 

•     (1989 May). "生と死　―私の死生観― [Life and Death: My View of Life and Death]" (in Japanese). 智慧とは何か - 仏教の知　現代の知 [What is Wisdom?: Buddhist way-of-knowing Present-day way-of-knowing]. Quarterly Buddhism 季刊仏教. No.7. Hōzōkan (法蔵館^?). pp. 159-. ISBN 978-4-8318-0207-1. http://www.hozokan.co.jp/hozo/bookd/bukkyo/i_0207.html. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 

•     (1991 Nov). "砂漠に種を蒔く [Sow seeds in the desert]" (in Japanese). いのちの環境 [Life's environment]. Quarterly Buddhism・Supplementary Issue 季刊仏教・別冊6. No.6. Hōzōkan (法蔵館^?). pp. 52-. ISBN 978-4-8318-0256-9. http://www.hozokan.co.jp/hozo/bookd/bukkyo/i_0256.html. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 

•     (1993 Oct). "自然教に生きる [Nature/Natural/Spontaneous teaching for living]". 「日本仏教」批判 ["Japanese Buddhism" A Criticism]. Quarterly Buddhism 季刊仏教. No. 25. Hōzōkan (法蔵館^?). pp. 130-. ISBN 978-4-8318-0225-5. http://www.hozokan.co.jp/hozo/bookd/bukkyo/i_0225.html. Retrieved 9 April 2011. ^[38]

•     (1994 July). "自然農法のよる社会革命　—自然の心に到る道— [Nature Farmings' continuation's social revolution —The Path Leading to Natural Mind]" (in Japanese). 森の哲学 -　新たな宗教哲学をめざして [Forest's Philosophy - Toward a new philosophy of religion]. Quarterly Buddhism 季刊仏教. No. 28. Hōzōkan (法蔵館^?). pp. 176-. ISBN 978-4-8318-0228-6. http://www.hozokan.co.jp/hozo/bookd/bukkyo/i_0228.html. Retrieved 9 April 2011. ^[38]

Filmography[link]

• 'To Live on Earth - Fukuoka Masanobu visits India'. Director: Imaizumi, Koji. SALBONG発行, Japan 1997.

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Masanobu Fukuoka

• Natural Farming Centre, Greece (Retrieved 8 December 2011).
• Natural Farming Italy (Agricoltura naturale) (Retrieved 8 December 2011).
• Fukuoka, Masanobu; Peek Through The Pines (1979). "A conversation between The Pines and Masanobu Fukuoka". Peek Through The Pines. Massachusetts, USA: Blog. http://thepines.blogspot.com/2009/07/pines-i-notice-that-youre-drawing.html. Retrieved 8 December 2011. 
• Aggarwal, Partap C. (2 February 2008). "Introduction to Masanobu Fukuoka’s famous book One straw revolution". Indian Stories For All. Whitefield/Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 2008 Oct. http://partapstoriesforall.blogspot.com/2008/10/introduction-to-masanobu-fukuokas.html. Retrieved 8 December 2011.  —He organised the first Indian publishing of One–Straw Revolution, with Mr. Fukuoka's permission, by The Friends Rural Centre, Rasulia, Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh, in 1983–4, on to many more imprints & translations.
• Fukuoka, Masanobu; Shibata, Katsuyuki (translator); Aoyama, Hizuru (translator); Gilman, Robert (interviewer); Gilman, Diane (interviewer) (Autumn 1986). "Greening The Desert: Applying natural farming techniques in Africa". In Context: A Quarterly Of Humane Sustainable Culture (Port Townsend, Washington: Copyright (c) 1986, 1997 by Context Institute) Sustainable Habitat 14: 37-. http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC14/Fukuoka.htm. Retrieved 30 November 2010. "an interview with Masanobu Fukuoka, by Robert and Diane Gilman" 
• "ON A GREEN MOUNTAIN - With Masanobu Fukuoka Sensei of Natural Farming -Copyright (c) 1995 Jim Bones". Oct 1994 (2006 archive; Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• "The Natural Way of Farming" and previously "The One Straw Revolution". (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• Gandhi Foundation on the life of "Masanobu Fukuoka and Natural Farming – by M R Rajagopalan Posted on December 27, 2009" (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• "Seed Balls by Masanobu Fukuoka 1997" YouTube 18:43 long video, caption: "Natural Farmer Masanobu Fukuoka conducts a workshop for making seed balls at his natural farm and forest in Japan." uploaded by Jim Bones (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• Masanobu Fukuoka's influence in principles in humid tropical agriculture, titled: "The Five Principles of Agriculture " - farmingsolutions.org website; Retrieved 22 November 2010).
• The Plowboy Interview Masanobu Fukuoka July 1982 Mother Earth News magazine, US with Larry Korn. (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• "An article on the pioneer of organic farming, Masanobu Fukuoka: Nature - Nature knows best" Life Positive, India. (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• "The Fukuoka Farming Website", US. (Internet Archive search) "Dedicated to exploring Masanobu Fukuoka's revolutionary method of sustainable agriculture" (Retrieved 4 December 2010).
• (Japanese) Society for the study of Fukuoka Masanobu Nature Farming, Kyoto University, Japan –reference page by Shōjaku Mutsumi (Shift-JIS Japanese text character encoding). Collected details about Fukuoka, Masanobu's life work, nature farming and writings (no translation to English yet; nearly all Japanese; Archive of 2011.3.24 page; Retrieved 30 November 2010).
• Toyoda, Natsuko (Sept.–Oct., Nov.–Dec., 2008, Jan.–Feb 2009 (Jan.–Feb. 2010)). "Farmer Philosopher Masanobu Fukuoka (1) Humans must Strive to Know the Unknown (2) What Does Natural Farming Mean? (3) Greening Deserts by Clay-Ball Seeding (brief update)" (PDF). Japan Spotlight (Promenade section) (Tokyo, Japan: Japan Economic Foundation) (161, 162 & 163 (169)). ISSN 1348-9216. http://www.jef.or.jp/backnumber/161th_promenade.pdf. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 

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Leo Sayer
Leo Sayer at the 2009 Australia Day ceremony in Canberra preparing to be naturalised.
Background information
Birth name	Gerard Hugh Sayer
Born	(1948-05-21) 21 May 1948 (age 64) Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex, England
Genres	Pop, pop rock, soft rock, disco
Occupations	Musician, singer-songwriter, entertainer
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, harmonica
Years active	1973—present
Labels	Chrysalis Records (UK) Warner Bros. Records (US) Rhino Records (US) Universal Music (Aus)
Website	leosayer.com
Notable instruments
Harmonica

Leo Sayer (born Gerard Hugh Sayer, 21 May 1948)^[1] is a British singer-songwriter, musician, and entertainer whose singing career has spanned four decades. Sayer became a naturalised Australian citizen in 2009. Sayer was a top singles and album act on both sides of the Atlantic in the 1970s.^[2] His first seven hit singles in the UK all reached the Top 10 – a feat first registered by his one-time manager, Adam Faith.^[2]

Early life[link]

Sayer was born on 21 May 1948 in Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex, England.^[1] He was initially discovered by musician David Courtney, who then co-managed him with the singer turned manager, Adam Faith.^[1]

Career[link]

Sayer began his music career co-writing songs with David Courtney, including "Giving It All Away", which gave Roger Daltrey of The Who his first hit without The Who in 1973.^[1]

That same year, Sayer began his career as a recording artist. At the time of his initial chart breakthrough in the UK, with his second single "The Show Must Go On", he wore a pierrot style costume and make-up and the song went quickly to number two.^[1] He had several subsequent single hits including, "One Man Band" (1974), "Long Tall Glasses" (1974) and "Moonlighting" (1975). In 1976, Sayer recorded three Beatles songs, "I Am the Walrus", "Let It Be" and "The Long and Winding Road" for the film, All This and World War II.

In 1977, he had a US number one with "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" (a Grammy Award winner for the year's best Rhythm and Blues Song), as well as the romantic ballad, "When I Need You" (1977), which reached number one in both the UK and US. Written by Albert Hammond and Carole Bayer Sager, it was Sayer's first UK chart-topper (after three number two hits) and his second successive US number one.^[3] It was also the first of two UK chart-toppers in a row for producer Richard Perry.^[3]

Sayer also made cover versions of Bobby Vee's Sonny Curtis/Jerry Allison composition, "More Than I Can Say" (his fourth UK number 2 hit and US number 2), and Buddy Holly's "Raining in My Heart" (1979) and "Orchard Road" in 1983. In the US, three of his singles - "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" (1977), "When I Need You" (1977) and "More Than I Can Say" (1980) - were certified gold.^{[citation needed]}

In 1978, Sayer made an appearance on The Muppet Show.

Sayer provided songs for the soundtrack of the French-Belgian animated film, Le Chainon manquant in 1980. In 1981 he was the voice of Dan the forest ranger in The Raccoons on Ice, the second of four specials serving as a predecessor to the Canadian animated series, The Raccoons. He also sang several songs for the special, all of which were included on the 1983 album Lake Freeze.^{[citation needed]}

In 1990, he contributed to the last studio collaboration between Alan Parsons and Eric Woolfson, Woolfson's solo album Freudiana, performing "I Am A Mirror".^[4]

Sayer performed at the Sanremo Music Festival in 1990, with "The Moth And The Flame" (English version of "Tu... sì" by Mango) and, in 1991, with "All Alone" (English version of "Dubbi No" by Mietta).

In 2000, "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" was featured in the hit film, Charlie's Angels, and was on the accompanying soundtrack album.^{[citation needed]}

On 12 February 2006, he made a surprise return to number one in the UK Singles Chart, with Meck's remix of "Thunder In My Heart". It was his first appearance in the UK Top 10 for almost 24 years, and his second UK chart-topper, almost three decades after his first.^{[citation needed]} In 2008 Sayer released a new album in Australia, Don't Wait Until Tomorrow. This album, produced by Garth Porter (from the Australian pop band Sherbet), and released by Universal Music Australia, featured selections from his catalog in an entirely new setting, re-arranged with strings and acoustic and jazz instrumentation.^{[citation needed]} Sayer has appeared in various TV shows including The Muppet Show (on which he sang "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing", "The Show Must Go On", and "When I Need You"), The Wiggles 2008 DVD, You Make Me Feel Like Dancing which featured Sayer's hit of the same name, Celebrity Big Brother UK in 2007 and the Australian television comedy, Stupid, Stupid Man.

Leo Sayer: At His Very Best, a career-spanning compilation album, was released in the UK on 6 March 2006. It featured the Meck single, alongside "When I Need You" and "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing".^[5]

Personal life[link]

In January 1967, while 19-year old Sayer was working as a hall porter at the King's Hotel in Hove, he assisted in the rescue of guests from a fire that damaged the first floor of the hotel. He was rescued by builders working on a block of flats beside the hotel.^[6]

In 2005, Sayer moved to Sydney, Australia, where he has remained. He became an Australian citizen on 26 January 2009 at a naturalization ceremony attended by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd.^[7]

Leo Sayer's name is also used in Cockney rhyming slang, meaning "all-dayer", as in an all-day drinking session.^{[citation needed]}

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

† - Australia release only

Singles[link]