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Florence
Florence ( , ; alternative obsolete spelling: Fiorenza, Latin: Florentia) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 367,569 inhabitants (1,500,000 in the metropolitan area).
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Maine
http://wn.com/Maine -
Naples
Naples ( , , Neapolitan: Napule) is a city in Italy; it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. Known for its rich history, art, culture, architecture, music, and gastronomy, Naples has played an important role in the the Italian peninsula and beyond for much of its existence, which began more than 2,800 years ago. Situated on the west coast of Italy by the Gulf of Naples, the city is located halfway between two volcanic areas, Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields.
http://wn.com/Naples
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A. C. Crombie
http://wn.com/A_C_Crombie -
Adam Smith
http://wn.com/Adam_Smith -
Al-Ma'mun
http://wn.com/Al-Ma'mun -
Albert Einstein
http://wn.com/Albert_Einstein -
Alfonso V of Aragon
Alfonso the Magnanimous (also Alphonso; ; 1396 – 27 June 1458) was the King of Aragon (as Alfonso V), Valencia (as Alfonso III), Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica (as Alfonso II), and Sicily and Count of Barcelona (as Alfonso IV) from 1416 and King of Naples (as Alfonso I) from 1442 until his death. He was one of the most prominent figures of the early Renaissance and a knight of the Order of the Dragon.
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Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
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Anthony Grafton
Anthony Grafton (sometimes Anthony T. Grafton) (born 21 May 1950) is a Jewish-American historian and the current Henry Putnam University Professor at Princeton University. He is also a corresponding fellow of the British Academy and a recipient of the Balzan Prize.
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Arnold Ruge
Arnold Ruge (13 September 1802 - 31 December 1880) was a German philosopher and political writer.
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Auguste Comte
http://wn.com/Auguste_Comte -
Avicenna
http://wn.com/Avicenna -
Baron d'Holbach
http://wn.com/Baron_d'Holbach -
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania.
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Boccaccio
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Brock Chisholm
George Brock Chisholm, CC, MC & Bar (18 May 1896 - 4 February 1971) was a Canadian First World War veteran, medical practitioner, and the first Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO). He was a strong advocate of religious tolerance and often commented that man's worst enemy was not disease, which he felt was curable as long as men worked together, but man himself.
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Carl Sagan
http://wn.com/Carl_Sagan -
Cesare Beccaria
Beccaria redirects here. This article is about the philosopher and politician. For the physicist please see Giovanni Battista Beccaria.
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Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero (; Classical Latin: ; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC; sometimes anglicized as "Tully"), was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
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Coluccio Salutati
Coluccio Salutati (February 16, 1331 – May 4, 1406) was an Italian man of letters and one of the most important political and cultural leaders of Renaissance Florence.
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Confucius
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David Hume
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Democritus
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Denis Diderot
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Desiderius Erasmus
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Edmund Burke
Edmund Burke PC (12 January [NS] 1729 9 July 1797) was an Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher who, after relocating to England, served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a member of the Whig party. He is mainly remembered for his support of the cause of the American Revolutionaries, and for his later opposition to the French Revolution. The latter led to his becoming the leading figure within the conservative faction of the Whig party, which he dubbed the "Old Whigs", in opposition to the pro-French-Revolution "New Whigs," led by Charles James Fox. Burke was praised by both conservatives and liberals in the nineteenth century and since the twentieth century he has generally been viewed as the philosophical founder of modern conservatism, as well as a representative of classical liberalism.
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Edward Gibbon
Edward Gibbon (April 27, 1737 January 16, 1794) was an English historian and Member of Parliament. His most important work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, was published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788. The Decline and Fall is known for the quality and irony of its prose, its use of primary sources, and its open denigration of organised religion.
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Epicurus
http://wn.com/Epicurus -
Erasmus
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Erasmus of Rotterdam
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Ernest Renan
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Ezra Pound
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Francis Bacon
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François Quesnay
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Friedrich Schiller
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Gautama Buddha
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Gemistus Pletho
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George Eliot
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George Henry Lewes
George Henry Lewes (18 April 1817 – 28 November 1878) was an English philosopher and critic of literature and theatre. He became part of the mid-Victorian ferment of ideas which encouraged discussion of Darwinism, positivism, and religious skepticism. However, he is perhaps best known today for having openly lived with George Eliot, a soul-mate whose life and writings were enriched by their friendship.
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Goethe
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Gore Vidal
Eugene Luther Gore Vidal (; born October 3, 1925) is an American author, playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and political activist. Early in his career he wrote The City and the Pillar (1948), which outraged mainstream critics as one of the first major American novels to feature unambiguous homosexuality. He subsequently emerged as one of America's most important literary figures due to the enormous quantity and quality of work produced over the course of his career, including novels, essays, plays, and short stories covering a wide variety of topics and eras. He also ran for political office twice and served as a longtime political critic.
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Greg Epstein
Greg M. Epstein is the current Humanist Chaplain at Harvard University, and is a published author on the subject of Humanism.
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Harriet Martineau
Harriet Martineau (June 12, 1802 – June 27, 1876) was an English social theorist and Whig writer, often cited as the first woman sociologist.
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Hegelian
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Heidegger
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Huangdi
#REDIRECTYellow Emperor
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Immanuel Kant
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Isaac Asimov
Isaac Asimov ( ; born Isaak Yudovich Ozimov, ; c. January 2, 1920 – April 6, 1992) was an American author and professor of biochemistry at Boston University, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Asimov was one of the most prolific writers of all time, having written or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 9,000 letters and postcards. His works have been published in nine of the ten major categories of the Dewey Decimal System (The sole exception being the 100s: philosophy and psychology, although he did write a foreword for The Humanist way, which is published in the 100s).
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Isaac Casaubon
Isaac Casaubon (18 February 1559 – 1 July 1614) was a classical scholar and philologist, first in France and then later in England, regarded by many of his time as the most learned in Europe.
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Isaac Newton
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Jacob Burckhardt
Carl Jacob Christoph Burckhardt (May 25, 1818, Basel, Switzerland – August 8, 1897, Basel) was a historian of art and culture, and an influential figure in the historiography of each field. He is known as one of the major progenitors of cultural history, albeit in a form very different from how cultural history is conceived and studied in academia today. Siegfried Giedion described Burckhardt's achievement in the following terms: "The great discoverer of the age of the Renaissance, he first showed how a period should be treated in its entirety, with regard not only for its painting, sculpture and architecture, but for the social institutions of its daily life as well." Burckhardt's best known work is The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860).
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James Boswell
http://wn.com/James_Boswell -
James Madison
http://wn.com/James_Madison -
Jean-Pierre Vernant
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John Boyd-Orr
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John Dewey
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John Locke
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John Rigby Hale
Sir John Rigby Hale (September 17, 1923 - August 12, 1999) was a British Renaissance historian, translator, editor, and university professor.
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Joseph Black
Joseph Black FRSE FRCS (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physician, known for his discoveries of latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was professor of Medicine at University of Glasgow (where he also served as lecturer in Chemistry). James Watt, who was appointed as philosophical instrument maker at the same university (1756), became involved in Black's works and conducted experiments on steam with Black. The chemistry buildings at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after Black.
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Joseph de Maistre
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Juan Luis Vives
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Julian Baggini
Julian Baggini (born 1968) is a British philosopher and the author of several books about philosophy written for a general audience. He is the author of The Pig that Wants to be Eaten and 99 other thought experiments (2005) and is co-founder and editor of ''The Philosophers' Magazine. He was awarded his PhD in 1996 from University College London for a thesis on the philosophy of personal identity. He contributes to The Guardian, The Independent, The Observer'', and the BBC, and has been a regular guest on BBC Radio 4's In Our Time.
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Julian Huxley
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Jürgen Habermas
http://wn.com/Jürgen_Habermas -
Karl Marx
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King Wu of Zhou
King Wu of Zhou () or King Wu of Chou was the first sovereign, or ruler of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The dates of his reign are 1046-1043 BC or 1049/45-1043 (Cambridge History of Ancient China). Various sources quoted that he died at the age of 93, 54 or 43. He was considered a just and able leader. Zhou Gong Dan was one of his brothers.
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Kurt Vonnegut
http://wn.com/Kurt_Vonnegut -
Lactantius
Lucius Caelius (or Caecilius?) Firmianus Lactantius was an early Christian author (ca. 240 – ca. 320) who became an advisor to the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine I, guiding his religious policy as it developed, and tutor to his son.
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Laozi
Laozi (; also Lao Tse, Lao Tu, Lao-Tzu, Lao-Tsu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations) was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, and best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching. His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of Taoism (also spelled "Daoism"). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist religion, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones". Laozi literally means "old master", and is generally considered honorific.
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Leonardo Bruni
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Leonardo da Vinci
http://wn.com/Leonardo_da_Vinci -
Lorenzo Valla
Lorenzo (or Laurentius) Valla (c. 1406 – August 1, 1457) was an Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator. His family was from Piacenza; his father, Luca della Valla, was a lawyer.
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Marquis de Condorcet
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Matthew Arnold
:See also, Matthew Arnold School (Staines)
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Mazdak
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Michel Foucault
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Moses Mendelssohn
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Nicolas Walter
Nicolas Hardy Walter (22 November 1934 – 7 March 2000) was a British anarchist and atheist writer, speaker and activist.
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Paul Kurtz
Paul Kurtz (born December 21, 1925 in Newark, New Jersey) is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo, but is best known for his prominent role in the United States skeptical community. He has been called "the father of secular humanism."
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Pericles
http://wn.com/Pericles -
Peter Gay
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Petrarch
http://wn.com/Petrarch -
Pope Leo X
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Pope Nicholas V
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Pope Pius II
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Pope Sixtus IV
Pope Sixtus IV (July 21, 1414 – August 12, 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484. His main accomplishments as Pope included: Building the Sistine Chapel, where the team of artists he brought together and introduced the Early Renaissance to Rome with the first masterpiece of the city's new artistic age, establishing the Vatican archives and the Spanish Inquisition and annulling the decrees of the Council of Constance. He was famed for his nepotism and was personally involved in the infamous Pazzi Conspiracy.
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Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
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Proudhon
http://wn.com/Proudhon -
Quentin Skinner
Quentin Robert Duthie Skinner (born 26 November 1940) is the Barber Beaumont Professor of the Humanities at Queen Mary, University of London.
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Raymond B. Bragg
http://wn.com/Raymond_B_Bragg -
Richard H. Popkin
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Richard Norman
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Robert Buckman
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Romanian philosophy
Romanian philosophy is a name covering either a) the philosophy done in Romania or by Romanians, or b) an ethnic philosophy, which expresses at a high level the fundamental features of the Romanian spirituality, or which elevates to a philosophical level the Weltanschauung of the Romanian people, as deposited in language and folklore, traditions, architecture and other linguistic and cultural artifacts.
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Rousseau
http://wn.com/Rousseau -
Roy Wood Sellars
http://wn.com/Roy_Wood_Sellars -
Russian philosophy
http://wn.com/Russian_philosophy -
Saint Augustine
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Samuel Johnson
Samuel Johnson (18 September 1709 13 December 1784), often referred to as Dr Johnson, was a British author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory, and has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history". He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature": James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson.
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Seneca the Younger
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger) (c. 3 BC – 65 AD) was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and in one work humorist, of the Silver Age of Latin literature. He was tutor and later advisor to emperor Nero. He was later forced to commit suicide for complicity in the Pisonian conspiracy to assassinate this last of the Julio-Claudian emperors; however, he may have been innocent. His father was Seneca the Elder and his older brother was Gallio.
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Shun (sage king)
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T.E. Hulme
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T.S. Eliot
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Terence
Publius Terentius Afer (195/185–159 BC), better known in English as Terence, was a playwright of the Roman Republic. His comedies were performed for the first time around 170–160 BC, and he died young, probably in Greece or on his way back to Rome. Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator, brought Terence to Rome as a slave, educated him and later on, impressed by his abilities, freed him. All of the six plays Terence wrote have survived.
http://wn.com/Terence -
Thales of Miletus
http://wn.com/Thales_of_Miletus -
Thomas Hardy
http://wn.com/Thomas_Hardy -
Thomas Jefferson
:
http://wn.com/Thomas_Jefferson -
Thomas Mann
Thomas Mann (6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer. His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann, and three of his six children, Erika Mann, Klaus Mann and Golo Mann, also became important German writers. When Hitler came to power in 1933, the anti-fascist Mann fled to Switzerland. When World War II broke out in 1939, he emigrated to the United States, from where he returned to Switzerland in 1952. Thomas Mann is one of the most known exponents of the so called Exilliteratur.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Mann -
Thomas Paine
Thomas "Tom" Paine ( June 8, 1809) was an author, pamphleteer, radical, inventor, intellectual, revolutionary, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He has been called "a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination."
http://wn.com/Thomas_Paine -
Thomas Reid
http://wn.com/Thomas_Reid -
Thucydides
http://wn.com/Thucydides -
Voltaire
http://wn.com/Voltaire -
William James
:This article is about the American psychologist and philosopher. For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/William_James -
Yao (sage king)
http://wn.com/Yao_(sage_king)
karaoke
This knowledge of profound dignity.
These innocent thoughts.
This action of mercy.
.all in the name of conscience.
I am not a divine being.
I am not any god.
I am just another human.
I am an animal.
The world is what it appears.
The idolization of individuals.
Compassion has been terminated.
.in the name of conscience.
We are not divine beings.
We are not any gods.
We are just humans.
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An introduction to Humanism - Dawkins, Grayling, Minchin, Copson, Toynbee, Hasan, Pullman, Margolis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:54
- Published: 30 Jul 2012
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Humanism is sometimes mistaken for a form of religion, or something which is very complex. Here, some well known humanists explain that all humanism really is, is people wanting to live ethical and happy lives, thinking for themselves, without religion imposing its own morals on them which are not necessarily compatible with living ethically today.
http://wn.com/An_introduction_to_Humanism_Dawkins,_Grayling,_Minchin,_Copson,_Toynbee,_Hasan,_Pullman,_Margolis
Chomsky on Humanism (1/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:51
- Published: 28 May 2008
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Chomsky's views on humanism, religion, and state-sanctioned fear. Part 2: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Chomsky_on_Humanism_1_3
Richard Dawkins on Humanism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:31
- Published: 29 Jun 2007
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
Richard Dawkins on Humanism
http://wn.com/Richard_Dawkins_on_Humanism
Terry Pratchett - The Humanist - BBC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Published: 20 Mar 2010
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Mark Lawson talks to Terry Pratchett about humanism, religion and his opinions. Great short video from BBC show Mark Lawson Talks to Terry Pratchett. Watch more high quality videos on the new BBC Worldwide YouTube channel here: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Terry_Pratchett_The_Humanist_BBC
Red Bank Humanists - What Is Humanism?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:29
- Published: 14 Feb 2008
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
Nine members of Red Bank Humanists in Red Bank, NJ comment on their understanding of Humanism. More info about the organization can be found at www.redbankhumanists.org , which cultivates rational inquiry, ethical values, and human development. RBH is affiliated with American Humanist Association, Institute for Humanist Studies, and the Council of Secular Humanism.
http://wn.com/Red_Bank_Humanists_What_Is_Humanism?
Secular Humanism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Published: 01 Jun 2009
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
www.facebook.com ... "Are You a Secular Humanist?" by • www.youtube.com --- Please SUBSCRIBE to Science & Reason: • www.youtube.com • www.youtube.com • www.youtube.com • www.youtube.com --- ATHEIST (n.): one without a belief in, or one who lacks belief in, the existence of god or gods. YOU MAY BE A SECULAR HUMANIST IF: • You try to live an ethical and fulfilling life without religious belief. • You think science and reason lead to more reliable knowledge than faith. • You support secular government and an open society that guarantees human rights for all. • You make sense of the world using reason, experience and shared human values. • You see no convincing evidence for gods, the supernatural, or life after death. • You believe that moral values are properly founded on human empathy and scientific understanding. • You believe we must live this life on the basis that it is the only life we'll have -- that, therefore, we must make the most of it for ourselves, each other, and our world. (List courtesy of The Institute for Humanist Studies) SECULAR HUMANISM is a humanist philosophy that upholds reason, ethics, and justice, and specifically rejects the supernatural and the spiritual as the basis of moral reflection and decision-making. Like other types of humanism, secular humanism is a life stance that focuses on the way human beings can lead good, happy and functional lives. The term "secular humanism" was coined in the 20th century to make a clear distinction from <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Secular_Humanism
Joss Whedon on Humanism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Published: 13 Apr 2009
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
Joss Whedon receives the Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism at Harvard University's Memorial Church. ~ 10 April 2009 ~ Camera 1, Editor: Tiffanie Hsu Camera 2: Nick Shearer Courtesy of the Harvard Humanist Society
http://wn.com/Joss_Whedon_on_Humanism
"I Am A Humanist"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Published: 01 Nov 2009
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
Song: "I am a Humanist" written and performed by Jim Corbett
http://wn.com/I_Am_A_Humanist
Darwin, Humanism and Science - AC Grayling
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 36:34
- Published: 19 Jun 2009
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Philosopher and BHA Distinguished Supporter, AC Grayling, speaks at the Darwin, Humanism and Science Day Conference on the 6th June. Thanks to Adservio Digital for recording the event and producing this video.
http://wn.com/Darwin,_Humanism_and_Science_AC_Grayling
Seth MacFarlane - 2011 Harvard Humanist of the Year - Chapter 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:07
- Published: 14 Feb 2012
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Seth MacFarlane receives Harvard Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism at the Memorial Church - October 15th, 2011. With his trademark blend of wit and wisdom, Seth discusses religion's suppression of scientific progress and it's cost to civilization.
http://wn.com/Seth_MacFarlane_2011_Harvard_Humanist_of_the_Year_Chapter_2
Stephen Fry on Humanism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Published: 08 Aug 2008
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
An extract from a debate at the Hay Festival 2006 with Christopher Hitchens, hosted by Joan Bakewell. Full Debate available at blogs.guardian.co.uk Direct Link - blogs.guardian.co.uk
http://wn.com/Stephen_Fry_on_Humanism
Isaac Asimov: Humanism (1/5)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:04
- Published: 20 May 2012
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
The great Isaac Asimov sketches the meaning of humanism. He presents the humanist view on abortion, evolution, secularism, gay rights and nuclear disarmament.
http://wn.com/Isaac_Asimov_Humanism_1_5
Humanism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Published: 08 Mar 2010
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
psychology ap
http://wn.com/Humanism
Harvard Humanists Stephen Fry 2/22/2011 Chapter 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:03
- Published: 27 Feb 2011
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
Stephen Fry awarded 2011 lifetime achievement award from the Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard University. Singer/songwriter Molly Lewis opens the show.
http://wn.com/Harvard_Humanists_Stephen_Fry_2_22_2011_Chapter_1
Humanist Psychology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Published: 07 Oct 2009
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
Humanist Psychology according to the Secular Humanism Worldview. My friends at Summit Ministries continue their series on comparative world views with a study of Secular Humanism as it relates to Psychology (Part 6 of 13). Please visit www.Summit.org for more videos and resources for understanding Secular Humanism and developing a Biblical Christian Worldview, including various Summit camps and retreats. Also, visit http for more information on Humanist Psychology, Secular Humanism, Christian Worldview, and Christian Apologetics.
http://wn.com/Humanist_Psychology
We Are Humanists
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Published: 14 Feb 2011
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
An expression of Humanist Values - Join Us on Facebook: www.facebook.com This video was created by James Croft. I'm the creator of TempleoftheFuture.net, an Assistant Editor at TheNewHumanism.org, and a contributing scholar at StateofFormation.org. I'm a graduate of Cambridge and Harvard, and a current Harvard Doctoral Candidate. I am also an actor, singer and a proud, gay Humanist. You can find me at facebook.com/jflcroft This video is part of an effort to make Humanism a broader, more effective and more inspiring movement. Details of all groups and individuals in this video will be placed here shortly. I am very open to criticism and suggestions!
http://wn.com/We_Are_Humanists
Marjane Satrapi: "Persepolis" a pro-Iranian humanist tale
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Published: 12 Oct 2007
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
IFC News coverage of the 2007 New York Film Festival Press Conference for the animated adapatation of the graphic novel "Persepolis." Writer/Director Marjane Satrapi responds to critics who have labeled her graphic novel and film "anti-Iranian" and explains how her story encourages humanism and international understanding. For more go to www.ifc.com
http://wn.com/Marjane_Satrapi_Persepolis_a_pro-Iranian_humanist_tale
Darwin, Humanism and Science - Richard Dawkins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:52
- Published: 18 Nov 2009
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
Richard Dawkins talks to the Darwin, Humanism and Science day conference (6 Jun 2009) on the subject "There is grandeur in this view of life". This talk reflects the final chapter of his boo, The Greatest Show on Earth. Thanks to Adservio Digital for recording the event and producing this video.
http://wn.com/Darwin,_Humanism_and_Science_Richard_Dawkins
The Humanist Manifesto III
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Published: 03 Aug 2012
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
NOTE: "The Science of Race, Part 2", is currently in production. I expect to have it up by next week. Thank you for bearing with me on the long delay. Work and personal commitments have slowed the script writing process. This reading is in honor of the recent passing of Gore Vidal, an author who influenced me at a young age. Gore was a one-time spokesman for the American Humanist Association, sharing that honor with other authors like Kurt Vonnegut and Isaac Asimov. You can read more about Gore here: en.wikipedia.org What is Humanism? This Manifesto attempts to address the common goals of humanism. It is not a dogma. In fact, it is revised every twenty years or so. As Kurt Vonnegut elegantly put it "Being a humanist means trying to behave decently without expectation of rewards or punishment after you are dead". It is the ethical and moral code of many non-believers. I hope you will investigate the Humanist Manifesto III further at the AHA website: www.americanhumanist.org Atheism has no moral dimension. There are no credos or manifestos to non-belief. Humanism, on the other hand, contains some ideas of how we would like to live and by what methods we ought to seek for truth.
http://wn.com/The_Humanist_Manifesto_III
HumanLight 2009: Humanism and humanist values
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Published: 23 Dec 2009
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Happy HumanLight! humanlight.org Video transcript: emptv.com The music is tinyurl.com twitter.com www.facebook.com myspace.com
http://wn.com/HumanLight_2009_Humanism_and_humanist_values
Humanist Sociology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Published: 07 Oct 2009
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
Humanist Sociology according to the Secular Humanism Worldview. My friends at Summit Ministries continue their series on comparative world views with a study of Secular Humanism as it relates to Sociology (Part 7 of 13). Please visit www.Summit.org for more videos and resources for understanding Secular Humanism and developing a Biblical Christian Worldview, including various Summit camps and retreats. Also, visit http for more information on Humanist Sociology, Secular Humanism, Christian Worldview, and Christian Apologetics.
http://wn.com/Humanist_Sociology
US humanism campaign sparks debate - 02 Nov 09
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Published: 02 Nov 2009
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
A recent survey in the US showed that more Americans say they do not affiliate themselves with any religion. Christianity is still dominant in the US, and according to the American Religious Identification Survey, about three-quarters of Americans identify themselves as Christian. But one-fifth of Americans say they either have no religion, or are atheist or agnostic, and a new advertising campaign across the country is trying to get more people to pay attention to humanism. Al Jazeera's Kristen Saloomey reports from New York.
http://wn.com/US_humanism_campaign_sparks_debate_02_Nov_09
The Humanist Hour #76: Cenk Uygur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:22
- Published: 02 Aug 2012
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
In this month's podcast, Jes and Todd interview the Young Turks main host and co-founder Cenk Uygur about the relationship between humanism, the media, and politics. Cenk was awarded with the Humanist Media Award at the AHA's 71st Annual Conference this past June. Segment 1: Summer fun at Camp Quest Camp Quest provides an educational adventure shaped by fun, friends and freethought, featuring science, natural wonder and humanist values. Activities vary from year to year and location to location of Camp Quest; however, all of our camps offer a mix of traditional summer camp activities and educational activities related to the Camp Quest mission. Each Camp Quest focuses on the same mission, and there are many similarities from camp to camp. At the same time, each location has its own feel — with different activities, facilities, and people. Segment 2: Interview with Cenk Uygur Cenk Uygur is host of The Young Turks on Current TV as well as the host and co-founder of The Young Turks online which is the largest news show on the Internet. The Young Turks on Current TV features Uygur and a group of progressive, outspoken journalists and commentators discussing politics and pop culture in an unscripted, no-holds-barred atmosphere that breaks the mold of traditional cable news programming. The Young Turks (TYT) online has a verified global audience of more than 30 million views a month and over half a billion total video views of The Young Turks YouTube Channel, making it one of <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/The_Humanist_Hour_76_Cenk_Uygur
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PIB of India
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UN / Jean-Marc Ferré
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UN / Jean-Marc Ferré
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UN / Jean-Marc Ferré
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WN / Aruna Mirasdar
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Photo: AP Photo / Matt Dunham
25 Sep 2012
Zeenews Bureau New Delhi/Islamabad: Pakistan is abuzz with reports of a steamy love affair between Bilawal Bhutto and foreign minister Hina Rabbani Khar, a Bangladeshi tabloid claimed. Bilawal is said...
Photo: AP / Syria 2011 Archives via AP Video
26 Sep 2012
DAMASCUS, Syria (AP) — Twin blasts targeting Syria's army command headquarters rocked the capital on Wednesday, setting off hours of sporadic gunbattles and a raging fire inside the heavily...
Photo: UN / http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/detail.jsp?id=528/528253&key;=1&query;=Mahmoud%20Ahmadinejad⟨=en&sf;=
27 Sep 2012
UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) - Iran's president said on Wednesday his country was under constant threat of military action from "uncivilized Zionists" and called for a new world order not dominated by...
Photo: AP / Charles Dharapak
25 Sep 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling If language is a form and manner of thinking, then Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney just disqualified himself when he declared that a...
Photo: WN / Priya Dashini
25 Sep 2012
Related topics NewsAcne Advertisement Present acne treatments have two problems. Some people develop allergic reactions to the antibiotics in some acne treatments. Acne has mutated to become resistant...
Photo: UN / JC McIlwaine
25 Sep 2012
Related topics United NationsBan Ki MoonhumanityWeapons Advertisement On September 25, 2012 Secretary General Ban Ki Moon gave a speech to world leaders in New York where he talked about the abysmal...
Photo: AP / Mark Graham
24 Sep 2012
Paper Edition | Page: 4 Rights groups have blasted the administration of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono for doing very little to solve past human rights violations, despite being in power for...
The White House
Welcome to the West Wing Week, your guide to...(size: 0.3Kb)
AnnaLynne McCord opens up about sexual assault as she hosts human trafficking charity gala
28 Sep 2012
The Daily Mail
The 90210 star...(size: 0.1Kb)
This Video Game Enemy is More Human Than Humans
28 Sep 2012
Kotaku
A team from The University of Texas have,...(size: 0.3Kb)
The Dallas Morning News
Actress Jada Pinkett Smith teamed up with a Southlake-based travel technology company Thursday to fight human trafficking in the tourism industry. Sabre Holdings launched its “Passport to Freedom” initiative with help from the actress and several trafficking survivors. At the event, Pinkett Smith...(size: 5.1Kb)
The Oklahoman
By Michael McNutt |...(size: 9.2Kb)
noodls
HE the Minister: the admission of the Royal Academy of Police is for all the children of the nation, human rights is main part of the faith of the policeman HE the Minister: the admission of the Royal Academy of Police is for all the children of the nation, human rights is main part of the faith of...(size: 5.2Kb)
The Human League UK tourdates
28 Sep 2012
Music News
The Human League have announced a fifteen date UK tour starting at the Brighton Dome on 23rd November 2012, taking in London's prestigious Royal Albert Hall on 26th November, and culminating at Norwich UEA on 11th December....(size: 2.7Kb)
noodls
This week, President Obama spoke at the Clinton Global Initiative Annual Meeting about his administration's efforts to combat human trafficking. "Our fight against human trafficking is one of the great human rights causes of our time and the United States will continue to lead it," the...(size: 2.7Kb)
The Washington Times
Member states of the United Nations should ponder an alarming statistic: According to a just-released Pew Research Center study, 75 percent of people live in countries where a bedrock human right is endangered. Not all people enjoy the right to think as they please, believe or not believe as their...(size: 6.6Kb)
noodls
Australia to join international climate coalition to protect human health, agriculture and ecosystems Joint media release The Hon Greg Combet AM MP and the Hon Mark Dreyfus QC AM 28 September 2012 Australia today announced it will join the Climate and Clean Air Coalition - an alliance of over two...(size: 5.9Kb)
"Humanistic" redirects here. For the album, see Humanistic (album).
This article is about human-centered philosophy. For other uses, see Humanism (disambiguation).
Humanism is an approach in study, philosophy, world view, or practice that focuses on human values and concerns, attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. According to Greg M. Epstein, "Humanism today can be categorized as a movement, a philosophy of life or worldview, or ... [a] lifestance."[1] In philosophy and social science, humanism is a perspective which affirms some notion of human nature, and is contrasted with anti-humanism.[citation needed]
Secular humanism is a secular ideology which espouses reason, ethics, and justice, whilst specifically rejecting supernatural and religious dogma as a basis of morality and decision-making. Secular humanism contrasts with religious humanism, which is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that center on human needs, interests, and abilities.[2] Renaissance humanism is a cultural movement of the Italian Renaissance based on the study of classical works.[3][4]
Religious and secular humanism arose from a trajectory extending from the deism and anti-clericalism of the Enlightenment, the various secular movements of the 19th century (such as positivism), and the overarching expansion of the scientific project.[citation needed]
Contents |
History[link]
The term "humanism" is ambiguous. Around 1806 Humanismus was used to describe the classical curriculum offered by German schools, and by 1836 "humanism" was lent to English in this sense. In 1856, German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism, the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning, a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations, especially Italy.[5] This historical and literary use of the word "humanist" derives from the 15th-century Italian term umanista, meaning a teacher or scholar of Classical Greek and Latin literature and the ethical philosophy behind it.
But in the mid-18th century, a different use of the term began to emerge. In 1765, the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of "The general love of humanity ... a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call ‘humanism’, for the time has come to create a word for such a beautiful and necessary thing.”[6] The latter part of the 18th and the early 19th centuries saw the creation of numerous grass-roots "philanthropic" and benevolent societies dedicated to human betterment and the spreading of knowledge (some Christian, some not). After the French Revolution, the idea that human virtue could be created by human reason alone independently from traditional religious institutions, attributed by opponents of the Revolution to Enlightenment philosophes such as Rousseau, was violently attacked by influential religious and political conservatives, such as Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre, as a deification or idolatry of man.[7] Humanism began to acquire a negative sense. The Oxford English Dictionary records the use of the word "humanism" by an English clergyman in 1812 to indicate those who believe in the "mere humanity" (as opposed to the divine nature) of Christ, i.e., Unitarians and Deists.[8] In this polarized atmosphere, in which established ecclesiastical bodies tended to circle the wagons and reflexively oppose political and social reforms like extending the franchise, universal schooling, and the like, liberal reformers and radicals embraced the idea of Humanism as an alternative religion of humanity. The anarchist Proudhon (best known for declaring that "property is theft") used the word "humanism" to describe a "culte, déification de l’humanité" ("cult, deification of humanity") and Ernest Renan in L’avenir de la science: pensées de 1848 ("The Future of Knowledge: Thoughts on 1848") (1848–49), states: "It is my deep conviction that pure humanism will be the religion of the future, that is, the cult of all that pertains to man — all of life, sanctified and raised to the level of a moral value.“[9]
At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centered around humankind (as opposed to institutionalized religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has been a persistent confusion between the several uses of the terms:[10] philosophical humanists look to human-centered antecedents among the Greek philosophers and the great figures of Renaissance history.
Predecessors[link]
 |
This may contain previously unpublished synthesis of published material that conveys ideas not attributable to the original sources. See the talk page for details. (September 2011) |
Ancient Greece[link]
Main article: Ancient Greek philosophy
6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xenophanes refused to recognize the gods of his time and reserved the divine for the principle of unity in the universe. These Ionian Greeks were the first thinkers to assert that nature is available to be studied separately from the supernatural realm. Anaxagoras brought philosophy and the spirit of rational inquiry from Ionia to Athens. Pericles, the leader of Athens during the period of its greatest glory was an admirer of Anaxagoras. Other influential pre-Socratics or rational philosophers include Protagoras (like Anaxagoras a friend of Pericles), known for his famous dictum "man is the measure of all things" and Democritus, who proposed that matter was composed of atoms. Little of the written work of these early philosophers survives and they are known mainly from fragments and quotations in other writers, principally Plato and Aristotle. The historian Thucydides, noted for his scientific and rational approach to history, is also much admired by later humanists.[11] In the 3rd century BCE, Epicurus became known for his concise phrasing of the problem of evil, lack of belief in the afterlife, and human-centered approaches to achieving eudaimonia. He was also the first Greek philosopher to admit women to his school as a rule.
Asia[link]
Human-centered philosophy that rejected the supernatural can be found as early as 1000 BCE in the Lokayata system of Indian philosophy. Also in the 6th-century BCE, Gautama Buddha expressed, in Pali literature, a skeptical attitude toward the supernatural:[12]
Since neither soul nor aught belonging to soul can really and truly exist, the view which holds that this I who am 'world,' who am 'soul,' shall hereafter live permanent, persisting, unchanging, yea abide eternally: is not this utterly and entirely a foolish doctrine?
In China, Huangdi is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor. Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded. King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Human is the ling (spirit, soul, god, or leader) in the world (among all)". Among them, Duke of Zhou, respected as an initial founder of Rujia (Confucianism), is especially prominent and pioneering in humanistic thought. His words were recorded in the Book of History as follows (translated into English):
What the people desire, Heaven certainly comply.
Heaven (God) is not believable. Our Tao (doctrine) is moral (from former sage kings and to be continued forward).
In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Laozi held natural humanistic philosophy. Confucius also taught secular ethics. The silver rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in other Confucian classics, e.g., as recorded in Zuo Zhuan, Ji Liang says: "People is the zhu (master, lord, dominance, owner or origin) of gods. So, to sage kings, people first, gods second"; Neishi Guo says: "Gods, clever, righteous and wholehearted, comply with human.
Medieval Islam[link]
See also: Early Islamic philosophy
Many medieval Muslim thinkers pursued humanistic, rational and scientific discourses in their search for knowledge, meaning and values. A wide range of Islamic writings on love, poetry, history and philosophical theology show that medieval Islamic thought was open to the humanistic ideas of individualism, occasional secularism, skepticism and liberalism.[13]
According to Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad, another reason the Islamic world flourished during the Middle Ages was an early emphasis on freedom of speech, as summarized by al-Hashimi (a cousin of Caliph al-Ma'mun) in the following letter to one of the religious opponents he was attempting to convert through reason:[14]
"Bring forward all the arguments you wish and say whatever you please and speak your mind freely. Now that you are safe and free to say whatever you please appoint some arbitrator who will impartially judge between us and lean only towards the truth and be free from the empery of passion, and that arbitrator shall be Reason, whereby God makes us responsible for our own rewards and punishments. Herein I have dealt justly with you and have given you full security and am ready to accept whatever decision Reason may give for me or against me. For "There is no compulsion in religion" (Qur'an 2:256) and I have only invited you to accept our faith willingly and of your own accord and have pointed out the hideousness of your present belief. Peace be with you and the blessings of God!"
According to George Makdisi, certain aspects of Renaissance humanism has its roots in the medieval Islamic world, including the "art of dictation, called in Latin, ars dictaminis," and "the humanist attitude toward classical language."[15]
Renaissance[link]
Main article: Renaissance humanism
Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centuries between the fall of Rome and the present had been the age of Darkness.” According to Petrarch, what was needed to remedy this situation was the careful study and imitation of the great classical authors. For Petrarch and Boccaccio, the greatest master was Cicero, whose prose became the model for both learned (Latin) and vernacular (Italian) prose.
Once the language was mastered grammatically it could be used to attain the second stage, eloquence or rhetoric. This art of persuasion [Cicero had held] was not art for its own sake, but the acquisition of the capacity to persuade others – all men and women – to lead the good life. As Petrarch put it, 'it is better to will the good than to know the truth.' Rhetoric thus led to and embraced philosophy. Leonardo Bruni (c.1369–1444), the outstanding scholar of the new generation, insisted that it was Petrarch who “opened the way for us to show how to acquire learning," but it was in Bruni’s time that the word umanista first came into use, and its subjects of study were listed as five: grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history.”[16]
The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). One of Petrarch’s followers, Coluccio Salutati (1331–1406) was made chancellor of Florence, "whose interests he defended with his literary skill. The Visconti of Milan claimed that Salutati’s pen had done more damage than 'thirty squadrons of Florentine cavalry.'”[17] Contrary to a still widely current interpretation that originated in Voigt's celebrated contemporary, Jacob Burckhardt,[18] and which was adopted wholeheartedly, especially by those moderns calling themselves "humanists",[19] most specialists now do not characterize Renaissance humanism as a philosophical movement, nor in any way as anti-Christian or even anti-clerical. A modern historian has this to say:
Humanism was not an ideological programme but a body of literary knowledge and linguistic skill based on the “revival of good letters,” which was a revival of a late-antique philology and grammar, This is how the word “humanist" was understood by contemporaries, and if scholars would agree to accept the word in this sense rather than in the sense in which it was used in the nineteenth century we might be spared a good deal of useless argument. That humanism had profound social and even political consequences of the life of Italian courts is not to be doubted. But the idea that as a movement it was in some way inimical to the Church, or to the conservative social order in general is one that has been put forward for a century and more without any substantial proof being offered.
The nineteenth-century historian Jacob Burckhardt, in his classic work, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, noted as a “curious fact” that some men of the new culture were “men of the strictest piety, or even ascetics.” If he had meditated more deeply on the meaning of the careers of such humanists as Abrogio Traversari (1386–1439), the General of the Camaldolese Order, perhaps he would not have gone on to describe humanism in unqualified terms as “pagan,” and thus helped precipitate a century of infertile debate about the possible existence of something called “Christian humanism” which ought to be opposed to “pagan humanism.” --Peter Partner, Renaissance Rome, Portrait of a Society 1500–1559 (University of California Press 1979) pp. 14–15.
The umanisti criticized what they considered the barbarous Latin of the universities, but the revival of the humanities largely did not conflict with the teaching of traditional university subjects, which went on as before.[20]
Nor did the humanists view themselves as in conflict with Christianity. Some, like Salutati, were the Chancellors of Italian cities, but the majority (including Petrarch) were ordained as priests, and many worked as senior officials of the Papal court. Humanist Renaissance popes Nicholas V, Pius II, Sixtus IV, and Leo X wrote books and amassed huge libraries.[21]
In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate an harmonious new era of universal agreement.[22] With this end in view, Renaissance Church authorities afforded humanists what in retrospect appears a remarkable degree of freedom of thought.[23][24] One humanist, the Greek Orthodox Platonist Gemistus Pletho (1355–1452), based in Mystras, Greece (but in contact with humanists in Florence, Venice, and Rome) taught a Christianized version of pagan polytheism.[25]
Back to the sources[link]
The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts of Patristic literature as well as pagan authors. In 1439, while employed in Naples at the court of Alfonso V of Aragon (at the time engaged in a dispute with the Papal States) the humanist Lorenzo Valla used stylistic textual analysis, now called philology, to prove that the Donation of Constantine, which purported to confer temporal powers on the Pope of Rome, was an 8th-century forgery.[26] For the next 70 years, however, neither Valla nor any of his contemporaries thought to apply the techniques of philology to other controversial manuscripts in this way. Instead, after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turks in 1453, which brought a flood of Greek Orthodox refugees to Italy, humanist scholars increasingly turned to the study of Neoplatonism and Hermeticism, hoping to bridge the differences between the Greek and Roman Churches, and even between Christianity itself and the non-Christian world.[27] The refugees brought with them Greek manuscripts, not only of Plato and Aristotle, but also of the Christian Gospels, previously unavailable in the Latin West.
After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a view to correcting errors and discrepancies in the latter. Erasmus, along with the French humanist Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, began issuing new translations, laying the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation. Henceforth Renaissance humanism, particularly in the German North, became concerned with religion, while Italian and French humanism concentrated increasingly on scholarship and philology addressed to a narrow audience of specialists, studiously avoiding topics that might offend despotic rulers or which might be seen as corrosive of faith. After the Reformation, critical examination of the Bible did not resume until the advent of the so-called Higher criticism of the 19th-century German Tübingen school.
Consequences[link]
The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue.[28] The line from a drama of Terence, Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto (or with nil for nihil), meaning "I am a man, I think nothing human alien to me", known since antiquity through the endorsement of Saint Augustine, gained renewed currency as epitomizing the humanist attitude.[29]
Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-looking admiration for antiquity," in which Platonism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian concentration on the observable properties of the physical world.[30] But Renaissance humanists, who considered themselves as restoring the glory and nobility of antiquity, had no interest in scientific innovation. However, by the mid-to-late 16th century, even the universities, though still dominated by Scholasticism, began to demand that Aristotle be read in accurate texts edited according to the principles of Renaissance philology, thus setting the stage for Galileo's quarrels with the outmoded habits of Scholasticism.
Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci — partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve the formal teaching of Aristotelian philosophy at the universities, helping to free them from the grip of Medieval Scholasticism.[31] Thus, the stage was set for the adoption of an approach to natural philosophy, based on empirical observations and experimentation of the physical universe, making possible the advent of the age of scientific inquiry that followed the Renaissance.[32]
It was in education that the humanists' program had the most lasting results, their curriculum and methods:
were followed everywhere, serving as models for the Protestant Reformers as well as the Jesuits. The humanistic school, animated by the idea that the study of classical languages and literature provided valuable information and intellectual discipline as well as moral standards and a civilized taste for future rulers, leaders, and professionals of its society, flourished without interruption, through many significant changes, until our own century, surviving many religious, political and social revolutions. It has but recently been replaced, though not yet completely, by other more practical and less demanding forms of education.[33]
From Renaissance to modern humanism[link]
The progression from the humanism of the renaissance to that of the 19th and 20th centuries came about through two key figures: Galileo and Erasmus. Cultural critic, Os Guinness explains that the word humanist during the renaissance initially only defined a concern for humanity, and many early humanists saw no dichotomy between this and their Christian faith. See Christian Humanism
"Yet it was from the Renaissance that modern Secular Humanism grew, with the development of an important split between reason and religion. This occurred as the church's complacent authority was exposed in two vital areas. In science, Galileo's support of the Copernican revolution upset the church's adherence to the theories of Aristotle, exposing them as false. In theology, the Dutch scholar Erasmus with his new Greek text showed that the Roman Catholic adherence to Jerome's Vulgate was frequently in error. A tiny wedge was thus forced between reason and authority, as both of them were then understood."[34]
19th and 20th centuries[link]
The phrase the "religion of humanity" is sometimes attributed to American Founding Father Thomas Paine, though as yet unattested in his surviving writings. According to Tony Davies:
Paine called himself a theophilanthropist, a word combining the Greek for "God", "love," and "man", and indicating that while he believed in the existence of a creating intelligence in the universe, he entirely rejected the claims made by and for all existing religious doctrines, especially their miraculous, transcendental and salvationist pretensions. The Parisian "Society of Theophilanthropy" which he sponsored, is described by his biographer as "a forerunner of the ethical and humanist societies that proliferated later" ... [Paine's book] the trenchantly witty Age of Reason (1793) ... pours scorn on the supernatural pretensions of scripture, combining Voltairean mockery with Paine's own style of taproom ridicule to expose the absurdity of a theology built on a collection of incoherent Levantine folktales.[35]
Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard[36] calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach. "The first is political, largely French in inspiration, and projects 'humanity as the hero of liberty'. The second is philosophical, German, seeks the totality and autonomy of knowledge, and stresses understanding rather than freedom as the key to human fulfillment and emancipation. The two themes converged and competed in complex ways in the 19th century and beyond, and between them set the boundaries of its various humanisms.[37] Homo homini deus est ("Man is a god to man" or "god is nothing [other than] man to himself"), Feuerbach had written.[38]
Victorian novelist Mary Ann Evans, known to the world as George Eliot, translated Strauss's Das Leben Jesu ("The Life of Jesus", 1846) and Ludwig Feuerbach's Das Wesen Christianismus ("The Essence of Christianity"). She wrote to a friend:
the fellowship between man and man which has been the principle of development, social and moral, is not dependent on conceptions of what is not man ... the idea of God, so far as it has been a high spiritual influence, is the ideal of goodness entirely human (i.e., an exaltation of the human).[39]
Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles—a secular Religion of Humanity (which worshiped the dead, since most humans who have ever lived are dead), complete with holidays and liturgy, modeled on the rituals of a what was seen as a discredited and dilapidated Catholicism.[40] Although Comte's English followers, like Eliot and Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity. Comte's austere vision of the universe, his injunction to "vivre pour altrui" ("live for others", from which comes the word "altruism"),[41] and his idealization of women inform the works of Victorian novelists and poets from George Eliot and Matthew Arnold to Thomas Hardy.
The British Humanistic Religious Association was formed as one of the earliest forerunners of contemporary chartered Humanist organizations in 1853 in London. This early group was democratically organized, with male and female members participating in the election of the leadership, and promoted knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and the arts.[42]
In February 1877, the word was used pejoratively, apparently for the first time in America, to describe Felix Adler. Adler, however, did not embrace the term, and instead coined the name "Ethical Culture" for his new movement – a movement which still exists in the now Humanist-affiliated New York Society for Ethical Culture.[43] In 2008, Ethical Culture Leaders wrote: "Today, the historic identification, Ethical Culture, and the modern description, Ethical Humanism, are used interchangeably."[44]
Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labeled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann. Potter was a minister from the Unitarian tradition and in 1930 he and his wife, Clara Cook Potter, published Humanism: A New Religion. Throughout the 1930s, Potter was an advocate of such liberal causes as, women’s rights, access to birth control, "civil divorce laws", and an end to capital punishment.[45]
Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humanist Manifesto in 1933. Potter's book and the Manifesto became the cornerstones of modern humanism, the latter declaring a new religion by saying, "any religion that can hope to be a synthesizing and dynamic force for today must be shaped for the needs of this age. To establish such a religion is a major necessity of the present." It then presented 15 theses of humanism as foundational principles for this new religion.
In 1941, the American Humanist Association was organized. Noted members of The AHA included Isaac Asimov, who was the president from 1985 until his death in 1992, and writer Kurt Vonnegut, who followed as honorary president until his death in 2007. Gore Vidal became honorary president in 2009. Robert Buckman was the head of the association in Canada, and is now an honorary president.[citation needed]
After World War II, three prominent Humanists became the first directors of major divisions of the United Nations: Julian Huxley of UNESCO, Brock Chisholm of the World Health Organization, and John Boyd-Orr of the Food and Agricultural Organization.[46]
In 2004, American Humanist Association, along with other groups representing agnostics, atheists, and other freethinkers, joined to create the Secular Coalition for America which advocates in Washington, D.C. for separation of church and state and nationally for the greater acceptance of nontheistic Americans. The Executive Director of Secular Coalition for America is Sean Faircloth, a long-time state legislator from Maine.
Attitudes toward religion and atheism[link]
The original signers of the first Humanist Manifesto of 1933, declared themselves to be religious humanists. Because, in their view, traditional religions were failing to meet the needs of their day, the signers of 1933 declared it a necessity to establish a religion that was a dynamic force to meet the needs of the day. However, this "religion" did not profess a belief in any god. Since then two additional Manifestos were written to replace the first.[citation needed]
In the Preface of Humanist Manifesto II, the authors Paul Kurtz and Edwin H. Wilson (1973) assert that faith and knowledge are required for a hopeful vision for the future. Manifesto II references a section on Religion and states traditional religion renders a disservice to humanity. Manifesto II recognizes the following groups to be part of their naturalistic philosophy: “scientific,” “ethical,” “democratic,” “religious,” and “Marxist” humanism.
In the 20th and 21st centuries, members of Humanist organizations have disagreed as to whether Humanism is a religion. They categorize themselves in one of three ways. Religious Humanism, in the tradition of the earliest Humanist organizations in the UK and US, attempts to fulfill the traditional social role of religion.[47] Secular Humanism considers all forms of religion, including religious Humanism, to be superseded.[48] In order to sidestep disagreements between these two factions, recent Humanist proclamations define Humanism as a life stance; proponents of this view making up the third faction. Regardless of implementation, the philosophy of all three groups rejects deference to supernatural beliefs and addresses ethics without reference to them, attesting that ethics is a human enterprise. It is generally compatible with atheism[49] and agnosticism,[50] but being atheist or agnostic does not, itself, make one a Humanist. Nevertheless, humanism is diametrically opposed to state atheism.[51][52] According to Paul Kurtz, considered by some to be the founder of the American secular humanist movement,[53] one of the differences between Marxist-Leninist atheists and humanists is the latter's commitment to "human freedom and democracy" while stating that the militant atheism of the Soviet Union consistently violated basic human rights.[54] Kurtz also stated that the "defense of religious liberty is as precious to the humanist as are the rights of the believers."[54] Greg M. Epstein states that, "modern, organized Humanism began, in the minds of its founders, as nothing more nor less than a religion without a God."[55]
Knowledge[link]
Modern Humanists, such as Corliss Lamont or Carl Sagan, hold that humanity must seek for truth through reason and the best observable evidence and endorse scientific skepticism and the scientific method. However, they stipulate that decisions about right and wrong must be based on the individual and common good. As an ethical process, Humanism does not consider metaphysical issues such as the existence or nonexistence of supernatural beings. Humanism is engaged with what is human.[56]
Optimism[link]
Contemporary Humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help of others. The ultimate goal is human flourishing; making life better for all humans, and as the most conscious species, also promoting concern for the welfare of other sentient beings and the planet as a whole.[citation needed] The focus is on doing good and living well in the here and now, and leaving the world a better place for those who come after. In 1925, the English mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead cautioned: "The prophecy of Francis Bacon has now been fulfilled; and man, who at times dreamt of himself as a little lower than the angels, has submitted to become the servant and the minister of nature. It still remains to be seen whether the same actor can play both parts."[57]
Humanism (life stance)[link]
Main article: Secular humanism
Humanism (when without "secular" as a qualifying adjective, written with a capital 'H')[58] is a comprehensive life stance or world view which embraces human reason, metaphysical naturalism, altruistic morality and distributive justice, and consciously rejects supernatural claims, theistic faith and religiosity, pseudoscience, and perceived superstition.[59][60][61] Many Humanists derive their moral codes from a philosophy of utilitarianism, ethical naturalism or evolutionary ethics, and some advocate a science of morality.[62]
The International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) is the world union of more than 100 Humanist, rationalist, irreligious, atheistic, Bright, secular, Ethical Culture, and freethought organizations in more than 40 countries. The "Happy Human" is the official symbol of the IHEU as well as being regarded as a universally recognised symbol for those who call themselves Humanists (as opposed to "humanists"). In 2002, the IHEU General Assembly unanimously adopted the Amsterdam Declaration 2002 which represents the official defining statement of World Humanism.[63]
All member organisations of the IHEU are required by IHEU bylaw 5.1[64] to accept the IHEU Minimum Statement on Humanism:
Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality.
Polemics[link]
Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T.E. Hulme, and T.S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme) or overly feminine (Pound)[65] and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian society such as (they believed) existed in the Middle Ages. Postmodern critics who are self-described anti-humanists, such as Jean-François Lyotard and Michel Foucault, have asserted that humanism posits an overarching and excessively abstract notion of humanity or universal human nature, which can then be used as a pretext for imperialism and domination of those deemed somehow less than human. Philosopher Kate Soper[66] notes that by faulting humanism for falling short of its own benevolent ideals, anti-humanism thus frequently “secretes a humanist rhetoric”.[67] In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfill its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own.[68] Others, like the German philosopher Heidegger considered themselves humanists on the model of the ancient Greeks, but thought humanism applied only to the German "race" and specifically to the Nazis and thus, in Davies' words, were anti-humanist humanists.[69] Such a reading of Heidegger's thought is itself deeply controversial, Heidegger includes his own views and critique of Humanism in Letter On Humanism. Davies acknowledges that after the horrific experiences of the wars of the 20th century "it should no longer be possible to formulate phrases like 'the destiny of man' or the 'triumph of human reason' without an instant consciousness of the folly and brutality they drag behind them." For "it is almost impossible to think of a crime that has not been committed in the name of human reason." Yet, he continues, "it would be unwise to simply abandon the ground occupied by the historical humanisms. For one thing humanism remains on many occasions the only available alternative to bigotry and persecution. The freedom to speak and write, to organize and campaign in defense of individual or collective interests, to protest and disobey: all these can only be articulated in humanist terms."[70]
Inclusive humanism[link]
Humanism increasingly designates an inclusive sensibility for our species, planet and lives. While retaining the definition of the IHEU with regard to the life stance of the individual, inclusive Humanism enlarges its constituency within homo sapiens to consider humans' broadening powers and obligations.
This accepting viewpoint recalls Renaissance Humanism in that it presumes an advocacy role for Humanists towards species governance, and this proactive stance is charged with a commensurate responsibility surpassing that of individual Humanism. It identifies pollution, militarism, nationalism, sexism, poverty and corruption as being persistent and addressable human character issues incompatible with the interests of our species. It asserts that human governance must be unified and is inclusionary in that it does not exclude any person by reason of their collateral beliefs or personal religion alone. As such it can be said to be a container for undeclared Humanism, instilling a species credo to complement the personal tenets of individuals.
Dwight Gilbert Jones writes that Humanism may be the only philosophy likely to be adopted by our species as a whole – it is thus incumbent on inclusive Humanists to not place unwarranted or self-interested conditions on its prospective adherents, nor associate it with religious acrimony.[71]
See also[link]
- Natural rights
- Post-theism
- Extropianism
- Materialism
- Objectivity (philosophy)
- Community organizing
- Unitarian Universalism
- Misanthropy
- Social psychology
- Ten Commandment Alternatives – Secular and humanist alternatives to the Ten Commandments
Notes[link]
- ^ Esptein, Greg M. (2010). Good Without God: What a Billion Nonreligious People Do Believe. New York: HarperCollins. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-06-167011-4.
- ^ "Genesis of a Humanist Manifesto". http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/edwin_wilson/manifesto/ch2.html. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
- ^ Compact Oxford English dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2007. "humanism n. 2 a Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought."
- ^ Nicholas Mann (1996). The Origins of Humanism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. "The term umanista was used, in fifteenth century Italian academic jargon to describe a teacher or student of classical literature and the arts associated with it, including that of rhetoric. The English equivalent 'humanist' makes its appearance in the late sixteenth century with a similar meaning. Only in the nineteenth century, however, and probably for the first time in Germany in 1809, is the attribute transformed into a substantive: humanism, standing for devotion to the literature of ancient Greece and Rome, and the humane values that may be derived from them."
- ^ As J. A. Symonds remarked, “the word humanism has a German sound and is in fact modern” (See The Renaissance in Italy Vol. 2:71n, 1877). Vito Giustiniani writes that in the German-speaking world “Humanist” while keeping its specific meaning (as scholar of Classical literature) “gave birth to further derivatives, such as humanistisch for those schools which later were to be called humanistische Gymnasien, with Latin and Greek as the main subjects of teaching (1784). Finally, Humanismus was introduced to denote ‘classical education in general' (1808) and still later for the epoch and the achievements of the Italian humanists of the fifteenth century (1841). This is to say that ‘humanism’ for ‘classical learning‘ appeared first in Germany, where it was once and for all sanctioned in this meaning by Georg Voigt (1859)", Vito Giustiniani, "Homo, Humanus, and the Meanings of Humanism", Journal of the History of Ideas 46 (vol. 2, April–June, 1985): 172.
- ^ “L’amour général de l’humanité ... vertu qui n’a point de nom parmi nous et que nous oserions appeler ‘humanisme’, puisqu’enfin il est temps de créer un mot pour une chose si belle et nécessaire"; from the review Ephémérides du citoyen ou Bibliothèque raisonée des sciences morales et politiques, (chapter 16, Dec, 17, 1765): p.247, quoted in V. Giustiniani, op. cit., p. 175n.
- ^ Although Rousseau himself devoutly believed in a personal God, his book, Emile: or, On Education, does attempt to demonstrate that atheists can be virtuous. It was publicly burned. During the Revolution, Jacobins instituted a cult of the Supreme Being along lines suggested by Rousseau. In the 19th-century French positivist philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857) founded a "religion of humanity", whose calendar and catechism echoed the former Revolutionary cult. See Comtism
- ^ The Oxford English Dictionary. VII (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1989. pp. 474–475.
- ^ "Ma conviction intime est que la religion de l’avenir sera le pur humanisme, c’est-à-dire le culte de tout ce qui est de l’homme, la vie entière santifiée et éléve a une valeur moral.”, quoted in Giustiniani, op. cit.
- ^ An account of the evolution of the meaning of the word humanism from the point of view of a modern secular humanist can be found in Nicolas Walter's Humanism – What's in the Word (London: Rationalist Press Association, 1997 ISBN 0-301-97001-7). From the same perspective, but somewhat less polemical, can be found in Richard Norman's On Humanism (Thinking in Action) (London: Routledge: 2004). For a historical and philologically oriented view see Vito Giustiniani, "Homo, Humanus, and the Meanings of Humanism" (1985), cited above.
- ^ Potter, Charles (1930). Humanism A new Religion. Simon and Schuster. pp. 64–69.
- ^ "Lesson 1: A brief history of humanist thought". Introduction to Humanism: A Primer on the History, Philosophy, and Goals of Humanism. The Continuum of Humanist Education. http://humanisteducation.com/class.html?module_id=1&page=1. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), Islamic Humanism, p. 155, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513580-6.
- ^ Ahmad, I. A. (3 June 2002). "The Rise and Fall of Islamic Science: The Calendar as a Case Study" (PDF). Faith and Reason: Convergence and Complementarity. Al-Akhawayn University. http://images.agustianwar.multiply.com/attachment/0/RxbYbQoKCr4AAD@kzFY1/IslamicCalendar-A-Case-Study.pdf. Retrieved 31 January 2008
- ^ Makdisi, George (April–June 1989). "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West". Journal of the American Oriental Society (Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, No. 2) 109 (2): 175–182. DOI:10.2307/604423. JSTOR 604423
- ^ Johnson, Paul (2000). The Renaissance. New York: The Modern Library. pp. 32–34 and 37. ISBN 0-679-64086-X.
- ^ Johnson, Paul (2000). The Renaissance. New York: The Modern Library. p. 37.
- ^ The influence of Jacob Burckhardt's classic masterpiece of cultural history, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) on subsequent Renaissance historiography is traced in Wallace K. Ferguson's The Renaissance in Historical Thought: Five Centuries of Historical Interpretation (1948).
- ^ For example the Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, adhering to the tenacious 19th-century narrative (or myth) of the Renaissance as a complete break with the past established in 1860 by Jacob Burckhardt, describes the liberating effects of the re-discovery of classical writings this way:
Here, one felt no weight of the supernatural pressing on the human mind, demanding homage and allegiance. Humanity—with all its distinct capabilities, talents, worries, problems, possibilities—was the center of interest. It has been said that medieval thinkers philosophized on their knees, but, bolstered by the new studies, they dared to stand up and to rise to full stature."Humanism". "The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. 1999.
- ^ "The term umanista was associated with the revival of the studia humanitatis "which included grammatica, rhetorica, poetics, historia, and philosophia moralis, as these terms were understood. Unlike the liberal arts of the eighteenth century, they did not include the visual arts, music, dancing or gardening. The humanities also failed to include the disciplines that were the chief subjects of instruction at the universities during the Later Middle Ages and throughout the Renaissance, such as theology, jurisprudence, and medicine, and the philosophical disciplines other than ethics, such as logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics. In other words, humanism does not represent, as often believed, the sum total of Renaissance thought and learning, but only a well-defined sector of it. Humanism has its proper domain or home territory in the humanities, whereas all other areas of learning, including philosophy (apart from ethics), followed their own course, largely determined by their medieval tradition and by their steady transformation through new observations, problems, or theories. These disciplines were affected by humanism mainly from the outside and in an indirect way, though often quite strongly."Paul Oskar Kristeller, Humanism, pp. 113–114, in Charles B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner (editors), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy (1990).
- ^ See their respective entries in Sir John Hale's Concise Encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance (Oxford University Press, 1981).
- ^ To later generations, the Dutch humanist, Desiderius Erasmus, epitomized this reconciling tendency). According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Enlightenment thinkers remembered Erasmus (not quite accurately) as a precursor of modern intellectual freedom and a foe of both Protestant and Catholic dogmatism." Erasmus himself was not much interested in the Kabbalah, but several other humanists were, notably Pico della Mirandola. See Christian Kabbalah.)
- ^ Bergin, Thomas; Speake, Jennifer (1987). The Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Oxford: Facts On File Publications. pp. 216–217.
- ^ "Only thirteen of Pico della Mirandola's nine hundred theses were thought theologically objectionable by the papal commission that examined them.... [This] suggests that, in spite of his publicly expressed contempt in his Apologia for their intellectual inadequacies, the Curial authorities hardly saw these theses as the work of a dangerous theological modernist like Luther or Calvin. Unorthodox though they were, most of the issues raised in them had been the subject of theological dispute for centuries and the commission ... condemned him not for innovations but for 'reviving several of the errors of gentile philosophers which are already disproved and obsolete.'” Davies (1997), p 103.
- ^ Richard H. Popkin (editor), The Columbia History of Western Philosophy (1998), p. 293 and p. 301.
- ^ More than 100 years earlier, Dante in the Divine Comedy (c. 1308–1321) had pinpointed the Donation of Constantine (which he accepted as genuine) as a great mistake and the cause of all the political and religious problems of Italy, including the corruption of the Church. Although Dante had thunderously attacked the idea that the Church could have temporal as well as spiritual powers, it remained to Valla to conclusively prove that the legal justification for such powers was spurious.
- ^ Ironically, it was a humanist scholar, Isaac Casaubon, in the 17th century, who would use philology to show that the Corpus Hermeticum was not of great antiquity, as had been asserted in the 4th century by Saint Augustine and Lactantius, but dated from the Christian era. See Anthony Grafton, Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450–1800 (Harvard University Press, 1991).
- ^ "Humanism". Encyclopedic Dictionary of Religion. F-N. Corpus Publications. 1979. pp. 1733. ISBN 0-9602572-1-7. "Renaissance humanists rejoiced in the mutual compatibility of much ancient philosophy and Christian truths", M. A. Screech, Laughter at the Foot of the Cross (1997), p. 13.
- ^ The statement, in a play modeled or borrowed from a (now lost) Greek comedy by Menander, may have originated in a lighthearted vein – as a comic rationale for an old man's meddling – but it quickly became a proverb and throughout the ages was quoted with a deeper meaning, by Cicero and Saint Augustine, to name a few, and most notably by Seneca. Richard Bauman writes: "Homo sum: humani nihil a me alienum puto., I am a man: and I deem nothing pertaining to man is foreign to me.' The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BC and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks, but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality. The influence of Terence’s felicitous phrase on Roman thinking about human rights can hardly be overestimated. Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of mankind with a clarion-call:
There is one short rule that should regulate human relationships. All that you see, both divine and human, is one. We are parts of the same great body. Nature created us from the same source and to the same end. She imbued us with mutual affection and sociability, she taught us to be fair and just, to suffer injury rather than to inflict it. She bid us extend or hands to all in need of help. Let that well-known line be in our heart and on our lips: Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto." --Bauman, Human Rights in Ancient Rome, Routledge Classical Monographs, 1999, page 1).
- ^ A. C. Crombie, Historians and the Scientific Revolution, p. 456 in Science, Art and Nature in Medieval and Modern Thought (1996).
- ^ Gottlieb, Anthony (2000). The Dream of Reason: a history of western philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 410–411.
- ^ Alleby, Brad (2003). "Humanism". Encyclopedia of Science & Religion. 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 426–428. ISBN 0-02-865705-5.
- ^ P.O. Kristeller (op cit.), p. 114.
- ^ Os Guinness – The Dust of Death (Intervarsity Press 1973) p. 5
- ^ Tony Davies, Humanism (Routledge, 1997) p. 26-27.
- ^ In La Condition postmoderne
- ^ Davies (1997), p. 27.
- ^ ibid, p 28
- ^ quoted in Davies (1997), p. 27.
- ^ "Comte's secular religion is no vague effusion of humanistic piety, but a complete system of belief and ritual, with liturgy and sacraments, priesthood and pontiff, all organized around the public veneration of Humanity, the Nouveau Grand-Être Suprême (New Supreme Great Being), later to be supplemented in a positivist trinity by the Grand Fétish (the Earth) and the Grand Milieu (Destiny)" According to Davies (p. 28-29), Comte's austere and "slightly dispiriting" philosophy of humanity viewed as alone in an indifferent universe (which can only be explained by "positive" science) and with nowhere to turn but to each other, was even more influential in Victorian England than the theories of Charles Darwin or Karl Marx.
- ^ ibid p. 29
- ^ Morain, Lloyd and Mary (2007). Humanism as the Next Step. Washington, D.C.: Humanist Press. p. 109. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0-931779-16-2|978-0-931779-16-2]]. http://www.americanhumanist.org/publications/Hum_as_the_Next_Step.pdf.
- ^ "History: New York Society for Ethical Culture". New York Society for Ethical Culture. 2008. http://www.nysec.org/sitemap/about-ethical-culture/history/. Retrieved 6 March 2009.
- ^ "Ethical Culture". American Ethical Union. http://aeu.org/library/articles/Ethical_Culture.pdf. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
- ^ Stringer-Hye, Richard. "Charles Francis Potter". Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography. Unitarian Universalist Historical Society. http://wWorldWarII5.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/charlesfrancispotter.html. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
- ^ American Humanist Association
- ^ Wilson, Edwin H. (1995). The Genesis of a Humanist Manifesto. Amherst, NY: Humanist Press. This book quotes the constitution of the Humanistic Religious Association of London, founded in 1853, as saying, "In forming ourselves into a progressive religious body, we have adopted the name 'Humanistic Religious Association' to convey the idea that Religion is a principle inherent in man and is a means of developing his being towards greater perfection. We have emancipated ourselves from the ancient compulsory dogmas, myths and ceremonies borrowed of old from Asia and still pervading the ruling churches of our age."
- ^ Kurtz, Paul (1995). Living Without Religion: Eupraxophy. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 8.
- ^ Baggini, Julian (2003). Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-19-280424-3. "The atheist's rejection of belief in God is usually accompanied by a broader rejection of any supernatural or transcendental reality. For example, an atheist does not usually believe in the existence of immortal souls, life after death, ghosts, or supernatural powers. Although strictly speaking an atheist could believe in any of these things and still remain an atheist... the arguments and ideas that sustain atheism tend naturally to rule out other beliefs in the supernatural or transcendental."
- ^ Winston, Robert (Ed.) (2004). Human. New York: DK Publishing, Inc. p. 299. ISBN 0-7566-1901-7. "Neither atheism nor agnosticism is a full belief system, because they have no fundamental philosophy or lifestyle requirements. These forms of thought are simply the absence of belief in, or denial of, the existence of deities."
- ^ Paul Kurtz, Vern L. Bullough, Tim Madigan (19 October 2009). Toward a New Enlightenment: the Philosophy of Paul Kurtz. Transaction Books. ISBN 978-1-56000-118-8. http://books.google.com/?id=e9OJSW5dkM8C&pg=PA250&dq=militant+atheist+deaths#v=onepage&q&f=false. "In the past, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union waged unremitting warfare against religion. It persecuted religious believers, confiscated church properties, executed or exiled tens of thousands of clerics, and prohibited believers to engage in religious instruction or publish religious materials. It has also carried on militant pro-atheist propaganda campaigns as part of the official ideology of the state, in an effort to establish a "new Soviet man" committed to the ideals of Communist society. Mikhail Gorbachev is dismantling such policies by permitting greater freedom of religious conscience. If his reforms proceed unabated, they could have dramatic implications for the entire Communist world, for the Russians may be moving from militant atheism to tolerant humanism."
- ^ Paul Kurtz, Vern L. Bullough, Tim Madigan (19 October 2009). Toward a New Enlightenment: the Philosophy of Paul Kurtz. Transaction Books. ISBN 978-1-56000-118-8. http://books.google.com/?id=e9OJSW5dkM8C&pg=PA250&dq=militant+atheist+deaths#v=onepage&q&f=false. "Ranged against the true believer are the militant atheists, who adamantly reject the faith as false stupid, and reactionary. They consider all religious believers to be gullible fools and claim that they are given to accepting gross exaggerations and untenable premises. Historic religious claims, they think, are totally implausible, unbelievable, disreputable, and controvertible, for they go beyond the bounds of reason. Militant atheists can find no value at all to any religious beliefs or institutions. They resist any effort to engage in inquiry or debate. Madalyn Murray O'Hair is as arrogant in her rejection of religion as is the true believer in his or her profession of faith. This form of atheism thus becomes mere dogma."
- ^ The New Atheism and Secular Humanism. Center for Inquiry. 19 October 2009. http://www.pointofinquiry.org/paul_kurtz_the_new_atheism_and_secular_humanism/. "Paul Kurtz, considered by many the father of the secular humanist movement, is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the State University of New York at Buffalo."
- ^ a b Paul Kurtz, Vern L. Bullough, Tim Madigan (19 October 2009). Toward a New Enlightenment: the Philosophy of Paul Kurtz. Transaction Books. ISBN 978-1-56000-118-8. http://books.google.com/?id=e9OJSW5dkM8C&pg=PA250&dq=militant+atheist+deaths#v=onepage&q&f=false. "There have been fundamental and irreconcilable differences between humanists and atheists, particularly Marxist-Leninists. The defining characteristic of humanism is its commitment to human freedom and democracy; the kind of atheism practiced in the Soviet Union has consistently violated basic human rights. Humanists believe first and foremost in the freedom of conscience, the free mind, and the right of dissent. The defense of religious liberty is as precious to the humanist as are the rights of the believers."
- ^ Esptein, Greg M. (2010). Good Without God: What a Billion Nonreligious People Do Believe. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-167011-4.
- ^ Lamont, Corliss (1997). The Philosophy of Humanism, Eighth Edition. Humanist Press: Amherst, New York. pp. 252–253. ISBN 0-931779-07-3. "Conscience, the sense of right and wrong and the insistent call of one's better, more idealistic, more social-minded self, is a social product. Feelings of right and wrong that at first have their locus within the family gradually develop into a pattern for the tribe or city, then spread to the larger unit of the nation, and finally from the nation to humanity as a whole. Humanism sees no need for resorting to supernatural explanations, or sanctions at any point in the ethical process."
- ^ Science and the Modern World (New York: Simon and Schuster, [1925] 1997) p. 96.
- ^ Doerr, Edd (November/December 2002). "Humanism Unmodified". The Humanist. http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/DoerrND02.htm. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
- ^ Edwords, Fred (1989). "What Is Humanism?". American Humanist Association. http://www.americanhumanist.org/who_we_are/about_humanism/What_is_Humanism. Retrieved 19 August 2009. "Secular Humanism is an outgrowth of eighteenth century enlightenment rationalism and nineteenth century freethought... Secular and Religious Humanists both share the same worldview and the same basic principles... From the standpoint of philosophy alone, there is no difference between the two. It is only in the definition of religion and in the practice of the philosophy that Religious and Secular Humanists effectively disagree."
- ^ Compact Oxford English dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2007. "humanism n. 1 a rationalistic system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters."
- ^ "Definitions of humanism (subsection)". Institute for Humanist Studies. http://humaniststudies.org/humphil.html. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
- ^ Secular humanists John Shook and Sam Harris advocate, for example
- ^ "Amsterdam Declaration 2002". International Humanist and Ethical Union. http://www.iheu.org/amsterdamdeclaration. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
- ^ "IHEU's Bylaws". International Humanist and Ethical Union. http://www.iheu.org/bylaws. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
- ^ Fascist apologist Ezra Pound called sentimental humanism “an old bitch gone in the teeth". See Tony Davies, Humanism (Routledge, 1997) p. 48.
- ^ in Humanism and Anti-humanism (Problems of Modern European Thought) (La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Press, 1986, p. 128.
- ^ quoted in Davies (1997) p. 49.
- ^ Habermas accepts some criticisms leveled at traditional humanism but believes that humanism must be rethought and revised rather than simply abandoned.
- ^ "The antihhumanist Humanism of Heidegger and the humanist antihumanism of Foucault and Althusser" (Davies [1997]), p. 131.
- ^ Davies (1997), pp. 131–32
- ^ Jones, Dwight (2009). Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism. 17 (1). http://www.essaysinhumanism.org.
References[link]
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Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (March 2010) |
- Bauman, Richard. Human Rights in Ancient Rome. Routledge Classical Monographs, 1999 ISBN 0-415-17320-5
- Berry, Philippa and Andrew Wernick. The Shadow of Spirit: Post-Modernism and Religion. Routledge, (1992) 2006. ISBN 0-415-06638-7
- Burckhardt, Jacob, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy' 1860.
- Davies, Tony. Humanism The New Critical Idiom. Drakakis, John, series editor. University of Stirling, UK. Routledge, 1997 ISBN 0-415-11052-1
- Ferguson, Wallace K. The Renaissance in Historical Thought. Five Centuries of Interpretation. New York: Nachdruck: AMS, 1981 (Boston: Mifflin, 1948)
- Gay, Peter. The Party of Humanity: Essays in the French enlightenment. New York: W. W. Norton (1971). OCLC 11672592
- Gay, Peter. Enlightenment: The Science of Freedom. New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 1996 ISBN 0-393-31366-2
- Giustiniani,Vito. "Homo, Humanus, and the Meanings of Humanism", Journal of the History of Ideas 46 (vol. 2, April – June, 1985): 167 – 95. [1] [2]
- Grafton, Anthony. Defenders of the Text: The Traditions of Scholarship in an Age of Science, 1450–1800. Harvard University Press, 1991
- Grafton, Anthony. Bring Out Your Dead: The Past as Revelation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004 ISBN 978-0-674-00468-9
- Grendler, Paul F. '"Georg Voigt: Historian of Humanism", in: Humanism and Creativity in the Renaissance: Essays in Honor of Ronald G. Witt.
- Christopher S. Celenza und Kenneth Gouvens, Editors. Leiden 2006, pp. 295–326 ISBN 90-04-14907-4
- Guinness, Os. The Dust of Death Intervarsity Press 1973 ISBN 0-87784-911-0
- Hale, John. A Concise Encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance. Oxford University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-500-23333-0.
- Johnson, Paul. The Renaissance. Modern Library Chronicles. New York: Modern Library, 2002 ISBN 0-8129-6619-0
- Kristeller, Paul Oskar. The Renaissance Philosophy of Man. The University of Chicago Press, 1950.
- Kristeller, Paul Oskar. Renaissance Thought and its Sources. Columbia University Press, 1979 ISBN 0-231-04513-1
- Partner, Peter. Renaissance Rome, Portrait of a Society 1500–1559 University of California Press, 1979
- Proctor, Robert. Defining the Humanities. Indiana University Press, 1998 ISBN 0-253-21219-7
- Vernant, Jean-Pierre. Origins of Greek Thought. Cornell University Press, (1962) 1984 ISBN 0-8014-9293-9
- Schmitt, Charles B. and Quentin Skinner, Editors. The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy. Cambridge, 1990.
- Wernick, Andrew. Auguste Comte and the Religion of Humanity: The Post-theistic Program of French Social Theory. Cambridge University Press, 2001 ISBN 0-521-66272-9
External links[link]
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Humanism" article dated 2008-11-06, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
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Look up humanism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Humanism |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Humanism. |
From classical humanism to the humanism of today[link]
- In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg. Humanism. BBC Radio discussion with Tony Davies, Department of English, University of Birmingham; Lisa Jardine, Professor of Renaissance Studies, Queen Mary College, University of London and Honorary Fellow of Kings College Cambridge; Simon Goldhill, Reader in Greek Literature and Culture at Kings College Cambridge.
Introductions to humanism[link]
- "Humanism: Why, What, and What For, In 882 Words". Web article about a Cuban humanist movement.
- Humanism at the Open Directory Project. A web portal to Humanist Societies.
Web articles[link]
- Barthelemy's conference – video and paper – about Gilbert Simondon, Bernard Stiegler and the "new French Enlightenment" : the question of a "difficult humanism" (a conference at Université de tous les savoirs). In French.
- Bisaha, Nancy. "Channeling the Ghosts of the Renaissance" ( a review of Anthony Grafton's Bring Out Your Dead: The Past as a Revelation). Humanities and Social Sciences Net Online, August 2004
Web books[link]
- The Philosophy of Humanism by Corliss Lamont
- A Guide for the Godless: The Secular Path to Meaning by Andrew Kernohan
- The New Humanism by Edward Howard Griggs
- Thinking and Moral Problems, Religions and Their Source, Purpose, and Developing a Universal Religion, four Parts of a Wikibook.
Primary Organizations[link]
- American Humanist Association
- International Humanist and Ethical Union
- The British Humanist Association
- Humanist Canada | Humaniste Canada
- Videos
- Humanistic Approach to Quality Teaching and Learning- Transformational Quality (TQ) Theory
- Humanistic Approach to Action Research
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| Richard Dawkins | |
|---|---|
 Dawkins in 2010 at Cooper Union in New York City |
|
| Born | Clinton Richard Dawkins (1941-03-26) 26 March 1941 (age 71) Nairobi, Kenya Colony |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | MA, DPhil (Oxon) |
| Alma mater | Balliol College, Oxford |
| Occupation | Ethologist |
| Years active | 1967–present |
| Employer | University of California, Berkeley University of Oxford |
| Organization | Fellow of the Royal Society Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature |
| Known for | Gene-centered view of evolution, concept of the meme, as well as advocacy of atheism and science. |
| Notable work(s) | The Selfish Gene (1976) The Extended Phenotype (1982) The Blind Watchmaker (1986) The God Delusion (2006) |
| Influenced by | Charles Darwin, Ronald Fisher, George C. Williams, W. D. Hamilton, Daniel Dennett, Bertrand Russell, Nikolaas Tinbergen, John Maynard Smith, Robert Trivers |
| Spouse | Marian Stamp Dawkins (m. 1967–1984) Eve Barham (m. 1984–?) Lalla Ward (m. 1992–present) |
| Children | Juliet Emma Dawkins (born 1984) |
| Parents | Clinton John Dawkins Jean Mary Vyvyan (née Ladner) |
| Awards | ZSL Silver Medal (1989) Faraday Award (1990) Kistler Prize (2001) |
| Website | |
| The Richard Dawkins Foundation | |
Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941), known as Richard Dawkins, is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist and author. He is an emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford,[1] and was the University of Oxford's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008.[2]
Dawkins came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, which popularised the gene-centered view of evolution and introduced the term meme. In 1982 he introduced an influential concept into evolutionary biology, presented in his book The Extended Phenotype, that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms.[3]
Dawkins is an atheist, a vice president of the British Humanist Association, and a supporter of the Brights movement.[4] He is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design. In his 1986 book The Blind Watchmaker, he argued against the watchmaker analogy, an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms. Instead, he described evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker. He has since written several popular science books, and makes regular television and radio appearances, predominantly discussing these topics. In his 2006 book The God Delusion, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion—"a fixed false belief."[5] As of January 2010 the English-language version has sold more than two million copies and had been translated into 31 languages.[6]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Dawkins was born in Nairobi, Kenya.[7] His father, Clinton John Dawkins (1915–2010),[8] was an agricultural civil servant in the British colonial service, in Nyasaland (now Malawi). Dawkins has a younger sister.[9] His father was called up into the King's African Rifles during World War II,[10][11] returning to England in 1949, when Dawkins was eight. His father had inherited a country estate, Over Norton Park, which he turned into a commercial farm.[8] Both his parents were interested in natural sciences; they answered Dawkins' questions in scientific terms.[12]
Dawkins describes his childhood as "a normal Anglican upbringing".[13] He was confirmed, and embraced Christianity until his mid-teens, at which point he concluded that the theory of evolution was a better explanation for life's complexity, and ceased believing in a god.[9] Dawkins states: "the main residual reason why I was religious was from being so impressed with the complexity of life and feeling that it had to have a designer, and I think it was when I realised that Darwinism was a far superior explanation that pulled the rug out from under the argument of design. And that left me with nothing."[9]
He attended Oundle, a Church of England school,[9] from 1954 to 1959. He studied zoology at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was tutored by Nobel Prize–winning ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen, graduating in 1962. He continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his M.A. and D.Phil. degrees by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year.[7] Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of instinct, learning and choice.[14] Dawkins' research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making.[15]
From 1967 to 1969, he was an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley. During this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley were largely opposed to the ongoing Vietnam War, and Dawkins became heavily involved in the anti-war demonstrations and activities.[16] He returned to the University of Oxford in 1970 taking a position as a lecturer, and in 1990, as a reader in zoology. In 1995 he was appointed Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford, a position that had been endowed by Charles Simonyi with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field",[17] and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins.[18]
Since 1970 he has been a fellow of New College.[19] He has delivered a number of inaugural and other lectures, including the Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture (1989), first Erasmus Darwin Memorial Lecture (1990), Michael Faraday Lecture (1991), T. H. Huxley Memorial Lecture (1992), Irvine Memorial Lecture (1997), Sheldon Doyle Lecture (1999), Tinbergen Lecture (2004) and Tanner Lectures (2003).[7] In 1991 he gave the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children. He has also served as editor of a number of journals, and has acted as editorial advisor to the Encarta Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Evolution. He is a senior editor of the Council for Secular Humanism's Free Inquiry magazine, for which he also writes a column. He has been a member of the editorial board of Skeptic magazine since its foundation.[20]
He has sat on judging panels for awards as diverse as the Royal Society's Faraday Award and the British Academy Television Awards,[7] and has been president of the Biological Sciences section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2004 Balliol College, Oxford instituted the Dawkins Prize, awarded for "outstanding research into the ecology and behaviour of animals whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human activities".[21] In September 2008, he retired from his professorship, announcing plans to "write a book aimed at youngsters in which he will warn them against believing in 'anti-scientific' fairytales."[22]
Personal life[link]
On 19 August 1967, Dawkins married fellow ethologist Marian Stamp in Annestown, County Waterford, Ireland;[23] they divorced in 1984. Later that same year, on 1 June, he married Eve Barham (19 August 1951[24]–28 February 1999) in Oxford. They had a daughter, Juliet Emma Dawkins (born 1984, Oxford).[24] Dawkins and Barham also divorced[25] and she later died of cancer.[26][27] In 1992 he married actress Lalla Ward[25] in Kensington and Chelsea, London.[24] Dawkins met her through their mutual friend Douglas Adams,[28] who had worked with her on the BBC's Doctor Who.
Work[link]
Evolutionary biology[link]
Further information: Gene-centred view of evolution
In his scientific works, Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the gene-centred view of evolution. This view is most clearly set out in his books The Selfish Gene (1976), where he notes that "all life evolves by the differential survival of replicating entities", and The Extended Phenotype (1982), in which he describes natural selection as "the process whereby replicators out-propagate each other".[29] In his role as an ethologist, interested in animal behaviour and its relation to natural selection, he advocates the idea that the gene is the principal unit of selection in evolution.
Dawkins has consistently been sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution (such as spandrels, described by Gould and Lewontin)[30] and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.[31] He is particularly sceptical about the practical possibility or importance of group selection as a basis for understanding altruism.[32] This behaviour appears at first to be an evolutionary paradox, since helping others costs precious resources and decreases one's own fitness. Previously, many had interpreted this as an aspect of group selection: individuals were doing what was best for the survival of the population or species as a whole, and not specifically for themselves. British evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton had used the gene-centred view to explain altruism in terms of inclusive fitness and kin selection − that individuals behave altruistically toward their close relatives, who share many of their own genes.[33][a] Similarly, Robert Trivers, thinking in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the theory of reciprocal altruism, whereby one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation.[34] Dawkins popularised these ideas in The Selfish Gene, and developed them in his own work.[35]
He has also been strongly critical of the Gaia philosophy theory of the independent scientist James Lovelock.[36][37][38]
Critics of Dawkins' approach suggest that taking the gene as the unit of selection − of a single event in which an individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce − is misleading, but that the gene could be better described as a unit of evolution − of the long-term changes in allele frequencies in a population.[39] In The Selfish Gene, Dawkins explains that he is using George C. Williams' definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency."[40] Another common objection is that genes cannot survive alone, but must cooperate to build an individual, and therefore cannot be an independent "unit".[41] In The Extended Phenotype, Dawkins suggests that because of genetic recombination and sexual reproduction, from an individual gene's viewpoint all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted.
Advocates for higher levels of selection such as Richard Lewontin, David Sloan Wilson, and Elliot Sober suggest that there are many phenomena (including altruism) that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain. The philosopher Mary Midgley, with whom Dawkins clashed in print concerning The Selfish Gene,[42][43] has criticised gene selection, memetics and sociobiology as being excessively reductionist[44] and suggests that the popularity of Dawkins' work is due to factors in the Zeitgeist such as the increased individualism of the Thatcher/Reagan decades.[45]
In a set of controversies over the mechanisms and interpretation of evolution (the so-called 'Darwin Wars'),[46][47] one faction was often named after Dawkins and its rival after the American palaeontologist Stephen Jay Gould, reflecting the pre-eminence of each as a populariser of pertinent ideas.[48][49] In particular, Dawkins and Gould have been prominent commentators in the controversy over sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, with Dawkins generally approving and Gould generally being critical.[50] A typical example of Dawkins' position was his scathing review of Not in Our Genes by Steven Rose, Leon J. Kamin and Richard C. Lewontin.[51] Two other thinkers on the subject often considered to be allied to Dawkins are Steven Pinker and Daniel Dennett; Dennett has promoted a gene-centred view of evolution and defended reductionism in biology.[52] Despite their academic disagreements, Dawkins and Gould did not have a hostile personal relationship, and Dawkins dedicated a large portion of his 2003 book A Devil's Chaplain posthumously to Gould, who had died the previous year.
Dawkins' book The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution expounds the evidence for biological evolution.[53] All of his previous works dealing with evolution had assumed its truth, and not explicitly provided the evidence to this effect. Dawkins felt that this represented a gap in his oeuvre, and decided to write the book to coincide with Darwin's bicentennial year.[54]
Meme[link]
Main article: Meme
Dawkins coined the word meme (the behavioural equivalent of a gene) as a way to encourage readers to think about how Darwinian principles might be extended beyond the realm of genes.[55] Indeed, it was intended as an extension of his "replicators" argument, but it took on a life of its own in the hands of other authors such as Daniel Dennett and Susan Blackmore. These popularisations then led to the emergence of the field of memetics, from which he has distanced himself.[56]
Dawkins' memes refer to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator of a certain idea or a complex of ideas. He hypothesised that people could view many cultural entities as capable of such replication, generally through exposure to humans, who have evolved as efficient (although not perfect) copiers of information and behaviour. Memes are not always copied perfectly, and might indeed become refined, combined or otherwise modified with other ideas, resulting in new memes, which may themselves prove more, or less, efficient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing a framework for a hypothesis of cultural evolution, analogous to the theory of biological evolution based on genes.[57]
Although Dawkins invented the specific term meme independently, he has not claimed that the idea itself was entirely novel,[58] and there have been other expressions for similar ideas in the past. For instance, John Laurent has suggested that the term may have derived from the work of the little-known German biologist Richard Semon.[59] In 1904 Semon published Die Mneme (which appeared in English in 1924 as The Mneme). This book discussed the cultural transmission of experiences, with insights parallel to those of Dawkins. Laurent also found the term mneme used in Maurice Maeterlinck's The Life of the White Ant (1926), and has highlighted the similarities to Dawkins' concept.[59] Author James Gleick describes Dawkins’ concept of the meme as "his most famous memorable invention, far more influential than his selfish genes or his later proselytizing against religiosity".[60]
Criticism of creationism[link]
Dawkins is a prominent critic of creationism (the religious belief that humanity, life and the universe were created by a deity,[61] without recourse to evolution[62]). He has described the Young Earth creationist view that the Earth is only a few thousand years old as "a preposterous, mind-shrinking falsehood",[63] and his 1986 book, The Blind Watchmaker, contains a sustained critique of the argument from design, an important creationist argument. In the book, Dawkins argued against the watchmaker analogy made famous by the 18th-century English theologian William Paley in his book Natural Theology. Paley argued that, just as a watch is too complicated and too functional to have sprung into existence merely by accident, so too must all living things, with their far greater complexity, be purposefully designed. Dawkins shares the view generally held by scientists that natural selection is sufficient to explain the apparent functionality and non-random complexity of the biological world, and can be said to play the role of watchmaker in nature, albeit as an automatic, nonintelligent, blind watchmaker.[64]
In 1986 Dawkins participated in an Oxford Union debate, in which he and English biologist John Maynard Smith debated Young Earth creationist A. E. Wilder-Smith and Edgar Andrews, president of the Biblical Creation Society.[b] In general, however, Dawkins has followed the advice of his late colleague Stephen Jay Gould and refused to participate in formal debates with creationists because "what they seek is the oxygen of respectability", and doing so would "give them this oxygen by the mere act of engaging with them at all". He suggests that creationists "don't mind being beaten in an argument. What matters is that we give them recognition by bothering to argue with them in public."[65]
In a December 2004 interview with American journalist Bill Moyers, Dawkins said that "among the things that science does know, evolution is about as certain as anything we know." When Moyers questioned him on the use of the word theory, Dawkins stated that "evolution has been observed. It's just that it hasn't been observed while it's happening." He added that "it is rather like a detective coming on a murder after the scene... the detective hasn't actually seen the murder take place, of course. But what you do see is a massive clue... Huge quantities of circumstantial evidence. It might as well be spelled out in words of English."[66]
Dawkins has ardently opposed the inclusion of intelligent design in science education, describing it as "not a scientific argument at all, but a religious one".[67] He has been referred to in the media as "Darwin's Rottweiler",[68] a reference to English biologist T. H. Huxley, who was known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's evolutionary ideas. He has been a strong critic of the British organisation Truth in Science, which promotes the teaching of creationism in state schools, and he plans—through the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science—to subsidise the delivery of books, DVDs and pamphlets to schools, in order to counteract what he has described as an "educational scandal".[69]
Advocacy of atheism[link]
Dawkins is an outspoken atheist and a prominent critic of religion. In an interview with Thomas Bass for a book published in 1994 he described himself as a "fairly militant atheist".[70] In 1996, when asked if he would prefer to be known as a scientist or a militant atheist, he replied "Bertrand Russell called himself the Passionate Sceptic. It's aiming high, but I'll shoot for that."[71] Dawkins is an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society,[72] a vice-president of the British Humanist Association (since 1996),[7] a Distinguished Supporter of the Humanist Society of Scotland,[73] a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board,[74] a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism,[75] and a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.[76] In 2003 he became a signatory of the humanist manifesto Humanism and Its Aspirations, published by the American Humanist Association.[77] As a result of his advocacy of atheism, Dawkins has sometimes been described as a vocal, militant rationalist,[78][79] and as "the UK's Chief Atheist".[80]
Dawkins believes that his own atheism is the logical extension of his understanding of evolution[81] and that religion is largely incompatible with science.[82] In his 1986 book The Blind Watchmaker, Dawkins wrote:
An atheist before Darwin could have said, following Hume: "I have no explanation for complex biological design. All I know is that God isn't a good explanation, so we must wait and hope that somebody comes up with a better one." I can't help feeling that such a position, though logically sound, would have left one feeling pretty unsatisfied, and that although atheism might have been logically tenable before Darwin, Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist.[83]
In his 1991 essay "Viruses of the Mind" (from which the term faith-sufferer originated), he suggested that memetic theory might analyse and explain the phenomenon of religious belief and some of the common characteristics of religions, such as the belief that punishment awaits non-believers. According to Dawkins, faith − belief that is not based on evidence − is one of the world's great evils. He claims it to be analogous to the smallpox virus, though more difficult to eradicate.[84] Dawkins is well known for his contempt for religious extremism, from Islamist terrorism[85] to Christian fundamentalism; but he has also argued with liberal believers and religious scientists, from biologists Kenneth Miller[86] and Francis Collins[87] to theologians Alister McGrath and Richard Harries.[88] Dawkins has stated that his opposition to religion is twofold, claiming it to be both a source of conflict and a justification for belief without evidence.[89] However, he describes himself as a "cultural Christian",[90] and proposed the slogan "Atheists for Jesus".[91]
Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, when asked how the world might have changed, Dawkins responded:
Many of us saw religion as harmless nonsense. Beliefs might lack all supporting evidence but, we thought, if people needed a crutch for consolation, where's the harm? September 11th changed all that. Revealed faith is not harmless nonsense, it can be lethally dangerous nonsense. Dangerous because it gives people unshakeable confidence in their own righteousness. Dangerous because it gives them false courage to kill themselves, which automatically removes normal barriers to killing others. Dangerous because it teaches enmity to others labelled only by a difference of inherited tradition. And dangerous because we have all bought into a weird respect, which uniquely protects religion from normal criticism. Let's now stop being so damned respectful![92]
Dawkins has especially risen to prominence in contemporary public debates relating science and religion since the publication of his 2006 book The God Delusion, which has achieved greater sales figures worldwide than any of his other works to date. Its success has been seen by many as indicative of a change in the contemporary cultural zeitgeist, central to a recent rise in the popularity of atheistic literature.[93][94] The God Delusion was praised by among others the Nobel laureates Sir Harold Kroto and James D. Watson and by psychologist Steven Pinker.[95] In the book, Dawkins suggested that atheists should be proud, not apologetic, because atheism is evidence of a healthy, independent mind.[96] He sees education and consciousness-raising as the primary tools in opposing what he considers to be religious dogma and indoctrination.[16][97][98] These tools include the fight against certain stereotypes, and he has adopted the term Bright as a way of associating positive public connotations with those who possess a naturalistic worldview.[98] Dawkins notes that feminists have succeeded in arousing widespread embarrassment at the routine use of "he" instead of "she". Similarly, he suggests, a phrase such as "Catholic child" or "Muslim child" should be considered just as socially absurd as, for instance, "Marxist child": children should not be classified based on their parents' ideological beliefs.[98] According to Dawkins, there is no such thing as a Christian child or a Muslim child, as children have about as much capacity to make the decision to become Christians or Muslims as they do to become Marxists.[96]
In January 2006 Dawkins presented a two-part television documentary The Root of All Evil?, addressing what he sees as the malignant influence of religion on society. The title itself is one that Dawkins disliked, noting that religion shouldn't be regarded as the root of all evil.[99] Critics have said that the programme gave too much time to marginal figures and extremists, and that Dawkins' confrontational style did not help his cause and exhibited similarities with the approaches of religious fundamentalists more than with the approaches of the dispassionate, analytic approach of 'hard' science;[100][101] Dawkins rejected these claims, citing the number of moderate religious broadcasts in everyday media as providing a suitable balance to the extremists in the programmes. He further remarked that someone who is deemed an "extremist" in a religiously moderate country may well be considered "mainstream" in a religiously conservative one.[102] The unedited recordings of Dawkins' conversations with Alister McGrath and Richard Harries, including material unused in the broadcast version, have been made available online by the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science.[103]
Dawkins' work has been controversial, and a number of Christian thinkers have responded to it. For example, Oxford theologian Alister McGrath (author of The Dawkins Delusion and Dawkins' God) maintains that Dawkins is ignorant of Christian theology and therefore unable to engage religion and faith intelligently.[104] In reply, Dawkins asks "do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in leprechauns?",[105] and − in the paperback edition of The God Delusion − he refers to the American biologist PZ Myers, who has satirised this line of argument as "The Courtier's Reply".[106] Dawkins had an extended debate with McGrath at the 2007 Sunday Times Literary Festival.[107]
Dawkins argues that "the existence of God is a scientific hypothesis like any other".[108] He disagrees with Stephen Jay Gould's principle of nonoverlapping magisteria. In an interview with Time magazine, Dawkins said:
I think that Gould's separate compartments was a purely political ploy to win middle-of-the-road religious people to the science camp. But it's a very empty idea. There are plenty of places where religion does not keep off the scientific turf. Any belief in miracles is flat contradictory not just to the facts of science but to the spirit of science.[109]
Astrophysicist Martin Rees, who has described himself as an unbeliever who identifies with Christianity from a cultural perspective, has suggested that Dawkins' attack on mainstream religion is unhelpful.[110] Regarding Rees' claim in his book Our Cosmic Habitat that "such questions lie beyond science", Dawkins asks "what expertise can theologians bring to deep cosmological questions that scientists cannot?"[111][112] Elsewhere, Dawkins has written that "there's all the difference in the world between a belief that one is prepared to defend by quoting evidence and logic, and a belief that is supported by nothing more than tradition, authority or revelation."[84] As examples of "good scientists who are sincerely religious", Dawkins names Arthur Peacocke, Russell Stannard, John Polkinghorne and Francis Collins, but says "I remain baffled ... by their belief in the details of the Christian religion."[113][114][115][116][117] He has said that the publication of The God Delusion is "probably the culmination" of his campaign against religion.[118]
In 2007 Dawkins founded the Out Campaign to encourage atheists worldwide to declare their stance publicly and proudly.[119] Inspired by the gay rights movement, Dawkins hopes that atheists' identifying of themselves as such, and thereby increasing public awareness of how many people hold these views, will reduce the negative opinion of atheism among the religious majority.[120][121]
In September 2008, following a complaint by Islamic creationist Adnan Oktar, a court in Turkey blocked access to Dawkins' website richarddawkins.net. The court decision was made due to "insult to personality".[122][123][124][125][126][127] As of 8 July 2011, richarddawkins.net is no longer blocked in Turkey.[128]
In October 2008, Dawkins officially supported the UK's first atheist advertising initiative, the Atheist Bus Campaign. Created by Guardian journalist Ariane Sherine and administered by the British Humanist Association the campaign aimed to raise funds to place atheist adverts on buses in the London area, and Dawkins pledged to match the amount raised by atheists, up to a maximum of £5,500. However, the campaign was an unprecedented success, raising over £100,000 in its first four days, and generating global press coverage.[129][130] The campaign, started in January 2009, features adverts across the UK with the slogan: "There's probably no God. Now stop worrying and enjoy your life." Dawkins said that "this campaign to put alternative slogans on London buses will make people think—and thinking is anathema to religion."[131]
In 2010 Dawkins supported legal efforts to charge Pope Benedict XVI with crimes against humanity. Dawkins and fellow anti-religion campaigner Christopher Hitchens were believed to have explored the option of attempting to have the Pope arrested under the same legal principle that saw Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet arrested during a visit to Britain in 1998.[132]
Dawkins has given support to the idea of a "free thinking" school which he calls "Think for Yourself Academy".[133] The school would not "indoctrinate children in atheism, any more than in religion" but it would teach children to "ask for evidence, to be sceptical, critical, open-minded".[134][135]
On 15 September 2010, Dawkins, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the United Kingdom, while acknowledging his right to tour the UK as head of the Roman Catholic Church.[136]
Richard Dawkins Foundation[link]
Main article: Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science
In 2006 Dawkins founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science (RDFRS), a non-profit organisation. The foundation is in developmental phase. It has been granted charitable status in the United Kingdom and the United States. RDFRS plans to finance research on the psychology of belief and religion, finance scientific education programs and materials, and publicise and support secular charitable organisations. The foundation also offers humanist, rationalist and scientific materials and information through its website.[137]
Dawkins has said the "trend toward theocratic thinking in the United States is a danger not only for America but for the entire world."[138] Connected to this concern, Dawkins invited Sean Faircloth to serve as opening speaker on Dawkins' 2011 US book tour. Faircloth is author of the book Attack of the Theocrats, How the Religious Right Harms Us All and What We Can Do About It. The Richard Dawkins Foundation (United States branch) later hired Faircloth, who has ten years experience as a state legislator, as Director of Strategy and Policy.[138]
Other fields[link]
In his role as professor for public understanding of science, Dawkins has been a critic of pseudoscience and alternative medicine. His 1998 book Unweaving the Rainbow takes John Keats' accusation that, by explaining the rainbow, Isaac Newton had diminished its beauty, and argues for the opposite conclusion. He suggests that deep space, the billions of years of life's evolution, and the microscopic workings of biology and heredity contain more beauty and wonder than do "myths" and "pseudoscience".[139] Dawkins wrote a foreword to John Diamond's posthumously published Snake Oil, a book devoted to debunking alternative medicine, in which he asserted that alternative medicine was harmful, if only because it distracted patients from more successful conventional treatments and gave people false hopes.[140] Dawkins states that "there is no alternative medicine. There is only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't work."[141]
Dawkins has expressed concern about the growth of the planet's human population and about the matter of overpopulation.[142] In The Selfish Gene, he briefly mentions population growth, giving the example of Latin America, whose population, at the time the book was written, was doubling every 40 years. He is critical of Roman Catholic attitudes to family planning and population control, stating that leaders who forbid contraception and "express a preference for 'natural' methods of population limitation" will get just such a method in the form of starvation.[143]
As a supporter of the Great Ape Project – a movement to extend certain moral and legal rights to all great apes – Dawkins contributed the article "Gaps in the Mind" to the Great Ape Project book edited by Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer. In this essay, he criticises contemporary society's moral attitudes as being based on a "discontinuous, speciesist imperative".[144]
Dawkins also regularly comments in newspapers and weblogs on contemporary political questions; his opinions include opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq,[145] the British nuclear deterrent and the actions of US President George W. Bush.[146] Several such articles were included in A Devil's Chaplain, an anthology of writings about science, religion and politics. He is also a supporter of the Republic campaign to replace the British monarchy with a democratically elected president.[147] Dawkins has described himself as a Labour voter in the 1970s[148] and voter for the Liberal Democrats since the party's creation.[149] In 2009 he spoke at the party's conference in opposition to blasphemy laws, alternative medicine and faith schools. In the UK general election of 2010, Dawkins officially endorsed the Liberal Democrats, in support of their campaign for electoral reform and for their "refusal to pander to 'faith'."[150]
In the 2007 TV documentary The Enemies of Reason,[151] Dawkins discusses what he sees as the dangers of abandoning critical thought and rationale based upon scientific evidence. He specifically cites astrology, spiritualism, dowsing, alternative faiths, alternative medicine and homoeopathy. He also discusses how the Internet can be used to spread religious hatred and conspiracy theories with scant attention to evidence-based reasoning.
Continuing a long-standing partnership with Channel 4, Dawkins participated in a five-part television series Genius of Britain, along with fellow scientists Stephen Hawking, James Dyson, Paul Nurse, and Jim Al-Khalili. The five-episode series was broadcast in June 2010.[152] The series focussed on major British scientific achievements throughout history.
Dawkins presented a More4 documentary entitled Faith School Menace? in which he argued for "us to reconsider the consequences of faith education, which... bamboozles parents and indoctrinates and divides children."[153][154]
In 1998 Dawkins expressed his appreciation for two books, famous for their criticism of postmodernism in US universities, in departments like literary studies, anthropology and other cultural studies; the two books are Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science (by Gross and Levitt) and Intellectual Impostures (by Sokal and Bricmont), both related to the Sokal affair hoax.[155] In the same occasion Dawkins also criticised Cambridge University for awarding philosopher Jacques Derrida an honorary doctorate.[155]
In 2011 Dawkins joined the professoriate of the New College of the Humanities, a new private university in London established by A. C. Grayling, which is scheduled to open in September 2012.[156]
Awards and recognition[link]
Dawkins was awarded a Doctor of Science by the University of Oxford in 1989. He holds honorary doctorates in science from the University of Huddersfield, University of Westminster, Durham University,[157] the University of Hull, the University of Antwerp, and the University of Oslo,[158] and honorary doctorates from the University of Aberdeen,[159] Open University, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel,[7] and the University of Valencia.[160] He also holds honorary doctorates of letters from the University of St Andrews and the Australian National University (HonLittD, 1996), and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1997 and the Royal Society in 2001.[7] He is one of the patrons of the Oxford University Scientific Society.
In 1987 Dawkins received a Royal Society of Literature award and a Los Angeles Times Literary Prize for his book, The Blind Watchmaker. In the same year, he received a Sci. Tech Prize for Best Television Documentary Science Programme of the Year, for the BBC Horizon episode The Blind Watchmaker.[7]
His other awards have included the Zoological Society of London Silver Medal (1989), Finlay innovation award (1990), the Michael Faraday Award (1990), the Nakayama Prize (1994), the American Humanist Association's Humanist of the Year Award (1996), the fifth International Cosmos Prize (1997), the Kistler Prize (2001), the Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic (2001), the Bicentennial Kelvin Medal of The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow (2002)[7] and the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest (2009).[161]
Dawkins topped Prospect magazine's 2004 list of the top 100 public British intellectuals, as decided by the readers, receiving twice as many votes as the runner-up.[162][163] He has been short-listed as a candidate in their 2008 follow-up poll.[164] In 2005 the Hamburg-based Alfred Toepfer Foundation awarded him its Shakespeare Prize in recognition of his "concise and accessible presentation of scientific knowledge". He won the Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science for 2006 and the Galaxy British Book Awards Author of the Year Award for 2007.[165] In the same year, he was listed by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007,[166] and he was ranked 20th in The Daily Telegraph's 2007 list of 100 greatest living geniuses.[167] He was awarded the Deschner Award, named after German anti-clerical author Karlheinz Deschner.[168]
Since 2003, the Atheist Alliance International has awarded a prize during its annual conference, honouring an outstanding atheist whose work has done most to raise public awareness of atheism during that year. It is known as the Richard Dawkins Award, in honour of Dawkins' own work.[169]
In February 2010 he was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.[170]
Media[link]
Selected publications[link]
Main article: List of publications by Richard Dawkins
- The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1976. ISBN 0-19-286092-5.
- The Extended Phenotype. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-19-288051-9.
- The Blind Watchmaker. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1986. ISBN 0-393-31570-3.
- River Out of Eden. New York: Basic Books. 1995. ISBN 0-465-06990-8.
- Climbing Mount Improbable. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1996. ISBN 0-393-31682-3.
- Unweaving the Rainbow. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1998. ISBN 0-618-05673-4.
- A Devil's Chaplain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2003. ISBN 0-618-33540-4.
- The Ancestor's Tale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2004. ISBN 0-618-00583-8.
- The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2006. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
- The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution. Free Press (United States), Transworld (United Kingdom and Commonwealth). 2009. ISBN 0-593-06173-X.
- The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True. Free Press (United States), Bantam Press (United Kingdom). 2011. ISBN 978-1-4391-9281-8. OCLC 709673132. [171]
Documentary films[link]
- Nice Guys Finish First (1986)
- The Blind Watchmaker (1987)[172]
- Growing Up in the Universe (1991)
- Break the Science Barrier (1996)
- The Root of All Evil? (2006)
- The Enemies of Reason (2007)
- The Genius of Charles Darwin (2008)
- Faith School Menace? (2010)
Other appearances[link]
- Doctor Who: "The Stolen Earth" (2008) – as himself
- Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (2008) – as himself
- The Purpose of Purpose (2009) – Lecture tour among American universities
- Beautiful Minds (April 2012) – BBC4 documentary
Notes[link]
a. ^ W. D. Hamilton hugely influenced Dawkins and the influence can be seen throughout Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene.[16] They became friends at Oxford and following Hamilton's death in 2000, Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a secular memorial service.[173]
b. ^ The debate ended with the motion "That the doctrine of creation is more valid than the theory of evolution" being defeated by 198 votes to 115.[174][175]
References[link]
- ^ Emeritus and Honorary Fellows of New College, Oxford
- ^ "Previous holders of The Simonyi Professorship". The University of Oxford. http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/previous-holders-simonyi-professorship. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ "European Evolutionary Biologists Rally Behind Richard Dawkins' Extended Phenotype". Sciencedaily.com. 20 January 2009. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090119081333.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
- ^ "Richard Dawkins on militant atheism". TED Conferences, LLC. http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/richard_dawkins_on_militant_atheism.html. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Transworld Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 0-593-05548-9.
- ^ "The God Delusion – back on the Times extended list at #24". Richard Dawkins at RichardDawkins.net. 27 January 2010. http://richarddawkins.net/articles/5000#455619. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- "Richard Dawkins — Science and the New Atheism". Richard Dawkins at Point of Inquiry. 8 December 2007. http://media.libsyn.com/media/pointofinquiry/POI_2007_12_7_Richard_Dawkins.mp3. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Curriculum vitae of Richard Dawkins". The University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080423211133/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/CV.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-13. [dead link]
- ^ a b Dawkins, Richard (11 December 2010). "Lives Remembered: John Dawkins". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/lives-remembered-john-dawkins-2157459.html. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ a b c d Hattenstone, Simon (10 February 2003). "Darwin's child". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/feb/10/religion.scienceandnature. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (2004-10). The Ancestor's Tale. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-618-00583-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tub-X6wydKgC&pg=PA317.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard. "Brief Scientific Autobiography". RichardDawkins.net. http://richarddawkins.net/articles/4757-brief-scientific-autobiography. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "Richard Dawkins: The foibles of faith". BBC News. 12 October 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/newsmakers/1595744.stm. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
- ^ Pollard, Nick (1995-04). "High Profile". Third Way (Harrow, England) 18 (3): 15. ISSN 0309-3492. http://books.google.com/?id=17rzvh_Ve0IC&pg=PA15&dq=%22a+normal+Anglican+upbringing%22+dawkins&q=%22a%20normal%20Anglican%20upbringing%22%20dawkins.
- ^ Schrage, Michael (July 1995). "Revolutionary Evolutionist". Wired. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.07/dawkins_pr.html. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (1969). "A threshold model of choice behaviour". Animal Behaviour 17 (1): 120. DOI:10.1016/0003-3472(69)90120-1.
- ^ a b c ""Belief" interview". BBC. 5 April 2004. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/people/dawkins.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- ^ Simonyi, Charles (15 May 1995). "Manifesto for the Simonyi Professorship". The University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080423211123/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/manifesto.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
- ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 23 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080423211118/www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/aims/index.shtml. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
- ^ "The Current Simonyi Professor: Richard Dawkins". The University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080423211128/http://www.simonyi.ox.ac.uk/dawkins/index.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
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- ^ Dawkins, Richard (1989). The Selfish Gene (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-19-286092-5.
- ^ edited by Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer.; Paola Cavalieri, Peter Singer (1993). The Great Ape Project. United Kingdom: Fourth Estate. ISBN 0-312-11818-X.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (22 March 2003). "Bin Laden's victory". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/mar/22/iraq.usa. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (18 November 2003). "While we have your attention, Mr President...". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/nov/18/usa.politics1. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
- ^ "Our supporters". Republic. 24 April 2010. http://www.republic.org.uk/Who%20we%20are/Our%20Supporters%20Include/index.php. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (1989). "Endnotes. Chapter 1. Why are people?". The Selfish Gene (1st extra chapter) (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286092-5.
- ^ "Richard Dawkins: Keep Libel Laws OUT of Science". youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqVm-WmFzyU. Retrieved 2009-12-12. [dead link]
- ^ "Show your support – vote for the Liberal Democrats on May 6th. libdems.org.uk. Monday, 03 May 2010". Libdems.org.uk. http://libdems.org.uk/latest_news_detail.aspx?title=Show_your_support_-_vote_for_the_Liberal_Democrats_on_May_6th&pPK=9dd43be1-d11a-40b1-8ede-3acab3666d48. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ "The Enemies of Reason". Channel 4. August 2007. http://www.channel4.com/culture/microsites/E/enemies_of_reason/. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ "C4 lines up Genius science series". Broadcast. 2009. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2009/01/dawkins_to_front_c4_science_series.html. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
- ^ "Faith School Menace? – Faith School Menace?". Channel 4. 18 August 2010. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/faith-school-menace/episode-guide/series-1/episode-1. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ Sutcliffe, Tom (19 August 2010). "Last Night's TV: Faith Schools Menace?/More 4 – Reviews, TV & Radio". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/last-nights-tv-faith-schools-menacemore-4-2056104.html. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ a b Dawkins, Richard. "Postmodernism Disrobed". http://physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/dawkins.html. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
- ^ New university to rival Oxbridge will charge £18,000 a year Sunday Telegraph 5-Jun-2011
- ^ "Durham salutes science, Shakespeare and social inclusion". Durham News & Events Service. 26 August 2005. http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/allnews/?itemno=3972. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
- ^ "Æresdoktorer i 2011 - Universitetet i Oslo" (in (Norwegian)). Uio.no. http://www.uio.no/om/tall-og-fakta/aresdoktorer/eresdoktorer-2011.html. Retrieved 2011-10-22. [dead link]
- ^ Best-selling biologist and outspoken atheist among those honoured by University, University of Aberdeen.
- ^ "Richard Dawkins, doctor 'honoris causa' per la Universitat de València". 31 March 2009. http://www.uv.es/~webuv/noticies/noticia.php?idnoticia=7165. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
- ^ Scripps Institution of Oceanography (7 April 2009). "Scripps Institution of Oceanography Honors Evolutionary Biologist, Richard Dawkins, in Public Ceremony and Lecture". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/Releases/?releaseID=967. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
- ^ "Q&A: Richard Dawkins". BBC News. 29 July 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3935757.stm. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
- ^ Herman, David (2004). "Public Intellectuals Poll". Prospect magazine. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2004/08/publicintellectualspoll/. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
- ^ "The Top 100 Public Intellectuals". Prospect magazine. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4262. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
- ^ "Galaxy British Book Awards — Winners & Shortlists 2007". Publishing News. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927130727/http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/pnbb_winners2007.asp?#3. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
- ^ Behe, Michael (3 May 2007). "Time Top 100". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616137,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
- ^ "Top 100 living geniuses". The Daily Telegraph. 28 October 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Giordano Bruno Stiftung (28 May 2007). "Deschner-Preis an Richard Dawkins". Humanistischer Pressedienst. http://hpd-online.de/node/2010. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ Slack, Gordy (30 April 2005). "The atheist". Salon. http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2005/04/30/dawkins/index.html. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
- ^ "Honorary FFRF Board Announced". http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ ""The Magic of Reality - new book by Richard Dawkins this Fall" 10 May 2011". Richarddawkins.net. 10 May 2011. http://richarddawkins.net/articles/625578. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
- ^ Staff. "BBC Educational and Documentary: Blind Watchmaker". BBC. http://www.bbcactive.com/BroadCastLearning/asp/catalogue/productdetail.asp?productcode=207. Retrieved 2 December 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Dawkins, Richard (3 October 2000). "Obituary by Richard Dawkins". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080318185801/http://www.unifr.ch/biol/ecology/hamilton/hamilton.html#Dawkins. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ Critical-Historical Perspective on the Argument about Evolution and Creation, John Durant, in "From Evolution to Creation: A European Perspective (Eds. Sven Anderson, Arthus Peacocke), Aarhus Univ. Press, Aarhus, Denmark
- ^ "1986 Oxford Union Debate: Richard Dawkins, John Maynard Smith". RichardDawkins.net. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013161954/http://richarddawkins.net/article,721,1986-Oxford-Union-Debate,Richard-Dawkins-John-Maynard-Smith. Retrieved 2007-05-10. Debate downloadable as MP3 files.
External links[link]
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Book: Richard Dawkins |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Richard Dawkins |
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General
- Official website
- The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science
- Richard Dawkins at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Richard Dawkins in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Richard Dawkins collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Richard Dawkins collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Video
- National Geographic Interviews – A series of video interviews with National Geographic Channel with Richard Dawkins on Darwin, Evolution and God.
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Richard Dawkins on Charlie Rose
- Richard Dawkins at TED Conferences
- Video interview with Riz Khan for Al Jazeera English
- Video interview at Big Think
Selected writings
- Viruses of the Mind (1993) – Religion as a mental virus.
- The Real Romance in the Stars (1995) – A critical view of astrology.
- The Emptiness of Theology at RDFRS.(1998) – A critical view of theology.
- Snake Oil and Holy Water (1999) – suggests that there is no convergence occurring between science and theism.
- What Use is Religion? (2004) – suggests that religion may have no survival value other than to itself.
- Race and Creation (2004) – On race, its usage and a theory of how it evolved.
- The giant tortoise's tale, The turtle's tale and The lava lizard's tale (2005) – A series of three articles written after a visit to the Galápagos Islands.
- Dawkins' Huffington Post articles
Audio
- 2011 Interview on io9's Geek's Guide to the Galaxy podcast
- Richard Dawkins on RadioLIVE's Weekend Variety Wireless – Richard Dawkins appears live on New Zealand's Radio Live, taking calls from the audience.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dawkins, Richard |
| Alternative names | Dawkins, Clinton Richard |
| Short description | British evolutionary biologist, ethologist, atheist, humanist and sceptic |
| Date of birth | 26 March 1941 |
| Place of birth | Nairobi, Kenya |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Richard_Dawkins
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Sir Terry Pratchett | |
|---|---|
 Pratchett pictured in 2009 |
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| Born | Terence David John Pratchett (1948-04-28) 28 April 1948 (age 64) Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England, United Kingdom[1][2] |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Nationality | British |
| Genres | Comic fantasy |
| Notable work(s) | Discworld Good Omens |
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Sir Terence David John "Terry" Pratchett, OBE (born 28 April 1948)[3] is an English novelist, known for his frequently comical work in the fantasy genre.[4] He is best known for his popular and long-running Discworld series of comic fantasy novels. Pratchett's first novel, The Carpet People, was published in 1971, and since his first Discworld novel (The Colour of Magic) was published in 1983, he has written two books a year on average. His latest Discworld book, Snuff is the third-fastest-selling novel since records began in the United Kingdom selling 55,000 copies in the first three days.[5]
Pratchett was the UK's best-selling author of the 1990s,[6][7] and has sold over 70 million books worldwide in thirty-seven languages.[8][9] He is currently the second most-read writer in the UK, and seventh most-read non-US author in the US.[10]
Pratchett was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1998 and was knighted "for services to literature" in 2009.[11] In addition, he was knighted in the 2009 New Year Honours.[12][13] In 2001 he won the Carnegie Medal for his children's novel The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents.[14]
In December 2007, Pratchett publicly announced that he was suffering from early-onset Alzheimer's disease and, subsequently, made a substantial public donation to the Alzheimer's Research Trust,[15] and filmed a programme chronicling his experiences with the disease for the BBC.[16]
Contents |
Background[link]
Early life[link]
Pratchett was born in 1948 in Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire, England, the only child of David and Eileen Pratchett, of Hay-on-Wye. His family moved to Bridgwater, Somerset briefly in 1957, following which he passed his eleven plus exam in 1959, earning him a place in John Hampden Grammar School.[17] Pratchett described himself as a "non-descript student", and in his Who's Who entry, credits his education to the Beaconsfield Public Library.[18]
His early interests included astronomy;[19] he collected Brooke Bond tea cards about space, owned a telescope[20] and wanted to be an astronomer, but lacked the necessary mathematical skills.[19] However, this led to an interest in reading British and American science fiction.[20] In turn, this led to attending science fiction conventions from about 1963/4, which stopped when he got his first job a few years later.[20] His early reading included the works of H. G. Wells and Arthur Conan Doyle and "every book you really ought to read" which he now regards as "getting an education".[21]
At age 13, Pratchett published his first short story "The Hades Business" in the school magazine. It was published commercially when he was 15.[22]
Pratchett earned 5 O-levels and started A-level courses in Art, English and History. Pratchett's first career choice was journalism and he left school at 17 in 1965 to start working for the Bucks Free Press where he wrote, amongst other things, several stories for the Children's Circle section under the name Uncle Jim. One of these episodic stories contains named characters from The Carpet People. These stories are currently part of a project by the Bucks Free Press to make them available online.[23] While on day release he finished his A-Level in English and took a proficiency course for journalists.[24]
Early career[link]
Pratchett had his first breakthrough in 1968, when working as a journalist. He came to interview Peter Bander van Duren, co-director of a small publishing company. During the meeting, Pratchett mentioned he had written a manuscript, The Carpet People.[25] Bander van Duren and his business partner, Colin Smythe (of Colin Smythe Ltd Publishers) published the book in 1971, with illustrations by Pratchett himself.[24] The book received strong, if few reviews.[24] The book was followed by the science fiction novels The Dark Side of the Sun, published in 1976, and Strata, published in 1981.[24]
After various positions in journalism, in 1980 Pratchett became Press Officer for the Central Electricity Generating Board in an area which covered three nuclear power stations. He later joked that he had demonstrated "impeccable timing" by making this career change so soon after the Three Mile Island nuclear accident in Pennsylvania, U.S., and said he would "write a book about my experiences, if I thought anyone would believe it".[26]
The first Discworld novel The Colour of Magic was published in 1983 by Colin Smythe in hardback. The publishing rights for paperback were soon taken by Corgi, an imprint of Transworld, the current publisher. Pratchett received further popularity after the BBC's Woman's Hour broadcast The Colour of Magic as a serial in six parts, after it was published by Corgi in 1985 and later Equal Rites. Subsequently, rights for hardback were taken by the publishing house Victor Gollancz, which remained Pratchett's publisher until 1997, and Smythe became Pratchett's agent. Pratchett was the first fantasy author published by Gollancz.[24]
Pratchett gave up working for the CEGB in 1987 after finishing the fourth Discworld novel, Mort, to focus fully on and make his living through writing. His sales increased quickly and many of his books occupied top places on the best-seller list. According to The Times, Pratchett was the top-selling and highest earning UK author in 1996.[24] Some of his books have been published by Doubleday, another Transworld imprint. In the US, Pratchett is published by HarperCollins.
According to the Bookseller's Pocket Yearbook from 2005, in 2003 Pratchett's UK sales amounted to 3.4% of the fiction market by hardback sales and 3.8% by value, putting him in 2nd place behind J. K. Rowling (6% and 5.6% respectively), while in the paperback sales list Pratchett came 5th with 1.2% by sales and 1.3% by value (behind James Patterson (1.9% and 1.7%), Alexander McCall Smith, John Grisham and J. R. R. Tolkien).[27] His sales in the UK alone are more than 2.5 million copies a year.[10]He is the most shop-lifted author in Britain.[28]
Current life[link]
Terry Pratchett married his wife Lyn in 1968,[24] and they moved to Rowberrow, Somerset in 1970. Their daughter Rhianna Pratchett, who is also a writer, was born there in 1976. In 1993 the family moved to a village north-west of Salisbury, Wiltshire, where they currently live. He lists his recreations as "writing, walking, computers, life".[29] He describes himself as a humanist and is a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association[30] and an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society.[31]
Pratchett is well known for his penchant for wearing large, black fedora hats,[32] as seen on the inside back covers of most of his books. His style has been described as "more that of urban cowboy than city gent."[33]
Concern for the future of civilisation has prompted him to install five kilowatts of photovoltaic cells (for solar energy) at his house.[34] In addition, his interest in astronomy since childhood has led him to build an observatory in his garden.[19][20] An asteroid (127005 Pratchett) is named after him.[35]
On 31 December 2008 it was announced that Pratchett was to be knighted (as a Knight Bachelor) in the Queen's 2009 New Year Honours.[12][36] He formally received the accolade at Buckingham Palace on 18 February 2009.[37] Afterwards he said, "You can't ask a fantasy writer not to want a knighthood. You know, for two pins I'd get myself a horse and a sword."[38] In late 2009, he did make himself a sword, with the help of his friends. He told a Times Higher Education interviewer that "'At the end of last year I made my own sword. I dug out the iron ore from a field about 10 miles away - I was helped by interested friends. We lugged 80 kilos of iron ore, used clay from the garden and straw to make a kiln, and lit the kiln with wildfire by making it with a bow.' Colin Smythe, his long-term friend and agent, donated some pieces of meteoric iron - 'thunderbolt iron has a special place in magic and we put that in the smelt, and I remember when we sawed the iron apart it looked like silver. Everything about it I touched, handled and so forth ... And everything was as it should have been, it seemed to me.'"[39]
Alzheimer's disease[link]
In August 2007 Pratchett was misdiagnosed as having had a minor stroke in 2004 or 2005 that was believed to have damaged the right side of his brain. While his motor skills had been affected, the observed damage had not impaired his ability to write.[33] On 11 December 2007, Pratchett posted online that he had been newly diagnosed with a very rare form of early-onset Alzheimer's disease, which he said "lay behind this year's phantom 'stroke'." He has a rare form of the disease called posterior cortical atrophy, in which areas at the back of the brain begin to shrink and shrivel.[15] Describing it as an 'embuggerance' in a radio interview, Pratchett appealed to people to "keep things cheerful", and proclaimed that "we are taking it fairly philosophically down here and possibly with a mild optimism."[40] Leading the way, Pratchett stated that he feels he has time for "at least a few more books yet", and added that while he understands the impulse to ask 'is there anything I can do?', in this particular case he will only entertain such offers from "very high-end experts in brain chemistry."[40] Discussing his diagnosis at the Bath Literature Festival in early 2008, Pratchett revealed that he now found it too difficult to write dedications when signing books.[41]
In March 2008, Pratchett announced he was donating US$1,000,000 (about £494,000 at the time) to the Alzheimer's Research Trust, saying that he had spoken to at least three brain tumour (cancer) survivors yet he had spoken to no survivors of Alzheimer's disease, and that he was shocked "to find out that funding for Alzheimer's research is just 3% of that to find cancer cures."[15][42][43] Of his donation Pratchett said: "I am, along with many others, scrabbling to stay ahead long enough to be there when the Cure [sic] comes along."[44] Pratchett's donation inspired an internet campaign where fans hope to "Match it for Pratchett", by raising another $1,000,000.[45]
In April 2008, the BBC began working with Pratchett to make a two-part documentary series based on his illness.[46] The first part of Terry Pratchett: Living With Alzheimer's was broadcast on BBC Two on 4 February 2009, drawing 2.6m viewers and a 10.4% audience share.[47] The second, broadcast on 11 February 2009, drew 1.72m viewers and a 6.8% audience share.[48] The programme won a BAFTA award in the Factual Series category.[49] He also made an appearance on The One Show on 15 May 2008, talking about his condition. He was the subject and interviewee of the 20 May 2008 edition of On the Ropes (Radio 4), discussing Alzheimer's and how it had affected his life.
On 8 June 2008, news reports indicated that Pratchett had an experience, which he described as: "It is just possible that once you have got past all the gods that we have created with big beards and many human traits, just beyond all that, on the other side of physics, there just may be the ordered structure from which everything flows" and "I don't actually believe in anyone who could have put that in my head".[50][51] He went into further detail on Front Row, in which he was asked if this was a shift in his beliefs: "A shift in me in the sense I heard my father talk to me when I was in the garden one day. But I'm absolutely certain that what I heard was my memories of my father. An engram, or something in my head...This is not about God, but somewhere around there is where gods come from."[52]
On 26 November 2008, Pratchett met the Prime Minister Gordon Brown and asked for an increase in dementia research funding.[53]
Since August 2008 Pratchett has been testing a prototype device to address his condition. Despite some improvements in his condition,[54] the ability of the device to alter the course of the illness has been met with scepticism.[55]
In an article published mid 2009, Pratchett stated that he wishes to commit 'assisted suicide' (although he dislikes that term) before his disease progresses to a critical point.[56] Pratchett was selected to give the 2010 BBC Richard Dimbleby Lecture,[57] entitled Shaking Hands With Death, which was broadcast on 1 February 2010.[58] Pratchett introduced his lecture on the topic of assisted death, but the main text was read by his friend Tony Robinson because of difficulties Pratchett has with reading – a result of his condition.[59][60][61]
Because of his condition, Pratchett currently writes either by dictating to his assistant, Rob Wilkins, or by using speech recognition software.[62]
In June 2011 Pratchett presented a one off BBC television documentary entitled Terry Pratchett: Choosing to Die on the subject of assisted death. It won the Best Documentary award at the Scottish BAFTAs in November 2011.[63]
Interests[link]
Computers and the Internet[link]
Pratchett started to use computers for writing as soon as they were available to him. His first computer was a Sinclair ZX81, the first computer he used properly for writing was an Amstrad CPC 464, later replaced by a PC. Pratchett was one of the first authors routinely to use the Internet to communicate with fans, and has been a contributor to the Usenet newsgroup alt.fan.pratchett since 1992.[64] However, he does not consider the Internet a hobby, just another "thing to use".[26] He now has many computers in his house.[26] When he travels, he always takes a portable computer with him to write.[26] His experiments with computer upgrades are reflected in Hex.[65]
Pratchett is also an avid video game player, and he has collaborated in the creation of a number of game adaptations of his books. He favours games that are "intelligent and have some depth", and has used Half-Life 2 and fan missions from Thief as examples.[66]
Natural history[link]
Pratchett has a fascination with natural history that he has referred to many times. Pratchett owns a greenhouse full of carnivorous plants.[67]
In 1995 a fossil sea-turtle from the Eocene epoch of New Zealand was named in honour of him Psephophorus terrypratchetti by the palaeontologist R. Köhler.[68]
Orangutans[link]
Pratchett is a trustee for the Orangutan Foundation UK[69] but is pessimistic about the animal's future.[34] Following Pratchett's lead, fan events such as the Discworld Conventions have adopted the Orangutan Foundation as their nominated charity, which has been acknowledged by the foundation.[70] One of Pratchett's most popular fictional characters, the Librarian of the Unseen University's Library, is a wizard who was transformed into an orangutan in a magical accident.
Amateur astronomy[link]
Pratchett has an observatory in his back garden and is a keen astronomer. He has appeared on the BBC programme The Sky at Night.[71]
Writing career[link]
Awards[link]
File:Terry Pratchett honorary degree TCD.jpg
Terry Pratchett drinking a glass of beer on the occasion of receiving an honorary degree at Trinity College Dublin in 2008
Pratchett received a knighthood for "services to literature" in the 2009 UK New Year Honours list.[12][72] He was previously appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire, also for "services to literature", in 1998. Following this, Pratchett commented in the Ansible SF/fan newsletter, "I suspect the 'services to literature' consisted of refraining from trying to write any" (suggesting the title was more a recognition of success, than an acknowledgement of the fantasy genre). But then added, "Still, I cannot help feeling mightily chuffed about it."[73]
Pratchett was the British Book Awards' 'Fantasy and Science Fiction Author of the Year' for 1994.[74]
Pratchett won the British Science Fiction Award in 1989 for his novel, Pyramids,[75] and a Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel in 2008 for Making Money.[76]
Pratchett has been awarded eight honorary Doctorates; University of Warwick in 1999,[77] the University of Portsmouth in 2001,[78] the University of Bath in 2003,[79] the University of Bristol in 2004,[80] Buckinghamshire New University in 2008,[81] Trinity College Dublin in 2008,[82] Bradford University in 2009,[83] and the University of Winchester in 2009.[84]
The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents won the 2001 Carnegie Medal for best children's novel (awarded in 2002).[85] Night Watch won the 2003 Prometheus Award for best libertarian novel.[86]
In 2003 Pratchett joined Charles Dickens as one of only two authors with five books in the BBC's Big Read 'Top 100' (four of which were Discworld novels). Pratchett was also the author with the most novels in the 'Top 200' (fifteen).[87] Three of the four Discworld novels that centred on the character Tiffany Aching 'trainee witch' have each received the Locus Award for Best Young Adult Book (in 2004, 2005 and 2007).[88]
Pratchett was the recipient of NESFA's Skylark Award in 2009.[89] In 2010 he received a World Fantasy award for lifetime achievement.[90] He is the 2011 recipient of the Margaret A. Edwards Award from the Young Adult Library Services Association, a Division of ALA, recognising a significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature.[91]
He was made an adjunct Professor in the School of English at Trinity College Dublin in 2010, with a role in postgraduate education in creative writing and popular literature.[92]
I Shall Wear Midnight[93] won the 2010 Andre Norton Award for Young Adult Science Fiction and Fantasy presented by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) as a part of the Nebula Award ceremony.
Fandom[link]
Pratchett's Discworld novels have led to dedicated conventions, the first in Manchester in 1996,[94] then worldwide,[95] often with the author as guest of honour.[96] Publication of a new novel may also be accompanied by an international book signing tour;[97] queues have been known to stretch outside the bookshop and the author has continued to sign books well after the intended finishing time.[94] His fans are not restricted by age or gender, and he receives a large amount of fan mail from them.[94] Pratchett enjoys meeting fans and hearing what they think about his books; he says that since he is well paid for his novels, his fans "are everything to me."[98]
Writing[link]
Pratchett has said that to write, you must read extensively, both inside and outside your chosen genre[99] and to the point of "overflow".[26] He advises that writing is hard work, and that writers must "make grammar, punctuation and spelling a part of your life."[26] However, Pratchett enjoys writing, regarding its monetary rewards as "an unavoidable consequence", rather than the reason for writing.[100]
The fantasy genre[link]
Although in the past he has written in the sci-fi and horror genres, Pratchett now focuses almost entirely on fantasy, explaining "it is easier to bend the universe around the story".[101] In the acceptance speech for his Carnegie Medal he said: 'Fantasy isn't just about wizards and silly wands. It's about seeing the world from new directions', pointing to J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter novels and J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. In the same speech, he also acknowledged benefits of these works for the genre.[102]
He "believes he owes a debt to the science fiction/fantasy genre which he grew up out of" and dislikes the term "magical realism" which is "like a polite way of saying you write fantasy and is more acceptable to certain people ... who, on the whole, do not care that much."[103] He is annoyed that fantasy is "unregarded as a literary form" because it "is the oldest form of fiction"[98] and he is "infuriated" when novels containing science fiction or fantasy ideas are not regarded as part of those genres.[99]
On 31 July 2005, Pratchett criticised media coverage of Harry Potter author J. K. Rowling, commenting that certain members of the media seemed to think that "the continued elevation of J. K. Rowling can be achieved only at the expense of other writers".[104] Pratchett has denied claims that this was a swipe at Rowling, and said that he was not making claims of plagiarism, but was pointing out the "shared heritage" of the fantasy genre.[105] Pratchett has also posted on the Harry Potter newsgroup about a media-covered exchange of views with her.[106]
Style and major themes[link]
Pratchett is known for a distinctive writing style that includes a number of characteristic hallmarks. One example is his use of footnotes,[107] which usually involve a comic departure from the narrative or a commentary on the narrative.[108]
Pratchett has a tendency to avoid using chapters, arguing in a Book Sense interview that "life does not happen in regular chapters, nor do movies, and Homer did not write in chapters", adding "I'm blessed if I know what function they serve in books for adults."[109] However, there have been exceptions; Going Postal and Making Money and several of his books for younger readers are divided into chapters.[110] Pratchett has offered explanations for his sporadic use of chapters; in the young adult titles, he says that he must use chapters because '[his] editor screams until [he] does', but otherwise feels that they're an unnecessary 'stopping point' that gets in the way of the narrative.
Characters, place names, and titles in Pratchett's books often contain puns, allusions and culture references.[111][112] Some characters are parodies of well-known characters: for example, Pratchett's character Cohen the Barbarian, also called Ghengiz Cohen, is a parody of Conan the Barbarian and Genghis Khan, and his character Leonard of Quirm is a parody of Leonardo da Vinci.
Another hallmark of his writing is the use of capitalised dialogue without quotation marks, used to indicate the character of Death communicating telepathically into a character's mind. Other characters or types of characters have similarly distinctive ways of speaking, such as the auditors of reality never having quotation marks, Ankh-Morpork grocers never using punctuation correctly, and golems capitalising each word in everything they say. Pratchett also made up a new colour, octarine, a 'fluorescent greenish-yellow-purple', which is the eighth colour in the Discworld spectrum—the colour of magic.[113] Indeed, the number eight itself is regarded in the Discworld as being a magical number; for example, the eighth son of an eighth son will be a wizard, and his eighth son will be a "sourcerer" (which is one reason why wizards aren't allowed to have children).[114]
Discworld novels often include a modern innovation and its introduction to the world's medieval setting, such as a public police force (Guards! Guards!), guns (Men at Arms), submarines (Jingo), cinema (Moving Pictures), investigative journalism (The Truth), the postage stamp (Going Postal), and modern banking (Making Money). The "clacks", the tower-to-tower semaphore system that has sprung up in later novels, is a mechanical version of the telegraph, with all the change and turmoil that such an advancement implies. The resulting social upheaval driven by these changes serves as the setting for the main story and often inspires the title.[citation needed]
Influences[link]
Pratchett makes no secret of outside influences on his work: they are a major source of his humour. He imports numerous characters from classic literature, popular culture and ancient history,[115] always adding an unexpected twist. Pratchett is a crime novel fan, which is reflected in frequent appearances of the Ankh-Morpork City Watch in the Discworld series.[101] Pratchett was an only child, and his characters are often without siblings. Pratchett explains, "In fiction, only-children are the interesting ones".[116] An example is the character Susan Sto Helit.
Pratchett's earliest inspirations were The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, and the works of Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke.[6] His literary influences have been P.G. Wodehouse, Tom Sharpe, Jerome K. Jerome, Roy Lewis,[117] G. K. Chesterton, and Mark Twain.[118]
Publishing history[link]
While Pratchett's UK publishing history has remained quite stable, his relationships with international publishers have been turbulent (especially in America). He changed German publishers after an advertisement for Maggi soup appeared in the middle of the German-language version of Pyramids.[119][120]
Bibliography[link]
[edit] The Discworld series
Main article: Discworld
Pratchett's Discworld series is a humorous and often satirical sequence of stories set in the colourful fantasy world of Discworld. The series contains various 'story arcs' (or 'sub-series'), and a number of free-standing stories. All are set in an abundance of locations in the same detailed and unified world, such as the Unseen University and 'The Drum/Broken Drum/Mended Drum' public house in the twin city Ankh-Morpork, or places in the various continents, regions and countries on the Disc. Characters and locations reappear throughout the series, variously taking major and minor roles.
The Discworld itself is described as a large disc resting on the backs of four giant elephants, all supported by the giant turtle Great A'Tuin as it swims its way through space. The books are essentially in chronological order,[110] and advancements can be seen in the development of the Discworld civilisations, such as the creation of paper money in Ankh-Morpork.[109]
The subject of many of the novels in Pratchett's Discworld series is a parody of a real-world subject such as film making, newspaper publishing, rock and roll music, religion, philosophy, Ancient Greece, Egyptian history, the Gulf War, Australia, university politics, trade unions, and the financial world. Pratchett has also included further parody as a feature within the stories, including such subjects as Ingmar Bergman films, numerous fiction, science fiction and fantasy characters, and various bureaucratic and ruling systems.
[edit] Other Discworld books
Pratchett has written or collaborated on a number of Discworld books that are not novels in themselves but serve to accompany the series.
The Discworld Companion, written with Stephen Briggs, is an encyclopedic guide to Discworld. The third (and latest) edition was renamed The New Discworld Companion, and was published in 2003. Briggs also collaborated with Pratchett on a series of fictional Discworld "mapps". The first, The Discworld Mapp (1995), illustrated by Stephen Player, comprises a large, comprehensive map of the Discworld itself with a small booklet that contains short biographies of the Disc's prominent explorers and their discoveries. Three further "mapps", have been released, focusing on particular regions of the Disc: Ankh-Morpork, Lancre, and Death's Domain. Briggs and Pratchett have also released several Discworld diaries and, with Tina Hannan, Nanny Ogg's Cookbook (1999). The design of this cookbook, illustrated by Paul Kidby, was based on the traditional Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, but with humorous recipes.
Collections of Discworld-related art have also been released in book form. The Pratchett Portfolio (1996) and The Art of Discworld (2004) are collections of paintings of major Discworld characters by Paul Kidby, with details added by Pratchett on the character's origins.
In 2005, Pratchett's first book for very young children was Where's My Cow? Illustrated by Melvyn Grant, this is a realisation of the short story Sam Vimes reads to his child in Thud!.
Pratchett resisted mapping the Discworld for quite some time, noting that a firmly designed map restricts narrative possibility (i.e., with a map, fans will complain if he places a building on the wrong street, but without one, he can adjust the geography to fit the story).
[edit] Science of Discworld
Pratchett has written three Science of Discworld books in collaboration with Professor of mathematics Ian Stewart and reproductive biologist Jack Cohen, both of the University of Warwick: The Science of Discworld (1999), The Science of Discworld II: The Globe (2002), and The Science of Discworld III: Darwin's Watch (2005).
All three books have chapters that alternate between fiction and non-fiction: the fictional chapters are set within the Discworld, where its characters observe, and experiment on, a universe with the same physics as ours. The non-fiction chapters (written by Stewart and Cohen) explain the science behind the fictional events.
In 1999, Pratchett appointed both Cohen and Stewart as "Honorary Wizards of the Unseen University" at the same ceremony at which the University of Warwick awarded him an honorary degree.[77]
[edit] Folklore of Discworld
Pratchett has collaborated with the folklorist Dr Jacqueline Simpson on The Folklore of Discworld (2008), a study of the relationship between many of the persons, places and events described in the Discworld books and their counterparts in myths, legends, fairy tales and folk customs on Earth.
Other novels[link]
Pratchett's first two adult novels, The Dark Side of the Sun (1976) and Strata (1981), were both science-fiction, the latter taking place partly on a disc-shaped world. Subsequent to these, Pratchett has mostly concentrated on his Discworld series and novels for children, with two exceptions: Good Omens (1990), a collaboration with Neil Gaiman (which was nominated for both Locus and World Fantasy Awards in 1991[121]), a humorous story about the Apocalypse set on Earth, and Nation (2008), a book for young adults.
After writing Good Omens, Pratchett began to work with Larry Niven on a book that would become Rainbow Mars; Niven eventually completed the book on his own, but states in the afterword that a number of Pratchett's ideas remained in the finished version. Pratchett is currently collaborating with British author Stephen Baxter on a parallel earth series entitled The Long Earth. The first draft was completed in December 2011 and will be published on 21 June 2012.
In 2012, the first volume of Pratchett's collected short fiction will also be published under the title A Blink of the Screen. He will also publish another novel for children, Dodger, set in Victorian London.[122]
Children's novels[link]
Pratchett's first children's novel was also his first published novel: The Carpet People in 1971, which Pratchett substantially rewrote and re-released in 1992. The next, Truckers (1988), was the first in The Nome Trilogy of novels for young readers, about small gnome-like creatures called "Nomes", and the trilogy continued in Diggers (1990) and Wings (1990). Subsequently, Pratchett wrote the Johnny Maxwell trilogy, about the adventures of a boy called Johnny Maxwell and his friends, comprising Only You Can Save Mankind (1992), Johnny and the Dead (1993) and Johnny and the Bomb (1996). Nation (2008) marks his return to the non-Discworld children's novel.
Collaborations and contributions[link]
- The Unadulterated Cat is a humorous book of cat anecdotes written by Pratchett and illustrated by Gray Jolliffe.
- After the King: Stories In Honour of J.R.R. Tolkien edited by Martin H. Greenberg (1992) contains "Troll Bridge", a short story featuring Cohen the Barbarian. This story was also published in the compilations Knights of Madness (1998, edited by Peter Haining) and The Mammoth Book of Comic Fantasy (2001, edited by Mike Ashley).
- The Wizards of Odd, a short-story compilation edited by Peter Haining (1996), includes a Discworld short story called "Theatre of Cruelty".
- The Flying Sorcerers, another short-story compilation edited by Peter Haining (1997), starts off with a Pratchett story called "Turntables of the Night", featuring Death (albeit not set on Discworld, but in our "reality").
- Legends, edited by Robert Silverberg (1998), contains a Discworld short story called "The Sea and Little Fishes".
- Digital Dreams, edited by David V Barrett (1990), contains the science fiction short story "# ifdefDEBUG + "world/enough" + "time".
- Meditations on Middle-Earth (2002)
- The Leaky Establishment, written by David Langford (1984), has a foreword by Pratchett in later reissues (from 2001).
- Once More* With Footnotes, edited by Priscilla Olson and Sheila M. Perry (2004), is "an assortment of short stories, articles, introductions, and ephemera" by Pratchett which "have appeared in books, magazines, newspapers, anthologies, and program books, many of which are now hard to find."[123]
- Now We Are Sick, written by Neil Gaiman and Stephen Jones (1994), includes the poem called "The Secret Book of the Dead" by Pratchett.
- The Writers' and Artists' Yearbook 2007 includes an article by Pratchett about the process of writing fantasy.
- Good Omens, written with Neil Gaiman (1990)
- The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Fantasy, edited by David Pringle (1998), has a foreword by Pratchett.[124]
Adaptations[link]
Radio[link]
Pratchett has had a number of radio adaptations on BBC Radio 4: The Colour of Magic, Equal Rites (on Woman's Hour), Only You Can Save Mankind, Guards! Guards!, Wyrd Sisters, Mort, and Small Gods have all been dramatised as serials, as was Night Watch in early 2008, and The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents as a 90-minute play.[125]
Additionally, Guards! Guards! was also adapted as a one-hour audio drama by the Atlanta Radio Theatre Company and performed live at Dragon*Con in 2001.
Theatre[link]
Johnny and the Dead and 14 Discworld novels have been adapted as plays by Stephen Briggs and published in book form.[126] They were first produced by the Studio Theatre Club in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. They include adaptations of The Truth, Maskerade, Mort, Wyrd Sisters and Guards! Guards! Stage adaptations of Discworld novels have been performed on every continent in the world, including Antarctica.
In addition, Lords & Ladies has been adapted for the stage by Irana Brown, and Pyramids was adapted for the stage by Suzi Holyoake in 1999 and had a week-long theatre run in the UK.[127] In 2002, an adaptation of Truckers was produced as a co-production between Harrogate Theatre, the Belgrade Theatre Coventry and Theatre Royal, Bury St. Edmunds. It was adapted by Bob Eaton, and directed by Rob Swain. The play toured to many venues in the UK between 15 March and 29 June 2002.[128]
In 1996, Staffordshire University Drama Society performed a three night sell-out production of "Wyrd Sisters" adapted as a pantomime, complete with Nanny Ogg as a dame and interludes by Death using passages of prose from the early Discworld novels.
A version of Eric adapted for the stage by Scott Harrison and Lee Harris was produced and performed by The Dreaming Theatre Company in June/July 2003 inside Clifford's Tower, the 700-year-old castle keep in York. It was revived in 2004 in a tour of England along with Robert Rankin's The Antipope.
In 2004, a musical adaptation of Only You Can Save Mankind was premiered at the Edinburgh Festival, with music by Leighton James House and book and lyrics by Shaun McKenna.[129]
In 2008, Keele Drama Society performed "Men At Arms" at Keele University for four nights. The show was directed by Robert Russell.
In 2009 Bangor English Drama Society (BEDS) staged a sell out performance of "Wyrd Sisters" at Bangor University for three nights. The North Wales Fire Department was informed about the show due to the pyrotechnics employed by the production staff.
In January 2009, the National Theatre announced that their annual winter family production in 2009 would be a theatrical adaptation of Pratchett's novel Nation. The novel was adapted by playwright Mark Ravenhill and directed by Melly Still.[130][131] The production premiered at the Olivier Theatre on 24 November, and ran until 28 March 2010. It was broadcast to cinemas around the world on 30 January 2010.[132]
In 2010 The Unseen Theatre Company, based in Adelaide, performed an adaptation by Stephen Briggs of Monstrous Regiment. The play is also due to be performed in February 2012 by the Cardiff University Drama Society, Act One.
In 2011, Imperial College Medical Scxhool Drama Society performed an adaptation of Guards, Guards for 4 nights
Television[link]
Truckers was adapted as a stop motion animation series for Thames Television by Cosgrove Hall Films in 1992. Johnny and the Dead was made into a TV serial for Children's ITV on ITV, in 1995. Wyrd Sisters and Soul Music were adapted as animated cartoon series by Cosgrove Hall for Channel 4 in 1996; illustrated screenplays of these were published in 1998 and 1997 respectively. In January 2006, BBC One aired a three-part adaptation of Johnny and the Bomb.
A two-part, feature-length version of Hogfather starring David Jason and the voice of Ian Richardson was first aired on Sky One in the United Kingdom in December 2006, and on ION Television in the U.S. in 2007. Pratchett was opposed to live action films about Discworld before because of his negative experience with Hollywood film makers.[133] He changed his opinion when he saw that the director Vadim Jean and producer Rod Brown were very enthusiastic and cooperative.[134] A two-part, feature-length adaptation of The Colour of Magic and its sequel The Light Fantastic aired during Easter 2008 on Sky One.[135] A third adaptation, Going Postal was aired at the end of May 2010. The Sky adaptations are notable also for the author's presence in cameo roles.
Feature films[link]
Pratchett has held back from Discworld feature films;[136] though the rights to a number of his books have been sold, no films have yet been made. The Wee Free Men is set to be directed by Sam Raimi but has not started filming.[137] Director Terry Gilliam has announced in an interview with Empire magazine that he plans to adapt Good Omens[138] but as of 2007 this still needed funding.[139] In 2001, DreamWorks also commissioned an adaptation of Truckers by Andrew Adamson and Joe Stillman[140] but Pratchett believes that it will not be made until after "Shrek 17".[141] However, in 2008 Danny Boyle revealed that he hoped to direct a Truckers adaptation by Frank Cottrell Boyce.[142]
Comic books and graphic novels[link]
Four graphic novels of Pratchett's work have been released. The first two, originally published in the US, were adaptations of The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic and illustrated by Steven Ross (with Joe Bennett on the latter). The second two, published in the UK, were adaptations of Mort (subtitled A Discworld Big Comic) and Guards! Guards!, both illustrated by Graham Higgins and adapted by Stephen Briggs. The graphic novels of The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic were republished by Doubleday on 2 June 2008.
Role-playing games[link]
GURPS Discworld (Steve Jackson Games, 1998) and GURPS Discworld Also (Steve Jackson Games, 2001) are role-playing source books which were written by Terry Pratchett and Phil Masters, which also offer insights into the workings of the Discworld. The first of these two books was re-released in September 2002 under the name of The Discworld Roleplaying Game, with art by Paul Kidby.
Video games[link]
The Discworld universe has also been used as a basis for a number of Discworld video games on a range of formats, such as the Sega Saturn, the Sony PlayStation, the Philips CD-i and the 3DO, as well as DOS and Windows-based PCs. The following are the more notable games:
- The Colour of Magic, the first game based on the series, and so far the only one directly adapted from a Discworld novel. It was released in 1986 for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64.
- Discworld, an animated "point-and-click" adventure game made by Teeny Weeny Games and Perfect 10 Productions in 1995.
- Discworld II: Missing Presumed...!?, a sequel to Discworld developed by Perfect Entertainment in 1996. It was subtitled "Mortality Bytes!" in North America.
- Discworld Noir is the first 3D game based on the Discworld series, and is both a parody of the film noir genre and an example of it. The game was created by Perfect Entertainment and published by GT Interactive for both the PC and PlayStation in 1999. It was released only in Europe and Australia.
Internet games[link]
Main article: Discworld MUD
The world of Discworld is also featured in a fan created online MUD, multi-user dungeon.[143] This game allows players to play humans in various guilds within the universe that Terry Pratchett has created.
Music[link]
"From The Discworld - With Dave Greenslade (1994)" is a collection of 14 songs inspired by the Discworld novels with the author contributing to the production of the record. The album features songs and instrumentals both about the books as well as some that appear in the novels - "A Wizard's Staff has a Knob on the End" as one example.
Works about Pratchett[link]
A collection of essays about his writings is compiled in the book Terry Pratchett: Guilty of Literature, edited by Andrew M. Butler, Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn, published by Science Fiction Foundation in 2000 (ISBN 0903007010). A second, expanded edition was published by Old Earth Books in 2004 (ISBN 188296831X). Andrew M. Butler also wrote the Pocket Essentials Guide to Terry Pratchett published in 2001 (ISBN 1903047390). Writers Uncovered: Terry Pratchett is a biography for young readers by Vic Parker, published by Heinemann Library in 2006 (ISBN 0431906335).
Arms[link]
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References[link]
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- ^ Pratchett, Terry. Sourcery. Corgi Books. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/05525131075|05525131075]].
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- ^ http://www.terrypratchett.co.uk/?p=970
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- ^ Smyth, Chris (31 December 2008). "Terry Pratchett 'flabbergasted' over knighthood". Times Online (London: Times Newspapers). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article5420707.ece. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
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- ^ "A tribunal of mercy". The Guardian (London). 1 February 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/feb/01/terry-pratchett-alzheimer-assisted-suicide. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ Williams, Martin (2 February 2010). "'A death worth dying for'". The Herald. http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/health/a-death-worth-dying-for-1.1003151. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ Henley Davis, Richard (2 February 2010). "Terry Pratchett speaks at the 34th Richard Dimbleby lecture". The Economic Voice. http://www.economicvoice.com/terry-pratchett-speaks-at-the-34th-richard-dimbleby-lecture/5006352#axzz0eO9YklKq. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ Terry Pratchett - Biography
- ^ http://www.terrypratchett.co.uk/?p=1031
- ^ "alt.fan.pratchett". Terry Pratchett, groups.google.com. 5 July 1992. http://groups.google.com/group/alt.fan.pratchett/browse_frm/thread/6d66f88060364dbb. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ "PalmPilot. Private interview carried out by Mike Richardson.". Mike Richardson, lspace.org. 5 July 1992. http://www.lspace.org/about-terry/interviews/palmpilot.html. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ^ "PC Interviews - Terry Pratchett". PC Zone Staff. 1 August 2006. http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=143656. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ^ BBC profile
- ^ Köhler, R. (1995). "A new species of the fossil turtle Psephophorus (Order Testudines) from the Eocene of the South Island, New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 25 (3): 371–384. DOI:10.1080/03014223.1995.9517495.
- ^ "Accomplishments and Achievements - 2. Media and Publicity". Orangutan Foundation UK. no date. http://www.orangutan.org.uk/about-us. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ "Discworld Convention 2004". Orangutan Foundation UK. 9 September 2004. http://www.orangutan.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=80&Itemid=7. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ "Terry Pratchett, amateur astronomer". The Cunning Artificer's forums. 7 August 2005. http://www.discworldstamps.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2216. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
- ^ "Pratchett leads showbiz honours". BBC News. 31 December 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7805143.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
- ^ "Ansible 132, July 1998". Ansible online. July 1998. http://news.ansible.co.uk/a132.html. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ "Previous Winners & Shortlists - The Fantasy and Science Fiction Author of the Year". BritishBookAwards.co.uk. August 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927130706/http://www.britishbookawards.co.uk/bba/pnbb_previouswinners.asp. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ "1989 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1989. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
- ^ "2008 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=2008. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
- ^ a b "Terry Pratchett Receives Honorary Degree from University of Warwick". University of Warwick web site. 8 July 2004. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/NE1000000081565. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ "Honorary Awardees of the University of Portsmouth". University of Portsmouth web site. 6 October 2006. http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/academic/scafm/Honoraryawardsandvisitors. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ "Discworld author's doctor honour". BBC News. 6 December 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/somerset/3291087.stm. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ "Honorary Degrees awarded at Bristol University today". Bristol University web site. 16 July 2004. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2004/474. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ "Author gets honorary doctorate". Salisbury Journal online. 12 September 2008. http://www.salisburyjournal.co.uk/news/2445404.author_gets_honorary_doctorate. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
- ^ "Naturalist Sir David Attenborough and Writer Terry Pratchett Among Recipients of Honorary Degrees". Trinity College Dublin. 15 December 2008. http://www.tcd.ie/Communications/news/pressreleases/pressRelease.php?headerID=1073&pressReleaseArchive=2009. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
- ^ "Bradford University awards honorary degree". Telegraph and Argus. 31 July 2009. http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/4497132.VIDEO__Sir_Terry_signs_up_to_another_degree. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
- ^ "Bradford University awards honorary degree". University to award an honorary degree to Terry Pratchett OBE. 14 October 2009. http://www.winchester.ac.uk/?page=11412. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ^ "The CILIP Carnegie Medal - Full List of Winners". Carnegie. http://www.carnegiegreenaway.org.uk/carnegie/full_list_of_winners.php. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
- ^ "Libertarian Futurist Society". http://www.lfs.org/awards.htm. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
- ^ "The Big Read". BBC. no date. http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ "Locus Awards Winners By Year". Locus Publications. 2007. http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/Locus.html. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
- ^ The E. E. Smith Memorial Award
- ^ World Fantasy Convention (2010). "2010 World Fantasy Award Winners & Nominees". http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/. Retrieved 04 Feb 2011.
- ^ Bacigalupi and Pratchett Win ALA Awards, Locus Magazine, 1-10-2011.
- ^ "Terry Pratchett joins the staff at Trinity College Dublin". www.siliconrepublic.com. 29 October 2010. http://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/item/18572-terry-pratchett-joins-the/. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ "Nebula Award Winners Announced". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America Inc. 2011-05-21. http://www.sfwa.org/2011/05/nebula-award-winners-announced/.
- ^ a b c "Arena interview". www.lspace.org. 22 November 1997. http://www.lspace.org/about-terry/interviews/Arena.html. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ "Discworld Conventions". www.lspace.org. no date. http://www.lspace.org/fandom/events/conventions/dwcon.html. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ "Past Events". www.dwcon.org. no date. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071214190928/http://www.dwcon.org/past-events. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ "Pratchett Book Signing Dates". www.funny.co.uk. 13 September 2005. http://www.funny.co.uk/news/art_167-3708-Pratchett-Book-Signing-Dates.html. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ a b "Terry Pratchett's Discworld". januarymagazine.com. 1997. http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/pratchett.html. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ a b "Terry Pratchett: 21 Years of Discworld". Locus Online. May 2004. http://www.locusmag.com/2004/Issues/05Pratchett.html. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ "Interview with Terry Pratchett". www.sffworld.com. 18 December 2002. http://www.sffworld.com/interview/52p1.html. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ a b "Transcript of IRC interview with Terry Pratchett at the World Fantasy Convention by James Webley". Terry Pratchett, www.scifi.com and www.lspace.org. no date. http://www.lspace.org/about-terry/interviews/WFC.html. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ^ "Pratchett wins first major award". BBC News. 12 July 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2124520.stm. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
- ^ "Terry Pratchett by Linda Richards". januarymagazine.com. 2002. http://januarymagazine.com/profiles/tpratchett2002.html. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ "Pratchett takes swipe at Rowling". BBC News. 31 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4732385.stm. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
- ^ "Interview: Terry Pratchett". Terry Pratchett Books (originally Alternative Nation). 10 October 2005. http://www.terrypratchettbooks.org/pratchett-and-discworld-articles/interview-terry-pratchett.html. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
- ^ Terry Pratchett (1 August 2005). "Re: Pratchett comments on Rowling". alt.fan.harry-potter. (Web link). Retrieved 27 January 2008.
- ^ "Fictional Footnotes and Indexes - Fiction with Footnotes". William Denton, Miskatonic.org. 22 March 2007. http://www.miskatonic.org/footnotes.html. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
- ^ "Statistics - Footnotes". Robert Neumann, The L-Space Web. no date. http://www.lspace.org/books/analysis/statistics.html#footnotes. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
- ^ a b "Terry Pratchett". Gavin J. Grant, IndieBound.com. no date. http://www.indiebound.org/author-interviews/pratchettterry. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ a b "Words from the Master". Terry Pratchett, The L-Space Web. no date. http://www.lspace.org/books/apf/words-from-the-master.html. Retrieved 16 December 2007.
- ^ "White Knowledge and the Cauldron of Story: The Use of Allusion in Terry Pratchett's Discworld". William T. Abbott. May 2002. http://www.lspace.org/books/analysis/bill-abbott.html. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
- ^ "The Literary Evolution of Terry Pratchett". David Bapst. 1 June 2002. http://www.lspace.org/books/analysis/david-bapst.html. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
- ^ Pratchett, Terry; Stephen Briggs (2003). The New Discworld Companion. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. p. 301. ISBN 0-575-07467-1. http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/PB-25621/The-New-Discworld-Companion.htm.
- ^ Pratchett, Terry (1987). Equal Rites. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. p. 224. ISBN 0-575-03950-7.
- ^ "Terry Pratchett - Mort". Bookclub. episode 7. season 7th. 7 July 2004. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/arts/bookclub/ram/bookclub_20040704.ram.
- ^ "Parenting: Only need not mean lonely". London: Times Online. 7 August 2005. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article552415.ece. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ^ "Terry Pratchett". London: Guardian Unlimited. no date. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/jun/12/terrypratchett. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ^ "Interview de Terry Pratchett (en Anglais) (Interview with Terry Pratchett (in English))". Nathalie Ruas, ActuSF. June 2002. http://www.actusf.com/spip/?article3025. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
- ^ "Saurio interviews Terry Pratchett". laideafija.com.ar. 2002. http://www.laideafija.com.ar/especiales/pratchett/PRATCHETT_interview.html. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Heyne Covers". colinsmythe.co.uk. 25 May 2005. http://www.colinsmythe.co.uk/terrypages/heynecovers.htm. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
- ^ "1991 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1991. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
- ^ http://www.amazon.co.uk/Dodger-Terry-Pratchett/dp/0385619278/ref=sr_1_11_title_0_main?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1328134814&sr=1-11
- ^ Pratchett, Terry. Priscilla Olson and Sheila M. Perry. ed. Once More* (with footnotes). NESFA Press. ISBN 1-886778-57-4.
- ^ David Pringle, ed. (1998). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Fantasy. Carlton Publishing Group. ISBN 1-85868-373-4.
- ^ "7 Drama". BBC. 1 June 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbc7/newsletter/newsletter_thisweek.shtml#6. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ "Discworld Plays". Stephen Briggs. no date. http://stephenbriggs.com/theplays.html. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ "Discworld Monthly - Issue 19". Jason Anthony. November 1998. http://www.discworldmonthly.co.uk/dwm0019.php. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
- ^ "Plays : Truckers : 2002". www.lspace.org. January 2002. http://www.lspace.org/fandom/events/plays/truckers/2002/spring-uktour.html. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
- ^ "Only You Can Save Mankind: 2004". www.lspace.org. no date. http://www.lspace.org/fandom/events/plays/only-you-can-save-mankind/2004/august-edinburgh.html. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ "Pratchett's Nation becomes latest novel adaptation at National". The Stage News. 15 January 2009. http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/23134/pratchetts-nation-becomes-latest-novel. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "Hytner Will Direct Bennett Play, and Still Will Direct Nation at London's National". Playbill News. 14 January 2009. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/125200-Hytner_Will_Direct_Bennett_Play_and_Still_Will_Direct_Nation_at_London%27s_National. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
- ^ "NT Live Nation 30 January 2010". http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk. http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/55480/productions/nt-live-nation-30-january-2010.html. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
- ^ Pratchett, Terry (31 January 2004). The New Discworld Companion. Gollancz. pp. 466–67. ISBN 0-575-07555-4.
- ^ "Terry Pratchett: Interview". Sky One. 2006. http://www.skyone.co.uk/hogfather/tp_int.htm. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ^ "Del's spells as David lands role". The Sun Online. 24 April 2007. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/tv/article26341.ece. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
- ^ "BBC article on Pratchett film adaptations". BBC News. 16 June 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2993972.stm. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
- ^ "Pratchett book set for big screen". BBC. 10 January 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4590000/newsid_4598600/4598672.stm. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ "Gilliam's Good Omen". Empire Online. 7 December 1999. http://www.empireonline.com/News/story.asp?nid=14717. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
- ^ "You Can Make Good Omens!". Empire Online. 4 October 2007. http://www.empireonline.com/News/story.asp?nid=21196. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
- ^ "Shrek 2 Makers". DreamWorks Animation fansite. no date. http://animation.dreamworksfansite.com/shrek2/makers.php. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ "Terry Pratchett interview". SFX. 17 October 2006. http://www.sfx.co.uk/page/sfx?entry=terry_pratchett_interview. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ "Boyle plots animated 'Truckers' movie". Digital Spy. 11 September 2008. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/a130041/boyle-plots-animated-truckers-movie.html. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
- ^ http://discworld.atuin.net
- ^ "The College of Arms September 2010". College of Arms. September 2010. http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/Newsletter/026.pdf. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Terry Pratchett |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Terry Pratchett |
- Terry Pratchett Official UK and international website (EU, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada)
- Terry Pratchett at the BFI
- Terry Pratchett at the Internet Movie Database
- Terry Pratchett at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- Terry Pratchett and Rob Wilkins on Twitter
- Bookclub: BBC's James Naughtie and a group of readers talk to Terry Pratchett about his book Mort (audio)
- Terry Pratchett Archive at Senate House Library, University of London
- 12 October 2009 radio interview discussing 'Unseen Academicals' and brain donation at BBC Wiltshire
- Out of the shadows : Four videos in which Terry Pratchett reveals what it was like to be diagnosed with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), a rare variant of Alzheimer's disease.
- 2 May 2007 Live Webchat transcript at Douglas Adams Continuum
- "29 September 2007 Live Webcast" (audio). Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080307181507/http://www.loc.gov/bookfest/authors/ram/tpratchett.ram. "Terry Pratchett speaks and answers questions at the 2007 National Book Festival in Washington DC"
- Meeting Mr Pratchett at The Age
- Pratchett talks about his diagnosis with Alzheimer's, from the Daily Mail (UK)
- On-line video interview for Czech TV (24. 4. 2011)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pratchett, Terry |
| Alternative names | Pratchett, Sir Terence David John |
| Short description | English novelist |
| Date of birth | 28 April 1948 |
| Place of birth | Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England, Great Britain, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Terry_Pratchett
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Pratchett
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Seth MacFarlane | |
|---|---|
 Seth MacFarlane |
|
| Born | Seth Woodbury MacFarlane (1973-10-26) October 26, 1973 (age 38) Kent, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Citizenship | United States |
| Alma mater | Rhode Island School of Design (Bachelor of Fine Arts) |
| Occupation | Actor, voice actor, animator, writer, comedian, singer, producer, director |
| Years active | 1995–present |
| Known for | Family Guy American Dad! The Cleveland Show The Winner Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy Comedy Central Roasts Ted |
| Political party | Democrat |
| Parents | Ronald Wilton MacFarlane, Ann Perry (née Sager) (deceased) |
| Family | Rachael MacFarlane (sister) |
Seth Woobury MacFarlane (born October 26, 1973) is an American actor, voice actor, animator, screenwriter, comedian, producer, director and singer. He created the animated sitcom Family Guy and co-created American Dad! and The Cleveland Show, for which he also voices many of the shows' various characters.[1]
A native of Kent, Connecticut,[2] MacFarlane is a graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design, where he studied animation, earning a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. He was an animator and writer for Hanna-Barbera for several television shows, including Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, Dexter's Laboratory and I Am Weasel, before creating his own series for 20th Century Fox entitled Family Guy in 1999. MacFarlane went on to co-create American Dad! in 2005, and The Cleveland Show in 2009 for Fox. He also went on to serve as executive producer on the Fox sitcom The Winner.
As an actor, he has made guest appearances on shows such as Gilmore Girls, The War at Home and FlashForward. MacFarlane's interest in science fiction and fantasy has led to cameo and guest appearances on Star Trek: Enterprise and voicing the character of Johann Kraus in Guillermo del Toro's Hellboy II: The Golden Army. In 2008, he created his own YouTube series entitled Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy. As a singer, MacFarlane has performed at several venues, including Carnegie Hall and the Royal Albert Hall.
MacFarlane has won several awards for his work on Family Guy, including two Primetime Emmy Awards and an Annie Award. In 2009, he won the Webby Award for Film & Video Person of the Year. For several years, it has been the subject of criticism from television watchdog groups, such as the Parents Television Council, who regularly condemn it for its alleged indecency. Even fellow cartoonists such as The Ren & Stimpy Show's John Kricfalusi and South Park duo Trey Parker and Matt Stone have criticized MacFarlane's creation on numerous occasions. He occasionally speaks at universities and colleges throughout the United States, and is a supporter of gay rights.
On the February 10, 2011 episode of the TBS variety nighttime talk-show series Conan, MacFarlane announced he is directing his first feature-length comedy film, Ted. The film stars Mark Wahlberg as an adult who, as a child, wished his teddy bear would come to life. MacFarlane will be the voice and motion capture for the bear. It is currently in production and is scheduled for release July 13, 2012.[3][4] In September, 2011, MacFarlane released a debut album of American standards, Music Is Better Than Words. In 2011 MacFarlane began a revival of Hanna-Barbera's The Flintstones for the Fox network. The first episode was due to air in the US in 2013,[5][6] but production has been indefinitely delayed due to MacFarlane's schedule.[7]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
MacFarlane's parents, Ann Perry (née Sager) and Ronald Milton MacFarlane, were born in Newburyport, Massachusetts.[8] He is of Scottish, Irish, English and Welsh ancestry, partly by way of Canada, and his ancestors include William Brewster, who travelled to America on the Mayflower.[9][10] MacFarlane's parents met in 1970, when they both lived and worked in Boston, Massachusetts, and married later that year.[8] In 1972, the couple moved to Kent, Connecticut, where Ann Perry began working in the Admissions Office at South Kent School and later in the College Guidance and Admissions Offices at the Kent School, a selective college preparatory school where Ronald was also a teacher.[8][11] During his childhood, MacFarlane developed an interest in illustration and began drawing cartoon characters Fred Flintstone and Woody Woodpecker, as early as two years old.[12] By the age of five, MacFarlane knew that he would want to pursue a career in animation, and began by creating flip books, after his parents found a book on the subject.[13] Four years later, at nine, MacFarlane began publishing a weekly comic strip entitled "Walter Crouton" for The Kent Good Times Dispatch, the local newspaper in Kent, Connecticut, which paid him five dollars per week.[14][15] In one anecdote from the time, MacFarlane said in a 2011 interview he was "always like just weirdly fascinated by the Communion ceremony [so] I did a strip that had a guy kneeling at the altar taking Communion and saying 'Can I have fries with that?' And to my 11-year-old brain that was comedy ...." The paper printed it and he got "an angry letter from our local priest .... It created sort of a little mini-controversy in our little town." [16]
MacFarlane received his high school diploma in 1991 from the Kent School.[8][11] While there, he continued experimenting with animation, and was given an 8 mm camera by his parents.[17] MacFarlane went on to study film, video and animation at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), where he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree.[14] As a student, he had originally intended to work for Disney, but changed his mind upon graduating.[18] At RISD, MacFarlane created a series of independent films, eventually meeting future Family Guy cast member Mike Henry, whose brother Patrick was MacFarlane's classmate. His senior year at RISD, MacFarlane created a thesis film entitled The Life of Larry, which would eventually become the inspiration for Family Guy.[14] MacFarlane's professor submitted his film to the animation studio Hanna-Barbera, where he was later hired.[19]
Early career[link]
After college MacFarlane was hired at Hanna-Barbera (then Hanna-Barbera Cartoons) based on the writing content of The Life of Larry, rather than on cartooning ability. He was one of few people hired to the company solely based on writing talent.[2] He worked as an animator and writer for Cartoon Network's Cartoon Cartoons series.[20] He described the atmosphere at Hanna-Barbera as resembling an "old fashioned Hollywood structure, where you move from one show to another or you jump from a writing job on one show to a storyboard job on another." MacFarlane worked on four television series during his tenure at the studio: Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, and Johnny Bravo.[21][22] Working as both a writer and storyboard artist, MacFarlane spent the most time on Johnny Bravo. He found it easier to develop his own style at Johnny Bravo through the show's process of scriptwriting, which Dexter, Cow and Chicken and I Am Weasel did not use.[2] As a part of the Johnny Bravo crew, MacFarlane met actors and voiceover artists such as Adam West and Jack Sheldon of Schoolhouse Rock! fame. Meeting these individuals later became significant to the production and success of his Family Guy series.
He also did freelance work for Walt Disney Television Animation, writing for Jungle Cubs and Ace Ventura: Pet Detective. Through strict observation of writing elements such as story progression, character stakes, and plot points, MacFarlane found the work for Disney was, from a writing standpoint, very valuable in preparation for his career (particularly on Ace Ventura).[2] MacFarlane also created and wrote a short titled Zoomates for Frederator Studios' Oh Yeah! Cartoons on Nickelodeon.[23] In 1996, MacFarlane created a sequel to The Life of Larry entitled Larry and Steve, which features a middle-aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve. The short was broadcast as one of Cartoon Network's World Premiere Toons. Executives at Fox saw both Larry shorts and negotiations soon began for a prime-time animated series.[24]
Although MacFarlane enjoyed working at Hanna-Barbera, he felt his real calling was for prime-time animation, which would allow a much edgier style of humor.[2] He first pitched Family Guy to Fox during his tenure at Hanna-Barbera. A development executive for Hanna-Barbera, who was trying to get back into the prime-time business at the time, introduced MacFarlane to Leslie Collins and Mike Darnell, heads of the alternative comedy department at Fox. After the success of King of the Hill in 1997, MacFarlane called Collins once more to ask about a possible second pitch for the series. The company offered the young writer a strange deal: Fox gave him a budget of $50,000 to produce a pilot that could lead to a series (most episodes of animated prime-time productions cost at least $1 million).[2][25] Recalling the experience in an interview with The New York Times, MacFarlane stated, "I spent about six months with no sleep and no life, just drawing like crazy in my kitchen and doing this pilot".[26]
After six months, MacFarlane returned to Fox with a "very, very simply, crudely animated film – with just enough to get the tone of the show across" to present to the executives, who loved the pilot and ordered the series immediately.[2] In July 1998, the Fox Broadcast Company announced the purchase of Family Guy for a January 1999 debut.[27] Family Guy was originally intended to be a series of shorts on MADtv, much in the same way The Simpsons had begun on The Tracey Ullman Show a decade earlier. Negotiations for the show's MADtv connection fell through early on as a result of budgetary concerns.[2] At age 24, MacFarlane was television's youngest executive producer.[12]
Further career[link]
[edit] Family Guy
Main article: Family Guy
Family Guy first aired January 31, 1999.[28] MacFarlane's work in animating Family Guy has been influenced by Jackie Gleason and Hanna-Barbera along with examples from The Simpsons and All in the Family.[29] In addition to writing three episodes, "Death Has a Shadow", "Family Guy Viewer Mail 1" and "North by North Quahog", MacFarlane voices Family Guy's main characters – Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin and Glenn Quagmire as well as Tom Tucker, his son Jake and additional characters. Bolstered by high DVD sales and established fan loyalty, Family Guy developed into a $1 billion franchise.[25] On May 4, 2008, after approximately two and a half years of negotiations, MacFarlane reached a $100 million agreement with Fox to keep Family Guy and American Dad until 2012. The agreement makes him the world's highest paid television writer.[30]
MacFarlane's success with Family Guy has opened doors to other ventures relating to the show. On April 26, 2005, he and composer Walter Murphy created Family Guy: Live in Vegas. The soundtrack features a Broadway show tune theme, and MacFarlane voiced Stewie in the track "Stewie's Sexy Party".[31] A fan of Broadway musicals,[24] MacFarlane comments on using musicals as a component to Family Guy:
| “ | "I love the lush orchestration and old-fashioned melody writing ... it just gets you excited, that kind of music", he said. "It's very optimistic. And it's fun. The one thing that's missing for me from popular music today is fun. Guys like [Bing] Crosby, or [Frank] Sinatra, or Dean Martin, or Mel Tormé [...] these are guys who sounded like they were having a great time".[32] | ” |
In addition, a Family Guy video game was released in 2006.[33] Two years later, in August 2007, he closed a digital content production deal with AdSense.[34] MacFarlane takes cast members on the road to voice characters in front of live audiences. Family Guy Live provides fans with the opportunity to hear future scripts. In mid-2007 Chicago fans had the opportunity to hear the then upcoming sixth season premiere "Blue Harvest". Shows have been played in Montreal, New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles.[35]
On July 22, 2007, in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, MacFarlane announced that he may start working on a feature film, although "nothing's official".[36] In September 2007, Ricky Blitt gave TV.com an interview confirming that he had already started working on the script.[37] Then in TV Week on July 18, 2008, MacFarlane confirmed plans to produce a theatrically released Family Guy feature film sometime "within the next year".[38] He came up with an idea for the story, "something that you could not do on the show, which [to him] is the only reason to do a movie". He later went to say he imagines the film to be "an old-style musical with dialogue" similar to The Sound of Music, saying that he would "really be trying to capture, musically, that feel".[39]
Despite its popularity, Family Guy has not been immune to criticism.[40] The Parents Television Council frequently criticizes the show for its content, once organized a letter-writing campaign aimed at removing it from FOX's lineup,[41] and has filed complaints with the Federal Communications Commission alleging that some episodes of the show contained indecent content.[42] MacFarlane has responded to the PTC's criticism by saying, among other things, "That's like getting hate mail from Hitler. They're literally terrible human beings."[43] Family Guy has been cancelled twice, although strong fan support and DVD sales have caused Fox to reconsider.[44] MacFarlane mentioned how these cancellations affected the lineup of writers each time Fox approved the show. "One of the positive aspects of 'Family Guy' constantly being pulled off [the air] is that we were always having to restaff writers".[32]
During the sixth season, episodes of Family Guy and American Dad! were delayed from regular broadcast due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike (which MacFarlane participated in to support the writers while FOX aired three Family Guy episodes without MacFarlane's permission). On February 12, 2008, the strike ended,[45] and the series resumed airing regularly, beginning with "Back to the Woods".
[edit] American Dad!
Main article: American Dad!
Seth co-created American Dad! with Matt Weitzman and Mike Barker. American Dad! was first shown after Super Bowl XXXIX as a sneak preview on February 6, 2005. The show began airing regularly on Fox on May 1, 2005.[46][47] MacFarlane describes the show being similar to All in the Family.[32]
American Dad! received its inspiration from President George W. Bush's policies.[48] The show focuses on Stan Smith, a straight-laced CIA officer and fanatical conservative. Stan's wife (Francine) and children, (Hayley and Steve), share a typical middle class home with Roger, an extraterrestrial rescued by Stan from Area 51, and Klaus, a goldfish who hosts the transplanted brain of an East German, 1986 Olympic skier.[49][50] Seth MacFarlane provides the voices of Stan and Roger, basing Roger's voice on Paul Lynde as he played Uncle Arthur in Bewitched.[12] His sister Rachael MacFarlane provides the voice of Hayley.[51]
[edit] The Winner
Main article: The Winner (TV series)
MacFarlane was the executive producer of a live-action sitcom starring Rob Corddry called The Winner. The show premiered on Fox on March 4, 2007.[52] The plot has a man named Glen discussing the time he matured at 32 and has him pursuing his only love after she moves in next door. Glen meets her son and both become good friends.[53]
After six episodes, the show was officially cancelled on May 16, 2007.[54] However, at Family Guy Live in Montreal on July 21, 2007, Seth MacFarlane stated, "It is looking like there could be a future life for The Winner".[55] After MacFarlane's statement neither Fox nor MacFarlane has released any details of plans for the show to return. The show was mentioned in the Family Guy episode "Family Gay" where all of the horses at a racing track are named after failed Fox shows, The Winner being one of them.
[edit] The Cleveland Show
Main article: The Cleveland Show
MacFarlane developed a Family Guy spin-off called The Cleveland Show, which focuses on the character of Cleveland Brown and his family. The idea for the show originated from a suggestion by Family Guy writer and voice of Cleveland, Mike Henry. Fox ordered 22 episodes and the series first aired on September 27, 2009. The show, which was picked up to air a first season consisting of 22 episodes,[56] was picked up by Fox for a second season, consisting of 13 episodes, bringing the total number to 35 episodes. The announcement was made on May 3, 2009 before the first season even premiered.[57] Due to strong ratings, Fox picked up the back nine episodes of season 2, making a 22-episode season and bringing the total episode count of the show to 44.[58]
[edit] Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy
Main article: Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy
On September 10, 2008, MacFarlane released a series of webisodes known as Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy. These animated shorts were distributed by Burger King and released weekly.[59]
[edit] The Flintstones
In May 2011, it was reported that MacFarlane had signed a deal to revamp The Flintstones for airing in 2013.[60].Macfarlane also said that he will lend his voice to Barney.[61]
[edit] Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
In August 2011, Fox announced that they had ordered a 13-part updated series of Cosmos: A Personal Voyage which MacFarlane will co-produce with Ann Druyan and Steven Soter. The new series will be hosted by Neil deGrasse Tyson and is expected to begin airing on the channel in 2013, with repeats airing on the National Geographic Channel on the same night.[62]
Untitled Animated Series[link]
Seth Macfarlane confirmed that he is working on what will be his fifth animated series with Alex Borstein and Gary Janetti.Currently not much is known about the series other than it will be about a family and will have a female lead role.[63].
Music career[link]
MacFarlane is a skilled pianist and singer who, in his early years, trained with Lee and Sally Sweetland, Barbra Streisand and Frank Sinatra's vocal coaches. He signed a record deal with Universal Republic Records and released a big band/standards album in 2011. MacFarlane's debut studio album, Music Is Better Than Words, was announced in 2010[64] and released on September 27, 2011, drawing on his training in and attraction to "the great American songbook and particularly the early- to late-'50s era of orchestration". The singer, asked about his experience with the music, said he did "old Nelson Riddle, Billy May charts [with] one of my composers, Ron Jones, [who] has a group called the Influence Jazz Orchestra that he performs with throughout L.A."[16] His album has been nominated in the "Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album category" at the 54th Grammy Awards.
Guest appearances[link]
MacFarlane has appeared in sitcoms, comedy and news programs, independent films, and other animated shows. In 2002, MacFarlane appeared in the Gilmore Girls episode "Lorelai's Graduation Day".[19] Four years later on November 5, 2006, MacFarlane guest starred on Fox's The War at Home as "Hillary's Date", an unnamed 33-year-old man who secretly dates teenaged Hillary in the episode "I Wash My Hands of You".[18][65] MacFarlane also appeared as the engineer Ensign Rivers on Star Trek: Enterprise in the third season episode "The Forgotten" and the fourth season episode "Affliction".[66] During 2006, MacFarlane had a role in the independent film Life is Short. He portrayed Dr. Ned, a psychologist who advises a short man (played by Freaks and Geeks star Samm Levine) to have relationships with taller women.[67] He is also a frequent guest on the radio talkshow Loveline, hosted by Dr. Drew Pinsky.
MacFarlane appeared on the November 11, 2006 episode of Fox's comedy show MADtv and performed a live action re-enactment of a scene from the Family Guy episode "Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr. High". In the scene, Peter and Lois suspect Chris of murdering his teacher's husband. As a reaction, a terrified Meg jumps out the window. A version with MacFarlane as Peter, Nicole Parker as Kathy Griffin as Lois, Ike Barinholtz as Dane Cook as Chris, Nicole Randall Johnson as Queen Latifah as Meg, and Keegan-Michael Key as Snoop Dogg as Stewie was recorded over the original cartoon.[68] MacFarlane served as a host to the Canadian Awards for the Electronic & Animated Arts's Second Annual Elan Awards on February 15, 2008.[69]
MacFarlane has also appeared on news shows and late night television shows such as Jimmy Kimmel Live![70] and Late Show with David Letterman.[71] On January 19, 2007, MacFarlane appeared on Countdown with Keith Olbermann on MSNBC to discuss Stephen Colbert's appearance on The O'Reilly Factor and Bill O'Reilly's return appearance on The Colbert Report. MacFarlane introduced the segment by saying in Stewie's voice "Oh, wait Bill. Hold still, allow me to soil myself on you. Victory is mine!"[72] Three months later on March 24, 2007, MacFarlane was interviewed on Fox's Talkshow with Spike Feresten,[73] and closed the show by singing the Frank Sinatra song "You Make Me Feel So Young".[74] He also provided Stewie's voice when he appeared as a brain tumor-induced hallucination to Seeley Booth in an episode of Bones, writing his own dialogue for the episode.[75] On May 8, 2009, MacFarlane was a guest on Real Time with Bill Maher.[76]
Other than Family Guy and American Dad!, MacFarlane voices characters in other cartoon shows and movies. He voiced Wayne "The Brain" McClain in an episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force.[77] He has also voiced various characters on Adult Swim's Robot Chicken, including a parody of Lion-O and Emperor Palpatine as well as Peter Griffin in the Season 2 premiere – he even parodied himself in the Season 4 premiere, in which he renewed the show simply by mentioning it in a Family Guy-like cutaway after its fictitious cancellation at the end of Season 3. He also played the villain "The Manotaur" in Bob Boyle's animated kids series Yin Yang Yo!.[78] In addition, MacFarlane voiced Johann Kraus in the 2008 film Hellboy II: The Golden Army.[79] He also had a guest appearance in the animated film Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder where he sings "That Was Then (And This is Too)", the opening theme.[80] He had also starred in a commercial for Hulu in which he plays an alien presenting Hulu as an "evil plot to destroy the world", progressively as his famous Family Guy and American Dad! characters. He also lent his voice to the series finale movie of the Comedy Central series, Drawn together.
On August 1, 2009, MacFarlane performed at The BBC Proms with John Wilson and his orchestra, singing a selection of songs from MGM musicals[81] alongside Kim Criswell, Sarah Fox, Sir Thomas Allen, and Curtis Stigers.[82][83] Three songs from High Society, Singin' in the Rain, and That's Entertainment were featured. Seth also repeated the MGM musicals show on tour in the UK with the John Wilson Orchestra during November and December 2010.[84] He made another appearance with the John Wilson orchestra in a BBC Two special, Swingin' Christmas, on December 25, 2010.[85]
Seth also played in a character named Ziggy in the 2010 film, Tooth Fairy. In August 2010, MacFarlane appeared as a guest voiceover in a sci-fi themed episode of Disney's Phineas and Ferb entitled "Nerds of a Feather".[86] MacFarlane was the roastmaster of the Comedy Central Roast of David Hasselhoff in 2010 and then of the Comedy Central Roast of Donald Trump in 2011, as well as the Roast of Charlie Sheen, also from 2011. He is the first (and currently the only) person to serve as roastmaster for more than one occasion of the Comedy Central Roasts.
Speaking engagements[link]
MacFarlane is a frequent speaking guest on college campuses.[87] On April 16, 2006, he was invited by Stanford University's ASSU Speakers' Bureau to address an audience of over 1,000 at Memorial Auditorium.[88] MacFarlane was invited by Harvard University's class of 2006 to deliver the "class day" address on June 7, 2006. He spoke as himself, and also as Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin and Glenn Quagmire.[89] He has also delivered speeches at George Washington University,[87] Washington University in St. Louis,[21] the University of Texas,[90] the University of Missouri,[91] University of Toledo, Bowling Green State University[92] and Loyola Marymount University.[93]
Activism[link]
Political views[link]
MacFarlane is a supporter of the United States Democratic Party.[43] He has donated over $200,000 to various Democratic congressional committees and to the 2008 presidential campaign of Barack Obama.[94] He has stated that he supports the legalization of cannabis.[95]
Gay rights support[link]
MacFarlane came to support gay rights and gay marriage after a family member wondered aloud whether his gay cousin's homosexuality could be "cured".[43] The incident angered MacFarlane, who said in a 2008 interview in The Advocate, that such a statement "was fucking horrifying to hear from somebody that you love".[43] He credits his parents for raising him to be a logical person, in reference to his support for gay rights.[43]
MacFarlane is passionate about his support for gay rights.[43] He said it is "infuriating and idiotic" that two gay partners "have to go through this fucking dog and pony act when they stop at a hotel and the guy behind the counter says, 'You want one room or two?'". He went on to say, "I'm incredibly passionate about my support for the gay community and what they're dealing with at this current point in time".[43] MacFarlane continued, "Why is it that Johnny Spaghetti Stain in fucking Georgia can knock a woman up, legally be married to her, and then beat the shit out of her, but these two intelligent, sophisticated writers who have been together for 20 years can't get married?"[43]
MacFarlane, in recognition for "his active, passionate commitment to Humanist values, and his fearless support of equal marriage rights and other social justice issues", was named the Harvard Humanist of the Year in 2011.[96]
Despite his position on gay rights, MacFarlane was criticized for his portrayal of transsexualism in the Family Guy episode "Quagmire's Dad". Gay novelist Brent Hartinger found the episode's inclusion of transphobic remarks from Peter and Lois Griffin — as well as a scene of Brian vomiting profusely upon discovering his new girlfriend to be transgendered — to be "shockingly insensitive". Hartinger continued, "Frankly, it's literally impossible for me to reconcile last night's episode with MacFarlane's words, unless I come to the conclusion that the man is pretty much a complete idiot".[97] The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, an LGBT media watchdog organization, shared "serious concerns being voiced from members of the community" about the episode.[98] MacFarlane said he was "surprised" by the negative reaction to "Quagmire's Dad", saying that "it seemed that [gay commentators] were not picking up on the fact that it was a very sympathetic portrayal of a transsexual character". He further added, "Look, Brian happens to be a heterosexual character, as I am. If I found out that I had slept with a transsexual, I might throw up in the same way that a gay guy looks at a vagina and goes, 'Oh, my God, that's disgusting.'"[99]
2008 Writers Guild of America strike[link]
During the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, MacFarlane publicly sided with the Writers Guild, and fully participated in the strike.[100] Official production of Family Guy was halted for most of December 2007 and various periods afterwards. Fox continued producing episodes without MacFarlane's final approval, and although he refused to work on the show during the strike, his contract with Fox required him to contribute to any episodes it subsequently produced.[101] Rumors of continued production on Family Guy prompted the statement from MacFarlane that "...it would just be a colossal dick move if they did that".[101] The strike ended on February 12, 2008.[45]
Personal life[link]
MacFarlane identifies himself as a Star Wars, Star Trek and science fiction fan.[66][102] He appeared at a Star Wars convention to promote his new Family Guy episode "Blue Harvest" on May 26, 2007.[103] MacFarlane's interest in science fiction and music are regularly themes for his birthday and Christmas parties in Los Angeles. In 2009, he held a Star Wars-themed Christmas party.[104] In 2010, he held a Rat Pack-themed party for his birthday with a 60-piece orchestra and performance by Frank Sinatra, Jr.[105]
In a 2004 interview with The Daily Princetonian, MacFarlane noted his similarities to Brian Griffin on Family Guy, revealing, "I have some Brian type issues from time to time – looking for the right person – but I date as much as the next guy".[106] MacFarlane has also revealed that Brian is his favorite character from Family Guy, because he feels most comfortable when playing that role.[107]
In early 2007, fellow comedian Alex Borstein reported in an interview that MacFarlane is old-fashioned in several aspects of his life, in that "his pop culture knowledge is very retro. Seth doesn't have e-mail at home, doesn't own a computer and he doesn't really watch television. He doesn't understand MySpace and despises most new music.".[108]
On July 16, 2010, MacFarlane's mother, Ann Perry MacFarlane, died after a long battle with cancer. Her death was reported by Larry King on his show, Larry King Live, who acknowledged a conversation he had with her during an interview with her son in May 2010.[8][109] A brief opening scene from the first episode of the ninth season of Family Guy ("And Then There Were Fewer") mentions her lifespan, and dedicates the episode to her.
MacFarlane is an atheist,[110] but says that he has no problem with religious people in general.
September 11, 2001 experience[link]
On the morning of September 11, 2001, MacFarlane was scheduled to return to Los Angeles on American Airlines Flight 11 from Boston. Suffering from a hangover from the previous night's celebrations,[111] and with an incorrect departure time (8:15 a.m. instead of 7:45 a.m.) from his travel agent,[112] he arrived at Logan International Airport about ten minutes too late to board the flight as the gates had been closed.[112] Fifteen minutes after departure, American Airlines Flight 11 was hijacked,[113] and at 8:46 a.m. it was flown into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, obliterating the airplane, and killing everyone on board.[114]
In an interview with TVShowsOnDVD.com, MacFarlane said the following about his close call:
| “ | The only reason it hasn't really affected me as it maybe could have is I didn't really know that I was in any danger until after it was over, so I never had that panic moment. After the fact, it was sobering, but people have a lot of close calls; you're crossing the street and you almost get hit by a car... this one just happened to be related to something massive. I really can't let it affect me because I'm a comedy writer. I have to put that in the back of my head.[115] | ” |
Lawsuits[link]
On October 3, 2007, Bourne Co. Music Publishers filed a lawsuit accusing Family Guy of infringing its copyright on the song "When You Wish upon a Star", through a parody song entitled "I Need a Jew" appearing in the episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein". Bourne Co., the sole United States copyright owner of the song, alleged the parody pairs a "thinly veiled" copy of their music with antisemitic lyrics. Named in the suit were MacFarlane, 20th Century Fox Film Corp., Fox Broadcasting Co., Cartoon Network, and Walter Murphy; the suit sought to stop the program's distribution and asked for unspecified damages.[116] Bourne argued that "I Need a Jew" uses the copyrighted melody of "When You Wish Upon a Star" without commenting on that song, and that it was therefore not a First Amendment-protected parody per the ruling in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.[117][118] On March 16, 2009, United States District Judge Deborah Batts held that Family Guy did not infringe on Bourne's copyright when it transformed the song for comical use in an episode.[119]
In December 2007, Family Guy was again accused of copyright infringement when actor Art Metrano filed a lawsuit regarding a scene in Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, in which Jesus performs Metrano's signature "magic" act involving absurd "faux" magical hand gestures while humming the distinctive tune "Fine and Dandy".[120] MacFarlane, 20th Century Fox, Steve Callaghan, and Alex Borstein were all named in the suit.[121] In July 2009 a federal district court judge rejected Fox's motion to dismiss, saying that the first three fair use factors involved—"purpose and character of the use", "nature of the infringed work", and "amount and substantiality of the taking"—counted in Metrano's favor, while the fourth—"economic impact"—had to await more fact-finding. In denying the dismissal, the court held that the reference in the scene made light of Jesus and his followers—not Metrano or his act.[122][123][124]
Filmography[link]
Films[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | The Life of Larry | Larry Cummings Steve Lois Cummings Various characters |
Voice Only Student Film |
| 2006 | Life is Short | Dr. Ned | Short Film |
| 2008 | Hellboy II: The Golden Army | Johann Kraus | Voice Only |
| 2009 | Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder | Mars Vegas Singer | Voice Only Direct-to-DVD Release |
| 2010 | The Drawn Together Movie: The Movie! | I.S.R.A.E.L. (Intelligent Smart Robot Animation Eraser Lady) | Voice Only Direct-to-DVD Release |
| Tooth Fairy | Ziggy | ||
| 2012 | Ted | Ted | Voice Writer Director Producer Pre-production |
Television[link]
| Year | Series | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show | Rhode Island Bug | Episode 2.3: "Bugging Out!" |
| 1996 | The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve | Larry Steve Various characters |
|
| 1999–2002 2005–present | Family Guy | Peter Griffin Stewie Griffin Brian Griffin Glenn Quagmire Various characters |
Longest-running role, Creator/Executive producer/Voice artist/Writer |
| 2002–2003 | Gilmore Girls | Zach Bob Merriam (Emily Gilmore's lawyer; on the phone) |
Episode 2.21: "Lorelai's Graduation Day" Episode 3.11: "I Solemnly Swear" |
| 2003 | Aqua Teen Hunger Force | Wayne the Brain | Episode 2.10: "Super Trivia" |
| The Pitts | Radio voice | Episode 1.3: "Squarewolves" | |
| 2003–2005 | Crank Yankers | Dick Rogers Arthur Johnson |
Appeared in four episodes |
| 2004 | Complete Savages | TV Announcer | Episode 1.4: "Nick Kicks Butt" |
| 2004–2005 | Star Trek: Enterprise | Engineer | Episodes 3.20: "The Forgotten" and 4.15: "Affliction" |
| 2005–2009 | Robot Chicken | Various characters | Appeared in 15 episodes |
| 2005–present | American Dad! | Stan Smith Roger Various characters |
|
| 2006 | The War at Home | Hillary's Date | Episode 2.5: "I Wash My Hands of You" |
| 2007 | Help Me Help You | Seth | Episode 1.13: "Moving On" |
| Robot Chicken: Star Wars | Emperor Palpatine | TV film | |
| 59th Primetime Emmy Awards | Stewie Griffin Brian Griffin |
TV special | |
| 2008 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II | Emperor Palpatine Various characters |
TV film |
| 2008 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode III | Emperor Palpatine Various characters |
TV film |
| 2008–2009 | Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy | Various characters | Appeared in 19 episodes |
| 2009 | Bones | Stewie Griffin | Episode 4.25: "The Critic in the Cabernet" |
| 2009–2010 | FlashForward | Agent Jake Curdy FBI Agent |
Episode 1.1: "No More Good Days" and 1.15: "Queen Sacrifice"; |
| 2009–present | The Cleveland Show | Tim the Bear Various characters |
|
| 2010 | Phineas and Ferb | Jeff McGarland | Episode 2.33: "Nerds of a Feather" |
| Comedy Central Roast of David Hasselhoff | Himself | Roastmaster of The Roast of David Hasselhoff | |
| 2010 | BBC Breakfast | Himself | Guest |
| 2010 | Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode III | Emperor Palpatine | TV film |
| 2011 | Comedy Central Roast of Donald J. Trump | Himself | Roastmaster of The Roast of Donald Trump |
| 2011 | Comedy Central Roast of Charlie Sheen | Himself | Roastmaster of The Roast of Charlie Sheen |
| 2011 | Night of the Hurricane | Peter Griffin Stewie Griffin Brian Griffin Tom Tucker Stan Smith Roger Various characters |
|
| 2013 | The Flintstones |
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
| Title | Details | Peak chart positions | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | US Jazz |
||||||||
| Music Is Better Than Words |
|
111 | 2 | ||||||
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | |||||||||
Awards[link]
| Year | Award | Category | Role | Series | Result | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Primetime Emmy Award[125] | Outstanding Voice-Over Performance | Stewie Griffin | Family Guy | Won | [126] |
| 2002 | Primetime Emmy Award | Outstanding Music and Lyrics | Music and lyrics | Family Guy | Won | [126] |
| 2006 | Annie Award | Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production | Stewie Griffin | Family Guy | Won | [127] |
| 2009 | Webby Award | Film & Video Person of the Year 2009 | — | — | Won | [128] |
| Primetime Emmy Award | Outstanding Voice-Over Performance | Peter Griffin | Family Guy | Nominated | [129] | |
| 2010 | Primetime Emmy Award | Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics | Music and lyrics | Family Guy | Nominated | [130] |
| Teen Choice Award | Choice Animated Series | Creator | Family Guy | Won | [131] | |
| 2011 | Teen Choice Award | Choice TV Villain | Stewie Griffin | Family Guy | Nominated | [132] |
| Teen Choice Award | Choice Animated Series | Creator | Family Guy | Nominated |
References[link]
- ^ "The Flintstones: Profile of Seth MacFarlane". The Daily Telegraph (London). May 17, 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/8519372/The-Flintstones-Profile-of-Seth-MacFarlane.html.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "An Interview with Seth MacFarlane: The creator of Family Guy discusses his career". IGN. 2003-07-21. p. 1. http://movies.ign.com/articles/429/429628p1.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ Seth MacFarlane guest stars on Conan; February 10, 2011.
- ^ "Ted Movie | Official Site for the Ted Film | In Theaters July 13, 2012". http://www.tedisreal.com. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ "BBC News - Flintstones set for yabba-dabba-do-over". BBC Online. BBC. 18 May 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13437084. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ Plunkett, John (17 May 2011). "Family Guy creator to revive Flintstones". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/may/17/family-guy-creator-flintstones. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (12 April 2012). "‘The Flintstones’ Reboot Put On Hold Due To Seth MacFarlane’s Overcrowded Schedule". Deadline.com. http://www.deadline.com/2012/04/the-flintstones-tv-series-reboot-on-hold-due-to-seth-macfarlanes-schedule/. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Obituaries - Ann Perry MacFarlane". Newburyport News. 2010-07-16. http://www.newburyportnews.com/obituaries/x2105968393/Ann-Perry-MacFarlane. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
- ^ Some other famous people descended from Brewster are Ashley Judd, Bing Crosby, Denise Crosby, Ted Danson, Julia Child and Sarah Palin
- ^ Child, Christopher. "Ancestry of Seth MacFarlane". http://www.wargs.com/other/macfarlane.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ a b "One-man campaign out for 'Family Guy'". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Associated Press. 1999-07-02. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF920E64F34493&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 2008-02-13. "Seth MacFarlane has been out of prep school for eight years, but the headmaster is still on his case. The top administrator of the Kent School is leading a one-man campaign to get advertisers to drop The Family Guy, an animated TV comedy created by MacFarlane, a 1991 Kent alumnus."
- ^ a b c Levin, Gary (2005-02-02). "'Dad' joins 'Guy' for yuks". USA Today (Gannett Co. Inc.). http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2005-02-02-macfarlane_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ MacFarlane, Seth (2009). Inside the Actors Studio (Television production). Bravo. "I was two years old when I started drawing. [...] I knew by five that I wanted to get into animation, and there was just no [...] there was no information at the time. And I think my parents found one book on animation, that they scrounged up for me, and they got it from a library, you know, two towns over."
- ^ a b c "Seth MacFarlane – Profile". E! Online. http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/celebs/c116217_seth_macfarlane.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ MacFarlane, Seth (2009). Inside the Actors Studio (Television production). Bravo. "Walter Crouton was a comic strip that I did for our local paper, and I started when I was about nine years old, and, I would do it every week for, you know, five bucks a pop."
- ^ a b "Seth MacFarlane: TV's 'Family Guy' Makes Music, Too", Fresh Air interview transcript, NPR, October 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-21. Interview audio.
- ^ MacFarlane, Seth (2009). Inside the Actors Studio (Television production). Bravo. "I didn't really take a hard crack at [animation] until I was in high school. My parents got me an 8 mm movie camera."
- ^ a b "Seth MacFarlane – Biography". Yahoo!. http://tv.yahoo.com/seth-macfarlane/contributor/663655/bio;_ylt=Aon954w635FJbS9IA6nuh_2.o9EF. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ a b "Family Guy Seth MacFarlane to speak at Class Day: Creator and executive producer of 'Family Guy' will headline undergraduate celebration. Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ "An Interview with Seth MacFarlane: The creator of Family Guy discusses his career". IGN. 2003-07-21. p. 3. http://movies.ign.com/articles/429/429628p3.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ a b Broom, Caroline. "Creator of Family Guy to speak at Assembly Series". Record. Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
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- ^ "Rumor Confirmed". 2006-02-25. http://frederatorblogs.com/channel_frederator/2006/02/25/rumor-confirmed/. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
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- ^ a b Andreeva, Nellie (2008-05-05). "Family Guy creator seals megadeal". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSN0435504220080505. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
- ^ Weinraub, Bernard (2007-07-07). "The Young Guy Of 'Family Guy'; A 30-Year-Old's Cartoon Hit Makes An Unexpected Comeback". The New York Times (The New York Times Company): p. 2. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/07/arts/young-guy-family-guy-30-year-old-s-cartoon-hit-makes-unexpected-comeback.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ^ Eric, Mink (1998-07-24). "Fox Fine-'Toons Its Midseason Lineup". Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/1998/07/24/1998-07-24_fox_fine-_toons_its_midseaso.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27. [dead link]
- ^ "Family Guy Returns to Production with an Initial Order of 22 New Episodes to Premiere in Early 2005". Business Wire. 2004-03-26. http://www.allbusiness.com/media-telecommunications/information-services/5639961-1.html. Retrieved 2008-05-31. [dead link]
- ^ McLean, Thomas (2007-06-01). "Seth MacFarlane: Family Guy, American Dad!". Variety (Reed Business). http://www.variety.com/awardcentral_article/VR1117966166.html?nav=eproducer07. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ Family Guy Creator Signs Lucrative Deal with Fox. BuddyTV. May 7, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
- ^ Spence D. Family Guy Live In Vegas: Unnecessary gutter humor and pointless profanity drain the wit right outta this CD." (April 28, 2005) IGN. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
- ^ a b c Norton James."Seth MacFarlane's Third Act". Flak Magazine. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ Adams, David (2005-05-03). "Family Guy creator seals megadeal". IGN. http://ps2.ign.com/articles/585/585012p1.html. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
- ^ "Ypulse Essentials: Urban Disney, Marketing's Child, Teen Hackers". YPulse. August 20, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
- ^ Schneider, Michael. "Family Guy hits the road: MacFarlane and Co. to perform in Chicago". (August 13, 2007) Variety. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
- ^ Szalai, Georg (July 23, 2007). ""Family Guy" movie possible, MacFarlane says". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/televisionNews/idUSN2230656720070724. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
- ^ "Family Guy feature film is in the works!". TV.com. September 26, 2007. http://www.tv.com/family-guy-blog/family-guy-feature-film-is-in-the-works!/topic/76955-855406/show_blog_entry.html?topic_id=855406&msg_id=8875173&print=1. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
- ^ "TCA Video: Family Guy Spoilers; Movie Plans". TV Week. http://www.tvweek.com/news/2008/07/tca_video_family_guy_spoilers.php. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
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- ^ Fox's "Comedic Genius" by Brent Bozell. TownHall. April 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ Parents Television Council E-Alert. Vol. 4, No. 26. May 5, 2000. "In the two months since the show returned, creator Seth MacFarlane has aggressively sought to push the content envelope. Worse, Fox has permitted him to do so. Although Family Guy airs during the family hour, when children are likely to be watching, recent episodes have included animated nudity, vulgar references to genitalia, and references to pornography and masturbation." (Cited episode "Fifteen Minutes of Shame" as example)
- ^ Eggerton, John (November 12, 2009). "PTC Outraged Over 'Family Guy' Episode". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/189799-PTC_Outraged_Over_Family_Guy_Episode.php. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Voss, Brandon (February–March 2008). "BGF: Seth MacFarlane". The Advocate. http://www.advocate.com/printArticle.aspx?id=22202. "... They're literally terrible human beings. I've read their newsletter, I've visited their website, and they're just rotten to the core. For an organization that prides itself on Christian values—I mean, I'm an atheist, so what do I know?—they spend their entire day hating people."
- ^ McKinley, Jesse (2005-05-02). "Canceled and Resurrected, on the Air and Onstage". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/02/arts/television/02fami.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
- ^ a b "Strike over, Hollywood writers head back to work". CNN.com. 2008-02-13. Archived from the original on 2008-04-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20080413003541/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/TV/02/13/writers.strike/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
- ^ "American Dad: Series Overview". MSN. Microsoft. http://tv.msn.com/tv/series/american-dad/. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
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- ^ Goyette, Jay (2005-02-04). "Family Guys Seth MacFarlane's Speech Rescheduled". The View (University of Vermont). http://www.uvm.edu/theview/article.php?id=1561. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
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- ^ Szalai, Georg (2007-07-22). "Famref name="studio2">MacFarlane, Seth (2009). Inside the Actors Studio (Television production). Bravo. "Walter Crouton was a comic strip that I did for our local paper, and I started when I was about nine years old, and, I would do it every week for, you know, five bucks a pop." ref>[http://tv.msn.com/tv/series/american-dad/ "
- ^ Rice, Lynette (2008-11-10). "Fox orders full season of 'Family Guy' spin-off | Inside TV | EW.com". Hollywoodinsider.ew.com. http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2008/11/the-family-guy.html. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
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- ^ Cheng, Jacqui (2008-09-10). "Family Guy creator opens Cavalcade of Comedy for business". Arstechnica.com. http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2008/09/family-guy-creator-opens-cavalcade-of-comedy-for-business.ars. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/news/ni10692328/
- ^ [[1]]
- ^ Mitchell, Gail (August,5,2011). "Fox Orders Seth MacFarlane's 'Cosmos: A Space-Time Odyssey'". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/fox-orders-seth-macfarlanes-cosmos-219567. Retrieved October,14,2011.
- ^ [[2]]
- ^ "Seth MacFarlane On Leno, Announces Debut Album". Freakinsweetnews.com. 2010-08-06. http://www.freakinsweetnews.com/2010/08/06/seth-macfarlane-on-leno-announces-debut-album. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^ The War at Home – "I Wash My Hands of You" Synopsis[dead link]. Variety. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
- ^ a b "Production Report: Klingon Discrepancy Addressed in 'Affliction'". Star Trek Online. Published December 16, 2004. Retrieved December 20, 2007.
- ^ Finley, Adam (2007-06-30). "Seth MacFarlane and Samm Levine in new short film – VIDEO". TV Squad (Webblogs (in partnership with AOL)). http://www.tvsquad.com/2007/06/30/seth-macfarlane-and-samm-levine-in-new-short-film-video/. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ "MAD TV Gets More Animated on FOX". AWN Headline News. Published on November 2, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2008.
- ^ "Seth MacFarlane Joins CAEAA Family to Host 2nd Annual Elan Awards". Market for Home Computing and Video Games (Intent Media). 2008-01-07. http://www.mcvuk.com/press-releases/34247/2008-Elans. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
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- ^ ""Countdown with Keith Olbermann" for Jan. 19". MSNBC. 2007-01-19. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16753986/. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ Grossberg, Josh. "TALKSHOW with Spike Feresten". FOX. Archived from the original on 2007-12-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20071215030309/http://fox.com/talkshow/showinfo/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
- ^ Seth MacFarlane sings "You Make Me Feel So Young". (Video) FOX. Hosted on Spike. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
- ^ Ausiello, Michael. Exclusive: 'Bones' plots 'Family Guy' crossover! Entertainment Weekly. March 19, 2009. Retrieved on 2009-08-02.
- ^ MacIntyre, April. 'Family Guy' tips the hat to Stephen King Sunday, May 10 VIDEOS. Monsters and Critics. May 9, 2009. Retrieved on 2009-08-02.
- ^ Grossberg, Josh. "'Just Bring 'em In From Space': An Interview With the Creators of Aqua Teen Hunger Force". Flak Magazine. http://www.flakmag.com/features/aquateen.html. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
- ^ "American Dad and Family Guy Creator Seth MacFarlane Is Animated About Work and Play". The TV Tattler. AOL. 2007-05-11. http://television.aol.com/tv-celebrity-interviews/seth-macfarlane-2. Retrieved 2007-12-22. [dead link] p. 2.
- ^ "Hellboy 2's Psychic Entity Voiced By Family Guy". io9. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
- ^ Seth MacFarlane to Voice Next Futurama Movie. Sci-Fi TV Australia. November 14, 2008. Retrieved on 2009-08-02.
- ^ O'Connor, Stuart (July 31, 2009). "Seth MacFarlane: from cartoons to showtunes". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/jul/31/seth-macfarlane-family-guy-singing-bbc-proms. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ BBC Proms Publicity (July 21, 2009). "BBC Proms celebrates 75 years of MGM film musicals". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/07_july/21/mgm.shtml. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ BBC Proms Publicity (August 1, 2009). "What's On / Proms by Day". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2009/whatson/0108.shtml. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ "John Wilson and the John Wilson Orchestra tour dates 2010". http://www.johnwilsonorchestra.com/dates.htm.
- ^ "Swingin' Christmas". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00wyltw/Swingin_Christmas/. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1707588/
- ^ a b "Seth MacFarlane coming to George Washington Univ.!"[dead link] Adult Swim. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ Finley, Adam. "Seth McFarlane talks about South Park" TV Squad. Published April 20, 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ "'Family Guy' Seth MacFarlane to speak at Class Day". The Harvard University Gazette. Retrieved October 18, 2009.
- ^ "'Family Guy' creator brings insights to UT". Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20070703204708/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/04/16/TopStories/family.Guy.Creator.Brings.Insights.To.Ut-2842963.shtml. . The Daily Texan. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
- ^ Levy, Stephanie (2007-08-21). "DSA lines up fall entertainment". The Maneater. http://www.themaneater.com/stories/2007/8/21/dsa-lines-fall-entertainment/. Retrieved 2008-01-29. "MacFarlane and [Henry] Rollins were chosen because of their popularity with students and prevalence in pop culture."
- ^ Sullivan, Ryan (2008-10-06). "A 'voice' For Obama: 'Family Guy' Creator MacFarlane Speaks At Bowling Green State U.". Bowling Green News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/10/27/politics/uwire/main4546983.shtml. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
- ^ Oddis, Kyle (2010-02-08). "LMU reacts to First Amendment Week keynote choice". The Los Angeles Loyolan. http://www.laloyolan.com/news/lmu-reacts-to-faw-keynote-choice-1.2142020. Retrieved 2010-02-10. [dead link]
- ^ "Seth MacFarlane's Federal Campaign Contribution Report". newsmeat.com. http://www.newsmeat.com/celebrity_political_donations/Seth_MacFarlane.php. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
- ^ Seth MacFarlane on Legalizing Marijuana. Event occurs at 0:30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avlA3d5xYgQ. Retrieved July 2, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Seth MacFarlane, Harvard Humanist of the Year 2011!". Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard. http://www.harvardhumanist.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166:seth-macfarlane-harvard-humanist-of-the-year-2011&catid=6:latest-news&Itemid=38. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
- ^ Hartinger, Brent (May 10, 2010). "Is Family Guy's Seth MacFarlane a Complete Idiot?". AfterElton.com. http://www.afterelton.com/TV/2010/5/seth-macfarlane-complete-idiot. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ Rosales, Jonathan (May 10, 2010). "GLAAD Shares Community Concerns About Last Night’s Family Guy". Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. http://glaadblog.org/2010/05/10/glaad-shares-community-concerns-about-last-nights-family-guy/. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ SETH MACFARLANE SOUNDS OFF, Details.com, August 2010 [Retrieved 30 June 2011]
- ^ "Pencils Down". Writers' Guild of America. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ a b Adalian, Josef (2007-11-13). "Fox to air new 'Guy' Sunday; MacFarlane hopes network changes plans". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975944.html?categoryid=2821. Retrieved 2007-11-13.
- ^ Adalian, Josef. "Family Guy meets Star Wars: Toon kicking off season with approved spoof". Variety. Published May 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ Larsen, Peter. "'Star Wars' convention to attract thousands". Orange County Register. Published May 24, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
- ^ "Seth Macfarlane & Brent Bolthouse Star Wars Christmas Party". The Daily Truffle. December 14, 2009. http://www.thedailytruffle.com/2009/12/seth-macfarlane-brent-bolthouse-star-wars-christmas-party/. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ "Seth Macfarlane Rat Pack Bash". The Daily Truffle. October 10, 2010. http://www.thedailytruffle.com/2010/10/seth-macfarlane-birthday-party/. Retrieved 2010-12-15. [dead link]
- ^ Rusli, Evelyn (February 5, 2004). "'Family Guy': Today Princeton, tomorrow the world". The Daily Princetonian (Princeton University). Archived from the original on 2004-08-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20040821091530/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2004/02/05/arts/9500.shtml. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ "Brian Griffin (notes)". Family Guy Wiki. unknown. http://familyguy.wikia.com/wiki/Brian_Griffin#Notes.
- ^ Borstein, Alexandra (2007-01-01). Interview with Daniel Robert Epstein. SuicideGirls. http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Alex+Borstein/. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ "Seth MacFarlane's mother dies". Canoe. 2010-07-29. http://jam.canoe.ca/Television/2010/07/29/14863236-wenn-story.html. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
- ^ Episode 173 of Real Time with Bill Maher on February 19, 2010.
- ^ "Full Frontal TV" Q&A: Head of the Family". Penthouse. September 2007.
- ^ a b "DVD Interview: 10 Questions with FAMILY GUY's Seth MacFarlane – Part Two". ManiaDVD. http://www.mania.com/10-questions-family-guys-seth-mcfarlane-part-two_article_39625.html. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ 9/11 Investigation (PENTTBOM)[dead link]. FBI National Press Release, September 2001. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ "Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). http://www.ntsb.gov/info/Flight_%20Path_%20Study_AA11.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-21. [dead link]
- ^ "Interview with Seth MacFarlane". TVShowsonDVD.com. 2003-04-23. http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/articles/seth.cfm. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
- ^ Bourne Co., vs. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, Fox Broadcasting Company, Twentieth Century Fox Television, Inc., Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc., Fuzzy Door Productions, Inc., The Cartoon Network, Inc., Seth MacFarlane, Walter Murphy (United States District Court, Southern District of New York October 3, 2007). Text
- ^ Hilden, Julie (October 31, 2007). ""The Family Guy" Once Again Tests Parody's Limits: The Copyright Suit Challenging the Show's Use of "When You Wish Upon a Star"". FindLaw's Writ. FindLaw. http://writ.news.findlaw.com/hilden/20071031.html. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- ^ "News Corp. Wins Suit Dismissal Over ‘Family Guy’ Song (Update1)". Bloomberg L.P.. 2009-03-16. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=DJ%3AUS&sid=aQveqoR6.Pew. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
- ^ Kearney, Christine (March 16, 2009). ""Family Guy" wins court battle over song". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE52F6W620090316. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
- ^ "Magician sues over cartoon Jesus". Chortle. http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2007/12/06/6128/magician_sues_over_cartoon_jesus. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
- ^ Arthur Metrano, vs. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, Seth MacFarlane, Steve Callaghan and Alex Borstein (United States District Court, Central District of California December 5, 2007). Text
- ^ Metrano v. Twentieth Century Fox et al. (CV 08-6314), Memorandum & Order on Motions to Dismiss and to Strike (C.D. Cal. Jun. 16, 2009).
- ^ Dave Fagundes (July 20, 2009). "The Amazing Metrano, Family Guy, and Fair Use". PrawfsBlawg. http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/2009/07/the-amazing-metrano-family-guy-and-fair-use.html. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
- ^ Andy I. Corea (December 2009). "Copyright Lessons from Family Guy Add Insult to Injury to Support Your Fair-Use Defense". Tennessee Bar Association Newsletter. Tennessee Bar Association. http://www.ssjr.com/pubdigassets/publications/lawyer_6/withcover.pdf. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
- ^ Seth Macfarlane Emmy Award Winner
- ^ a b McLean, Thomas (2007-06-01). "Seth MacFarlane: Family Guy, American Dad!". Variety. http://www.variety.com/awardcentral_article/VR1117966166.html?nav=eproducer07. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ "Annie Award Winners". Annie Awards. Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. http://web.archive.org/web/20070701085019/http://annieawards.com/33rdannieawardwinners.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ 1st Annual Wave Awards Winners Revealed By Academy Of Wireless Arts, Video And Entertainment. Academy of Wireless Arts, Video and Entertainment. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
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- ^ "62nd Primetime Emmy Awars nominations". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2010-07-08. http://www.emmys.com/sites/emmys.com/files/62ndemmys_noms.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
- ^ "MTV - Teen Choice Award 2010 Winners". MTV. 2011-08-09. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1645401/2010-teen-choice-awards-winners-list.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
- ^ "2011 Teen Choice Awards". Chiff. 2011-08-09. http://www.chiff.com/pop-culture/teen-choice-awards.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
External links[link]
Media related to Seth MacFarlane at Wikimedia Commons
- Seth MacFarlane at the Internet Movie Database
- Seth MacFarlane at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
- Seth MacFarlane's channel on YouTube
- Interview on IGN.com
- Seth MacFarlane on Twitter
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | MacFarlane, Seth |
| Alternative names | MacFarlane, Seth Woodbury |
| Short description | Television producer |
| Date of birth | October 26, 1973 |
| Place of birth | Kent, Connecticut, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
br />Steve
http://wn.com/Seth_MacFarlane
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_MacFarlane
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Stephen Fry, see Stephen Fry (disambiguation).
| Stephen Fry | |
|---|---|
 Fry in Happy Birthday to GNU (2008) |
|
| Born | Stephen John Fry (1957-08-24) 24 August 1957 (age 54) Hampstead, London, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Queens' College, Cambridge |
| Occupation | Actor, comedian, author, journalist, broadcaster, film director |
| Years active | 1981–present |
| Influenced by | Oscar Wilde, P. G. Wodehouse, Evelyn Waugh, Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson, Douglas Adams, Rowan Atkinson, Christopher Hitchens |
| Title |
President of Mind (2011–present)[1] |
| Religion | None (atheist) |
| Partner | Daniel Cohen (1995–2010) |
| Parents | Alan John Fry Marianne Eve Fry (née Newman) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | |
| www.stephenfry.com | |
Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957) is an English[4][5] actor, screenwriter, author, playwright, journalist, poet, comedian, television presenter, film director, and a director of Norwich City Football Club.[6]
After a troubled childhood and adolescence, during which he was expelled from a number of schools and eventually spent three months in prison for credit card fraud, he was able to secure a place at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he studied English Literature.
He first came to public attention in the 1981 Cambridge Footlights Revue presentation "The Cellar Tapes", which also included Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson and Tony Slattery. With Hugh Laurie, as the comedy double act Fry and Laurie, he co-wrote and co-starred in A Bit of Fry & Laurie, and took the role of Jeeves (with Laurie playing Wooster) in Jeeves and Wooster.
As an actor, Fry played the lead in the film Wilde, was Melchett in the BBC television series Blackadder, starred as the title character Peter Kingdom in the ITV series Kingdom, has a recurring guest role as Dr. Gordon Wyatt on the Fox crime series Bones and appeared as rogue TV host Gordon Deitrich in the dystopian thriller V For Vendetta. He has also written and presented several documentary series including the 2008 television series Stephen Fry in America, which saw him travelling across all 50 US states. Since 2003 he has been the host of the quiz show QI.
As well as his work in television, Fry has contributed columns and articles for newspapers and magazines, and has written four novels and two volumes of autobiography, Moab Is My Washpot and The Fry Chronicles. He also appears frequently on BBC Radio 4, starring in the comedy series Absolute Power, being a frequent guest on panel games such as Just a Minute, and acting as chairman for I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, where he was one of a trio of hosts who succeeded the late Humphrey Lyttelton. Fry is also known in the UK for his audiobook recordings, particularly as reader for all seven Harry Potter novels.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Fry was born in Hampstead, London, on 24 August 1957, the son of Marianne Eve Fry (née Newman) and Alan John Fry, who was an English physicist and inventor.[7][8] His maternal grandparents, Martin and Rosa Neumann,[8] were Hungarian Jewish immigrants from Šurany, which is now in Slovakia.[8][9][10] His mother's aunt and cousins died in Auschwitz.[8] Fry grew up in the village of Booton near Reepham, Norfolk, having moved from Chesham, Buckinghamshire at an early age.[11]
Fry briefly attended Cawston Primary School, Cawston, Norfolk[12] before going on to Stouts Hill Preparatory School at the age of seven, and then to Uppingham School, Rutland, where he joined Fircroft house and was described as a "near-asthmatic genius".[13] He was expelled from Uppingham when he was 15, and subsequently from the Paston School.
At 17, after leaving Norfolk College of Arts and Technology, Fry absconded with a credit card stolen from a family friend, was arrested in Swindon, and as a result spent three months in Pucklechurch Prison on remand.[14]
Following his release he resumed his education at City College Norwich, promising administrators that he would study rigorously to sit the Cambridge entrance exams. He scored well enough to gain a scholarship to Queens' College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, Fry joined the Cambridge Footlights, appeared on University Challenge, and gained a degree in English literature.[15] It was at the Footlights that Fry met his future comedy collaborator Hugh Laurie.
Career[link]
Further information: Works of Stephen Fry
Television[link]
Comedy[link]
Fry's career in television began with the 1982 broadcasting of The Cellar Tapes, the 1981 Cambridge Footlights Revue which was written by Fry, Hugh Laurie, Emma Thompson and Tony Slattery. The revue caught the attention of Granada Television, who, keen to replicate the success of the BBC's Not the Nine O'Clock News, hired Fry, Laurie and Thompson to star alongside Ben Elton in There's Nothing to Worry About!. A second series, re-titled Alfresco, was broadcast in 1983 and a third in 1984; it established Fry and Laurie's reputation as a comedy double act. In 1983, the BBC offered them their own show, which became The Crystal Cube, a mixture of science fiction and mockumentary that was axed after the first episode. Undeterred, Fry and Laurie appeared in an episode of The Young Ones in 1984, and Fry in Ben Elton's 1985 series, Happy Families. In 1986 and 1987 Fry and Laurie also performed sketches on the LWT/Channel 4 show Saturday Live.
Forgiving Fry and Laurie for The Crystal Cube, the BBC commissioned a sketch show in 1986 that was to become A Bit of Fry & Laurie. The programme ran for 26 episodes spanning four series between 1986 and 1995, and was very successful. During this time Fry starred in Blackadder II as Lord Melchett, made a guest appearance in Blackadder the Third as the Duke of Wellington, then returned to a starring role in Blackadder Goes Forth as General Melchett. In the 1988 television special Blackadder's Christmas Carol he played the roles of Lord Melchett and Lord Frondo.
Between 1990 and 1993, Fry starred as Jeeves (alongside Hugh Laurie's Bertie Wooster) in Jeeves and Wooster, 23 hour-long adaptations of P.G. Wodehouse's novels and short stories.
Towards the end of 2003, Fry starred alongside John Bird in the television adaptation of Absolute Power, previously a radio series on BBC Radio 4.
In 2010 Fry took part in a Christmas series of Short Films called 'Little Crackers'. Fry's short is based on a story from his childhood at school.[16] He appeared as the Christian God in 2011's Holy Flying Circus.
Drama[link]
Fry has appeared in a number of BBC adaptations of plays and books, including a 1992 adaptation of the Simon Gray play The Common Pursuit (Fry had previously appeared in the West End stage production); a 1998 Malcolm Bradbury adaptation of the Mark Tavener novel, In the Red, with Fry taking the part of the Controller of BBC Radio 2; and in 2000 Fry took the role of Professor Bellgrove in the BBC serial Gormenghast which were adapted from the first two novels of Mervyn Peake's Gormenghast series. In 2011, Fry portrayed Professor Mildeye in the BBC adaption of Mary Norton's 1952 novel The Borrowers.
Fry narrates the English language version of the Spanish children's animated series Pocoyo.[17]
From 2007 to 2009, Fry played the lead role in (and was executive producer for) the legal drama Kingdom, which ran for three series on ITV1.[18] He has also taken up a recurring guest role as psychiatrist Dr. Gordon Wyatt in the popular American drama Bones.
In 2010, having learned some Irish for the role,[19] he filmed a cameo role in Ros na Rún, an Irish language soap opera broadcast in Ireland, Scotland and the United States.[20][21][22]
Documentaries and other factual programmes[link]
Fry made his first foray into documentary-making with the Emmy Award-winning The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive in 2006; also in 2006, he appeared in the genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?, tracing his maternal family tree to investigate his Jewish ancestry.[23] Fry narrated The Story of Light Entertainment, which was shown from July–September 2006.[24][25] In 2007 he presented a documentary on the subject of HIV and AIDS, HIV and Me.[26]
On 7 May 2008, Fry gave a speech as part of a series of BBC lectures on the future of public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom,[27] which he later recorded for a podcast.[28]
His six-part travel series Stephen Fry in America began on BBC One in October 2008 and saw him travel to each of the 50 US states;[29] in the same year he narrated the nature documentaries Spectacled Bears: Shadow of the Forest for the BBC Natural World series.[30]
In the 2009 television series Last Chance to See, Fry and zoologist Mark Carwardine sought out endangered species, some of which had been featured in Douglas Adams' and Carwardine's 1990 book and radio series of the same name[31] Also in 2009, Fry briefly hosted CBBC series Horrible Histories, an educational TV show for school children.
In August 2011 Stephen Fry's 100 Greatest Gadgets was shown on Channel 4 as one of the 100 Greatest strand.[32] His choice for the greatest gadget was the cigarette lighter which he described as "fire with a flick of the fingers".[32]
In September 2011 Fry's Planet Word, a five-part documentary about language, aired on BBC HD and BBC Two.[33][34]
[edit] QI
In 2003, Fry began hosting QI (Quite Interesting), a British comedy panel game television quiz show. QI was created and co-produced by John Lloyd, and features permanent panellist Alan Davies. QI has the highest viewing figures for any show on BBC Four and UKTV G2 (now Dave).[35][36] In 2006, Fry won the Rose d'Or award for "Best Game Show Host" for his work on the series.[37]
Film[link]
Having made his film debut in the 1985 film The Good Father, Fry had a brief appearance in A Fish Called Wanda (in which he is knocked out by Kevin Kline, who is posing as an airport security man) and then appeared in the lead role for Kenneth Branagh's Peter's Friends in 1992. In the 1994 romantic comedy film I.Q., he played the role of James Moreland.[38] Portraying Oscar Wilde (of whom he had been a fan since the age of 13) in the 1997 film Wilde, he fulfilled to critical acclaim a role that he has said he was "born to play". It also earned him a nomination for Best Actor – Drama in the 1998 Golden Globe Award. A year later, Fry starred in David Yates' small independent film The Tichborne Claimant, and in 2001 he played the detective in Robert Altman's period costume drama, Gosford Park. In the same year he also appeared in the Dutch film The Discovery of Heaven, directed by Jeroen Krabbé and based on the novel by Harry Mulisch.
In 2003, Fry made his directorial debut with Bright Young Things, adapted by himself from Evelyn Waugh's Vile Bodies. In 2001, he began hosting the BAFTA Film Awards, a role from which he stepped down in 2006.[39] Later that same year, he wrote the English libretto and dialogue for Kenneth Branagh's film adaptation of The Magic Flute.
Fry continues to make regular film appearances, notably in treatments of literary cult classics. He portrayed Maurice Woodruff in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers, served as narrator in the 2005 film version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and in 2005 he appeared in both A Cock and Bull Story, based on Tristram Shandy, and as a non-conforming TV Presenter who challenges the fascist state in V for Vendetta.[40][41] In 2006, he played the role of gadget-master Smithers in Stormbreaker, and in 2007 he appeared as himself hosting a quiz in St Trinian's. In 2007, Fry wrote a script for a remake of The Dam Busters for director Peter Jackson.[42]
Fry was offered a role in Valkyrie but was unable to participate.[43] Fry starred in the Tim Burton version of Alice in Wonderland, as the voice of The Cheshire Cat.[44] He played Mycroft Holmes in the sequel to Sherlock Holmes directed by Guy Ritchie.[45] In 2010, Fry provided the voice of Socrates the Lion in the environmental animated film Animals United. He will portray the Master of Lake-town in the 2012 film adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit.[46]
Feature filmography[link]
- 1985: The Good Father – Creighton
- 1988: A Fish Called Wanda – Hutchison
- 1992: Peter's Friends – Peter
- 1994: I.Q. – James Moreland
- 1997: Wilde – Oscar Wilde
- 1998: The Tichborne Claimant – Hawkins
- 1999: Whatever Happened to Harold Smith? – Dr.Peter Robinson
- 2001: Gosford Park – Inspector Thompson
- 2001: The Discovery of Heaven – Onno
- 2002: Thunderpants – Sir Antony Silk (Judge)
- 2003: Bright Young Things – Director
- 2004: The Life and Death of Peter Sellers – Maurice Woodruff
- 2005: V for Vendetta – Deitrich
- 2005: The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy – The Narrator (Voice)
- 2006: The Magic Flute – Writer
- 2006: Stormbreaker – Smithers
- 2007: St. Trinian's – Himself
- 2007: Eichmann – Minister Tormer
- 2009: House of Boys – Dr Marsh
- 2010: Alice in Wonderland – Cheshire Cat (Voice)
- 2010: Animals United – Socrates the Lion (Voice)
- 2011: Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows – Mycroft Holmes
- 2012: The Hobbit: There and Back Again – Master of Lake-town
Radio[link]
Fry came to the attention of radio listeners with the 1986 creation of his alter-ego, Donald Trefusis, whose "wireless essays" were broadcast on the BBC Radio 4 programme Loose Ends. In the 1980s he starred as David Lander in four series of the BBC Radio 4 show Delve Special, written by Tony Sarchet, which became the six part Channel 4 series This is David Lander in 1988. In 1988, Fry wrote and presented a six-part comedy series entitled Saturday Night Fry; frequent radio appearances have ensued (notably on panel games Just a Minute and I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue). In 2000, he began starring as Charles Prentiss in the Radio 4 comedy Absolute Power, reprising the role for three further series on radio and two on television. In 2002, Fry voiced Winnie-the-Pooh and was one of the narrators of A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner. He presented a 20-part, two-hour series, The Incomplete and Utter History of Classical Music, a "witty guide" to the genre over the past 1,000 years, on Classic FM.
In 2007, he hosted Current Puns, an exploration of wordplay, and Radio 4: This Is Your Life, to celebrate the radio station's 40th anniversary. He also interviewed Tony Blair as part of a series of podcasts released by 10 Downing Street.[47]
In February 2008, Fry began presenting podcasts entitled Stephen Fry's Podgrams, in which he recounts his life and recent experiences.[28] In July 2008, he appeared as himself in I Love Stephen Fry, an Afternoon Play for Radio 4 written by former Fry and Laurie script editor Jon Canter.[48]
Since August 2008 he has presented Fry's English Delight, a series on BBC Radio 4 about the English language.[49] As of 2011, it has been running for four series and 15 episodes.
In the summer 2009 series of I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, Fry was one of a trio of hosts replacing Humphrey Lyttelton (the others being Jack Dee and Rob Brydon).[50]
In 2012 he appeared as a guest panellist in the BBC Radio 4 comedy panel show Wordaholics.[51]
Theatre[link]
Fry wrote the play Latin! or Tobacco and Boys for the 1980 Edinburgh Festival, where it won the Fringe First prize.[52] It had a revival in 2009 at London's Cock Tavern Theatre, directed by Adam Spreadbury-Maher.[53] The Cellar Tapes, the Footlights Revue of 1981, won the Perrier Comedy Award. In 1984, Fry adapted the hugely successful 1930s musical Me and My Girl for the West End, where it ran for eight years. He was also cast in a lead role in Simon Gray's 1995 play, Cell Mates, which he left three days into the West End run, pleading stage fright. He later recalled the incident as a hypomanic episode in his documentary about bipolar disorder, The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive. In 2007, Fry wrote a Christmas pantomime, Cinderella, which ran at London's Old Vic Theatre.[54]
Fry is a long-standing fan of the anarchic 1960s British musical comedy group, the Bonzo Dog Band and, particularly, of its eccentric front man, the late Vivian Stanshall. Fry helped to fund an ill-fated 1988 London re-staging of Stanshall's acclaimed Stinkfoot, a Comic Opera, written by Vivian and Ki Longfellow-Stanshall for the Bristol-based Old Profanity Showboat. Fry performed several of Stanshall's numbers as part of the Bonzos' 2006 reunion concert at the London Astoria. He also appears as a shiny New Millennium Bonzo on their post-reunion album, Pour l'Amour des Chiens, on which he recites a recipe for "Salmon Proust", plays a butler in "Hawkeye the Gnu", and voices ads for the fictitious "Fiasco" stores.
Following three one-man shows in Australia, Fry announced a "sort of stand-up" performance at The Royal Albert Hall in London for September 2010.[55]
Audio books[link]
Stephen Fry has been the reader for the British versions of all of J.K.Rowling's Harry Potter series of audio books. He discussed this project in an interview with J.K. Rowling in 2005.[56] Fry has also been the reader for Douglas Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy film tie-in edition. He has also made recordings of his own books, such as The Stars' Tennis Balls and Moab Is My Washpot; and works by Roald Dahl, Michael Bond, A. A. Milne, and Anthony Buckeridge.
Video games[link]
Fry's distinctive voice has been featured in a number of video games, including an appearance as Reaver, a primary antagonist in Lionhead Studios games Fable II and Fable III, and as the narrator in LittleBigPlanet and its sequel on PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable.[57][58] He also served as narrator on the first four Harry Potter games (Philosopher's Stone, Chamber of Secrets, Prisoner of Azkaban and the Goblet of Fire).
Advertisements[link]
Fry has lent himself and his voice to many advertisements, starting with an appearance as "Count Ivan Skavinsky Skavar" in a 1982 advert for Whitbread Best Bitter. Fry has said in his memoirs that after receiving his payment for this work – £25,000 – he has never subsequently experienced "what one could call serious money troubles".[59] He has since appeared in adverts for products and companies such as Marks and Spencer, Twinings, Kenco, Vauxhall, Honda, Direct Line, Calpol, Heineken, Alliance & Leicester, After Eights, Trebor, Panama cigars and Orange Mobile.
Literature[link]
Since the publication of his first novel, The Liar (1991), Fry has written three further novels, several non-fiction works and two volumes of autobiography. Making History (1997) is partly set in an alternative universe where Adolf Hitler's father is made infertile and his replacement proves a rather more effective Führer. The book won the Sidewise Award for Alternate History. The Hippopotamus (1994) is about Edward (Ted/Tedward) Wallace and his stay at his old friend Lord Logan's country manor in Norfolk. The Stars' Tennis Balls (2000) is a modern retelling of The Count of Monte Cristo. Fry's book, The Ode Less Travelled: Unlocking the Poet Within, is a guide to writing poetry.
When writing a book review for Tatler, Fry wrote under a nom de plume, Williver Hendry, editor of A Most Peculiar Friendship: The Correspondence of Lord Alfred Douglas and Jack Dempsey, a field close to Fry's heart as an Oscar Wilde enthusiast. Once a columnist in The Listener and The Daily Telegraph, he now writes a weekly technology column in the Saturday edition of The Guardian. His blog attracted more than 300,000 visitors in its first two weeks.[29]
In May 2009, Fry unveiled The Dongle of Donald Trefusis, an audiobook series following Donald Trefusis (a fictional character from Fry's novel The Liar and from the BBC Radio 4 series Loose Ends), set over 12 episodes.[60] After its release, it reached No. 1 on the UK Album Chart list.
Fry's use of the word "luvvie" (spelled "lovie" by Fry) in The Guardian on 2 April 1988 is given by the Oxford English Dictionary as the earliest recorded use of the word as a humorous synonym for "actor".[61]
Football[link]
In August 2010, Fry joined the Board of Directors at Norwich City Football Club. A lifelong fan of "the Canaries" and a regular visitor to Carrow Road, he said on being appointed "Truly this is one of the most exciting days of my life and I am as proud and pleased as I could be."[6]
Twitter[link]
In October 2008, Fry began posting to the social networking site Twitter,[62] which he regularly updates.[63] On 16 May 2009, he celebrated the 500,000-follower mark: "Bless my soul 500k followers. And I love you all. Well, all except that silly one. And that's not you."[64]
Fry wields a considerable amount of influence through his use of Twitter.[65][66] He is frequently asked to promote various charities and causes, often inadvertently causing their websites to crash because of the volume of traffic generated by his large number of followers; as Fry notes on his website: "Four thousand hits a second all diving down the pipeline at the same time for minutes on end."[67] Fry uses his influence to recommend underexposed musicians and authors (who often see large increases in web hits and sales)[68][69] and to raise awareness of contemporary issues in the world of media and politics, notably the dropping of an injunction against The Guardian[70][71] and the lambasting of Daily Mail columnist Jan Moir over her article on the death of Boyzone member Stephen Gately.[72][73]
In October 2009 Fry again sparked debate amongst users when he announced his intention to leave the social networking site after criticism from another user on Twitter. He retracted the intention the next day.[74] In October 2010, Fry left Twitter for a few days following press criticism of a quote taken from an interview he had given, with a farewell message of "Bye bye". After returning, Fry explained that he had left Twitter to "avoid being sympathised with or told about an article I would otherwise never have got wind of".[75] In some quarters the general methods Fry uses on Twitter have been criticised.[76]
In November 2009 Fry's Twitter account reached one million followers. He commemorated the million followers milestone with a humorous video blog in which a 'Step Hen Fry' clone speaks from the year 2034 where MySpace, Facebook and Twitter have combined to form 'Twit on MyFace'.[77] In November 2010 Fry welcomed his two millionth follower with a blog entry detailing his opinions and experiences of Twitter.[78] On 11 March 2012, Fry noted his passing of the four million follower mark with a tweet: "Lordy I've breasted the 4 million followers tape. Love you all. Yes even YOU. But let's dedicate today to Douglas Adams's diamond jubilee"[79]
Acclaim[link]
In 1995, Fry was presented with an honorary doctorate from the University of Dundee, which named their main Students' Association bar after his novel The Liar. Fry is a patron of its Lip Theatre Company.[80] He also served two consecutive terms – 1992 to 1995 and 1995 to 1998 – as the student-elected Rector of the University of Dundee. Such was his popularity, he was unopposed when he sought re-election to office in 1995, and by the time he completed his second term in office he had won the widespread admiration of the University's staff and students.[81][82] He was awarded the AoC Gold Award in 2004, and was entered into their hall of fame.[83] Fry was also awarded an honorary degree from Anglia Ruskin University in 2005.[84][85] He was made honorary president of the Cambridge University Quiz Society and honorary fellow of his alma mater Queens' College, Cambridge. On 13 July 2010, he was made an honorary fellow of Cardiff University[86] and on 28 January 2011 he was awarded an honorary doctorate at the University of Sussex for his work campaigning for people suffering from mental health problems, bipolar disorder and HIV.[87]
He is a Patron of the Norwich Playhouse theatre and a Vice President of The Noël Coward Society.[88] Fry was the last person to be named Pipe Smoker of the Year before the award was discontinued.[89]
In December 2006 he was ranked sixth for the BBC's Top Living Icon Award,[90] was featured on The Culture Show, and was voted Most Intelligent Man on Television by readers of Radio Times. The Independent on Sunday Pink List named Fry the second most influential gay person in Britain in May 2007; he had taken the twenty-third position on the list the previous year.[91] Later the same month he was announced as the 2007 Mind Champion of the Year[1] in recognition of the success of his documentary The Secret Life of a Manic Depressive in raising awareness of bipolar disorder. Fry was also nominated in "Best Entertainment Performance" for QI and "Best Factual Series" for Secret Life of the Manic Depressive at the 2007 British Academy Television Awards.[92] That same year, Broadcast magazine listed Fry at number four in its "Hot 100" list of influential on-screen performers, describing him as a polymath and a "national treasure".[93] He was also granted a lifetime achievement award at the British Comedy Awards on 5 December 2007[94] and the Special Recognition Award at the National Television Awards on 20 January 2010.[95]
BBC Four dedicated two nights of programming to Fry on 17 and 18 August 2007, in celebration of his 50th birthday. The first night, comprising programs featuring Fry, began with a sixty-minute documentary entitled Stephen Fry: 50 Not Out. The second night was composed of programs selected by Fry, as well as a 60-minute interview with Mark Lawson and a half-hour special, Stephen Fry: Guilty.[96] The weekend programming proved such a ratings hit for BBC Four that it was repeated on BBC Two on 16 and 17 September 2007.
In 2011, he was the subject of Molly Lewis's song An Open Letter to Stephen Fry, in which the singer jokingly offers herself as a surrogate mother for his child.[97] In February 2011, Fry was awarded the Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism by the Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard University, the Harvard Secular Society and the American Humanist Association.[98]
Views on religion[link]
Fry has repeatedly expressed opposition to organised religion and has identified himself as an atheist and humanist, while declaring some sympathy for the ancient Greek belief in capricious gods. In his first autobiography he wrote, "I knew I couldn't believe in God, because I was fundamentally Hellenic in my outlook."[99] He has accepted that religion can have positive effects, "Sometimes belief means credulity, sometimes an expression of faith and hope which even the most sceptical atheist such as myself cannot but find inspiring."[100]
In 2009, The Guardian published a letter from Fry addressing his younger self, explaining how his future is soon to unfold, reflecting on the positive progression towards gay acceptance and openness around him, and yet not everywhere, while warning on how "the cruel, hypocritical and loveless hand of religion and absolutism has fallen on the world once more".[101] Later that year, he and Christopher Hitchens participated in an "Intelligence Squared" debate in which they argued against Ann Widdecombe and Archbishop John Onaiyekan, who supported the view that the Catholic Church was a force for good. Fry and Hitchens argued that the church did more harm than good. Fry attacked the Catholic Church's teachings on sexuality and denounced its wealth.[102]
In 2010 he was made a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association, stating: "it is essential to nail one’s colours to the mast as a humanist."[103] Later that year, Fry, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's visit to the United Kingdom being a state visit.[104]
On 22 February 2011, Fry was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award in Cultural Humanism by the Humanist Chaplaincy at Harvard University, joining a list of previous honorees including novelist Salman Rushdie, screenwriter Joss Whedon, and Mythbusters Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.[105]
Personal life[link]
Fry struggled to keep his homosexuality secret during his teenage years at public school, and has claimed not to have engaged in sexual activity for 16 years from 1979 until 1995.[106][107] When asked when he first acknowledged his sexuality, Fry quipped: "I suppose it all began when I came out of the womb. I looked back up at my mother and thought to myself, 'That's the last time I'm going up one of those.'"[108] Fry was in a 14-year relationship with Daniel Cohen, which ended in 2010.[109][110][111] Fry has stated that he is 90% homosexual, but has been attracted to women on occasion.[112]
Fry has a home in London and another in Hollywood.[113] He also has a home near King's Lynn, Norfolk. When in London, Fry drives a dark green TX4 London cab.
Fry was an active supporter of the Labour Party for many years, and appeared in a party political broadcast on its behalf with Hugh Laurie and Michelle Collins in November 1993. Despite this, he did not vote in the 2005 General Election because of the stance of both the Labour and Conservative parties with regard to the Iraq War. Despite his praise of the Blair/Brown government's work on social reform, Fry has been critical of the Labour Party's "Third Way" concept. Fry appeared in literature to support changing the British electoral system from first-past-the-post to alternative vote for electing Members of Parliament to the House of Commons in the Alternative Vote referendum in 2011.[114]
He is on cordial terms with Prince Charles (despite a mild parody Fry performed in his role of King Charles I in the comedy programme Blackadder: The Cavalier Years), through his work with the Prince's Trust. He attended the Prince of Wales' and Camilla Parker Bowles' wedding in 2005.
Fry is a friend of British comedian and actor (and Blackadder co-star) Rowan Atkinson and was best man at Atkinson's wedding to Sunetra Sastry at the Russian Tea Room in New York City. Fry was a friend of British actor John Mills.[115]
His best friend is Hugh Laurie,[116] whom he met while both were at Cambridge and with whom he has collaborated many times over the years. He was best man at Laurie's wedding and is godfather to all three of his children.[117]
A fan of cricket, Fry has claimed to be related to former England cricketer C.B. Fry,[118] and was interviewed for the Ashes Fever DVD, reporting on England's victory over Australia in the 2005 Ashes series. Regarding football, he is a supporter of Norwich City, and is a regular visitor to Carrow Road.
He has been described as "deeply dippy for all things digital", claims to have bought the third Macintosh computer sold in the UK (his friend Douglas Adams bought the first two) and jokes that he has never encountered a smartphone that he has not bought.[119] He counts Wikipedia among his favourite websites "because I like to find out that I died, and that I'm currently in a ballet in China, and all the other very accurate and important things that Wikipedia brings us all."[120]
Fry has a long-standing interest in Internet production, including having his own website since 1997. His current site, The New Adventures of Mr Stephen Fry, has existed since 2002 and has attracted many visitors following his first blog in September 2007, which comprised a 6,500 word "blessay" on smartphones. In February 2008, Fry launched his private podcast series, Stephen Fry's Podgrams, and a forum, including discussions on depression and activities in which Fry is involved. The website content is created by Stephen Fry and produced by Andrew Sampson. Fry is also a supporter of GNU and the Free Software Foundation.[121] For the 25th anniversary of the GNU operating system, Fry appeared in a video explaining some of the philosophy behind GNU by likening it to the sharing found in science.[122]
On 30 April 2008, Fry signed an open letter, published in The Guardian newspaper by some well known Jewish personalities, stating their opposition to celebrating the 60th anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel.[123] Furthermore, he is a signatory member of the British Jews for Justice for Palestinians organisation, which campaigns for Palestinian rights.[124]
Fry was among over 100 signatories to a statement published by Sense About Science on 4 June 2009, condemning British libel laws and their use to "severely curtail the right to free speech on a matter of public interest."[125]
Poland controversy[link]
See also: Anti-Polish sentiment and Polish death camp controversy
On 6 October 2009, Fry was interviewed by Jon Snow on Channel 4 News[126] as a signatory of a letter to British Conservative Party leader David Cameron expressing concern about the party's relationship with Poland's opposition national conservative Law and Justice party in the European Parliament.[127] During the interview, he stated:
There has been a history, let's face it, in Poland of a right-wing Catholicism which has been deeply disturbing for those of us who know a little history, and remember which side of the border Auschwitz was on and know the stories, and know much of the anti-semitic, and homophobic and nationalistic elements in countries like Poland.
The remark prompted a complaint from the Polish Embassy in London, an editorial in The Economist and criticism from British Jewish historian David Cesarani.[128][129][130][131] Fry has since posted an apology in a six-page post on his personal blog, in which he stated:
I offer no excuse. I seemed to imply that the Polish people had been responsible for the most infamous of all the death factories of the Third Reich. I didn't even really at the time notice the import of what I had said, so gave myself no opportunity instantly to retract the statement. It was a rubbishy, cheap and offensive remark that I have been regretting ever since. I take this opportunity to apologise now. I said a stupid, thoughtless and fatuous thing. It detracted from and devalued my argument, such as it was, and it outraged and offended a large group of people for no very good reason. I am sorry in all directions, and all the more sorry because it is no one's fault but my own, which always makes it so much worse.[132]
Health[link]
Fry has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder,[133] specifically stating he suffers from Cyclothymia, referring to it as "bipolar lite".[134][135] He suffered a nervous breakdown in 1995 while appearing in a West End play called Cell Mates and subsequently walked out of the production, prompting its early closure and incurring the displeasure of co-star Rik Mayall and playwright Simon Gray. Mayall's comedy partner, Adrian Edmondson, made light of the subject in his and Mayall's second Bottom live show. After walking out of the production, Fry went missing for several days while contemplating suicide. He abandoned the idea and left the United Kingdom by ferry, eventually resurfacing in Belgium.[136]
Fry has spoken publicly about his experience with bipolar disorder, which was also depicted in the documentary Stephen Fry: The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive.[137][138] In the programme, he interviewed other sufferers of the illness including Carrie Fisher, Richard Dreyfuss and Tony Slattery. Also featured were chef Rick Stein, whose father committed suicide, Robbie Williams, who talks of his experience with major depression, and comedienne and former mental health nurse Jo Brand. He is also involved with the mental health charity Stand to Reason.[139]
In 2009, Fry lent his support to a campaign led by the human rights organisation Reprieve to prevent the execution of heroin trafficker Akmal Shaikh, a British citizen originally from Pakistan. Some of Shaikh's supporters have said he suffered from undiagnosed bipolar disorder. Despite calls for clemency, Shaikh was executed in the People's Republic of China for drug trafficking.[140]
In January 2008, he broke his arm while filming Last Chance to See in Brazil.[141] He later explained in a podcast how the accident happened: while climbing aboard a boat, he slipped between it and the dock, and, while stopping himself from falling into the water, his body weight caused his right humerus to snap. The damage was more severe than first thought: the resulting vulnerability to his radial nerve – he was at risk of losing the use of his arm – was not diagnosed until he saw a consultant in the UK.[142]
As the host of QI, Fry has stated that he is allergic to both champagne[143] and bumble bee stings.[144]
Appearing on Top Gear in 2009, Fry had lost a significant amount of weight, prompting host Jeremy Clarkson to ask jokingly, "Where's the rest of you?" Fry explained that he had shed a total of 6 stone (84 lb; 38 kg), attributing the weight loss to doing a lot of walking while listening to downloaded Audiobooks.[145]
Fry is between 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m) and 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m) in height.[146][147]
Business[link]
In 2008, Fry formed SamFry Ltd, with long-term collaborator Andrew Sampson, to produce and fund new material, as well as manage his official website.[148]
Bibliography[link]
- Fry, Stephen; Laurie, Hugh (1990). A Bit of Fry and Laurie. Mandarin. ISBN 978-0-7493-0705-9.
- Fry, Stephen (1991). The Liar. Soho. ISBN 978-0-939149-82-7.
- Fry, Stephen (1994). The Hippopotamus. Soho Press. ISBN 978-1-56947-054-1.
- Fry, Stephen (1997). Making History. Arrow. ISBN 978-0-09-946481-5.
- Fry, Stephen (1997). Moab Is My Washpot: An Autobiography. Soho Press. ISBN 978-1-56947-202-6.
- Fry, Stephen (2000). The Stars' Tennis Balls. Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-180151-9.
- Fry, Stephen (2003). Revenge: A Novel (reprint ed.). Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-6819-4.
- Fry, Stephen (2005). The Ode Less Travelled: Unlocking the Poet Within. Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-179661-7.
- Lloyd, John; Fry, Stephen; Mitchinson, John (2006). The Book of General Ignorance. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23368-7.
- Carwardine, Mark; Fry, Stephen (2009). Last Chance to See. HarperCollins Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-0-00-729072-7.
- Fry, Stephen (2010). The Fry Chronicles: An Autobiography. Michael Joseph. ISBN 0-7181-5483-5.
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- ^ "Cyclothymic upswings are dangerously expensive. Feels like there's a Tigger version of me bouncing inside and eager to burst out.". Stephen Fry via Twitter. 15 March 2009. http://twitter.com/#!/stephenfry/status/1332661172. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
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- ^ QI Series C/3, Episode 10
- ^ QI Series C/3, Episode 7
- ^ Top Gear, 28 June 2009, BBC Two [1]
- ^ QI Season 7, Episode 10
- ^ QI Season 4 ep. 11 of 13
- ^ "About". Stephenfry.com. http://www.stephenfry.com/misc/about-us/. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
External links[link]
Quotations related to Stephen Fry at Wikiquote- Media related to Stephen Fry at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- Stephen Fry at the Open Directory Project
- Stephen Fry at the Internet Movie Database
- Five Minutes With: Stephen Fry, interview with Matthew Stadlen for the BBC
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Fry, Stephen John |
| Alternative names | Fry, Stephen |
| Short description | English comedian |
| Date of birth | 24 August 1957 |
| Place of birth | Hampstead, London, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Stephen_Fry
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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