Table tennis
Table tennis at the highest level |
| Highest governing body |
ITTF |
| First played |
1880s, England |
| Characteristics |
| Contact |
No |
| Team members |
Single or doubles |
| Categorization |
Racquet sport, indoor |
| Equipment |
Celluloid, 40 mm |
| Olympic |
Part of Summer Olympic programme in 1988 to today |
Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and forth using table tennis rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, players must allow a ball played toward them only one bounce on their side of the table and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side. Points are scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. A skilled player can impart several varieties of spin to the ball, altering its trajectory and limiting an opponent's options to great advantage.
Table tennis is controlled by the worldwide organization International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 215 member associations.[1] The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook.[2] Since 1988, table tennis has been an Olympic sport,[3] with several event categories. In particular, from 1988 until 2004, these were: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles. Since 2008 the doubles have been replaced by the team events.
Parker Brothers Ping Pong game.
The game originated as a sport in Britain during the 1880s, where it was played among the upper-class as an after-dinner parlour game,[4][5] then commonly known as "wiff-waff". A row of books were stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf-ball from one end of the table to the other. Alternatively table tennis was played with paddles made of cigar box lids and balls made of champagne corks. The popularity of the game led game manufacturers to sell the equipment commercially. Early rackets were often pieces of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound generated in play gave the game its first nicknames of "wiff-waff" and "ping-pong". A number of sources indicate that the game was first brought to the attention of Hamley's of Regent Street under the name "Gossima".[6][7] The name "ping-pong" was in wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The name "ping-pong" then came to be used for the game played by the rather expensive Jaques's equipment, with other manufacturers calling it table tennis. A similar situation arose in the United States, where Jaques sold the rights to the "ping-pong" name to Parker Brothers.
The next major innovation was by James Gibb, a British enthusiast of table tennis, who discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. This was followed by E.C. Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of pimpled, or stippled, rubber to the wooden blade. Table tennis was growing in popularity by 1901 to the extent that table tennis tournaments were being organized, books on table tennis were being written,[6] and an unofficial world championship was held in 1902. During the early 1900s, the game was banned in Russia because the rulers at the time believed that playing the game had an adverse effect on players' eyesight.[citation needed]
In 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded in Britain, and the International Table Tennis Federation followed in 1926.[4][8] London hosted the first official World Championships in 1926. In 1933, the United States Table Tennis Association, now called USA Table Tennis, was formed.[4][9]
In the 1950s, rackets that used a rubber sheet combined with an underlying sponge layer changed the game dramatically,[4] introducing greater spin and speed.[10] These were introduced to Britain by sports goods manufacturer S.W. Hancock Ltd. The use of speed glue increased the spin and speed even further, resulting in changes to the equipment to "slow the game down". Table tennis was introduced as an Olympic sport at the Olympics in 1988.[11]
After the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the International Table Tennis Federation instituted several rules changes aimed at making table tennis more viable as a televised spectator sport.[12] First, the older 38 mm balls were officially replaced by 40 mm balls in 2000.[6][13] This increased the ball's air resistance and effectively slowed down the game. By that time, players had begun increasing the thickness of the fast sponge layer on their rackets, which made the game excessively fast and difficult to watch on television. Second, the ITTF changed from a 21-point to an 11-point scoring system in 2001.[6] This was intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting. The ITTF also changed the rules on service to prevent a player from hiding the ball during service, in order to increase the average length of rallies and to reduce the server's advantage.
Variants of the sport have recently emerged. "Large-ball" table tennis uses a 44 mm ball, which slows down the game significantly. This has seen some acceptance by players who have a hard time with the extreme spins and speeds of the 40 mm game.
There is a move towards reviving the table tennis game that existed prior to the introduction of sponge rubber. "Hardbat" table tennis players reject the speed and spin of reversed sponge rubber, preferring the 1940–60s play style with no sponge and short-pimpled rubber. Defense is less difficult by decreasing the speed and eliminating any meaningful magnus effect of spin. Because hardbat killer shots are almost impossible to hit against a skilled player, hardbat matches focus on the strategic side of table tennis, requiring skillful maneuvering of the opponent before an attack can become successful.
The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball.[14] The rules say that the ball shall bounce up 24–26 cm when dropped from a height of 30.5 cm on to a standard steel block thereby having a coefficient of restitution of 0.89 to 0.92. The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Olympic Games.[13] However, this created some controversy as the Chinese National Team argued that this was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance of winning since the new type of balls has a slower speed, while at that time most Chinese players were playing with fast attack and smashes. A 40 mm table tennis ball is slower and spins less than the original 38 mm (1.5 inch) one. The ball is made of a high-bouncing air-filled celluloid or similar plastics material, colored white or orange, with a matte finish. The choice of ball color is made according to the table color and its surroundings. For example, a white ball is easier to see on a green or blue table than it is on a gray table. Stars on the ball indicate the quality of the ball. Three stars indicate that it is of the highest quality, and is used in official competition.
Diagram of a table tennis table showing the unofficial dimensions
The table is 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 1.52 m (5 ft) wide, and 76 cm (30 inch) high with a Masonite (a type of hardboard) or similarly manufactured timber, layered with a smooth, low-friction coating.[15] The table or playing surface is divided into two halves by a 15.25 cm (6 inch) high net. An ITTF approved table surface must be in a green or blue color. Concrete tables with a steel net are sometimes available in public parks.[16]
Players are equipped with a laminated wooden racket covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on the grip of the player. The official ITTF term is "racket", though "bat" is common in Britain, and "paddle" in the U.S.
The wooden portion of the racket, often referred to as the "blade", commonly features anywhere between one and seven plies of wood, though cork, glass fiber, carbon fiber, aluminum fiber, and Kevlar are sometimes used. According to the ITTF regulations, at least 85% of the blade by thickness shall be of natural wood.[17] Common wood types include Balsa, Limba, and Cypress or "Hinoki," which is popular in Japan. The average size of the blade is about 6.5 inches (16.5 cm) long and 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Although the official restrictions only focus on the flatness and rigidness of the blade itself, these dimensions are optimal for most play styles.
Table tennis regulations allow different surfaces on each side of the racket.[18] Various types of surfaces provide various levels of spin or speed, and in some cases they nullify spin. For example, a player may have a rubber that provides much spin on one side of his racket, and one that provides no spin on the other. By flipping the racket in play, different types of returns are possible. To help a player distinguish between the rubber used by his opposing player, international rules specify that one side must be red while the other side must be black.[17] The player has the right to inspect his opponent's racket before a match to see the type of rubber used and what color it is. Despite high speed play and rapid exchanges, a player can see clearly what side of the racket was used to hit the ball. Current rules state that, unless damaged in play, the racket cannot be exchanged for another racket at any time during a match.[19]
According to ITTF rule 2.13.1, the first service is decided by lot,[20] normally a coin toss.[21] It is also common for one player (or the umpire/scorer) to hide the ball in one or the other hand (usually hidden under the table), allowing the other player to guess which hand the ball is in. The correct or incorrect guess gives the "winner" the option to choose to serve, receive, or to choose which side of the table to use. (A common but non-sanctioned method is for the players to play the ball back and forth four times and then play out the point. This is commonly referred to as "play to serve" or "rally to serve".)
Wang Liqin; the 2001, 2005 and 2007 World Champion
In game play, the player serving the ball commences a play.[22] The server first stands with the ball held on the open palm of the hand not carrying the racket, called the freehand, and tosses the ball directly upward without spin, at least 16 centimeters (approximately 6 inches) high.[23] The server strikes the ball with the racket on the ball's descent so that it touches first his court and then touches directly the receiver's court without touching the net assembly. In casual games, many players do not toss the ball upward; however, this is technically illegal and can give the serving player an unfair advantage.
The ball must remain behind the endline and above the upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, at all times during the service. The server cannot use his body or clothing to obstruct sight of the ball; the opponent and the umpire must have a clear view of the ball at all times. If the umpire is doubtful of the legality of a service they may first interrupt play and give a warning to the server. If the serve is a clear failure or is doubted again by the umpire after the warning, receiver scores a point.
If the service is "good", then the receiver must make a "good" return by hitting the ball back before it bounces a second time on receiver's side of the table so that the ball passes the net and touches the opponent's court, either directly or after touching the net assembly.[24] Thereafter, the server and receiver must alternately make a return until the rally is over. Returning the serve is one of the most difficult parts of the game, as the server's first move is often the least predictable and thus most advantageous shot due to the numerous spin and speed choices at his or her disposal.
A let is a rally of which the result is not scored, and is called in the following circumstances:[25]
- The ball touches the net in service, provided the service is otherwise correct or the ball is obstructed by the player on the receiving side. Obstruction means a player touches the ball when it is above or traveling towards the playing surface, not having touched the player's court since last being struck by the player.
- When the player on the receiving side is not ready and the service is delivered.
- Player's failure to make a service or a return or to comply with the Laws is due to a disturbance outside the control of the player.
- Play is interrupted by the umpire or assistant umpire.
A point is scored by the player for any of several results of the rally:[26]
- Opponent fails to make a correct service or return.
- After making a service or a return, the ball touches anything other than the net assembly before being struck by the opponent.
- The ball passes over the player's court or beyond his end line without touching his court, after being struck by the opponent.
- The opponent obstructs the ball.
- The opponent strikes the ball twice successively. Note that the hand that is holding the racket counts as part of the racket and that making a good return off one's hand or fingers is allowed. It is not a fault if the ball accidentally hits one's hand or fingers and then subsequently hits the racket.
- The opponent strikes the ball with a side of the racket blade whose surface is not covered with rubber.
- The opponent moves the playing surface or touches the net assembly.
- The opponent's free hand touches the playing surface.
- As a receiver under the expedite system, completing 13 returns in a rally.[27]
- The opponent has been warned by umpire commits a second offense in the same individual match or team match. If the third offence happens, 2 points will be given to the player.[28] If the individual match or the team match has not ended, any unused penalty points can be transferred to the next game of that match.[21]
A game shall be won by the player first scoring 11 points unless both players score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points. A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games.[29] In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games.
Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the end of the game, unless both players score 10 points or the expedite system is operated, when the sequences of serving and receiving stay the same but each player serves for only 1 point in turn.[30] Player serving first in a game shall receive first in the next game of the match.
After each game, players switch sides of the table. In the last possible game of a match, for example the seventh game in a best of seven matches, players change ends when the first player scores 5 points, regardless of whose turn it is to serve. If the sequence of serving and receiving is out of turn or the ends is not changed, points scored in the wrong situation are still calculated and the game shall be resumed with the order at the score that has been reached.
Service zone in doubles game
In addition to games between individual players, pairs may also play table tennis. In doubles, all the rules of single play are applied except for the following.
- A line painted along the long axis of the table to create doubles courts bisects the table. This line's only purpose is to facilitate the doubles service rule, which is that service, must originate from the right hand "box" in such a way that the first bounce of the serve bounces once in said right hand box and then must bounce at least once in the opponent side's right hand box (far left box for server), or the receiving pair score a point.[23]
- Players must alternate hitting the ball. For example, if A is paired with B, X is paired with Y, A is the server and X is the receiver. The order of play shall be A → X → B → Y. The rally proceeds this way until one side fails to make a legal return and the other side scores.[31]
- At each change of service, the previous receiver shall become the server and the partner of the previous server shall become the receiver. For example, if the previous order of play is A → X → B → Y, the order becomes X → B → Y → A after the change of service.[30]
- In each game of a doubles match, the pair having the right to serve first shall choose which of them will do so. The receiving pair, however, can only choose in the first game of the match. When the first server is chosen in the second or the latter games of the match, the first receiver of the game is the player who served to the first server of the game in the preceding game. For example, if the order of play is A → X → B → Y at beginning of the first game, the order begins with X → A → Y → B or Y → B → X → A in the second game depending on either X or Y being chosen as the first server of the game.
- When a pair reaches 5 points in the final game, the pairs must switch ends of the table and the team that receives the service must switch receiver. For example, when the last order of play before a pair score 5 points in the final game is A → X → B → Y, the order after change shall be A → Y → B → X if A still has the second serve. Otherwise, X is the next server and the order becomes X → A → Y → B.
Singles and doubles are both played in international competition, including the Olympic Games since 1988 and the Commonwealth Games since 2002.[32] In 2005, the ITTF announced that doubles table tennis only was featured as a part of team events in the 2008 Olympics.
If a game is unfinished after 10 minutes' play and fewer than 18 points have been scored, the expedite system is initiated.[27] The umpire interrupts the game, and the game resumes with players serving for 1 point in turn. If the expedite system is introduced while the ball is not in play, the previous receiver shall serve first. Under the expedite system, the server must win the point before the opponent makes 13 consecutive returns or the point goes to the opponent. The system can also be initiated at any time at the request of both players or pairs. Once introduced, the expedite system remains in force until the end of the match. A rule to shorten the time of a match, it is mainly seen in defensive players' games.
Though table tennis players grip their rackets in various ways, their grips can be classified into two major families of styles, penhold and shakehand.[33] The Laws of Table Tennis do not prescribe the manner in which one must grip the racket, and numerous grips are employed.
The penhold grip is so-named because one grips the racket similarly to the way one holds a writing instrument.[34] The style of play among penhold players can vary greatly from player to player. The most popular style, usually referred to as the Chinese penhold style, involves curling the middle, ring, and fourth finger on the back of the blade with the three fingers always remain touching one another.[34] Chinese penholders favour a round racket head, for a more over-the-table style of play. In contrast, another style, sometimes referred to as the Korean penhold grip, involves splaying those three fingers out across the back of the racket, usually with all three fingers touching the back of the racket, rather than stacked upon one another.[34] Sometimes a combination of the two styles occurs, wherein the middle, ring and fourth fingers are straight, but still stacked, or where all fingers may be touching the back of the racket, but are also in contact with one another. Korean penholders will often use a square-headed racket for an away-from-the-table style of play. Traditionally these square-headed rackets feature a block of cork on top of the handle, as well as a thin layer of cork on the back of the racket, for increased grip and comfort. Penhold styles are popular among players originating from East Asian regions such as China, Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea.
Traditionally, penhold players use only one side of the racket to hit the ball during normal play, and the side which is in contact with the last three fingers is generally not used. This configuration is sometimes referred to as "traditional penhold" and is more commonly found in square-headed racket styles. However, the Chinese developed a technique in the 1990s in which a penholder uses both sides of the racket to hit the ball, where the player produces a backhand stroke (most often topspin) by turning the traditional side of the racket to face one's self, and striking the ball with the opposite side of the racket. This stroke has greatly improved and strengthened the penhold style both physically and psychologically, as it eliminates the strategic weakness of the traditional penhold backhand.
The shakehand (or shakehands) grip is so-named because the racket is grasped as if one is performing a handshake.[35] Though it is sometimes referred to as the "tennis" or "Western" grip, it bears no relation to the Western tennis grip, popularized on the West Coast of the United States in which the racket is rotated 90°, and played with the wrist turned so that on impact the knuckles face the target. In table tennis, “Western” refers to Western nations, for this is the grip that players native to Europe and the Americas have almost exclusively employed.
The shakehand grip’s simplicity and versatility, coupled with the acceptance among top-level Chinese trainers that the European style of play should be emulated and trained against, has established it as a common grip even in China.[36] Many world-class Asian players currently use the shakehand grip, and it is generally accepted that shakehands is easier to learn than penholder, allowing a broader range of playing styles both offensive and defensive.[37]
Table tennis strokes generally break down into offensive and defensive categories.
A direct hit on the ball propelling it forward back to the opponent. This stroke differs from speed drives in other racket sports like tennis because the racket is primarily perpendicular to the direction of the stroke and most of the energy applied to the ball results in speed rather than spin, creating a shot that does not arc much, but is fast enough that it can be difficult to return. A speed drive is used mostly for keeping the ball in play, applying pressure on the opponent, and potentially opening up an opportunity for a more powerful attack.
Perfected during the 1960s,[4] the loop is essentially the reverse of the speed drive. The racket is much more parallel to the direction of the stroke ("closed") and the racket thus grazes the ball, resulting in a large amount of topspin. A good loop drive will arc quite a bit, and once striking the opponent's side of the table will jump forward, much like a kick serve in tennis. A loop drive might not be as difficult to return as a speed drive; however, because of its topspin, it is more likely to rebound off the opponent's racket at a very high angle, setting up an easy smash on the follow-up. As the loop drive requires a lot of topspin, players generally use their entire body to generate the movement required. Variations in spin and speed add to the effectiveness of this shot.
The counter-drive is usually a counterattack against drives, normally high loop drives. The racket is held closed and near to the ball, which is hit with a short movement "off the bounce" (immediately after hitting the table) so that the ball travels faster to the other side. A well-timed, accurate counter-drive can be as effective as a smash.
When a player tries to attack a ball that has not bounced beyond the edge of the table, the player does not have the room to wind up in a backswing. The ball may still be attacked, however, and the resulting shot is called a flick because the backswing is compressed into a quick wrist action. A flick is not a single stroke and can resemble either a drive or a loop in its characteristics. What identifies the stroke is the backswing is compressed into a short wrist flick.
The offensive trump card in table tennis is the smash. A player will typically execute a smash when his or her opponent has returned a ball that bounces too high or too close to the net. Smashing is essentially self-explanatory—large backswing and rapid acceleration imparting as much speed on the ball as possible. The goal of a smash is to get the ball to move so quickly that the opponent simply cannot return it. Because the ball speed is the main aim of this shot, often the spin on the ball is something other than topspin. Sidespin can be used effectively with a smash to alter the ball's trajectory significantly, although most intermediate players will smash the ball with little or no spin. An offensive table tennis player will think of a rally as a build-up to a winning smash; only a calculated series of smashes can guarantee a point against a good opponent. However, most players will be able to return at most one or two smashes consistently. Provided that the opponent is not too close to the table or too far away from the ball, a smash can be lobbed, chopped, blocked or even counter-looped, albeit with some difficulty. A player who smashes generally works out a series of smashes (and possibly drop-shots) to rush the opponent out of position, put him off balance, or both. Smashers who fail to do this find it difficult to win a point against an excellent defense.
The push (or "slice" in Asia) is usually used for keeping the point alive and creating offensive opportunities. A push resembles a tennis slice: the racket cuts underneath the ball, imparting backspin and causing the ball to float slowly to the other side of the table. While not obvious, a push can be difficult to attack because the backspin on the ball causes it to drop toward the table upon striking the opponent's racket. In order to attack a push, a player must usually loop the ball back over the net. Often, the best option for beginners is to simply push the ball back again, resulting in pushing rallies. Against good players, it may be the worst option because the opponent will counter with a loop, putting the first player in a defensive position. Another response to pushing is flipping the ball when it is close to the net. Pushing can have advantages in some circumstances, such as when the opponent makes easy mistakes.
A chop is the defensive, backspin counterpart to the offensive loop drive.[38] A chop is essentially a bigger, heavier push, taken well back from the table. The racket face points primarily horizontally, perhaps a little bit upward, and the direction of the stroke is straight down. The object of a defensive chop is to match the topspin of the opponent's shot with backspin. A good chop will float nearly horizontally back to the table, in some cases having so much backspin that the ball actually rises. Such a chop can be extremely difficult to return due to its enormous amount of backspin. Some defensive players can also impart no-spin or sidespin variations of the chop.
The block is a simple shot, but nonetheless can be devastating against an attacking opponent. A block is executed by simply placing the racket in front of the ball right after the ball bounces; thus, the ball rebounds back toward the opponent with nearly as much energy as it came in with. This is not as easy as it sounds, because the ball's spin, speed, and location all influence the correct angle of a block. It is very possible for an opponent to execute a perfect loop, drive, or smash, only to have the blocked shot come back at him just as fast. Due to the power involved in offensive strokes, often an opponent simply cannot recover quickly enough, and will be unable to return the blocked shot. Blocks almost always produce the same spin as was received, usually topspin.
The defensive lob is possibly the most impressive shot in the sport of table tennis, since it propels the ball about fifteen feet in the air only to land on the opponent's side of the table with great amounts of spin.[39] To execute a lob, a defensive player first backs off the table 4–6 meters; then, the stroke itself consists of simply lifting the ball to an enormous height before it falls back to the opponent's side of the table. A lob is inherently a creative shot, and can have nearly any kind of spin. Top quality players use this to their advantage in order to control the spin of the ball. For instance, though the opponent may smash the ball hard and fast, a good defensive lob could be more difficult to return due to the unpredictability and heavy amounts of the spin on the ball.[39] Thus, though backed off the table by tens of feet and running to reach the ball, a good defensive player can still win the point using good lobs. However, at the professional level, lobbers will lose the point most of the time, so the lob is not used unless it is really necessary.[39]
Adding spin onto the ball causes major changes in table tennis gameplay. Although nearly every stroke or serve creates some kind of spin, understanding the individual types of spin allows players to defend against and use different spins effectively.[40]
4 phases in a backspin curve
Backspin is where the bottom half of the ball is rotating away from the player, and is imparted by striking the base of the ball with a downward movement.[40] At the professional level, backspin is usually used defensively in order to keep the ball low.[41] Backspin is commonly employed in service because it is harder to produce an offensive return, especially on a short serve. Due to the initial lift of the ball, there is a limit on how much speed with which one can hit the ball without missing the opponent's side of the table. However, backspin also makes it harder for the opponent to return the ball with great speed because of the required angular precision of the return. Alterations are frequently made to regulations regarding equipment in an effort to maintain a balance between defensive and offensive spin choices.[citation needed] It is actually possible to smash with backspin offensively, but only on high balls that are close to the net.
4 phases in a topspin curve
The harder-to-learn topspin stroke has a smaller influence on the first part of the ball-curve. Like the backspin stroke, however, the axis of spin remains roughly perpendicular to the trajectory of the ball thus allowing for the Magnus effect to dictate the subsequent curvature. After the apex of the curve, the ball clearly dips downwards as it approaches the opposing side, before bouncing. On the bounce, the topspin will accelerate the ball, much in the same way that a wheel which is already spinning would accelerate upon making contact with the ground. Again, the most significant change appears when the opponent attempts to return the ball (with a smooth, pimples inwards rubber). Due to the topspin, the ball jumps upwards and the opponent is forced to compensate for the topspin by adjusting the angle of his or her racket. This is commonly known as "closing the racket". The speed limitation of the topspin stroke is minor compared to the backspin stroke. This stroke is the predominant technique used in professional competition because it gives the opponent less time to respond. In table tennis topspin is regarded as an offensive technique due to increased ball speed, lower bio-mechanical efficiency and the pressure that it puts on the opponent by reducing reaction time. (It is possible to play defensive topspin-lobs from far behind the table, but only highly skilled players use this stroke with any tactical efficiency.) Topspin is the least common type of spin to be found in service at the professional level, simply because it is much easier to attack a top-spun ball that is not moving at high speed.
This type of spin is predominantly employed during service, wherein the contact angle of the racket can be more easily varied. Unlike the two aforementioned techniques, sidespin causes the ball to spin on an axis which is vertical, rather than horizontal. The axis of rotation is still roughly perpendicular, to the trajectory of the ball. In this circumstance, the Magnus effect will still dictate the curvature of the ball to some degree. Another difference is that unlike backspin and topspin, sidespin will have relatively very little effect on the bounce of the ball, much in the same way that a spinning top would not travel left or right if its axis of rotation were exactly vertical. This makes sidespin a useful weapon in service, because it is less easily recognized when bouncing, and the ball "loses" less spin on the bounce. Sidespin can also be employed in offensive rally strokes, often from a greater distance, as an adjunct to topspin or backspin. This stroke is sometimes referred to as a "hook". The hook can even be used in some extreme cases to circumvent the net when away from the table.
This type of spin is almost exclusively employed in service, but it is also used from time to time in the lob at the professional level. Unlike any of the aforementioned techniques, corkspin (sometimes referred to as "drill-spin") features a unique situation in which the axis of spin is more or less parallel to the trajectory of the ball. This means that the Magnus effect will have little to no effect on the trajectory of a cork-spun ball. Upon bouncing, the ball will dart right or left, depending on the direction of the spin, making it very difficult to return. Although in theory this type of spin produces the most obnoxious effects, it is not as strategically practical as sidespin or backspin in terms of the limitations that it imposes upon the opponent during their return. Aside from the initial direction change when bouncing, provided that it does not exceed the reach of the opponent, a cork-spun ball is easily countered with topspin or backspin. Similar to a backspin stroke, the corkspin stroke has a lower maximum velocity, simply due to the contact angle of the racket when producing the stroke. In order to impart a spin on the ball which is parallel to its trajectory, the racket must be swung more or less perpendicular to the trajectory of the ball. This greatly limits the amount of forward momentum that can be transferred to the ball by the racket. Corkspin is almost always mixed with another variety of spin, as it is less effective and harder to produce on its own.
Competitive table tennis is popular in Asia and Europe and has been gaining attention in the United States.[42] The most important international competitions are the World Table Tennis Championships, the Table Tennis World Cup, the Olympics and the ITTF Pro Tour. Continental competitions include the European Championships, Europe Top-12, the Asian Championships and the Asian Games. Chinese players have won the men's World Championships 60% of the time since 1959;[43] in the women's competition, Chinese players have won all but three of the World Championships since 1971.[44] Other strong teams come from East Asia and European countries, including Austria, Belarus, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Sweden, and Taiwan.[45]
There are also professional competitions at the clubs level. The national league of countries like China (the China Table Tennis Super League), Germany, France, Belgium and Austria are some highest level examples. There are also some important international club teams competitions such as the European Champions League and its former competition, the European Club Cup, where the top club teams from European countries compete.
Jan-Ove Waldner who holds a career grand slam of 4 major titles (2 World Championships, 1 Olympic Gold, 1 World Cup).
An official hall of fame exists at the ITTF Museum.[46] A Grand Slam is earned by a player who wins singles crowns at Olympic Games, World Championships, and World Cup.[47] Jan-Ove Waldner of Sweden first completed the grand slam at 1992 Olympic Games. Deng Yaping of China is the first female recorded at the inaugural Women's World Cup in 1996.
| Name (gender) |
Nationality |
Times won |
| Olympics |
World Championships |
World Cup |
| Jan-Ove Waldner (M)[48] |
Sweden |
1 (1992) |
2 (1989, 97) |
1 (1990) |
| Deng Yaping (F)[49] |
China |
2 (1992, 96) |
3 (1991, 95, 97) |
1 (1996) |
| Liu Guoliang (M)[50] |
China |
1 (1996) |
1 (1999) |
1 (1996) |
| Kong Linghui (M)[51] |
China |
1 (2000) |
1 (1995) |
1 (1995) |
| Wang Nan (F)[52] |
China |
1 (2000) |
3 (1999, 2001, 03) |
4 (1997, 98, 2003, 07) |
+Jörgen Persson (M)[53]
|
Sweden |
|
1 (1991) |
1 (1991) |
| Zhang Yining (F)[54] |
China |
2 (2004, 08) |
2 (2005, 09) |
4 (2001, 02, 04, 05) |
+(Persson has competed in all 6 competitive Olympic Table Tennis tournaments since the introduction of Table Tennis in 1988)
Founded in 1926, the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) is the worldwide governing body for table tennis, which maintains an international ranking system in addition to organizing events like the World Table Tennis Championships.[9]
On many continents, there is a governing body responsible for table tennis on that continent. For example, the European Table Tennis Union (ETTU) is the governing body responsible for table tennis in Europe.[55] There are also national bodies and other local authorities responsible for the sport, such as USA Table Tennis (USATT), which is the national governing body for table tennis in the United States.[9]
- ^ "ITTF Directory". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/_front_page/ittf2.asp?category=directory_e. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2
- ^ Hurt III, Harry (5 April 2008). "Ping-Pong as Mind Game (Although a Good Topspin Helps)". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/05/business/05pursuits.html. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Hodges 1993, p. 2
- ^ Letts, Greg. "A Brief History of Table Tennis/Ping-Pong". About.com. The New York Times Company. http://tabletennis.about.com/od/beginnersguide/a/history_of_tt.htm. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ a b c d "A Comprehensive History of Table Tennis". ITTF Museum. ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/museum/history.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ Hamilton, Fiona (2 September 2008). "Inventors of ping-pong say Mayor Boris Johnson is wrong". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article4657126.ece. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ "International Table Tennis Federation Archives". ITTF Museum. ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/museum/archives/index.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ a b c "About USATT". United States Olympic Committee. http://tabletennis.teamusa.org/about-usatt. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ "Thick Sponge Bats 1950s". ITTF Museum. ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/museum/indextech2.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ "Table Tennis in the Olympic Games". ITTF Museum. ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/museum/Olympicgames.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ Clemett, Colin. "Evolution of the Laws of Table Tennis and the Regulations for International Competitions" (PDF). ITTF Museum. ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/museum/ColinEvolution.pdf. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Board of Directors Passes Use of 40mm Ball". USA Table Tennis. http://www.usatt.org/news/40mm_5-08-00.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ "ITTF Technical Leaflet T3: The Ball" (PDF). ITTF. December 2009. pp. 4. http://www.ittf.com/stories/pictures/T3_40mmBall.pdf. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ "ITTF Technical Leaflet T1: The Table" (PDF). ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/equipment/T1_Table%202005.pdf. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/nyregion/27critic.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion
- ^ a b International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2.4
- ^ "ITTF Technical Leaflet T4: Racket Coverings" (PDF). ITTF. August 2010. http://www.ittf.com/stories/pictures/T4_RacketCoverings2010.pdf. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 3.4.2.4
- ^ International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2.13.1
- ^ a b "ITTF Handbook for Match Officials 13th edition" (PDF). ITTF. August 2007. http://www.ittf.com/ITTF_Misc/Comittees/Handbook%20for_Match_Officials_13th_edition.pdf. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ^ International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2.5
- ^ a b International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2.6
- ^ International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2.7
- ^ International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2.5.3 and 2.9
- ^ International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2.5.4 and 2.10
- ^ a b International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2.15
- ^ International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 3.5.2
- ^ International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2.11 and 2.12
- ^ a b International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2.13 and 2.14
- ^ International Table Tennis Federation 2011, index 2.8
- ^ "ITTF statistics by event". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/stats_by_event.htm. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ^ McAfee, Richard (2009). Table Tennis Steps to Success. Human Kinetics. pp. 1. ISBN 0-7360-7731-6.
- ^ a b c Hodges 1993, p. 13
- ^ Hodges 1993, p. 10
- ^ Hodges; Yinghua. "The Secrets of Chinese Table Tennis".
- ^ Hodges, Larry (1993). Table Tennis: Steps to Success. Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.. pp. 10. ISBN 0-87322-403-5.
- ^ Hodges 1993, p. 89
- ^ a b c Hodges 1993, p. 96
- ^ a b Hodges 1993, p. 20
- ^ Hodges 1993, p. 21
- ^ Somaiya, Ravi (26 November 2007). "Back-and-Forth Sport Is Back Again". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/27/fashion/27pingpong.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1&partner=rss&emc=rss. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "World Championships Finalists - Men's Singles". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/Search_By_Results1.asp?FormName=Search&FormAction=search&s_EVENTS=WTTC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Male&From=1926&To=. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ "World Championships Finalists - Women's Singles". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/Search_By_Results1.asp?FormName=Search&FormAction=search&s_EVENTS=WTTC&s_Evnt=S&s_Gender=Female&From=1926&To=. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ "ITTF Team Ranking". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/ittf_ranking/ittf_team_ranking.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ "ITTF Hall of Fame" (PDF). ITTF Museum. ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/museum/HoF/Hof.pdf. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ Cao Jianjie (13 December 2003). "Liu Guoliang needs to prove he is good as coach". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/_front_page/ittf_full_story2.asp?ID=5062&Category=. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "Jan-Ove Waldner's results of tournaments". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=7593. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "Deng Yaping's results of tournaments". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=1610. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "Liu Guoliang's results of tournaments". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=4282. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "Kong Linghui's results of tournaments". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=3751. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "Wang Nan's results of tournaments". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=7639. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "Jorgen Persson's results of tournaments". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=5533. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "Zhang Yining's results of tournaments". ITTF. http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=8057. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ "ETTU - European Table Tennis Union". European Table Tennis Union. http://www.ettu.org/level1.php?id=1. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
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| Former Olympic sports |
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