Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors
Member countries in the G-20   Members of the European Union not individually represented
Abbreviation	G-20 or G20
Formation	1999 2008 (Heads of State Summits)
Purpose/focus	Bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy.[1]
Membership	20  Argentina  Australia  Brazil  Canada  China  European Union  France  Germany  India  Indonesia  Italy  Japan  Mexico  Russia  Saudi Arabia  South Africa  South Korea  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States
Current chair	Mexico (2012)[2]
Staff	None[3]
Website	www.g20.org

The Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (also known as the G-20, G20, and Group of Twenty) is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 major economies: 19 countries plus the European Union, which is represented by the President of the European Council and by the European Central Bank.^[3] Their heads of government or heads of state have also periodically conferred at summits since their initial meeting in 2008. Collectively, the G-20 economies account for more than 80 percent of the gross world product (GWP),^[4] 80 percent of world trade (including EU intra-trade), and two-thirds of the world population.^[3] They furthermore account for 84.1 percent and 82.2 percent of the world's economic growth by nominal GDP and GDP (PPP) respectively from the years 2010 to 2016, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The G-20 was proposed by former Canadian Finance Minister Paul Martin^[5] (later, Prime Minister) for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international financial system. It studies, reviews, and promotes discussion (among key industrial and emerging market countries) of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability, and seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization. With the G-20 growing in stature since the 2008 Washington summit, its leaders announced on September 25, 2009, that the group will replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations.^[6]

The heads of the G-20 nations met semi-annually at G-20 summits between 2008 and 2011. Following the most recent summit, which was held in Cannes in November 2011, all future G-20 summits are to be held annually.^[3]

History[link]

A group photo of the participants of the 2008 G-20 Washington summit.

2009 G-20 London summit group photo.

2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit group photo.

2010 G-20 Toronto summit group photo.

2010 G-20 Seoul summit group photo.

2011 G-20 Cannes summit group photo.

The G-20, which superseded the G33 (which had itself superseded the G22), was foreshadowed at the Cologne Summit of the G7 in June 1999, but was only formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers' meeting on 26 September 1999. The inaugural meeting took place on 15–16 December 1999 in Berlin. In 2008, Spain and the Netherlands were included, by French invitation, in the G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy.

The theme of the 2006 G-20 meeting was “Building and Sustaining Prosperity”. The issues discussed included domestic reforms to achieve “sustained growth”, global energy and resource commodity markets, ‘reform’ of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes due to an aging population. Trevor A. Manuel, MP, Minister of Finance, South Africa, was the chairperson of the G-20 when South Africa hosted the Secretariat in 2007. Guido Mantega, Minister of Finance, Brazil, was the chairperson of the G-20 in 2008; Brazil proposed dialogue on competition in financial markets, clean energy and economic development and fiscal elements of growth and development. In a statement following a meeting of G7 finance ministers on 11 October 2008, US President George W. Bush stated that the next meeting of the G-20 would be important in finding solutions to the (then called) economic crisis of 2008. An initiative by French President Nicolas Sarkozy and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown led to a special meeting of the G-20, a G-20 Leaders Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy, on 15 November 2008.^[7]

Despite lacking any formal ability to enforce rules, the G-20's prominent membership gives it a strong input on global policy. However, there remain disputes over the legitimacy of the G-20,^[8] and criticisms of its organisation and the efficacy of its declarations..^[9]

Summits[link]

The G-20 Summit was created as a response both to the financial crisis of 2007–2010 and to a growing recognition that key emerging countries were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance. The G-20 Summits of heads of state or government were held in addition to the G-20 Meetings of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors who continued to meet to prepare the leaders' summit and implement their decisions. After the debut summit in Washington, D.C. during 2008, G-20 leaders met twice a year in London and Pittsburgh in 2009, Toronto and Seoul in 2010.^[10][11]

Since 2011, when France chaired and hosted the G-20, the summits have been held only once a year.^[12] Mexico will chair and host the leaders' summit in 2012.^[13]

	Date	Host country	Host city	Website
1st[14]	November 2008	United States	Washington, D.C.
2nd[14]	April 2009	United Kingdom	London	[3]
3rd[14]	September 2009	United States	Pittsburgh	[4]
4th[15]	June 2010	Canada	Toronto	[5]
5th[16]	November 2010	South Korea	Seoul	[6]
6th[17]	November 2011[18]	France	Cannes	[7]
7th[13]	June 2012[19]	Mexico	Los Cabos	[8]
8th[20]	2013	Russia	Saint Petersburg
9th[20]	2014	Australia	TBA
10th[20]	2015	Turkey	TBA

G-20 leaders' chair rotation[link]

To decide which nation gets to chair the G-20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all 19 nations are assigned to one of five different groupings. Each group holds a maximum of four nations. This system has been in place since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G-20 chair. France, the host of the 2011 G-20 summit, is in Group 4, and Mexico, the host of the 2012 summit, is in Group 3. In 2013, Russia, which is in Group 2, will host the G-20 leaders' summit. The table below lists the nations' groupings:^[21]

Organization[link]

The G-20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The chair rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The chair is part of a revolving three-member management group of past, present and future chairs referred to as the Troika. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The role of the Troika is to ensure continuity in the G-20's work and management across host years. The current chair of the G-20 is Mexico; the chair was handed over from France after the November 2011 G-20 Summit.

Proposed permanent secretariat[link]

In 2010, President of France Nicolas Sarkozy proposed the establishment of a permanent G-20 secretariat, similar to the United Nations Security Council. Seoul and Paris were suggested as possible locations for its headquarters.^[22] China and Brazil supported the establishment of a secretariat, while Japan and Italy expressed opposition to the proposal.^[22] South Korea proposed a "cyber secretariat" as an alternative.^[22]

Role of Asian countries[link]

A 2011 report released by the Asian Development Bank predicted that large Asian economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic governance in the future. The report stated that the rise of emerging market economies heralded a new world order, in which the G-20 would become the global economic steering committee.^[23]

The report furthermore noted that Asian countries had led the global recovery following the late-2000s recession. It predicted that the region would have a greater presence on the global stage, shaping the G-20 agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand.^[23]

List of members[link]

As of 2012, there are 20 members of the G-20. These include, at the leaders summits, the leaders of 19 countries and of the European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central bank governors of 19 countries and of the European Union. In addition, the Netherlands have taken part in the first four G-20 heads of state meetings, while Spain has participated in every meeting so far, despite neither country being formally recognized members.^[3][24] The table below lists the member entities and their leaders, finance ministers and central bank governors, as well as listing relevant statistics such as population and GDP figures. Total GDP figures are given in millions of US dollars.

Region	Member	Official title	Current leader	Official title	Current finance minister	Central bank governor	Total international trade mil. USD (2011)	GDP (nominal) mil. USD (2011)[25]	GDP (PPP) mil. USD (2011)	GDP per capita (nominal) USD (2011)[26]	GDP per capita (PPP) USD (2011)	HDI (2011)	Population
Africa	South Africa	President	Jacob Zuma	Minister of Finance	Pravin Gordhan	Gill Marcus	187,070	408,074	555,340	8,066	10,977	0.619	49,320,500
N.America	Canada	Prime Minister	Stephen Harper	Minister of Finance	Jim Flaherty	Mark Carney	910,200	1,736,869	1,391,114	50,436	40,457	0.908	34,088,000
N.America	Mexico	President	Felipe Calderón	Secretary of Finance	José Antonio Meade Kuribeña	Agustín Carstens	678,200	1,154,784	1,659,016	10,153	15,121	0.770	112,211,789
N.America	United States	President	Barack Obama	Secretary of the Treasury	Timothy Geithner	Ben Bernanke	3,825,000	15,094,025	15,094,025	48,386	48,386	0.910	309,173,000
S.America	Argentina	President	Cristina Fernández de Kirchner	Minister of Economy	Hernán Lorenzino	Mercedes Marcó del Pont	155,440	447,644	710,690	10,945	17,376	0.797	40,117,096
S.America	Brazil	President	Dilma Rousseff	Minister of Finance	Guido Mantega	Alexandre Tombini	470,400	2,492,908	2,309,138	12,789	11,845	0.718	193,088,765
East Asia	China	President	Hu Jintao	Minister of Finance	Xie Xuren	Zhou Xiaochuan	3,561,000	7,298,147	11,316,224	5,414	8,394	0.687	1,339,724,852
East Asia	Japan	Prime Minister	Yoshihiko Noda	Minister of Finance	Jun Azumi	Masaaki Shirakawa	1,595,500	5,869,471	4,395,600	45,920	34,362	0.901	127,390,000
East Asia	South Korea	President	Lee Myung-bak	Minister of Strategy and Finance	Park Jae-wan	Kim Choong-soo	1,084,000	1,116,247	1,556,102	22,778	31,753	0.897	48,875,000
S.Asia	India	Prime Minister	Manmohan Singh	Minister of Finance	Pranab Mukherjee	Duvvuri Subbarao	749,200	1,676,143	4,469,763	1,389	3,703	0.547	1,210,193,422
SE.Asia	Indonesia	President	Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono	Minister of Finance	Agus Martowardojo	Darmin Nasution	381,000	845,680	1,122,638	3,509	4,668	0.617	237,556,363
W.Asia	Saudi Arabia	King	Abdullah	Minister of Finance	Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al-Assaf	Muhammed Al-Jasser	457,200	577,595	677,663	20,504	24,056	0.770	27,123,977
Eurasia	Russia	President	Vladimir Putin	Minister of Finance	Anton Siluanov	Sergey Mikhaylovich Ignatyev	808,700	1,850,401	2,376,470	12,993	16,687	0.755	141,927,297
Eurasia	Turkey	Prime Minister	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan	Minister of Finance	Mehmet Şimşek	Erdem Başçı	345,200	778,089	1,114,629	10,522	15,321	0.699	72,561,312
Europe	European Union	European Council President[27] Commission President[27]	Herman Van Rompuy José Manuel Durão Barroso	Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs	Olli Rehn	Mario Draghi	3,791,000 Extra-EU27 (2010)	17,557,691	15,788,000	35,742	31,548	0.853	501,259,840
Europe	France	President	François Hollande	Minister of the Economy, Industry and Employment	Pierre Moscovici	Christian Noyer	1,263,000	2,776,324	2,216,769	44,008	35,048	0.884	65,447,374
Europe	Germany	Chancellor	Angela Merkel	Minister of Finance	Wolfgang Schäuble	Jens Weidmann	2,882,000	3,577,031	3,089,471	43,742	37,935	0.905	81,757,600
Europe	Italy	President of the Council of Ministers	Mario Monti	Minister of Economy and Finance	Mario Monti	Ignazio Visco	1,050,100	2,198,730	1,828,601	36,267	30,165	0.874	60,325,805
Europe	United Kingdom	Prime Minister	David Cameron	Chancellor of the Exchequer	George Osborne	Sir Mervyn King	1,150,300	2,417,570	2,253,585	38,592	35,974	0.863	62,041,708
Oceania	Australia	Prime Minister	Julia Gillard	Treasurer	Wayne Swan	Glenn Stevens	502,300	1,488,221	918,978	65,477	40,836	0.929	22,328,632

In addition to these 20 members, the following forums and institutions, as represented by their respective chief executive officers, participate in meetings of the G-20:^[3]

• the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund
• the Chairman of the International Monetary Fund
• the President of the World Bank
• the International Monetary and Financial Committee
• the Chairman of the Development Committee

Membership does not reflect exactly the 19 largest national economies of the world in any given year. The organization states:^[1]

All 19 member nations are among the top 29 economies as measured in GDP at nominal prices in a list published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for 2011.^[28] Not represented by membership in the G-20 are Switzerland (19), Norway (24), Iran (25), and Taiwan (26), even though they rank higher than some members. Spain (12), the Netherlands (17), Sweden (21), Poland (22), Belgium (23), and Austria (28) are included only as part of the EU, and not independently. When the countries' GDP is measured at purchasing power parity (PPP) rates,^[29] all 19 members are among the top 25 in the world in April 2012, according to the IMF. Iran (17), Taiwan (19) and Thailand (24) are not G-20 members, while Spain (13), Poland (20) and the Netherlands (22) are only included in the EU slot. However, in a list of average GDP, calculated for the years since the group's creation (1999–2008) at both nominal and PPP rates, only Spain, the Netherlands, Taiwan, and Poland appear above any G-20 member in both lists simultaneously. Spain, being the 12th largest economy in the world and 5th in the European Union in terms of nominal GDP, is a 'permanent guest' of the organization, although the Spanish government's policy is to not request official membership.^[30][31] As such, a Spanish delegation has been invited to, and has attended, every G-20 heads of state summit since the G-20's inception.

Invitees[link]

Typically, several countries that are not permanent members of the G-20 are extended invitations to participate in the summits. The invitees are chosen by the host country. For the 2010 summits, for example, both Canada and South Korea invited Ethiopia (chair of NEPAD), Malawi (chair of the African Union), Vietnam (chair of ASEAN), and Spain. Canada also invited the Netherlands (the world's 16th-largest economy), while South Korea invited Singapore. Both Canada and South Korea invited seven international organizations: the United Nations, the International Labour Organization, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Trade Organization, and the Financial Stability Board.^[32][33]

Criticisms[link]

Exclusivity of membership[link]

Although the G-20 has stated that the group's "economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system,"^[34] its legitimacy has been challenged. With respect to the membership issue, U.S. President Barack Obama has noted the difficulty of pleasing everyone: "everybody wants the smallest possible group that includes them. So, if they're the 21st largest nation in the world, they want the G-21, and think it's highly unfair if they have been cut out."^[35]

Norwegian perspective[link]

In an interview with Der Spiegel,^[36] Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre called the G-20 "one of the greatest setbacks since World War II." Although Norway is the seventh-largest contributor to international development programs in the United Nations,^[37] it is not a member of the EU, and thus is not represented in the G-20 even indirectly.^[36] Norway, like the other 170 nations not among the G-20, has little or no voice within the group. Støre characterized the G-20 as a "self-appointed group", arguing that it undermines the legitimacy of organizations set up in the aftermath of World War II, such as the IMF, World Bank and United Nations:

Global Governance Group (3G) response[link]

According to Singapore's representative to the United Nations, UN members who are not G-20 members have responded to the G-20's exclusivity by either reacting with indifference, refusing to acknowledge the G-20's legitimacy, or accepting the G-20's status while hoping to "engage the G-20 as the latter continues to evolve so that our interests are taken on board."^[38] Out of this latter group Singapore has taken a leading role in organizing an informal "Global Governance Group" of 28 non-G-20 countries, with the idea being that by working collectively they might channel their views into the G-20 process more effectively.^[39][40] Singapore's chairing of the Global Governance Group was cited as a rationale for inviting Singapore to the November 2010 G-20 Summit in South Korea.^[41]

[edit] Foreign Policy critique

The American magazine Foreign Policy has published articles condemning the G-20, in terms of its principal function as an alternative to the so-called exclusive G8. It furthermore questions the actions of some of the G-20 members, and advances the notion that some nations should not have membership in the first place. For example, it has suggested that Argentina should be formally replaced with Spain, because Spain's economy is larger.^[42]

With the effects of the Great Recession still ongoing, the magazine has criticized the G-20's efforts to implement reforms of the world's financial institutions, branding such efforts as failed.^[43]

Wider concerns[link]

The G-20's transparency and accountability have been questioned by critics, who call attention to the absence of a formal charter and the fact that the most important G-20 meetings are closed-door.^[44] The economist Frances Stewart proposed an Economic Security Council within the United Nations as an alternative to the G-20. In such a council, members would be elected by the General Assembly based on their importance in the world economy, and the contribution they are willing to provide to world economic development.^[45]

The cost and extent of summit-related security is often a contentious issue in the hosting country, and G-20 summits have attracted protesters from a variety of backgrounds, including information activists, nationalists, and opponents of Fractional Reserve Banking and crony capitalism. In 2010, the Toronto G-20 summit sparked mass protests and rioting, leading to the largest mass arrest in Canadian history.^[46]

See also[link]

• List of G-20 summits
• BRICS
• Great power
• MIKT
• Regional power

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Haas, P.M. (1992). "Introduction. Epistemic communities and international policy coordination," International Organization 46,1:1–35.
• Hajnal, Peter I. (1999). The G8 system and the G20 : Evolution, Role and Documentation. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing. 13-ISBN 978-0-7546-4550-4/10-ISBN 0-7546-4550-9; OCLC 277231920
• Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. London: Routledge. 10-ISBN 0-415-16486-9/13-ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3; 13-ISBN 978-0-203-45085-7;10-ISBN 0-203-45085-X; OCLC 39013643
• Augusto Lopez-Claros, Augusto, Richard Samans and Marc Uzan. (2007). The international monetary system and the IMF, and the G-20 : a great transformation in the making? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 10-ISBN 0-230-52495-8/13-ISBN 978-0-230-52495-8; OCLC 255621756

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: G20

• Official G-20 website (English version), also available in Spanish
• 2010 Seoul G20
• G-20 Information Centre from the University of Toronto
• A Guide To Committees, Groups, And Clubs from the International Monetary Fund
• G20 Special Report guardian.co.uk
• IPS News – G20 Special Report
• The G20's role in the post-crisis world by FRIDE
• The Group of Twenty—A History, 2007
• Economics for Everyone: G20- Gearing for Growth

José Antonio Ocampo
United Nations Undersecretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs
In office 1 July 2003 – 1 July 2007
Secretary-General	Kofi Annan Ban Ki-moon
Preceded by	Nitin Desai
Succeeded by	Sha Zukang
United Nations Executive Secretary for the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
In office 1 January 1998 – 1 July 2003
Secretary-General	Kofi Annan
Preceded by	Gert Rosenthal
Succeeded by	José Luis Machinea
Minister of Finance and Public Credit of Colombia
In office 7 August 1996 – 7 August 1998
President	Ernesto Samper
Preceded by	Guillermo Perry Rubio
Succeeded by	Juan Camilo Restrepo Salazar
Director of the National Planning Department of Colombia
In office 7 August 1994 – 14 May 1996
President	Ernesto Samper Pizano
Preceded by	Armando Montenegro Trujillo
Succeeded by	Juan Carlos Ramírez Jaramillo
Minister of Agriculture of Colombia
In office 4 May 1993 – 7 August 1994
President	César Gaviria
Preceded by	Alfonso López Caballero
Succeeded by	Antonio Hernández Gamarra
Personal details
Born	(1952-12-20) 20 December 1952 (age 59) Cali, Colombia
Political party	Liberal
Alma mater	University of Notre Dame Yale University

José Antonio Ocampo Gaviria (born 20 December 1952)^[1] is, since July 2007, Professor of Professional Practice in International and Public Affairs and Director of the Economic and Political Development Concentration at the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University.^[2] Prior to his appointment, Ocampo served in a number of positions in the United Nations and the Government of Colombia, most notably in the United Nations as Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs and Executive Secretary for the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, and in Colombia as Minister of Finance and Public Credit and Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development.^[3]

On 23 March 2012, Ocampo was nominated by Brazil as a candidate to lead the World Bank.^[4][5] Ocampo's native Colombia declined to endorse his bid, however, and with limited backing he withdrew from the race on 13 April 2012 and swung his support behind Nigerian Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala.^[6]

Biography[link]

Ocampo graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1972 with BAs in Sociology and Economics, in 1976 he received his PhD in Economics from Yale University with his dissertation Capital accumulation and international relations.^[7]

From 2008-2010, he was co-director of the UNDP/OAS Project on “Agenda for a Citizens’ Democracy in Latin America”. In 2009, he was a Member of the Commission of Experts of the UN General Assembly on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System.

In the political realm, he served in 2003-2007 as the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs. As such, he chaired the UN Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs and headed the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), which produces a wide range of research and analytical work on development issues, leads the follow-up to the major UN Summits and Conferences, and provides substantive and organizational support to the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the General Assembly.

Previously, from 1998 to 2003 he was Executive Secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and from 1989 to 1997 he held a number of high-level posts in the Government of Colombia, including Minister of Finance and Public Credit, and as such, Chair of the Central Bank's (Bank of the Republic) Board, Director of the National Planning Department, and Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development.

In the academic sphere, he served as Executive Director of FEDESARROLLO, Colombia's main think tank on economic issues, Director of the Centre for Economic Development Studies at the University of the Andes, Professor of Economics at Universidad de los Andes, and Professor of Economic History at the National University of Colombia. He has also taught as Visiting Professor at Cambridge, Oxford and Yale Universities and lectured in many other institutions while participating in many policy and academic conferences around the world.

Author[link]

Ocampo is author or editor of over 40 books and has published some 300 scholarly articles on macroeconomic theory and policy, international financial issues, economic and social development, international trade, and Colombian and Latin American economic history. He has also directed some 20 institutional reports.

His most recent books include The Economic Development of Latin America since Independence, with Luis Bértola (forthcoming 2012); the Oxford Handbook of Latin American Economics, edited with Jaime Ros (2011); Time for a Visible Hand: Lessons from the 2008 World Financial Crisis, edited with Stephany Griffith-Jones and Joseph E. Stiglitz (2010); Growth and Policy in Developing Countries: A Structuralist Approach, with Lance Taylor and Codrina Rada (2009); and Capital Account Liberalization and Development, edited with Joseph E. Stiglitz (2008).

His past books include Stability with Growth: Macroeconomics, Liberalization and Development, with Joseph E. Stiglitz et al. (2006); Regional Financial Cooperation (2006); International Finance and Development (2006); Globalization and Development: A Latin American and Caribbean Perspective (2003); the three-volume Economic History of Twentieth Century Latin America (2000), edited with Enrique Cárdenas and Rosemary Thorp; and more than ten editions of Historia Económica de Colombia (2007), originally published in 1977, and considered to be the best known text on the subject.

Personal life[link]

Ocampo is married to Ana Lucía Lalinde and has three children. Rocio, 30, holds a B.A in Political Science from Universidad Complutense in Madrid, Spain, an MS in Gender from the same University and an MS in water from Brighton University in England; she currently works in ECLAC Mexico. Juan Camilo, 20, graduated from Horace Mann School and is currently in his second year at Columbia University where he is pursuing a double major in Mathematical Economics and Philosophy. Maria José, 19, also graduated from Horace Mann School and is currently a first year student at Boston College where she works towards a double major in Psychology and Art.

Honors[link]

• Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought, Tufts University, Global Development and Environment Institute, 2008.
• Order of the Merit of Chile, Grand Cross 2003.
• Doctor Honoris Causa, National University of San Marcos 1998.
• Order of Boyacá, Grand Cross 1997.
• CEO of the Year, Junior Chamber of Bogotá 1989
• "Alejandro Ángel Escobar" National Science Award, Colombia 1988.
• Fellow of the Colombian Academy of Economics, since 1987

References[link]

External links[link]

• Personal homepage
• Faculty profile at the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University
• Former Executive Secretary at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
• Column archive at Project Syndicate
• Works by or about José Antonio Ocampo in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

José Antonio Reyes

Reyes in action for Sevilla
Personal information
Full name	José Antonio Reyes Calderón
Date of birth	(1983-09-01) 1 September 1983 (age 28)
Place of birth	Utrera, Spain
Height	1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Playing position	Winger
Club information
Current club	Sevilla
Number	21
Youth career
1994–1999	Sevilla
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
1999–2001	Sevilla B	32	(1)
2000–2004	Sevilla	86	(21)
2004–2007	Arsenal	69	(16)
2006–2007	→ Real Madrid (loan)	30	(6)
2007–2011	Atlético Madrid	103	(8)
2008–2009	→ Benfica (loan)	26	(4)
2012–	Sevilla	19	(1)
National team
1999–2000	Spain U16	7	(5)
2001–2002	Spain U19	7	(3)
2002–2003	Spain U21	7	(3)
2003–2006	Spain	21	(4)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 13 May 2012. † Appearances (Goals).

José Antonio Reyes Calderón (born 1 September 1983) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Sevilla FC, mainly as a left winger but also as a forward.

He made his professional debuts for hometown's Sevilla at only 16, signing for England's Arsenal aged 20. After a relatively successful career abroad, he returned to his country, going on to represent both main sides in Madrid, Real and Atlético, also having a short loan spell in Portugal with Benfica.

Reyes gained 21 caps for Spain, and represented the nation at the 2006 World Cup.

Club career[link]

Early career[link]

Born in Utrera, south-east Seville, to Spanish Kale (Gitanos) parents,^[1][2][3] Reyes joined the youth ranks of local Sevilla FC at the age of 10. His talent was identified, and he represented the club at all youth levels.

He finally signed a full contract in 1999, making his full squad debuts during 1999–2000 at just 16, in a game against Real Zaragoza, and was later called up to Spain's squad for the UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. With the Andalusians now in Segunda División, he added another first-team club appearance.

After Sevilla promoted, Reyes established his reputation as a versatile offensive unit in the following years, his 22 goals in 86 matches over four seasons at Sevilla leading to other clubs taking notice, although the player's popularity with the club's fans made a move to a bigger Spanish club politically difficult for Sevilla's club president.

Arsenal[link]

Despite Sevilla manager Joaquín Caparrós wishing to hang onto him, Reyes signed with English club Arsenal during the January transfer window of the 2003–04 season. The £10.5 million transfer fee was negotiated with top ups, depending on the success of Arsenal, which could have risen to £17 million.^[4]

He made his debut on 1 February 2004 in a 2–1 win over Manchester City. Two days later, he scored an own goal against Middlesbrough in the Football League Cup. Later that month, Reyes netted twice against Chelsea to knock them out of the FA Cup; he also scored against the latter opponent in the season's UEFA Champions League quarterfinals, and his goals in the penultimate two games of the season helped keep Arsenal's unbeaten run in the Premier League going.

Hat-tricks in friendlies during the summer 2004 showed Reyes' improvement, and Reyes was a prominent influence on Arsenal's impressive start to the 2004–05 season, in which he managed to score in each of the first six games. However, he struggled during the middle of the season after Arsenal's defeat by Manchester United at Old Trafford. His inconsistent performance brought little reward for much of the season, and yet towards the end of it he scored three valuable goals.

In early 2005, Reyes was reported to be homesick while at Arsenal, even though his parents, Mari and Francisco, as well as brother Jesús lived with him in England. During a prank call perpetrated by Cadena COPE Radio of Spain in February 2005, a prankster claiming to be Emilio Butragueño, at the time director of football of Real Madrid, speaking on behalf of the president of the club, reportedly called Reyes' agent and spoke to Reyes himself about a possible transfer deal. In the ensuing conversation, Reyes allegedly declared that life in London was far from what he had envisioned and he would welcome a move back to his native Spain. Reyes also supposedly said that he wanted out of the club as there were "bad people" at Arsenal.^[5]

On 21 May 2005, Reyes became only the second player in history (after Kevin Moran) to be sent off in an FA Cup final, when he was dismissed for a second yellow card shortly before the end of extra time against Manchester United, though Arsenal still went on to win the game in a penalty shootout.

He temporarily ended speculation about a move away from Highbury in July 2005, when he signed a new six-year contract and declared that he was "looking forward to having many more successful years at the club." ^[6]

In Arsenal's 2005–06 Champions League run, Reyes featured heavily against, among others, Real Madrid, Juventus and Villarreal CF in the most impressive Champions League results for Arsenal to date. He came on as a substitute in the 17 May 2006 final against FC Barcelona, which Arsenal lost 2–1. However, in August 2006, he expressed a desire not to play in Arsenal's Champions League qualifying match against NK Dinamo Zagreb – to do so would render him 'cup-tied' and complicate a move to Real Madrid.^[7] Club manager Arsène Wenger left him out of the team, thus fuelling speculation that a transfer was soon to be agreed.

Real Madrid[link]

Reyes was linked to Real Madrid along with Arsenal teammate Cesc Fàbregas in the summer of 2006, when the candidate Arturo Baldasano of the then on-going Real Madrid presidential campaign claimed he would sign them, if elected.^[8] Reyes further hinted towards a transfer to Real. After making two official statements on Arsenal's website denying media reports of being unhappy, alleged quotes from Reyes in the Spanish press contradicted his denials. This tested the patience of Wenger, who reacted angrily to Real Madrid's attempts to unsettle his player, suggesting that it was not the first time Real Madrid had used the media and agents in Spain as a destabilising tactic. Shortly before the closure of the 2006 summer transfer window, Madrid and Arsenal agreed to exchange Reyes for Brazilian international Júlio Baptista, each on a season-long loan deal.^[9]

Reyes scored his first goal for Real Madrid on 17 September 2006, with a free kick against Real Sociedad, in a 2–0 home win. On the final day of the season, the focus was on soon-to-be-departed David Beckham and Roberto Carlos, but Reyes, brought from the bench for injured Beckham, netted twice as Real came from behind to beat RCD Mallorca and claim yet another La Liga title.

Real Madrid appointed former Getafe CF coach Bernd Schuster on 8 July 2007, increasing the chances that Reyes would sign a permanent deal and stay in Spain.^[10]

Atlético Madrid[link]

Reyes playing for Atlético Madrid in 2011

However, reports surfacing on 29 July indicated that city-rivals Atlético Madrid were on the verge of landing the player. Later that day, Wenger confirmed that Reyes' departure was imminent, and that a more specific announcement would be made shortly.^[11] On 30 July, Reyes passed his medical, penning a four-year deal, reportedly worth €12 million.^[12] He made his club debut against S.S. Lazio, scoring and assist once in a 3–1 victory in the annual Amsterdam Tournament (while at Arsenal, he was named the tournament's MVP in its 2004 edition). Reyes' first campaign with the Colchoneros was disastrous, as he was often kept out of the side by Maxi Rodríguez and Simão Sabrosa, and failed to score a single goal in 26 league appearances.

On 8 August 2008, S.L. Benfica announced the signing of Reyes on a one-year loan deal. The Portuguese also bought 25% of his playing rights for a fee of €2.65 million, and ensured a buying option of the remainder 75% for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut in a friendly match against Feyenoord. He replaced Jonathan Urretavizcaya in the 79th minute and, a minute afterwards, following a cross from Ariza Makukula, he made a volley which hit the post. His debut goal for Benfica was scored against city-rivals Sporting Clube de Portugal on 28 September 2008: after an understanding between Reyes and Pablo Aimar, and a pass from the same, he scored in fashion. Later in the same week, he would score again against S.S.C. Napoli, helping Benfica to a 2–0 home triumph in the season's UEFA Cup first round – the Reds eventually won 4–3 on aggregate.

Reyes' return to Atlético proved to be much more successful, as he re-united with Quique Flores, his manager at Benfica from the previous season. He scored his first official goal in Spain in more than two years on 9 January 2010, with a long-range effort at Real Valladolid, in a 4–0 triumph. By then, he had beaten the competition of Maxi and started in the wings alongside Simão. On 14 February 2010, Reyes put in a Man of the match performance in Atlético's 2–1 win against FC Barcelona,^[13] setting up the opening goal for Diego Forlán in the eventual champions' only league defeat of the season. Four days later, in the Europa League 1–1 home draw against Galatasaray SK, he scored a stunning free kick from the right wing on the 22nd minute, after he was brought down just outside the box (3–2 aggregate win). On 28 March, he curled in a left-footed shot from the right wing just inside the box, opening the score in the Madrid derby against his former team, in an eventual 2–3 loss.

On 27 August 2010, Reyes opened the score in the 2010 UEFA Super Cup against F.C. Internazionale Milano (eventually 2–0 win), after a one-two combination with Argentine Sergio Agüero.^[14] His first league goal of the season came in a 1–4 defeat at Hércules CF on 9 January 2011,^[15] which inspired an impressive run of scoring form, with goals in successive home games in February/March, against Valencia CF,^[16] former club Sevilla^[17] and Villarreal CF.^[18]

Reyes took up more responsibility for the 2011–12 campaign, and established himself as one of the team's most important players. On 28 July 2011, he scored twice for Atlético in a 2–1 Europa League win against Strømsgodset IF.^[19] In the second leg, a week later, he was again on the scoresheet, also assisting a goal for Adrián López in a 2–0 away success.^[20] However, he struggled to find the consistency he had under Flores and, after a fall out with new manager Gregorio Manzano after being subsitututed in a 0–3 defeat at Athletic Bilbao, his playing time became more and more limited.^[21][22]

Return to Sevilla[link]

On 5 January 2012, Sevilla confirmed the signing of Reyes, who penned a contract until June 2015.^[23] He played his first game three days later, starting in a 1–2 away loss against Rayo Vallecano.^[24] Reyes scored his first goal in his second spell in Sevilla, in 5 May in a 5-2 win against Rayo Vallecano.

International career[link]

Reyes earned his first full cap for Spain on 6 September 2003, replacing Raúl during a 3–0 friendly win in Portugal; he would be left out of Iñaki Sáez's UEFA Euro 2004 squad.

Two years later, he was picked for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, but only appeared once in four matches – the 1–0 group stage win against Saudi Arabia, with Spain already qualified as first.

Reyes was again overlooked for the victorious Euro 2008 tournament, as manager Luis Aragonés preferred the likes of David Silva and Santi Cazorla on the wings.

International Goals

#	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition
1.	11 October 2003	Vazgen Sargsyan, Yerevan, Armenia	Armenia	0–3	0–4	Euro 2004 qualifying
2.	11 October 2003	Vazgen Sargsyan, Yerevan, Armenia	Armenia	0–4	0–4	Euro 2004 qualifying
3.	1 March 2006	José Zorrilla, Valladolid, Spain	Côte d'Ivoire	2–2	3–2	Friendly
4.	3 June 2006	Manuel Martínez Valero, Elche, Spain	Egypt	2–0	2–0	Friendly

Statistics[link]

Club[link]

(correct as of 28 August 2011)