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- 1900 Summer Olympics
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1992 Summer Olympics
The 1992 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event celebrated in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain in 1992. The International Olympic Committee voted in 1986 to separate the Summer and Winter Games, which had been held in the same year since 1924, and place them in alternating even-numbered years, beginning in 1994. The 1992 Summer Games were the last to be staged in the same year as the Winter Games.
http://wn.com/1992_Summer_Olympics -
Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi ( , literally Father of deer) is the capital and the second largest city in the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi lies on a T-shaped island jutting into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. The city proper, making up an area of
http://wn.com/Abu_Dhabi -
Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan -
Aichi Prefecture
http://wn.com/Aichi_Prefecture -
Akihabara Station
is located
http://wn.com/Akihabara_Station -
Akiruno, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Akiruno_Tokyo -
Akishima, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Akishima_Tokyo -
Akita Prefecture
http://wn.com/Akita_Prefecture -
Amman
http://wn.com/Amman -
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (; Dutch ) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, with an urban population of 1,364,422 and a metropolitan population of 2,158,372. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, the sixth-largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
http://wn.com/Amsterdam -
Ankara
Ankara (Traditional English: Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2008 the city had a population of 4,500,000. Ankara also serves as the capital of Ankara Province.
http://wn.com/Ankara -
Aogashima, Tokyo
is a village located in Tokyo, Japan.
http://wn.com/Aogashima_Tokyo -
Aomori Prefecture
http://wn.com/Aomori_Prefecture -
Aomori, Aomori
http://wn.com/Aomori_Aomori -
Aoyama, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Aoyama_Tokyo -
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Armenia
http://wn.com/Armenia -
Arnhem
http://wn.com/Arnhem -
Asahi Beer Hall
The Asahi Beer Hall ( Super Dry Hall, or ''Flamme d'Or'') is one of the buildings of the Asahi Breweries headquarters located on the east bank of the Sumida River in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan. It was designed by French designer Philippe Starck and was completed in 1989. It is considered one of Tokyo's most recognizable modern structures.
http://wn.com/Asahi_Beer_Hall -
Asakusa Shrine
http://wn.com/Asakusa_Shrine -
Ashgabat
http://wn.com/Ashgabat -
Astana
http://wn.com/Astana -
Atlanta
Atlanta (, ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia. Atlanta had an estimated population of about 540,900 people. Its metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the country, inhabited by more than 5.4 million people. The Atlanta Combined Statistical Area has a population approaching six million, making it the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. Like many areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth since about 1976, and it added about 1.1 million residents between 2000 and 2008.
http://wn.com/Atlanta -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan ( ; ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
http://wn.com/Azerbaijan -
Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
http://wn.com/Baghdad -
Bahrain
Bahrain, officially Kingdom of Bahrain (, , literally: "Kingdom of the Two Seas"), is a small island country in the Persian Gulf ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. While Bahrain is an archipelago of thirty-three islands, the largest (Bahrain Island) is long by wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain via the King Fahd Causeway, which was officially opened on 25 November 1986. Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain.
http://wn.com/Bahrain -
Baku
Baku (), sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakou, is the capital, the largest city, and the largest port of Azerbaijan and all the Caucasus. Located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, the city consists of two principal parts: the downtown and the old Inner City (21.5 ha). Dating to antiquity, its urban population at the beginning of 2009 was estimated at just over two million people.
http://wn.com/Baku -
Bandar Seri Begawan
http://wn.com/Bandar_Seri_Begawan -
Bandung
http://wn.com/Bandung -
Bangalore
Bangalore , known as Bengaluru (), is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. As of 2009, Bangalore was inducted in the list of Global cities and ranked as a "Beta World City" alongside Geneva, Copenhagen, Boston, Cairo, Riyadh, Berlin, to name a few, in the studies performed by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network in 2008.
http://wn.com/Bangalore -
Bangkok
http://wn.com/Bangkok -
Bangladesh
http://wn.com/Bangladesh -
Barcelona
http://wn.com/Barcelona -
Beijing
{| style="float:right;"
http://wn.com/Beijing -
Beirut
http://wn.com/Beirut -
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium -
Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
http://wn.com/Berlin -
Bhutan
The Kingdom of Bhutan () (Dzongkha: ; Wylie: '' 'drug yul; Tibetan pinyin: ''), is a small landlocked country in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China . Bhutan is separated from the nearby state of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by West Bengal.
http://wn.com/Bhutan -
Bishkek
http://wn.com/Bishkek -
Bogotá
http://wn.com/Bogotá -
Bombing of Tokyo
The bombing of Tokyo by the United States Army Air Forces took place during the Pacific campaigns of World War II. The United States mounted a single spectacular raid on Tokyo in April 1942. Strategic bombing and urban area bombing began in 1944 after the long-range B-29 Super Fortress bomber entered service, first employed from China and thereafter the Mariana Islands. B-29 raids from those islands commenced on November 17, 1944 and lasted until August 15, 1945, the day Japan capitulated. Out of numerous air raids on Japan's capital, five of which collectively destroyed over 51% of the metropolis, the so-called Great Tokyo Air Raid of 9-10 March 1945 warrants attention for being one of the most destructive bombing raids in history.
http://wn.com/Bombing_of_Tokyo -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Brunei
http://wn.com/Brunei -
Bunkyo Civic Center
The is the government building for the Bunkyo ward in Tokyo, Japan. Its 25th floor houses a free observation deck. The building was completed in 1994. It has been described as a "colossal Pez candy dispenser" by The Japan Times.
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Burma
Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar, is the second largest country by geographical area in Southeast Asia. The country is bordered by People's Republic of China on the north-east, Laos on the east, Thailand on the south-east, Bangladesh on the west, India on the north-west and the Bay of Bengal to the south-west with the Andaman Sea defining its southern periphery. One-third of Burma's total perimeter, 1,930 kilometers (1,199 mi), forms an uninterrupted coastline.
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Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
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Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Chennai
Chennai (Tamil: ), formerly known as Madras (Tamil: AKA ), is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai is the fourth most populous metropolitan area and the fifth most populous city in India. Located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, Chennai city had a population of 4.34 million in the 2001 census within the area administered by the Corporation of Chennai and an extended Metropolitan Population of 6.5 million. The urban agglomeration of metropolitan Chennai has an estimated population over 8.2 million people.
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Chiba Station
is a railway station located in Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
http://wn.com/Chiba_Station -
Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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Chigasaki, Kanagawa
http://wn.com/Chigasaki_Kanagawa -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Chōfu, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Chōfu_Tokyo -
Chūbu region
http://wn.com/Chūbu_region -
Chūgoku region
http://wn.com/Chūgoku_region -
City of Singapore
http://wn.com/City_of_Singapore -
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Daegu
Daegu (), also known as Taegu, and officially the Daegu Metropolitan City, is the third largest metropolitan area in South Korea, and by city limits, the fourth largest with over 2.5 million people. The city is the capital and principal city of the surrounding province, Gyeongsangbuk-do, although it is not legally part of the province. These two areas are often called Daegu-Gyeongbuk, and have a population of over 5 million.
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Damascus
http://wn.com/Damascus -
Delhi
Delhi, known locally as Dilli (, , {{Lang-ur| '), and by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi''' (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad). The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
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Dhaka
http://wn.com/Dhaka -
Dili
http://wn.com/Dili -
Doha
Doha (, ' or ', literally: "the big tree") is the capital city of the state of Qatar. Located on the Persian Gulf, it had a population of 998,651 in 2008, and is also one of the municipalities of Qatar. Doha is Qatar's largest city, with over 80% of the nation's population residing in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and is also the economic centre of the country.
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Dongguan
Dongguan (, ; Cantonese: Dung1 gun2; old spelling Tung-kuan) is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China.
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Dushanbe
Dushanbe (, Dushanbe; Dyushambe until 1929, Stalinabad until 1961), population 679,400 people (2008 est.), is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. Dushanbe means "Monday" in Tajik, and the name reflects the fact that the city grew on the site of a village that originally was a popular Monday marketplace.
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East Rand
The East Rand is the name of the urban eastern part of the Witwatersrand that is functionally merged with the Johannesburg conurbation. This area became settled by Europeans after a gold-bearing reef discovered in 1886 and sparked the gold rush that gave rise to the establishment of Johannesburg.
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East Timor
http://wn.com/East_Timor -
Ebisu, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Ebisu_Tokyo -
Edmonton
Edmonton () is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. The city is located on the North Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province, an area with some of the most fertile farmland on the prairies. It is the second largest city in Alberta after Calgary, and is the hub of Canada's sixth-largest census metropolitan area.
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Edo
, literally: bay-entrance, "estuary", pronounced , also romanized as Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo, and was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. During this period it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world and the site of a vibrant urban culture centered on notions of the "floating world".
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Edo-Tokyo Museum
http://wn.com/Edo-Tokyo_Museum -
Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt -
Ehime Prefecture
:"Ehime" redirects here. For the school ship, see Ehime Maru and USS Greeneville collision.
http://wn.com/Ehime_Prefecture -
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland -
Foshan
http://wn.com/Foshan -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Fuchū, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Fuchū_Tokyo -
Fuji TV
http://wn.com/Fuji_TV -
Fukui Prefecture
http://wn.com/Fukui_Prefecture -
Fukuoka
http://wn.com/Fukuoka -
Fukushima Prefecture
http://wn.com/Fukushima_Prefecture -
Fukushima, Fukushima
http://wn.com/Fukushima_Fukushima -
Funabashi, Chiba
is a city located in Chiba, Japan. It was founded April 1, 1937. As of January 1, 2010, it has a population of 601,396 people, 7th most populous city in Greater Tokyo.
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Fussa, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Fussa_Tokyo -
Georgia (country)
http://wn.com/Georgia_(country) -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Gothenburg
Gothenburg (; pronounced ) is the second-largest city in Sweden (after Stockholm) and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the southwest coast of Sweden, the city proper has a population of 509,847, with 510,491 in the urban area and total of 922,938 inhabitants in the metropolitan area.
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Greater Buenos Aires
http://wn.com/Greater_Buenos_Aires -
Greater Mexico City
http://wn.com/Greater_Mexico_City -
Greater Tokyo Area
http://wn.com/Greater_Tokyo_Area -
Greece
http://wn.com/Greece -
Guangzhou
http://wn.com/Guangzhou -
Gunma Prefecture
http://wn.com/Gunma_Prefecture -
Hachijō, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Hachijō_Tokyo -
Haha-jima
http://wn.com/Haha-jima -
Hakodate, Hokkaidō
http://wn.com/Hakodate_Hokkaidō -
Hamilton, Ontario
:For Hamilton Township in Northumberland County, see Hamilton, Ontario (township)
http://wn.com/Hamilton_Ontario -
Hamura, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Hamura_Tokyo -
Haneda Airport
http://wn.com/Haneda_Airport -
Hanoi
http://wn.com/Hanoi -
Helsinki
Helsinki (; , ) is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the southern part of Finland, in the region of Uusimaa/Nyland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, by the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is (), making it the most populous municipality in Finland by a wide margin. Helsinki is located some east of Stockholm, Sweden, west of St. Petersburg, Russia and north of Tallinn, Estonia. Helsinki has close connections with these three cities.
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Hie Shrine
http://wn.com/Hie_Shrine -
Higashikurume, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Higashikurume_Tokyo -
Higashiyamato, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Higashiyamato_Tokyo -
Hino, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Hino_Tokyo -
Hinode, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Hinode_Tokyo -
Hinohara, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Hinohara_Tokyo -
Hiroshima
http://wn.com/Hiroshima -
Ho Chi Minh City
http://wn.com/Ho_Chi_Minh_City -
Hodosan Ropeway
http://wn.com/Hodosan_Ropeway -
Hokkaido
http://wn.com/Hokkaido -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Honshu
http://wn.com/Honshu -
Hyōgo Prefecture
http://wn.com/Hyōgo_Prefecture -
Ikebukuro Station
http://wn.com/Ikebukuro_Station -
Inagi, Tokyo
is a city located in Tokyo, Japan.
http://wn.com/Inagi_Tokyo -
Incheon
Incheon (), officially the Incheon Metropolitan City, is South Korea's third largest metropolis, after Seoul and Busan. As the largest seaport on the west coast and home to the country's largest airport, Incheon International Airport, Incheon is South Korea's most important transport hub. In the 21st century, Incheon has transformed into a global business hub centered around the high-tech and futuristic Songdo International City, which is home to South Korea's tallest building, the 305m supertall Northeast Asia Trade Tower.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
http://wn.com/Indonesia -
Inokashira Park
straddles Musashino and Mitaka in western Tokyo, Japan.
http://wn.com/Inokashira_Park -
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
http://wn.com/Iraq -
Islamabad
http://wn.com/Islamabad -
Israel
http://wn.com/Israel -
Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
http://wn.com/Istanbul -
Italy
http://wn.com/Italy -
Izu Islands
http://wn.com/Izu_Islands -
Jabodetabek
Jabotabek (or Jabodetabek) is an officially recognized definition and term given to the urban region surrounding Jakarta, Indonesia in 2000, officially including five municipalities and three regencies. While a separate study by an international firm listed the region as having a population of 18.9 million, the population of Jabotabek in the Indonesia 2000 census by the Indonesian government was officially counted to be 23.3 million, with results from Indonesian Census 2010 totaling 26.6 million.
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Jakarta
Jakarta (; Indonesian: ), officially the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of and a 2010 census count population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. The city's name is derived from the Old Javanese word "Jayakarta" which translates as "victorious deed", "complete act", or "complete victory".
http://wn.com/Jakarta -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
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Johannesburg
Johannesburg (, ) also known as Jozi, '''Jo'burg or eGoli''', is the largest city in South Africa. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa.. The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world, and is also the world's largest city not situated on a river, lake, or coastline.
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Jordan
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Jordan -
Kabul
http://wn.com/Kabul -
Kagoshima
http://wn.com/Kagoshima -
Kagoshima Prefecture
http://wn.com/Kagoshima_Prefecture -
Kanagawa Prefecture
http://wn.com/Kanagawa_Prefecture -
Kantō region
http://wn.com/Kantō_region -
Karachi
Karachi (: , {{lang-ur|) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, and the capital of the province of Sindh. With an estimated population of about 18 million, Karachi is one of the world's largest cities in terms of population, the 13th largest urban agglomeration, the 4th largest metropolitan area in the world, and the 2nd largest city within the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Islamic world.
http://wn.com/Karachi -
Kashiwa, Chiba
http://wn.com/Kashiwa_Chiba -
Kathmandu
Kathmandu (, pronounced: ; ) is the capital and largest metropolitan city of Nepal. The city is the urban core of the Kathmandu Valley in the Himalayas, which also contains two sister cities namely Patan or Lalitpur, to its southeast (an ancient city of fine arts and crafts) and Bhaktapur, to its east (city of devotees). It is also acronymed as 'KTM' and named 'tri-city'. Kathmandu valley is only slightly smaller than Singapore in terms of area.
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Kawasaki Station
is a railway station of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) located in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
http://wn.com/Kawasaki_Station -
Kazakhstan
http://wn.com/Kazakhstan -
Keio University
is a Japanese university located in Minato, Tokyo. It is the oldest institute of higher education in Japan. Founder Fukuzawa Yukichi originally established it as a school for Western studies in 1858 in Edo (now Tokyo). It has eleven campuses in Tokyo and Kanagawa. It has nine faculties, which cover a wide range of academic fields, with each operating independently and offering a broad spectrum of creative and unique educational and research activities. The faculties are: Letters, Economics, Laws, Business and Commerce, Medicine, Science and Technology, Policy Management, Environment and Information Studies, Nursing and Medical Care, and Pharmacy. Keio's baseball team plays in the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League.
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Kinshasa
http://wn.com/Kinshasa -
Kita Iwo Jima
http://wn.com/Kita_Iwo_Jima -
Kita-Senju Station
is a railway station in Adachi, Tokyo, Japan.
http://wn.com/Kita-Senju_Station -
Kiyose, Tokyo
is a city in Tokyo, Japan.
http://wn.com/Kiyose_Tokyo -
Kobe
http://wn.com/Kobe -
Kokyo
http://wn.com/Kokyo -
Kolkata
Kolkata (Bengali: ; ), is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Kolkata is the cultural capital of India and the commercial capital of Eastern India. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the Hooghly River. The Kolkata metropolitan area including suburbs has a population exceeding 15 million, making it the third most populous metropolitan area in India and one of the most populous urban areas in the world. The city is also classified as the eighth largest urban agglomeration in the world.
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Komae, Tokyo
is a municipality administered as a city, in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of 30 municipalities in the western portion of Tokyo metropolis known as the Tama Area.
http://wn.com/Komae_Tokyo -
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur (translated as: "muddy confluence," "muddy estuary," and "muddy city"; in English; Malay , locally or even , and often abbreviated as K.L.) is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. The city proper, making up an area of , has an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2006. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country, in terms of population as well as economy.
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Kumamoto Prefecture
http://wn.com/Kumamoto_Prefecture -
Kunitachi, Tokyo
is a city located in the western part of the metropolitan area of Tokyo, Japan. As of 2003, the city has an estimated population of 73,400.
http://wn.com/Kunitachi_Tokyo -
Kuwait
The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
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Kuwait City
http://wn.com/Kuwait_City -
Kyoto
http://wn.com/Kyoto -
Kyushu
http://wn.com/Kyushu -
Kyūshū
http://wn.com/Kyūshū -
Kōzushima, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Kōzushima_Tokyo -
Lagos
http://wn.com/Lagos -
Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
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Laos
Laos (, , or ), officially the '''Lao People's Democratic Republic''', is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west.
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Lima
http://wn.com/Lima -
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Maldives
http://wn.com/Maldives -
Manama
http://wn.com/Manama -
Marunouchi
http://wn.com/Marunouchi -
Matsumoto, Nagano
is a city located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Matsumoto is designated as a Special City.
http://wn.com/Matsumoto_Nagano -
Melbourne
http://wn.com/Melbourne -
Metro Manila
http://wn.com/Metro_Manila -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Mexico City
http://wn.com/Mexico_City -
Mikurajima, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Mikurajima_Tokyo -
Minami Iwo Jima
http://wn.com/Minami_Iwo_Jima -
Mitake Tozan Railway
http://wn.com/Mitake_Tozan_Railway -
Miyake Subprefecture
is a subprefecture of Tokyo, Japan. The organization belongs to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau Of General Affairs.
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Miyazaki Prefecture
http://wn.com/Miyazaki_Prefecture -
Mizuho, Tokyo
is a town in Nishitama District, Tokyo, Japan. It was established on November 10, 1940, resulting from the merger of four villages and acquired additional land in 1958.
http://wn.com/Mizuho_Tokyo -
Mongolia
Mongolia (; ) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
http://wn.com/Mongolia -
Montreal
http://wn.com/Montreal -
Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
http://wn.com/Moscow -
Mount Mitake
http://wn.com/Mount_Mitake -
Mumbai
Mumbai (; , ', ), previously known as Bombay' (), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the second most populous city in the world, with a population of approximately 14 million. The official language of Mumbai is Marathi. But many other languages are also widely used, particularly the Mumbaiian Hindi''. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South or Central Asia.
http://wn.com/Mumbai -
Muscat, Oman
http://wn.com/Muscat_Oman -
Nagasaki
http://wn.com/Nagasaki -
Nagasaki Prefecture
http://wn.com/Nagasaki_Prefecture -
Nagoya
is the third-largest incorporated city and the fourth most populous urban area in Japan.
http://wn.com/Nagoya -
Naha, Okinawa
is the capital city of the Japanese prefecture of Okinawa.
http://wn.com/Naha_Okinawa -
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
http://wn.com/NASA -
Naypyidaw
Naypyidaw (, officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw and Naypyitaw; ) is the capital of Myanmar, also known as Burma. It is administered as a Union Territory, as per the 2008 Constitution. On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of Burma was officially moved to a greenfield site west of Pyinmana, and approximately north of Yangon (Rangoon), the previous capital. The capital's official name was announced on 27 March 2006, Burmese Armed Forces Day. Much of the city is still under construction, which is set to be completed by around 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Burma's third largest city, behind Yangon and Mandalay.
http://wn.com/Naypyidaw -
Nazi Germany
http://wn.com/Nazi_Germany -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
New Delhi
http://wn.com/New_Delhi -
New South Wales
New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW), Australia's most populous state, is located in the south-east of the country, north of Victoria, south of Queensland, east of South Australia and encompasses the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 and originally comprised much of the Australian mainland, as well as Van Diemen's Land, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island in addition to the area currently referred to as the state of New South Wales, which was formed during Federation in 1901.
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Nezu Art Museum
http://wn.com/Nezu_Art_Museum -
Nicosia
: For the Italian town, see: Nicosia, Sicily. Also see: Nicosia (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Nicosia -
Niijima, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Niijima_Tokyo -
Nishinoshima
http://wn.com/Nishinoshima -
Nokogiriyama Ropeway
The is the name of Japanese aerial lift line, as well as its operator. The line climbs Mount Nokogiri (Nokogiriyama) from the outer Tokyo Bay coast in Futtsu, Chiba. It opened in 1962. Nokogiriyama Ropeway Company belongs to Keisei Group.
http://wn.com/Nokogiriyama_Ropeway -
North Korea
http://wn.com/North_Korea -
Odaiba
is a large artificial island in Tokyo Bay, Japan, across the Rainbow Bridge from central Tokyo. It was initially built for defensive purposes in the 1850s, dramatically expanded during the late 20th century as a seaport district, and has developed since the 1990s as a major commercial, residential and leisure area. Odaiba, along with Minato Mirai 21 in Yokohama, are two of the only places in the Greater Tokyo Metropolitan area where the seashore is accessible, and not blocked by industry and harbor areas.
http://wn.com/Odaiba -
Ogasawara Islands
http://wn.com/Ogasawara_Islands -
Okinawa Prefecture
http://wn.com/Okinawa_Prefecture -
Oman
Oman (pronounced ; '), officially the Sultanate of Oman''' ( ), is an Arab country in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates on the northwest, Saudi Arabia on the west and Yemen on the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The country also contains Madha and Musandam, two exclaves on the Gulf of Oman, south of the Strait of Hormuz and surrounded by the United Arab Emirates on the land side.
http://wn.com/Oman -
Omotesando Hills
http://wn.com/Omotesando_Hills -
Osaka
http://wn.com/Osaka -
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
http://wn.com/Pacific_Ocean -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea ( , also or ; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
http://wn.com/Papua_New_Guinea -
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines -
Phnom Penh
http://wn.com/Phnom_Penh -
Port Moresby
Port Moresby (), or Pot Mosbi in Tok Pisin, is the capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea (PNG). It is located on the shores of the Gulf of Papua, on the southeastern coast of the island of New Guinea. In 2000 it had a population of 254,158. As of 2009 it has a population of 307,643, giving it an annual growth rate of 2.1% over a nine year period.
http://wn.com/Port_Moresby -
Port of Yokohama
http://wn.com/Port_of_Yokohama -
Putrajaya
http://wn.com/Putrajaya -
Pyongyang
Pyongyang (, literally: "Flat Land") is the capital of North Korea, located on the Taedong River. According to preliminary results from the 2008 population census, it has a population of 3,255,388.
http://wn.com/Pyongyang -
Qatar
Qatar ( ; ; local pronunciation: ), also known as the State of Qatar or locally , is an Arab country, known officially as an emirate, in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south; otherwise, the Persian Gulf surrounds the state. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island nation of Bahrain.
http://wn.com/Qatar -
Ramallah
http://wn.com/Ramallah -
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
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Riyadh
http://wn.com/Riyadh -
Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
http://wn.com/Rome -
Roppongi Hills
, also known as 'Artelligent City,' is a New Urban Centre andone of Japan's largest integrated property developments, located in the Roppongi district of Minato, Tokyo.
http://wn.com/Roppongi_Hills -
Ruhr
http://wn.com/Ruhr -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Ryōgoku Kokugikan
http://wn.com/Ryōgoku_Kokugikan -
Sagamihara
http://wn.com/Sagamihara -
Sana'a
http://wn.com/Sana'a -
Santiago
Santiago is the Spanish name for Saint James, son of Zebedee, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus.
http://wn.com/Santiago -
Santiago de Chile
http://wn.com/Santiago_de_Chile -
Saudi Arabia
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
Seibu Tamagawa Line
http://wn.com/Seibu_Tamagawa_Line -
Seoul
{{Infobox settlement
http://wn.com/Seoul -
Seville
Seville ( ; see also ) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of above sea level. The inhabitants of the city are known as sevillanos (feminine form: sevillanas) or hispalenses, following the Roman name of the city, Hispalis. The population of the city of Seville was 703,206 as of 2009 (INE), ranking as the fourth largest city of Spain. The population of the metropolitan area (urban area plus satellite towns) was 1,493,416 as of 2009 (INE estimate).
http://wn.com/Seville -
Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Shenzhen
http://wn.com/Shenzhen -
Shibuya, Tokyo
http://wn.com/Shibuya_Tokyo -
Shikoku
http://wn.com/Shikoku -
Shinagawa Station
is the first major station south of
http://wn.com/Shinagawa_Station -
Shinjuku
http://wn.com/Shinjuku -
Shinjuku Gyoen
http://wn.com/Shinjuku_Gyoen -
Shinjuku Station
is a train station located in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards in Tokyo, Japan.
http://wn.com/Shinjuku_Station -
Shinjuku, Tokyo
is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan. It is a major commercial and administrative center, housing the busiest train station in the world (Shinjuku Station) and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building, the administration center for the government of Tokyo.
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Shiodome City Center
is a skyscraper in the Shiodome area of Minato, Tokyo, Japan managed by Mitsui Fudosan.
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Shuto Expressway
is a network of toll expressways in the Greater Tokyo Area of Japan. It is operated and maintained by the .
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Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
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Soviet Union
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
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St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis ( or ; French: Saint-Louis or St-Louis, ) is an independent city and the second largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri. The city itself has an estimated population of 354,361 and is the principal municipality of Greater St. Louis, population 2,879,934, the largest urban area in Missouri and 16th-largest in the United States.
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Stockholm
http://wn.com/Stockholm -
Stoke Mandeville
Stoke Mandeville is a village and also a civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district to the south-east of Aylesbury in the county of Buckinghamshire, England. Although a separate civil parish, the village falls within the Aylesbury Urban Area. Stoke Mandeville Hospital, although named after the village, is located on the parish's border with Aylesbury and has the largest spinal injuries ward in Europe.
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Sumida River
http://wn.com/Sumida_River -
Sunshine 60
is a 60-story, mixed-use skyscraper located in Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo, adjoining the Sunshine City complex. At the time of its completion in 1978, the 239.7 m (786 ft) building was the tallest in East Asia, a title it held until 1985 when it was surpassed by the 63 Building in Seoul. Sunshine 60 was also the tallest building in Tokyo and Japan until the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building was completed in 1991.
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Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
http://wn.com/Sydney -
Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Syria -
São Paulo
http://wn.com/São_Paulo -
São Paulo (state)
http://wn.com/São_Paulo_(state) -
Tachikawa Station
http://wn.com/Tachikawa_Station -
Taipei
http://wn.com/Taipei -
Taitō, Tokyo
is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan. In English, it calls itself Taito City.
http://wn.com/Taitō_Tokyo -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Tajikistan
Tajikistan ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhurii Tojikiston; , Respublika Tadzhikistan; Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan and the Gilgit-Baltistan region, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.
http://wn.com/Tajikistan -
Tama River
http://wn.com/Tama_River -
Tashkent
Tashkent (; , literally "Stone City") is the capital of Uzbekistan and of the Tashkent Province. The officially registered population of the city in 2008 was 2.1 million. Unofficial sources estimate the actual population may be as much as 4.45 million.
http://wn.com/Tashkent -
Tbilisi
http://wn.com/Tbilisi -
Tehran
http://wn.com/Tehran -
Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: , lit. "Spring Hill"-Jaffa; , ''Tall 'Abib''), usually referred to as Tel Aviv, is the second-largest city in Israel, with an estimated population of 393,900. The city is situated on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, with a land area of . It is the largest and most populous city in the metropolitan area of Gush Dan, home to 3.2 million people as of 2008. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are called Tel Avivians.
http://wn.com/Tel_Aviv -
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Thailand -
Thimphu
http://wn.com/Thimphu -
Tianjin
(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
http://wn.com/Tianjin -
Tokyo
http://wn.com/Tokyo -
Tokyo Bay
http://wn.com/Tokyo_Bay -
Tokyo Station
http://wn.com/Tokyo_Station -
Tokyo Tower
is a communications and observation tower located in Shiba Park, Minato, Tokyo, Japan. At , it is the second tallest artificial structure in Japan. The structure is an Eiffel Tower-inspired lattice tower that is painted white and international orange to comply with air safety regulations.
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Toronto
http://wn.com/Toronto -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Turkmenistan
The Turkmenistan (), also known as Turkmenia () is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
http://wn.com/Turkmenistan -
Tōhoku region
http://wn.com/Tōhoku_region -
Tōkyō Station
is a train station located in the Marunouchi business district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan, near the Imperial Palace grounds and the Ginza commercial district.
http://wn.com/Tōkyō_Station -
Ueno Station
is a major railway station in
http://wn.com/Ueno_Station -
Ulan Bator
http://wn.com/Ulan_Bator -
United Arab Emirates
http://wn.com/United_Arab_Emirates -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Uzbekistan
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan -
Vientiane
http://wn.com/Vientiane -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
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West Germany
West Germany () is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG () in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period, during which Germany and Berlin were divided, ended when communist East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the eleven states of the Federal Republic of Germany. The enlarged Federal Republic of Germany with sixteen states (known simply as "Germany") is thus the continuation of the pre-1990 Federal Republic of Germany, and not its successor.
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Western Tokyo
Western Tokyo, also known as the , or , consists of the part of Tokyo Prefecture to the west of the 23 special wards.
http://wn.com/Western_Tokyo -
Yemen
http://wn.com/Yemen -
Yerevan
Yerevan (, ) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously-inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country. It has been the capital since 1918, the thirteenth in the history of Armenia.
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Yokohama
http://wn.com/Yokohama -
Yokohama Station
is a main interchange station located in Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Japan. It is the busiest station in Kanagawa Prefecture and the 5th busiest in Japan as of 2004, serving 2.05 million passengers daily.
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Yokosuka, Kanagawa
http://wn.com/Yokosuka_Kanagawa -
Ōita Prefecture
http://wn.com/Ōita_Prefecture -
Ōyama Cable Car
http://wn.com/Ōyama_Cable_Car
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Beijing
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http://wn.com/Beijing -
Chiba Urban Monorail
|
http://wn.com/Chiba_Urban_Monorail -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Guangzhou
http://wn.com/Guangzhou -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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James Bond
James Bond 007 is a fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short story collections. The character has also been used in the longest running and most financially successful English-language film franchise to date, starting in 1962 with Dr. No.
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New Shuttle
http://wn.com/New_Shuttle -
Nippori-Toneri Liner
http://wn.com/Nippori-Toneri_Liner -
Richard Chorley
Richard John Chorley (4 September 1927 - 12 May 2002) was a leading figure in the late 20th century for his work in quantitative geography, and played an instrumental role in bringing in the use of systems theory to geography.
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Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Shintaro Ishihara
http://wn.com/Shintaro_Ishihara -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Tianjin
(; ; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in Northeastern China and one of the five national central cities. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is thus under direct administration of the central government, and borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea. In terms of urban population, it is the sixth largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area ranks 5th in the nation, only after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen.
http://wn.com/Tianjin -
Tokugawa Ieyasu
http://wn.com/Tokugawa_Ieyasu -
Tokyo Monorail
http://wn.com/Tokyo_Monorail -
Yurikamome
, formally the is an automated guideway transit service operated by the Tokyo Waterfront New Transit Corporation, connecting Shimbashi to Toyosu, passing through the artificial island of Odaiba in Tokyo, Japan, a market in which it competes with the cheaper but less glamorous Rinkai Line.
http://wn.com/Yurikamome
Tokyo Godfathers (2004)
"Tokyo Godfathers (2004)" Actors
- Toru Emori
- Aya Okamoto
- Yoshiaki Umegaki
- Shôzô Îzuka
- Seizô Katô
- Hiroya Ishimaru
- Ryûji Saikachi
- Yûsaku Yara
- Kyôko Terase
- Mamiko Noto
- Akio Ôtsuka
- Rikiya Koyama
- Satomi Koorogi
- Ogata Mitsuru
- Chiyako Shibahara
"Tokyo Godfathers (2004)" Director
Tokyo Filmography
Tokyo Filmography
- kinks
- The Adicts
- Skyepoint
- Donna Summer
- Headlights
- Athlete
- Wombats
- Sky
- 10cc
- Bruce Cockburn
- Bob Schneider
- Bruce Springsteen
- Imagine Dragons
karaoke
Oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
Oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
I went down to Australia,
With my rock 'n' roll band.
It's very hot in Australia,
Still I'm gonna do the best I can.
Still I'm going to Tokyo,
Somehow I've gotta go.
I've gotta go to oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo
Oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
When I get to Tokyo,
I'm gonna see my girlfriend.
She gonna hold me so tight,
She gonna be my friend.
And when we have an argument,
She gonna tell me where to go.
"Why don't you get out and go to oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo"
Oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
Oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
I went to sushi bar,
I saw pretty Tokyo girl.
I had lots of sake, sake, sake,
Make me feel drunk, feel good.
I went for a drink with Road Hog and Romeo,
In oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
Oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
Oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
Pretty soon,
I'm gonna fly away.
Me and my girlfriend,
We gonna come back some day.
When I fly back to England,
I'll think of all the people I know,
Way back in oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
Oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
Oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
Oh, oh, oh, oh, Tokyo.
There's a lot of sexy ladies
Millions who have babies
All that I've been looking for
Is one that's free
Got to go to Tokyo
It must be in their cooking
Or the way they bow to me
I find Japanese ladies irresistible
Take me on a fast train
Take me on a jet plane
Take me in a wizards chest
Just take me there
Spin spin spin in the office chair
I cannot think so I sit and stare
Blink blink blink oh the cursor is my curse
Take me out in the cool night air
Where I untie my helium prayers
And clear my mind when the world turns in reverse
Oh I wish I was in Tokyo tonight
Getting lost in a people sea
Where they tell the future in neon lights
And the city never sleeps
Run run run till you’re legs give out
Escape the wings of the shadow doubt
And overcome all the walls that keep me in
I’m old enough to be on my feet
But still too young to accept defeat
And in my heart I’m just waiting to begin
Oh I wish I was in Tokyo tonight
Getting lost in a people sea
Where they tell the future in neon lights
And the city never sleeps
Where I could feel so small
And all the pressure on my shoulders
Would weigh not much at all
When I’m just one in a million more
Oh I wish I was in Tokyo tonight
Getting lost in a people sea
Where they tell the future in neon lights
And the city never sleeps
Oh I wish I was in Tokyo tonight
Getting lost in a people sea
Where they tell the future in neon lights
Met this stranger there, so I was
feeling somewhat scared
when I vacationed in a land that I
didn't know that well
but all the ladies there were nice
the gentlemen politely out of line
I kept on thinking how I'd like
to spend some time
I couldn't make up my mind, still
waitin' for the right sign
I was down in Tokyo
livin' in hotel Imperial
Met this man, he was something
very strange
said he was a spy from somewhere
else way far away
he told me things about myself that
I could tell nobody else
passed this message on to me, said
spirits move in secrecy
I could almost read the man's mind
waitin' for the right sign
I really wanna know if I'm gonna go
live my life in Tokyo, live my life in
Tokyo
Tokyo, live my life in Tokyo
He passed this message on to me
said spirits move in secrecy
a double agent amnesty
an Ian Fleming mystery
I, I know I read the man's mind
I know I got the right sign
I really wanna know if I'm gonna go
live my life in Tokyo, live my life in
Tokyo
Tokyo, live my life in Tokyo
live my life in Tokyo, live my life in
Tokyo
Tokyo, live my life in Tokyo
You’re walking,
Walking slow.
But you gotta move fast,
In Tokyo.
You can’t believe your eyes,
You finally got here.
So many little red lights,
It’s so alive here.
Another broken heart,
Another town you must take in stride.
If home is where the heart is,
Then home is here.
Because love aint all you need,
You see my dear.
Another broken heart,
Another town you must take in stride.
Another broken heart,
I am Tokyo
I am here
I am blazing lights
On your street.
I'm an upstart
Bound to cross you
I'm the hypocrite
By your side
She won't forget
And I won't forget
And no one around could tell us apart
Cause we want out something
And where something heart
I am Tokyo
I am here
I am neon signs
On your street
I'm an army
Of winter vines
Marching over your countryside
And she won't forget
And I won't forget
And no one around could tell us apart
Cause we ruined something
And where something heart.
There's never enough time
Only, only
Glove off, something bridge.
Pin prick to the heart
Can it go
I meant every spark
And no one around could tell us apart
Cause we ruined something
And where something heart.
We're burning thru town
Like there's nothing to lose
Cause we something
Something by heart... oh!
We're self imploding
Under the weight of your advice
I wear a suitcase
Under each one of my eyes
Finally I know now what it takes
It takes money and aeroplanes
[Chorus:]
If you love me let me go
Back to that bar in Tokyo
Where the demons from my past
Leave me in peace
(ah ah ah ah)
I'll be animating every night
The grass will be greener on the other side
And the Vampires and Wolves
Won't sink their teeth
(ah ah ah ah)
I'm sick of dancing with the beast
Astrophysics you'll never be my closest friend
I find no comfort in what my mind can't comprehend
Finally I work out what it takes
It takes money and airplanes
[Chorus:]
If you love me let me go
Back to that bar in Tokyo
Where the demons from my past
Leave me in peace
(ah ah ah ah ah)
I'll be animating every night
The grass will be greener on the other side
And the Vampires and Wolves
Won't sink their teeth
(ah ah ah ah ah)
I'm sick of dancing with the beast
No matter how much it needs me
Go and follow someone else's lead
[Chorus:]
If you love me let me go
Back to that bar in Tokyo
Where the demons from my past
Leave me in peace
(ah ah ah ah)
I'll be animating every night
The grass will be greener on the other side
And the Vampires and Wolves
Won't sink their teeth
(ah ah ah ah ah)
Flew in Friday night
Twelve hours, my head felt tired
Couldn't stop for too long
Between here and oz, I knew we'd gone
A long way from our home
Cultural shock was stinger strong
It didn't matter 'cause for me
Adventure is what I need and so did she
'Stasia said "let's get wild"
I want to see the town and maybe find a place to dance and have a good time
'Cause Tony you see I've got needs if you please
How does it feel to be out here without a home
Y'all keep on moving 'til you find what you're searching
CHORUS
Friday night, I'm on the floor
I can't get enough but I want some more
I know we'll back another day
Dancing all night in Tokyo
Flash of light through the door
Just like a kid in a candy store
My favourite track, I have to stay
Dancing all night in Tokyo
As I thought, the venue was fine
The people were crazy, the people were high
You got to know about my friend called Alexis
He humped a ride here from Texas
State of mind, we all try
To do our best from time to time
So now we're here across the world
Still don't know where I belong
How does it feel to be out here without a home
Y'all keep on moving 'til you find what you're searching
Transistorised, and anodised
Chrome plated, squeaky clean
Oh Tokyo, oh Tokyo
Oh Tokyo I love you
You're trembling, you're choking
But you're magical to me
Oh Tokyo, oh Tokyo
Oh Tokyo I love you
Kimonos, and Geisha girls
From grade one, down to three
Oh Tokyo, oh Tokyo
Oh Tokyo I love you
Land of the rising sun
You have taken my heart away
With your beauty you nearly blinded me
In your beauty I want to stay
I bow to you with my heart
I think of you every day
When I dream you are there beside me
But when I waken you're far away
Perfection, in miniature
With tiny hands, smiling eyes
Oh Tokyo, oh Tokyo
Oh Tokyo I love you
Tokyo
They're getting prepared to haul a car out of the river
Noise and smoke and concrete seem to be going on forever
Grinding gears and drivers getting high on exhaust
I'm thinking about the water down below and what got lost
Pachinko jingle and space torpedo beams
Comic book violence and escaping steam
Grey suited business men pissing against the wall --
Cut to crumbling guardrail, slow motions car fall
Oh Tokyo -- I never can sleep in your arms
Mind keeps on ringing like a fire alarm
Me and all these other dice bouncing around in the cup
Did you have to show me that accident scene
Didn't I get enough shaking up?
Still I'm gonna miss you...
Dragon of good fortune struggles with trickster fox
Energy and patience and the power of the buck
Tonight I'm flying headlong
To meet the dark red edge of dawn
I know somebody will be crying
And somebody will be gone
Oh Tokyo -- I never can sleep in your arms
Mind keeps on ringing like a fire alarm
Me and all these other dice bouncing around in the cup
Did you have to show me that accident scene
Didn't I get enough shaking up?
I went where all the girls are beautiful
Golden hair and radiant smiles
Cocaine high
Oblivion to pain
It made me feel so inadequate
And insane for that feel good feelin'
High inside their helium, the trance made vapor
Feelin' grim and grimy
Oh, Tokyo's not far enough
Away to where I wanna be today
Lonely ain't a word with me
It's absurd you see in crowded rooms
That's where it hits me
Splits me right in half, out spills the emptiness
No one wants to talk with someone cut in two
And actin' werewolf crazy hairdooed out of control
Would you like some company?
No thanks, I've had my fill today
Tokyo's not far enough
Away to where I wanna be today
Oh no, Tokyo's not far enough
Away to where I wanna be today
Oh, I wanna ride this party off in the sunset
It's a mystery to see that girl over there with the beer and the queer
Lookin' so debonair
And she don't care about this
It's looking so good, feelin' so fine
Motherfucker that I'd be cold chillin' in the place
Taste yes I've got it any more
Got the cold dinty moore and dental damns
Irish ham and rocket jam
Oh, Tokyo's not far enough
Away to where I wanna be today
Oh no, Tokyo's not far enough
Away to where I wanna be today
I don my fake fur feather Boa, just like Noah
Not tiger skin enough, fuckin' mackin
The clones ain't got no style just wait a while
Turn the dial and see my face
With cuties gettin' so much booty
It be my duty to, to rock this fucker like Stan Getz
Get your paws off my cigarettes so
I smoke Sherman, you German lookin' vermin, you're squirmin' now
Tokyo's not far enough
Away to where I wanna be today
Oh no, Tokyo's not far enough
Away to where I wanna be today
Oh no, Tokyo's not far enough
The moon hung like a shadow on a rung over shanghaiAnd the soldier boys were returning home screaming bonzai!And the kids are still playing their games,Getting hustled and rustled out in the rainAs I sat inside listening to the broadcast.Oh save my soul sweet rock and roll ’cuz I’m sinking fast.And then the band played.(out of nowhere)(everybody)(everybody)Well now the legendary chaplain of the fighting 51stWas getting ready to go.I said padre do you know a cheap virgin who likes to tango? He said you can try linda lee;Around the corner and across the sea.Oh word is out, word is out she’s fast.Oh blow me down now linda, ’cuz I’m sinking fast.Yes and them cats are sure getting fat down in the trainyard.And the sandman brings them dreams they ship out in boxcars.The union says hold; break out the dice, break out the gold.It’s lunchtime at last.And old big mama said george raff’s tonight on the late show.She sits straddling the kitchen chair really gung-hoShe shivers with chills, wet with slotcar thrillsHypnotically lost in the glassAnd we all sighed...With the sunriseAs we watched the credits pass.And the little blue dot went away.And then the morning cloak fell down like a hoax over sleepytownAnd garbage truck big lenny’s out drinking the last roundHe hurriedly sipped his beer, and poking fun of the queerAnd threatened to kick his ass.And the bell rangAnd the horn blowsAnd he’s outside pumping gasBut things were moving so slow tonightSo the kid goes back inside the stationAnd turns on the radio to his local am stationAnd the band playedRight on the radioIt’s on the radioAnd he listened to the bass lineAnd the boys in the band sangWhoa, whoa whoa-woWhoa, whoa whoa-wo(they’re so excited about it)Whoa, whoa whoa-wo(everybody alright)Whoa, whoa whoa-wo(and the band played)Whoa, whoa whoa-wo(and the band played)Whoa, whoa whoa-wo(everybody)Whoa, whoa whoa-wo
Baby's got a lot of baggage
It don't seem to matter, it don't seem to matter
Bought a ticket ro the mid-west, just for buisiness
but dismissed from the interest
it was a risk just for a mistress who was a hostess on the west-coast
Don't you see it in my eyes tonight-iiii-iiiight
Baby's got a lot of baggage
(Chorus)
Where do I have to go,
To find a honey with a little soul?
Tokyo, Tokyo - Turn off the lights and let it go
Oh it's nice to meet you
きみたのしむ (Kimi Tanoshimu)
Tokyo, Tokyo - Pay in the palms of the rock'n'roll
Get that dynamite
Chicka-Boom on the down tonight
I never seem to get it right
But you can show me so politely
Now don't you see it in my eyes tonight-iiii-iiiight
Get that dynamite
(Chorus)
HEY! I come back to where you are (x2)
Get that dynamite
(Chorus) (x2)
HEY! I come back to where you are (x2)
Tooo-ooookyooooooooo-oo-oo-oooo
Tooo-ooookyooooooooo-oo-oo-oooo
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The Wombats - Tokyo (Vampires & Wolves)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 02 Sep 2010
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Buy Tokyo (Vampires & Wolves) now from iTunes bit.ly You can now watch the official video for The Wombats' new single Tokyo (Vampires & Wolves)!
http://wn.com/The_Wombats_Tokyo_Vampires_Wolves
Experiencing Tokyo, Japan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:17
- Published: 25 Feb 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
We just got back from our trip to Tokyo, Japan. People want to know what it was like, so we're going to try to let you know exactly what we experienced. Check out all our coverage of our trip to Japan: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Experiencing_Tokyo,_Japan
TOKYO - CRUISE 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 13 Sep 2009
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Available on Blu-ray world-cruise2010.com
http://wn.com/TOKYO_CRUISE_2009
FEBRUARY VLOG: TOKYO!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:56
- Published: 01 Mar 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
My Tokyo Inspired Nail Tutorial www.youtube.com Tokyo Haul www.youtube.com TWITTERISTAS: twitter.com FACEBOOKERS: www.facebook.com JULIE G NAIL POLISH COLLECTION: www.youtube.com BUY IT HERE: www.jessesgirlcosmetics.com
http://wn.com/FEBRUARY_VLOG_TOKYO!
Rush hour in Tokyo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Published: 06 Jan 2012
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
world-cruise2010.com
http://wn.com/Rush_hour_in_Tokyo
Tokyo Drift
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Published: 04 Jul 2006
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Tokyo Drift By: Teriyaki Boyz
http://wn.com/Tokyo_Drift
Stephen Wiltshire draws Tokyo from memory
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Published: 02 Oct 2006
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
One of Stephen's extraordinary abilities is to memorize landscapes up to the highest detail. During this flight he had a thorough look at the view of the Japanese capital from the helicopter including thousands of buildings, towers, high-ways, cars, buses, even down to intricate details of trees and windows. Following the 30 minutes ride Stephen seemed to be very excited and ready for the challenge.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Wiltshire_draws_Tokyo_from_memory
TOKYO! TRAILER
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Published: 02 Feb 2009
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
TokyoTheMovie.com Michel Gondry, Leos Carax and Bong Joon-ho each direct a segment of this surreal triptych film which will be released March 6 in New York, and March 20 in Los Angeles and Nationwide.
http://wn.com/TOKYO!_TRAILER
The xx - Angels (Live In Tokyo)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Published: 22 Aug 2012
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Buy the new album Coexist: thexx.info Get the lyrics to Angels here: bit.ly Angels is taken from The xx's new album Coexist, out now on Young Turks. This video was shot while The xx visited Japan in July 2012. Directed by Jamie-James Medina. thexx.info http
http://wn.com/The_xx_Angels_Live_In_Tokyo
Quick Look: Tokyo Jungle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 34:41
- Published: 20 Sep 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Yes, that is a Pomeranian delivering a "Clean Kill" to a rabbit on the means streets of Tokyo. Jeff and Patrick explain.
http://wn.com/Quick_Look_Tokyo_Jungle
Tokyo Zombie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 103:49
- Published: 20 Mar 2012
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
A horror-comedy manga feature about two blue-collar factory workers (who happen to be jiu-jitsu experts) dealing with a zombie uprising in Tokyo. Fujio and Mitsuo are dreaming of training in martial arts overseas and becoming famous when they accidentally kill their overbearing boss. They decide to bury him at a man-made garbage mountain known as Dark Fuji. Unfortunately for them, the contaminated waste transforms the bodies of the dead into ravenous, flesh-eating zombies.
http://wn.com/Tokyo_Zombie
Travel Vlog: Tokyo, Seoul, Bei Jing, and Hong Kong
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:45
- Published: 18 Jul 2012
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
We decided to do this trip because it will be a long time before we have another opportunity to do something this cool. It was definitely an adventure. I cannot count my blessings enough to be so lucky to do something this neat. Definitely an eye opener and such a huge slap in the face. I've learn that I have it so easy in so many circumstances and I should just work harder to enjoy the fruit of my labor. So much more I wanted to say in this vlog, but all in all it gave me a broader understanding of life. Instagram: SLOABN Please like my facebook page and any requests can be posted here: www.facebook.com Instagram:SLOABN Main Channel: www.youtube.com/secretlifeofabionerd My vlog: www.youtube.com/bionerd2 My brother's vlog: www.youtube.com/vtec01 Gelato's channel: www.youtube.com/gelatodavinci Audio file(s) provided by www.audiomicro.com Got left over craft items? Send them here KL Cao PO Box 66154 Houston, TX 77266 Instagram sloabn Facebook Fanpage: www.facebook.com Beautylish: www.beautylish.com Twitter: www.twitter.com/ricesushi02 Face Book Group: www.facebook.com Tumblr: sloabn.tumblr.com Disclaimer: It's a travel video, I didn't buy it all. I just saw it all.
http://wn.com/Travel_Vlog_Tokyo,_Seoul,_Bei_Jing,_and_Hong_Kong
Tokyo Godfathers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 92:02
- Published: 02 Apr 2012
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
Three homeless friends, Gin (voice of Toru Emori), an alcoholic former professional bicycle racer, Hana (voice of Yoshiaki Umegaki), a transvestite, and Miyuki (voice of Aya Okamoto), a young runaway girl, live together in Tokyo. On Christmas Eve, the three discover an abandoned newborn in the trash. Hana, who would like to be a mother, convinces the others to keep the baby girl overnight. The next day, with a key found with the baby, they start tracking down her parents. Many adventures ensue as their rescue of the baby, attempts to take care of her, and quest to reunite her with her family draw them ever closer together. The adventure eventually proves to be a catalyst that inspires each of them to look inward to find what's worthy and resilient within themselves. Watch TOKYO GODFATHERS and hundreds of other free full-length streaming movies and TV shows on www.crackle.com Crackle Twitter twitter.com Be a Facebook Fan! www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Tokyo_Godfathers
Snail Mail Wednesday's From Tokyo, Japan! - On a Friday?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:03
- Published: 11 Aug 2012
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
A little tour of Tokyo, Japan My Google+ www.gplus.to My Twitter: www.twitter.com My Facebook: www.facebook.com Join The PowerHouse: www.destormpower.com Order your copy of "BE CAREFUL" NOW! http Snail Mail PO Box 964 North Hollywood, CA 91603 Snail Mail Wednesday's From Tokyo, Japan! - On a Friday? Snail Mail Wednesday's From Tokyo, Japan! - On a Friday? Snail Mail Wednesday's From Tokyo, Japan! - On a Friday? Snail Mail Wednesday's #3 - On a Friday? Snail Mail Wednesday's #3 - On a Friday?
http://wn.com/Snail_Mail_Wednesday's_From_Tokyo,_Japan!_On_a_Friday?
Tokyo Game Show Cosplay FEVER (Inside Gaming Extended)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Published: 27 Sep 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
www.youtube.com Click here to watch yesterday's Inside Gaming Daily Tokyo Game Show Cosplay FEVER (Inside Gaming Extended) From Japan, it's this year's Tokyo Game Show. Check out some of the ornate and crazy costumes with The Shibs. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - FOR MACHINIMA'S BEST HIGH QUALITY SERIES, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE MACHINIMA, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE SPORTS GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE MMO & RPG GAMEPLAY, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE COMPETITIVE GAMING, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE ANIMATIONS & SHORTS, GO TO: www.youtube.com FOR MORE TRAILERS, GO TO: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Tokyo_Game_Show_Cosplay_FEVER_Inside_Gaming_Extended
TOKYO JUNGLE™ Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Published: 20 Aug 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
In TOKYO JUNGLE, everything is the enemy, and only the strongest will survive! With over 50 playable animals to choose from, unleash your inner beast to hunt your way to the top of Tokyo's post-apocalyptic food chain. Whether in Story or Survival Mode, you never know where your next meal will come from or the dangers you'll face, so be prepared for anything and everything. Forage through this desolate but dangerous city to complete story-based challenges using a variety of survival skills, from all-out attack to stealth. Beware-- you are not the only animal out there hunting for survival! ©2012 Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.Tokyo Jungle is a trademark of Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC.
http://wn.com/TOKYO_JUNGLE™_Trailer
Tokyo Moves
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Published: 05 Jun 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
A point-and-shoot journey through Tokyo's dynamic blend of activity and harmony. Twitter: clicktotweet.com Directed, shot, and edited by Pat Leezy Youtube channel: www.youtube.com Twitter: www.twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com E-Mail: LeezyPro@gmail.com The official audio soundtrack is I, Aeronaut - Invisible Umbrella of the Barefoot Winter. Download this track for free at: soundcloud.com Official: iaeronaut.bandcamp.com Facebook: www.facebook.com This video is dedicated to Chris Charron and Hunter Lyon.
http://wn.com/Tokyo_Moves
TOKYO JUNGLE™ Launch Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Published: 25 Sep 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
In Tokyo Jungle, everything is the enemy, and only the strongest will survive! With over 50 playable animals to choose from, unleash your inner beast to hunt your way to the top of Tokyo's post-apocalyptic food chain. Whether in Story or Survival Mode, you never know where your next meal will come from or the dangers you'll face, so be prepared for anything and everything. Forage through this desolate but dangerous city to complete story-based challenges using a variety of survival skills, from all-out attack to stealth. Beware-- you are not the only animal out there hunting for survival! us.playstation.com ©2012 Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.Tokyo Jungle is a trademark of Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC.
http://wn.com/TOKYO_JUNGLE™_Launch_Trailer
Puppeteer Tokyo Game Show Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Published: 19 Sep 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Building upon the fantastical world of Puppeteer recently announced at at GamesCom 2012, this new TGS Trailer expands upon that story and digs a bit deeper into the magic of Calibrus, as well as the dangers Kutaro will face. Backstory: One dark moonlit night, a young boy named Kutaro was carried away by the maleficent Moon Bear King to a black castle where the unlucky lad was transformed into a puppet. Kutaro displeased the terrible tyrant, who devoured the boy's wooden head and cast away his body. But the headless hero was not alone, for he had discovered a very special pair of scissors to help him on his harrowing adventure to find his head, and his way home. Puppeteer is a brand new franchise developed exclusively for PlayStation 3 by SCE JAPAN Studio. Set in a magical puppeteer's theatre, this title will introduce you to a strange and fantastic world, where the environment is constantly changing. Players will enjoy a rich, dark fairytale where surprises lurk around every corner. ©2012 Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. Puppeteer is a trademark of Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC.
http://wn.com/Puppeteer_Tokyo_Game_Show_Trailer
120818 SNSD SMTown Live in Tokyo Concert
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 18 Aug 2012
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
mygirlsgeneration.blogspot.com sonems.net www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/120818_SNSD_SMTown_Live_in_Tokyo_Concert
Injustice: Gods Among Us - Tokyo Game Show Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:24
- Published: 20 Sep 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
What if our greatest heroes became our greatest threat? Injustice: Gods Among Us is an all-new game by award-winning NetherRealm Studios, creators of the definitive fighting game franchise Mortal Kombat. The game is scheduled for release in 2013 for the Xbox 360® video game and entertainment system from Microsoft, PlayStation®3 computer entertainment system and Wii U™.
http://wn.com/Injustice_Gods_Among_Us_Tokyo_Game_Show_Trailer
sWooZie in Tokyo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Published: 04 Sep 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Got flown down to Tokyo for a preview of Dead or Alive 5 and then over to San Fran for Hot Import Nights where IGN was hosting a DOA event. Game comes out Sept 25th- and I fear my social life will be over once I get it! Music - 1st song - Tusk: www.youtube.com 2nd song - Got Em': www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/sWooZie_in_Tokyo
Part 3: Tokyo Japan VLOG, Japan Cat Cafe, Mount Takao
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:48
- Published: 25 Sep 2012
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
✿ Hi friends! Please like if you like! New beauty video on Friday! :D ✿ Watch part 1 and 2: Part 1 Hong Kong: youtu.be Part 2: Great Wall of China: youtu.be ✿Subscribe to Justin's advice channel: www.youtube.com ✿ Subscribe to my beauty, DIY, crafts channel: www.youtube.com ✿Subscribe to COOKwithAPRIL: www.youtube.com ✿ You can also find me here! Let's stay connected! :D BAKING: www.youtube.com PINTEREST: pinterest.com FACEBOOK: tinyurl.com INSTAGRAM: followgram.me BLOG: www.aprilathena7.blogspot.com TWITTER: twitter.com ✿Cameras & equipment used to film: CanonXA10: amzn.to Nikon D5100: amzn.to Softbox: amzn.to Tags: "aprilathena7" "japan vlog" "japan travel vlog" "cat cafe" "mount takao" "vacation" "japan vacation"
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Photo: DOD / Public Domain
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For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation).
| Tokyo 東京 |
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|---|---|---|---|
| — Metropolis — | |||
| 東京都 · Tokyo Metropolis | |||
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| Anthem: Tokyo Metropolitan Song (東京都歌, Tokyo Toka?)[1] | |||
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 Tokyo
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| Coordinates: 35°41′22.22″N 139°41′30.12″E / 35.6895056°N 139.6917°E / 35.6895056; 139.6917Coordinates: 35°41′22.22″N 139°41′30.12″E / 35.6895056°N 139.6917°E / 35.6895056; 139.6917 | |||
| Country | Japan | ||
| Region | Kantō | ||
| Island | Honshu | ||
| Divisions | 23 special wards, 26 cities, 1 district, & 4 subprefectures | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Metropolis | ||
| • Governor | Shintaro Ishihara | ||
| • Capital | Shinjuku | ||
| Area(ranked 45th) | |||
| • Metropolis | 2,187.66 km2 (844.66 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 13,572 km2 (5,240 sq mi) | ||
| Population (August 1, 2011)[2][3] | |||
| • Metropolis | 13,185,502 | ||
| • Density | 6,000/km2 (16,000/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 35,682,460 | ||
| • Metro density | 2,629/km2 (6,810/sq mi) | ||
| • 23 Wards | 8,967,665 | ||
| (2011 per Prefectural Government) | |||
| Demonym | Tokyoite | ||
| Time zone | Japan Standard Time (UTC+9) | ||
| ISO 3166-2 | JP-13 | ||
| Flower | Somei-Yoshino cherry blossom | ||
| Tree | Ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba) | ||
| Bird | Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) | ||
| Website | www.metro.tokyo.jp | ||
Tokyo (東京, Tōkyō?, "Eastern Capital") [toːkʲoː], English /ˈtoʊki.oʊ/; officially Tokyo Metropolis (東京都, Tōkyō-to?),[4] is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of the world.[5] It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family. Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands.[6] Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, Tōkyō-fu?) and the city of Tokyo (東京市, Tōkyō-shi?).
The Tokyo Metropolitan government administers the 23 special wards of Tokyo (each governed as a city), which cover the area that was the city of Tokyo, as well as 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the special wards is over 8 million people, with the total population of the prefecture exceeding 13 million. The prefecture is part of the world's most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 35 million people and the world's largest urban agglomeration economy with a GDP of US$1.479 trillion at purchasing power parity in 2008, ahead of New York City metropolitan area, which ranks second on the list.[7] The city hosts 47 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest amount of any city.[8]
Tokyo has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the world economy, along with New York City and London.[9] The city is considered an alpha+ world city, listed by the GaWC's 2008 inventory[10] and ranked fourth among global cities by A.T. Kearney's 2012 Global Cities Index.[11] In 2010 Tokyo was named the second most expensive city for expatriate employees, according to the Mercer and Economist Intelligence Unit cost-of-living surveys,[12] and in 2009 named the third Most Liveable City and the World’s Most Livable Megalopolis by the magazine Monocle.[13] The Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world.[14][15] Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and is currently a Candidate City for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[16]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means "estuary".[17] Its name was changed to Tokyo (Tōkyō: tō (east) + kyō (capital)) when it became the imperial capital in 1868, in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital ('京') in the name of the capital city.[17] During the early Meiji period, the city was also called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same Chinese characters representing "Tokyo". Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei".[18] However, this pronunciation is now obsolete.[19]
History[link]
Main article: History of Tokyo
Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo,[6] in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province.[20]
Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the late twelfth century. In 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu made Edo his base and when he became shogun in 1603, the town became the center of his nationwide military government. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century.[21] Tokyo became the de facto capital of Japan[22] even while the emperor lived in Kyoto, the imperial capital. After about 263 years, the shogunate was overthrown under the banner of restoring imperial rule. In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo. Tokyo was already the nation's political and cultural center,[23] and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was established, and continued to be the capital until it was abolished as a municipality in 1943 and merged with the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo.
Central Tokyo, like Osaka, has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right-of-way. This differs from many cities in the United States that are low-density and automobile-centric. Though expressways have been built in Tokyo, the basic design has not changed.
Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century, but it recovered from both. One was the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which left 140,000 dead or missing,[24] and the other was World War II. The Bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945, with 75,000 to 200,000 killed and half of the city destroyed, was almost as devastating as the atomic bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined.[25]
After the war, Tokyo was completely rebuilt, and was showcased to the world during the 1964 Summer Olympics. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments such as Sunshine 60, a new and controversial[26] airport at Narita in 1978 (some distance outside city limits), and a population increase to about 11 million (in the metropolitan area).
Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world[27] as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during a real estate and debt bubble. The bubble burst in the early 1990s, and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with mortgage backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "Lost Decade"[28] from which it is now slowly recovering.
Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place, Tennozu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (now also a Shinkansen station), and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station. Buildings of significance are demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills.
Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed[29] for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, in order to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial[30] within Japan and have yet to be realized.
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo. However, due to Tokyo's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami,[31] although activity in the city was largely halted.[32] The subsequent nuclear crisis caused by the tsunami has also largely unaffected Tokyo, despite occasional spikes in radiation levels.[33][34]
Geography and administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: Politics of Tokyo and List of mergers in Tokyo
The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about 90 km east to west and 25 km north to south. The average elevation in Tokyo is 40 m (131 ft 3 in).[35] Chiba Prefecture borders it to the east, Yamanashi to the west, Kanagawa to the south, and Saitama to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area (多摩地域) stretching westwards.
Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than 1,000 km away from the mainland. Because of these islands and mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far underrepresent the real figures for urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.
Under Japanese law, Tokyo is designated as a to (都), translated as metropolis.[36] Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other prefectures. Within Tokyo lie dozens of smaller entities, including many cities, the 23 special wards, districts, towns, villages, a quasi-national park, and a national park. The 23 special wards (特別区 -ku), which until 1943 constituted the city of Tokyo, are now separate, self-governing municipalities, each having a mayor, a council, and the status of a city.
In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo also includes 26 more cities (市 -shi), five towns (町 -chō or machi), and eight villages (村 -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its headquarters are in the ward of Shinjuku. They govern all of Tokyo, including lakes, rivers, dams, farms, remote islands, and national parks in addition to its neon jungles, skyscrapers and crowded subways.
Special wards[link]
The special wards (tokubetsu-ku) of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City. On July 1, 1943, Tokyo City was merged with Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, Tōkyō-fu?) forming the current "metropolitan prefecture". As a result, unlike other city wards in Japan, these wards are not conterminous with a larger incorporated city. While falling under the jurisdiction of Tokyo Metropolitan Government, each ward is also a borough with its own elected leader and council, like other cities of Japan. The special wards use the word "city" in their official English name (e.g. Chiyoda City).
The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city.[37]
The special wards of Tokyo are:
The "three core wards" of Tokyo are Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato.[38]
Western Tokyo[link]
To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan.
While serving as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of these also have a local commercial and industrial base. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama Area or Western Tokyo.
Cities[link]
Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo:
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area,[39] as part of its plans to disperse urban functions away from central Tokyo.
Nishitama District[link]
The far west is occupied by the district (gun) of Nishitama. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, Mount Kumotori, is 2,017 m high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takasu (1737 m), Odake (1266 m), and Mitake (929 m). Lake Okutama, on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is Tokyo's largest lake. The district is composed of three towns and one village.
Towns
Village
Islands[link]
Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as 1850 km from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the metropolitan government in Shinjuku, local offices administer them.
The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Niijima, Shikinejima, Kozushima, Miyakejima, Mikurajima, Hachijojima, and Aogashima. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village.
The Ogasawara Islands include, from north to south, Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at 1,850 km the most distant island from central Tokyo, and Okino Torishima, the southernmost point in Japan. The last island is contested by the People's Republic of China as being only uninhabited rocks. The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but host Japanese Self-Defense Forces personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-jima and Haha-jima. The islands form both the subprefecture of Ogasawara and the village of Ogasawara.
| Subprefecture | Municipality | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Hachijō | Hachijō | Town |
| Aogashima | Village | |
| Miyake | Miyake | Village |
| Mikurajima | Village | |
| Ōshima | Ōshima | Town |
| Toshima | Village | |
| Niijima | Village | |
| Kōzushima | Village | |
| Ogasawara | Ogasawara | Village |
National parks[link]
As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (second only to Shiga Prefecture), namely the Chichibu Tama Kai, Fuji-Hakone-Izu, and Ogasawara National Parks (the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site); Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park; and Akikawa Kyūryō, Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō, Sayama, Takao Jinba, Takiyama, and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks.[40]
Ueno Park is well known for its museums: Tokyo National Museum, National Science Museum, Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art, among others. There are also art works and statues at several places in the park.
Seismicity[link]
Tokyo was hit by powerful earthquakes in the 1703 Genroku earthquake, 1782, 1812, the 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake, and 1923.[41][42] The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people. Tokyo is near the boundary of three plates.
Climate[link]
The former city of Tokyo and the majority of mainland Tokyo lie in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification Cfa),[43] with hot humid summers and generally mild winters with cool spells. The region, like much of Japan, experiences a one-month seasonal lag, with the warmest month being August, which averages 27.5 °C (81.5 °F), and the coolest month being January, averaging 6.0 °C (42.8 °F). The record low temperature is −9.2 °C (15.4 °F), and the record high is 39.5 °C (103.1 °F), though there was once an unofficial reading of 42.7 °C (108.9 °F) at the Primary School Station.[44] Annual rainfall averages nearly 1,530 millimetres (60.2 in), with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost annually.[45] Tokyo also often sees typhoons each year, though few are strong. The last one to hit was Fitow in 2007,[46] whilst the wettest month since records began in 1876 has been October 2004 with 780 millimetres (30 in)[47] including 270.5 millimetres (10.6 in) on the ninth of that month.[48]
| Climate data for Tokyo (wards area, 1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
18.8 (65.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
29.4 (84.9) |
31.1 (88.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
19.96 (67.92) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
2.9 (37.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.7 (51.3) |
15.4 (59.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
23.0 (73.4) |
24.5 (76.1) |
21.1 (70.0) |
15.4 (59.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
12.93 (55.28) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 45 (1.77) |
60 (2.36) |
100 (3.94) |
125 (4.92) |
138 (5.43) |
185 (7.28) |
126 (4.96) |
148 (5.83) |
180 (7.09) |
164 (6.46) |
89 (3.5) |
46 (1.81) |
1,406 (55.35) |
| Snowfall cm (inches) | 5 (2) |
5 (2) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
11 (4.3) |
| % humidity | 49 | 50 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 72 | 73 | 71 | 71 | 66 | 59 | 52 | 61.9 |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) | 5 | 7 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 7 | 4 | 114 |
| Avg. snowy days | 2.8 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 9.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 175 | 150 | 165 | 161 | 182 | 123 | 137 | 177 | 110 | 129 | 137 | 166 | 1,812 |
| Source no. 1: Japan Meteorological Agency [49] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: The Weather Network[50] | |||||||||||||
Environment[link]
Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan's first emissions cap system, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emission by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level.[51]
Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards.[46][52] According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government,[53] the annual mean temperature has increased by about 3 °C (5.4 °F) over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate."[54]
Demographics[link]
As of October 2007, the official intercensal estimate showed 12.79 million people in Tokyo with 8.653 million living within Tokyo's 23 wards.[2] During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4 million during the day.[2]
The entire prefecture had 12,790,000 residents in October 2007 (8,653,000 in 23 wards), with an increase of over 3 million in the day. Tokyo is at its highest population ever, while that of the 23 wards peak official count was 8,893,094 in the 1965 Census, with the count dipping below 8 million in the 1995 Census.[citation needed] People continue to move back into the core city as land prices have fallen dramatically.[citation needed]
As of 2005, the most common foreign nationalities found in Tokyo are Chinese (123,661), Korean (106,697), Filipino (31,077), American (18,848), British (7,696), Brazilian (5,300) and French (3,000).[55]
The 1889 Census[citation needed] recorded 1,389,600 people in Tokyo City, Japan's largest city at the time.
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Economy[link]
See also: Tourism in Tokyo
.jpg)
Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Tokyo urban area (35.2 million people) had a total GDP of US$1.479 trillion in 2008 (at purchasing power parity), which topped the list.[7] As of 2009, 51 of the companies listed on the Global 500 are based in Tokyo, almost twice that of the second-placed city (Paris).[56]
Tokyo is a major international finance center,[57] houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, and broadcasting industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following World War II, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.
Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive (highest cost-of-living) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006.[58] This analysis is for living a corporate executive lifestyle, with items like a detached house and several automobiles.[citation needed]
The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan's largest stock exchange, and third largest in the world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the Japanese asset price bubble, it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value.[59] Tokyo had 8,460 ha (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003,[60] according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. Komatsuna and spinach are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the komatsuna sold at its central produce market.
With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of lumber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers.
Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish.[citation needed] Presently, most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijōjima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and aji are among the ocean products.[citation needed]
Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy.
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Greater Tokyo
Tokyo, as the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail, ground, and air transportation. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient[61] trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role.
Within Ōta, one of the 23 special wards, Haneda Airport offers domestic and international flights. Outside Tokyo, Narita International Airport, in Chiba Prefecture, is the major gateway for international travelers to Japan and Japan's flag carrier Japan Airlines, All Nippon Airways, Delta Air Lines, and United Airlines all have a hub at this airport.
Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports. Hachijōjima (Hachijojima Airport), Miyakejima (Miyakejima Airport), and Izu Ōshima (Oshima Airport) have services to Tokyo International and other airports.
Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. Two organizations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The metropolitan government and private carriers operate bus routes. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku.
Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area, the Kantō region, and the islands of Kyūshū and Shikoku.
Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns. Also long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Tokyo
Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo, including University of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Waseda University, and Keio University.[62] Some of the biggest national universities in Tokyo are:
- Ochanomizu University
- University of Electro-Communications
- National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- University of Tokyo
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
- Tokyo Gakugei University
- Tokyo University of the Arts
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Hitotsubashi University.
There is only one non-national public university: Tokyo Metropolitan University.
There are also a few universities well known for classes conducted in English and for the teaching of the Japanese language. They include:
For an extensive list, see List of universities in Tokyo.
Publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and junior high schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public high schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called "Metropolitan High Schools". Tokyo also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school.[63]
Culture[link]
Tokyo has many museums. In Ueno Park, there is the Tokyo National Museum, the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National Museum of Western Art; the National Museum of Science and Ueno Zoo. Other museums include the Nezu Art Museum in Aoyama; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in Sumida, across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art, which are near the Imperial Palace.
Tokyo has many theaters for performing arts. These include national and private theaters for traditional forms of Japanese drama (such as noh and kabuki) as well as modern drama. Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform modern and traditional music. Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and international pop and rock music at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known arenas such as the Nippon Budokan.
Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo. Major events include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, and the biennial Kanda Festivals. The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous fireworks display over the Sumida River attracts over a million viewers. Once cherry blossoms, or sakura, bloom in spring, many residents gather in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the blossoms.
Harajuku, a neighborhood in Shibuya, is known internationally for its youth style, fashion[64] and cosplay.
Cuisine in Tokyo is internationally acclaimed. In November 2007, Michelin released their guide for fine dining in Tokyo, awarding 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as Tokyo's nearest competitor, Paris. Eight establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 25 received two stars, and 117 earned one star. Of the eight top-rated restaurants, three offer traditional Japanese fine dining, two are sushi houses and three serve French cuisine.[65]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Tokyo
Tokyo, with a diverse array of sports, is home to two professional baseball clubs, the Yomiuri Giants who play at the Tokyo Dome and Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The Japan Sumo Association is also headquartered in Tokyo at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo arena where three official sumo tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). Football (soccer) clubs in Tokyo include F.C. Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969, both of which play at Ajinomoto Stadium in Chōfu.
Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics. The National Stadium, also known as the Olympic Stadium is host to a number of international sporting events. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, American football exhibition games, judo, and karate. Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. According to Around the Rings, the gymnasium will play host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, despite the International Gymnastics Federation's initial doubt in Tokyo's ability to host the championships following the March 11 tsunami. Tokyo is currently bidding to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.[66] The IOC selected Tokyo as a Candidate City in May 2012. [67]
In popular culture[link]
As the largest population center in Japan and the location of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series (anime), web comics, and comic books (manga). In the kaiju (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are routinely destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla.
Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a filming location for movies set in Tokyo. Well-known examples from the postwar era include Tokyo Joe, My Geisha, and the James Bond film You Only Live Twice; well-known contemporary examples include Kill Bill, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, Lost in Translation and Inception.
Cityscape[link]
Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and later after extensive firebombing in World War II.[68] Because of this, Tokyo's current urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture, and older buildings are scarce.[68] Tokyo features many internationally famous forms of modern architecture including Tokyo International Forum, Asahi Beer Hall, Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building and Rainbow Bridge. Tokyo also features two distinctive towers: Tokyo Tower and the new Tokyo Skytree which is the tallest tower in Japan and the second tallest structure in the world.[69]
Tokyo also contains numerous parks and gardens.
International relations[link]
Twin towns and sister cities[link]
Tokyo is twinned with the following cities and states:[70]
- Beijing, China
- Berlin, Germany
- Cairo, Egypt
- Jakarta, Indonesia
- Moscow, Russia
- New South Wales, Australia
- New York City, United States
- Paris, France
- Rome, Italy
- Santiago de Chile, Chile
- São Paulo State, Brazil
- Seoul, South Korea
Partnerships[link]
In addition, Tokyo has a "partnership" agreement with:
- London, UK
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "東京都歌・市歌". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. http://www.seikatubunka.metro.tokyo.jp/bunka/keishou/tokasika.htm. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Population of Tokyo". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview03.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
- ^ "大都市圏・都市圏の人口". Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2005/nihon/mokuji.htm. Retrieved 2005.
- ^ "Geography of Tokyo". Tokyo Metropolitan Government.
- ^ "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision Population Database". United Nations. http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ a b Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Tōkyō" in Japan Encyclopedia, pp. 981-982 at Google Books; "Kantō" in p. 479 at Google Books
- ^ a b "Global city GDP rankings 2008-2025". Pricewaterhouse Coopers. https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
- ^ Fortune. "Global Fortune 500 by countries: Japan". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/countries/Japan.html. Retrieved 2011-07-22.
- ^ Sassen, Saskia (2001). The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07063-6.
- ^ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2008". Lboro.ac.uk. 2010-04-13. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- ^ "A.T. Kearney Global Cities Index, 2012". A.T. Kearney. http://www.atkearney.com/images/global/pdf/2012_Global_Cities_Index_and_Emerging_Cities_Outlook-FINAL3.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ The Mercer 2009 Cost of Living Survey.
- ^ Fawkes, Piers (2009-06-18). "Top 25 Most Liveable Cities 2009 - Monocle". PSFK.com. http://www.psfk.com/2009/06/top-25-most-liveable-cities-2009-monocle-magazine-zurich-copenhagen-tokyo-munich-helsinki.html. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
- ^ (Japanese) "「ミシュランガイド東京・横浜・鎌倉2011」を発行 三つ星が14軒、二つ星が54軒、一つ星が198軒に", Michelin Japan, November 24, 2010.
- ^ Tokyo is Michelin's biggest star From The Times November 20, 2007
- ^ "Six Applicant Cities for the 2020 Olympic Games". Olympic.org. http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ a b Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World. McFarland & Company (1996), p360. ISBN 0-7864-1814-1.
- ^ Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. p. 253.
- ^ "明治東京異聞～トウケイかトウキョウか～東京の読み方" Tokyo Metropolitan Archives (2004). Retrieved on September 13, 2008. (Japanese)
- ^ Nussbaum, "Provinces and prefectures" at p. 780 at Google Books
- ^ McClain, James et al., James (1994). Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era. p. 13.
- ^ Sorensen, Andre (2004). The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century. p. 16.
- ^ "History of Tokyo". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview01.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
- ^ Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
- ^ Tipton, Elise K. (2002). Modern Japan: A Social and Political History. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 0-585-45322-5.
- ^ "Tokyo Narita International Airport (NRT) Airport Information (Tokyo, Japan)". Retrieved on September 11, 2008.
- ^ "Rail Transport in The World's Major Cities" (PDF). Japan Railway and Transport Review. http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr25/pdf/f04_oka.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
- ^ Saxonhouse, Gary R. (ed.); Robert M. Stern (ed.) (2004). Japan's Lost Decade: Origins, Consequences and Prospects for Recovery. Blackwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-4051-1917-9.
- ^ "Shift of Capital from Tokyo Committee". Japan Productivity Center for Socio-Economic Development. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070825113931/http://www.jpc-sed.or.jp/eng/committee/committee06.html. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ "Policy Speech by Governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara at the First Regular Session of the Metropolitan Assembly, 2003". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/GOVERNOR/SPEECH/2003/0301/2.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
- ^ "Despite Major Earthquake Zero Tokyo Buildings Collapsed Thanks to Stringent Building Codes". http://inhabitat.com/despite-record-breaking-earthquake-no-buildings-in-tokyo-collapsed-thanks-to-stringent-building-codes/. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
- ^ Williams, Carol J. (March 11, 2011). "Japan earthquake disrupts Tokyo, leaves capital only lightly damaged". http://www.latimes.com/. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/11/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-tokyo-20110311. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
- ^ "Tokyo Radiation Levels- Metropolis Magazine". http://metropolis.co.jp/quake/quake-2011-03/tokyo-radiation-levels-historical/. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^ "Tokyo radiation levels – daily updates – April". http://chottomatte.net/2011/04/01/tokyo-radiation-levels-daily-updates-april/. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
- ^ "Population of Tokyo, Japan". mongabay. http://population.mongabay.com/population/japan/1850147/tokyo. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ "Local Government in Japan" (PDF). Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. p. 8. http://70.86.96.100/pdfs/en/localg2006.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
- ^ The Structure of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Tokyo government webpage)
- ^ Population of Tokyo - Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Retrieved on July 4, 2009)
- ^ "Development of the Metropolitan Center, Subcenters and New Base". Bureau of Urban Development, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. http://www.toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.jp/plan/pe-011.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ "General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture". Ministry of the Environment. http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/files/np_6.pdf. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- ^ "A New 1649-1884 Catalog of Destructive Earthquakes near Tokyo and Implications for the Long-term Seismic Process" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. http://sicarius.wr.usgs.gov/tokyo/submitted/GrunewaldJGR_submitted.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ "A new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for greater Tokyo" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/reports/reprints/Stein_PRSLA_364.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.: Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1633-1644, 2007.
- ^ "Extreme temperatures around the world". Herrera, Maximiliano. http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ "Tokyo observes latest ever 1st snowfall". Kyodo News. Tokyo. March 16, 2005. Archived from the original on March 19, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070319230142/http://asia.news.yahoo.com/070316/kyodo/d8nsv0600.html. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- ^ a b Barry, Roger Graham & Richard J. Chorley. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate. Routledge (2003), p344. ISBN 0-415-27170-3.
- ^ 気象庁 Japan Meteorological Agency. "観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）". Data.jma.go.jp. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47662&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=&day=&elm=rank&view=. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ 気象庁 Japan Meteorological Agency. "観測史上1～10位の値（10月としての値）". Data.jma.go.jp. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47662&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=&month=10&day=&view=. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ "気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）". Japan Meteorological Agency. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&prec_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E%93s&block_no=47662&block_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=.
- ^ "Statistics: Tokyo, Japan". The Weather Network. 2011-01-02. http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/c01022. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ "World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)". Wbcsd.org. http://www.wbcsd.org/plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=MzAyNzQ. Retrieved 2008-10-18. [dead link]
- ^ Toshiaki Ichinose, Kazuhiro Shimodozono, and Keisuke Hanaki. Impact of anthropogenic heat on urban climate in Tokyo. Atmospheric Environment 33 (1999): 3897-3909.
- ^ "Heat Island Control Measures". .kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp. 2007-01-06. http://www2.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/sgw/English/heatisland.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- ^ Barry, Roger Graham; Chorley, Richard J.. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate. London: Methuen Publishing. p. 344. ISBN 0-416-07152-X.
- ^ "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook 2005, Population". Bureau of General Affairs, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/2005/tn05qyte0510b.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ "Global 500 Our annual ranking of the world's largest corporationns". CNNMoney.com. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/cities/. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
- ^ "Financial Centres, All shapes and sizes". The Economist. 2007-09-13. http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753204. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ "Oslo is world's most expensive city: survey". Reuters. January 31, 2006. http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-01-31T113907Z_01_L312905_RTRUKOC_0_US-LIFE-CITIES.xml&archived=False. Retrieved February 1. [dead link] (inactive).
- ^ "Tokyo stock exchange". Stock-market.in. http://www.stock-market.in/2007/02/26/tokyo-stock-exchange/. Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- ^ Horticulture Statistics Team, Production Statistics Division, Statistics and Information Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (July 15, 2003). "Statistics on Cultivated Land Area". Archived from the original on 2008-06-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080624195936/http://www.maff.go.jp/esokuhou/sei200305.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- ^ "A Country Study: Japan". The Library of Congress. pp. Chapter 2, Neighborhoods. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
- ^ "The Times Higher Education - QS World University Rankings 2008". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. http://www.topuniversities.com/university_rankings/results/2008/overall_rankings/fullrankings/. Retrieved 2008-11-11. [dead link]
- ^ "東京都高等学校一覧" (in Japanese). Japanese Wikipedia. http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/東京都高等学校一覧. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
- ^ Perry, Chris (2007-04-25) (Flash). Rebels on the Bridge: Subversion, Style, and the New Subculture. Self-published (Scribd). http://www.scribd.com/doc/38260/Harajuku-Rebels-on-the-Bridge. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
- ^ "Tokyo 'top city for good eating'". BBC NEWS. November 20, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/also_in_the_news/7103255.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
- ^ "Tokyo to bid for 2020 Olympics". Google.com. 2011-07-15. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jnxwz7s2j-8Vpd427BpvdQElCYnA?docId=CNG.85dd3468c38ddd2a33b111209b8647f1.1c1. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ IOC selects three cities as Candidates for the 2020 Olympic Games
- ^ a b Hidenobu Jinnai. Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology. University of California Press (1995), p1-3. ISBN 0-520-07135-2.
- ^ "Tokyo - GoJapanGo". Tokyo Attractions - Japanese Lifestyle. Mi Marketing Pty Ltd. http://www.gojapango.com/tokyo/. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Sister Cities (States) of Tokyo - Tokyo Metropolitan Government". http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/policy06.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
References[link]
- Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley. (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 10-ISBN 070071409X/13-ISBN 9780700714094; OCLC 51527561
- McClain, James, John M Merriman and Kaoru Ugawa. (1994). Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 10-ISBN 0801429870/13-ISBN 9780801429873; OCLC 30157716
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
- McClain, James, John M Merriman and Kaoru Ugawa. (1994). Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 10-ISBN 0801429870/13-ISBN 9780801429873; OCLC 30157716
- Sorensen, Andre. (2002). The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 10-ISBN 0415226511/13-ISBN 9780415226516; OCLC 48517502
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Stephen Wiltshire MBE, (born 24 April 1974) is a British architectural artist of West Indian ancestry who has been diagnosed with autism.[1][2] He is known for his ability to draw from memory a landscape after seeing it just once. His work has received worldwide popularity.
In 2006, Wiltshire was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to art.[1] In the same year, he opened a permanent gallery on the Royal Opera Arcade in London.[3]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Wiltshire was born in London, England, in 1974 to West Indian parents.[1] Wiltshire was mute when young. At age three, he was diagnosed as autistic. The same year, his father died in a motorcycle accident.[1][2]
File:Flat Iron Building in New York by Stephen Wiltshire MBE.jpg
Flat Iron Building New York by Stephen Wiltshire (2006)
At age five, Stephen was sent to Queensmill School in London where he expressed interest in drawing. He began to communicate through his art. His teachers encouraged his drawing, and with their aid Wiltshire learned to speak at the age of five.[2] At the age of eight, he started drawing imaginary post-earthquake cityscapes and cars. When he was ten, Wiltshire drew a sequence of drawings of London landmarks, one for each letter, that he called a "London Alphabet".[3]
In 1987, Wiltshire was part of the BBC programme The Foolish Wise Ones.[3] Drawings, a collection of his works, was published that same year.[3]
Between 1995 and his graduation in 1998, Wiltshire attended the City and Guilds of London Art School[4] in Kennington, Lambeth, South London.
Career[link]
Wiltshire can look at a target once and then draw an accurate and detailed picture of it. He once drew the whole of central London after a helicopter trip above it.[5] He also draws imaginary scenes, for example, St. Paul's Cathedral surrounded by flames.
File:Venice by Stephen Wiltshire MBE.jpg
Venice by Stephen Wiltshire (2008)
Wiltshire's early books include Drawings (1987), Cities (1989), Floating Cities (1991), and Stephen Wiltshire's American Dream (1993). His third book, Floating Cities (Michael Joseph, 1991), was number one on the Sunday Times bestseller list.
In 2003, a retrospective of his work was held in the Orleans House gallery in Twickenham, London.
In May 2005 Stephen produced his longest ever panoramic memory drawing of Tokyo on a 32.8-foot-long (10.0 m) canvas within seven days following a helicopter ride over the city. Since then he has drawn Rome, Hong Kong, Frankfurt, Madrid,[6] Dubai,[7][8] Jerusalem[9][10] and London[11][12] on giant canvasses. When Wiltshire took the helicopter ride over Rome, he drew it in such great detail that he drew the exact number of columns in the Pantheon.[13]
In October 2009 Stephen completed the last work in the series of panoramas, an 18-foot (5.5 m) memory drawing of his "spiritual home", New York City.[14][15] Following a 20-minute helicopter ride over the city he sketched the view of New Jersey, Manhattan, the Financial District, Ellis Island, the Statue of Liberty and Brooklyn over five days at the Pratt Institute college of art and design in New York City.
In 2010, he made a series of drawings of Sydney,[16][17] and visited Bermuda National Gallery where the sale of his drawing of Hamilton[18] broke auction records. In June 2010, Christie's auctioned off[19] an iconic oil painting of his "Times Square at Night".
Wiltshire started a tour of China in September 2010, with a first project taking him to Shanghai.[20]
A 2011 project in New York City involved Wiltshire's creation of a 250 feet (76 m) long panoramic memory drawing of New York which is now displayed on a giant billboard at JFK Airport. It is a part of a global advertising campaign[21] for the Swiss bank UBS that carries the theme "We will not rest", The New York Times reported.[22]
Recognition[link]
Stephen's work has been the subject of many TV documentaries. Renowned neurologist Oliver Sacks writes about him in the chapter "Prodigies" in his book An Anthropologist on Mars.
In 2006, Stephen Wiltshire was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to art.[1] In September 2006 Stephen opened his permanent gallery in the Royal Opera Arcade, Pall Mall, London.[3]
On 15 February 2008, ABC News named him Person of the Week.[23] In his first intimate interview with The Independent[24] in 2009 he revealed his dreams, aspirations, idols and biggest regrets.
In July 2009 he acted as ambassador of the Children's Art Day in the United Kingdom.
In 2011, Stephen Wiltshire has been made an honorary Fellow of the Society of Architectural Illustration (SAI).
See also[link]
- Beautiful Minds: A Voyage Into the Brain, a documentary on a number of similarly gifted people, including Wiltshire
- Richard Wawro
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e Kirby, Terry (4 January 2006). "Honour for autistic man who speaks through art". The Independent (London). http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article336417.ece. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ a b c "Biography". The Stephen Wiltshire Gallery. http://www.stephenwiltshire.co.uk/biography.aspx. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
- ^ a b c d e Treffert, Darold. "Stephen Wiltshire - Prodigious Drawing Ability and Visual Memory". Wisconsin Medical Society. http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/savant_syndrome/savant_profiles/stephen_wiltshire. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
- ^ Education details at www.stephenwiltshire.co.uk
- ^ "Unlocking the brain's potential". BBC News. 10 March 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1211299.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ^ ADN - La memoria fotocopiadora de Stephen Wiltshire
- ^ "Inkredible man", Khaleej Times, 15 April 2008.
- ^ "UK Artist Stephen Wiltshire’s Giant Canvas on Display at DIFC", ePathram.com, April 2008.
- ^ A picture's worth at ynet.com
- ^ Painting a picture of Jerusalem, Haaretz
- ^ Wansell, Geoffery (2008-04-08). "Revealed: How autistic genius Stephen Wiltshire drew his amazing picture of London's skyline". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=557942&in_page_id=1770.
- ^ Adams, Stephen (2 April 2008). "Stephen Wiltshire, the human camera who drew London from memory". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/02/ncamera102.xml.
- ^ "Stephen el memorioso", El Pais, 5 February 2008. (in Spanish)
- ^ Dwyer, Jim (28 October 2009). "Like a Skyline Is Etched in His Head". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/28/nyregion/28about.html?_r=1.
- ^ "Autistic artist Stephen Wiltshire draws spellbinding 18ft picture of New York from memory... after a 20-minute helicopter ride over city". Daily Mail (London). 2009-10-29. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223790/Autistic-artist-draws-18ft-picture-New-York-skyline-memory.html.
- ^ Stephen Wiltshire's Sydney project at his official website
- ^ Artist with a difference - Stephen Wiltshire in Sydney, Australian Broadcasting Company, 29 April 2010.
- ^ Article, The Royal Gazette
- ^ A Star is Born
- ^ Article image, Shanghai Times (archived at his official website), 29 September 2010.
- ^ Television ad for UBS featuring Stephen Wiltshire
- ^ Elliott, Stuart (2011-05-12). "This Billboard Could Draw Attention". The New York Times. http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/12/this-billboard-could-draw-attention/.
- ^ "Stephen Wiltshire Person of the Week" ABC World News, 2008-02-15
- ^ The Independent - My secret life
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stephen Wiltshire |
- Official website
- "We will not rest" advertising campaign
- Stephen Wiltshire at the Internet Movie Database
- Stephen Wiltshire on Facebook
- Stephen Wiltshire on Twitter
- Stephen Wiltshire on YouTube
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Wiltshire, Stephen |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Architectural artist |
| Date of birth | 1974-04-21 |
| Place of birth | London, UK |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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"HK" redirects here. For other uses, see HK (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
| Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China[note 1]
中華人民共和國香港特別行政區
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| Anthem: March of the Volunteers 《義勇軍進行曲》 |
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 View at night from Victoria Peak
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| Official language(s) | Chinese, English[note 2] | |||||
| Spoken languages | Cantonese, English | |||||
| Writing systems | Traditional Chinese, English alphabet | |||||
| Demonym | Hong Konger | |||||
| Government | Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China | |||||
| - | Chief Executive | Donald Tsang | ||||
| - | Chief Executive-elect | CY Leung | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | Geoffrey Ma | ||||
| - | President of the Legislative Council |
Jasper Tsang | ||||
| Legislature | Legislative Council | |||||
| Establishment | ||||||
| - | Treaty of Nanking | 29 August 1842 | ||||
| - | Japanese occupation | 25 December 1941 – 15 August 1945 |
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| - | Conveyance from British sovereignty to Chinese sovereignty | 1 July 1997 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 1,104 km2 (179th) 426 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 4.58 (50 km²; 19 mi²)[3] | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 census | 7,061,200[4] | ||||
| - | Density | 6,480[5]/km2 (4th) 16,576/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $351.119 billion[6] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $49,137[6] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $243.302 billion[6] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $34,049[6] | ||||
| Gini (2007) | 43.4[7] | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.898[8] (very high) (13th) |
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| Currency | Hong Kong dollar (HKD) |
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| Time zone | HKT (UTC+8) | |||||
| Date formats | yyyy年m月d日 (Chinese) dd-mm-yyyy (English) |
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| Drives on the | left | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | HK | |||||
| Internet TLD | .hk and .香港 | |||||
| Calling code | +852 | |||||
| Hong Kong | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 香港 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cantonese Jyutping | Hoeng1gong2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cantonese Yale | Hēunggóng | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Xiānggǎng | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Fragrant harbour | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 香港特別行政區 (or 香港特區) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 香港特别行政区 (or 香港特区) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
Hong Kong[note 3] (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state[9] situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea,[10] it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.[11] Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups.[12] Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.[13]
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty.[14][15] The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era.[16] The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West",[17] and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England[18] until reforms implemented in 2009.[19]
Under the principle of "one country, two systems", Hong Kong has a different political system from mainland China.[20] Hong Kong's independent judiciary functions under the common law framework.[21][22] Hong Kong Basic Law, its constitutional document, stipulates that Hong Kong shall have a "high degree of autonomy" in all matters except foreign relations and military defence, governs its political system.[23][24] Although it has a burgeoning multi-party system, a small-circle electorate[clarification needed] controls half of its legislature. The Chief Executive of Hong Kong, the head of government, is selected by a Selection Committee / Election Committee with 400 to 1200 members, during the first 20 years.[25] [26][27] [28]
As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade, and the currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world.[29] The lack of space caused demand for denser constructions, which developed the city to a centre for modern architecture and the world's most vertical city.[30][31] Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita income in the world.[6] The dense space also led to a highly developed transportation network with public transport travelling rate exceeding 90 percent,[32] the highest in the world.[33] Hong Kong has numerous high international rankings in various aspects. For instance, its economic freedom, financial and economic competitiveness, quality of life, corruption perception, Human Development Index, etc., are all ranked highly.[34][35][36][37][38][39][40] According to both UN and WHO estimates, Hong Kong has the second longest life expectancy of any country in the world. [41][42]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The name "Hong Kong" is an approximate phonetic rendering of the pronunciation of the spoken Cantonese or Hakka name "香港", meaning "fragrant harbour".[43] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet – now Aberdeen Harbour or 香港仔 hoeng1 gong2 zai2 "Little Hong Kong" – between the Aberdeen Island and the south side of Hong Kong Island, which was one of the first points of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[44]
The reference to fragrance may refer to the harbour waters sweetened by the fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River, or to the incense from factories lining the coast to the north of Kowloon, which was stored around Aberdeen Harbour for export before the development of Victoria Harbour.[43] In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking was signed, and the name Hong Kong was first recorded on official documents to encompass the entirety of the island.[45]
History[link]
Main article: History of Hong Kong
Pre-colonial[link]
Main articles: Prehistoric Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong under Imperial China
Archaeological studies support a human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago, and in Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[46][47][48] Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the two earliest sites of human habitation in the Paleolithic period. It is believed the Three Fathom Cove was a river valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggest cultural differences from the Longshan culture in northern China and settlement by the Che people prior to the migration of the Baiyue.[49][50] Eight petroglyphs were discovered on surrounding islands, which dated to the Shang Dynasty in China.[51]
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern Liangguang region) and incorporated the territory into imperial China for the first time. Modern Hong Kong is located in Nanhai commandery (modern Nanhai District) and near the ancient capital city Pun Yue.[52][53][54] The area was consolidated under the kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC after the Qin Dynasty collapsed.[55] When the kingdom was conquered by Emperor Wu of Han in 111 BC, the land was assigned to the Jiaozhi commandery under the Han Dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates the population increased and early salt production flourished in this time period. Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb in the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built during the Han Dynasty.[56]
During the Tang Dynasty period, the Guangdong region flourished as a regional trading center. In 736, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military town in Tuen Mun to defend the coastal area in the region.[57] The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 in the New Territories under the Northern Song Dynasty.[58] During the Mongol invasion in 1276, the Southern Song Dynasty court moved to Fujian, then to Lantau Island and later to Sung Wong Toi (modern Kowloon City), but the child Emperor Bing of Song committed suicide by drowning with his officials after being defeated in the Battle of Yamen. Hau Wong, an official of the emperor is still worshipped in Hong Kong today.[59]
The earliest recorded European visitor was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer who arrived in 1513.[60][61] After establishing settlements in the region, Portuguese merchants began trading in southern China. At the same time, they invaded and built up military fortifications in Tuen Mun. Military clashes between China and Portugal led to the expulsion of the Portuguese. In the mid-16th century, the Haijin order banned maritime activities and prevented contact with foreigners; it also restricted local sea activity.[59] In 1661–69, the territory was affected by the Great Clearance ordered by Kangxi Emperor, which required the evacuation of the coastal areas of Guangdong. It is recorded that about 16,000 persons from Xin'an County were driven inland, and 1,648 of those who left are said to have returned when the evacuation was rescinded in 1669.[62] What is now the territory of Hong Kong became largely wasteland during the ban.[63] In 1685, Kangxi became the first emperor to open limited trading with foreigners, which started with the Canton territory. He also imposed strict terms for trades such as requiring foreign traders to live in restricted areas, staying only for the trading seasons, banning firearms, and trading with silver only.[64] The East India Company made the first sea venture to China in 1699, and the region's trade with British merchants developed rapidly soon after. In 1711, the company established its first trading post in Canton. By 1773, the British reached a landmark 1,000 chests of opium in Canton with China consuming 2,000 chests annually by 1799.[64]
British colonial era[link]
Main articles: British Hong Kong, History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
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Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong(used in between 1870-1876)
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Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong(used in between 1876-1910)
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Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong(used in between 1910-1959)
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Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong (Unofficial Red ensign for Hong Kong used in between 1959 to prior the Handover of Hong Kong to the PRC in 1997)
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In 1839, the refusal by Qing Dynasty authorities to import opium resulted in the First Opium War between China and Britain. Hong Kong Island was occupied by British forces on 20 January 1841 and was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpee as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan, but the agreement was never ratified due to a dispute between high ranking officials in both governments.[65] It was not until 29 August 1842 that the island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom under the Treaty of Nanking. The British established a crown colony with the founding of Victoria City the following year.[66]
Under British rule, the population of Hong Kong island had increased from 7,450 Chinese residents, mostly fishermen, in 1841 to over 115,000 Chinese and 8,754 Europeans in Hong Kong (including Kowloon) in 1870.[67]
In 1860, after China's defeat in the Second Opium War, the Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutter's Island were ceded in perpetuity to Britain under the Convention of Peking.
In 1894, the deadly Third Pandemic of bubonic plague spread from China to Hong Kong, causing 50,000–100,000 deaths.[68]
In 1898, under the terms of the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Britain obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island and the adjacent northern lands, which became known as the New Territories.[69] Hong Kong's territory has remained unchanged to the present.[70][71]
During the first half of the 20th century, Hong Kong was a free port, serving as an entrepôt of the British Empire. The British introduced an education system based on their own model, while the local Chinese population had little contact with the European community of wealthy tai-pans settled near Victoria Peak.[69]
Japanese invasion[link]
In conjunction with its military campaign, the Empire of Japan invaded Hong Kong on 8 December 1941.[72] The Battle of Hong Kong ended with British and Canadian defenders surrendering control of the colony to Japan on 25 December.[73] During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, civilians suffered widespread food shortages, rationing, and hyper-inflation due to forced exchange of currency for military notes. Through a policy of enforced repatriation of the unemployed to the mainland throughout the period, because of the scarcity of food, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony.[74]
Cold war era[link]
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Granted by the College of Arms on 21 January 1959, the Blue Ensign colonial flag and coat of arms of Hong Kong were used by British Hong Kong during 1959–1997.
File:Flag of Immigration Department, 1988-1997.gif
Flag of British Hong Kong Immigration Department,1988-1997
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly as a wave of migrants from China arrived for refuge from the ongoing Chinese Civil War. When the PRC was proclaimed in 1949, more migrants fled to Hong Kong for fear of persecution by the Communist Party.[69] Many corporations in Shanghai and Guangzhou shifted their operations to Hong Kong.[69]
In the 1950s, Hong Kong's rapid industrialization was driven by textile exports and other expanded manufacturing industries. As the population grew and labour costs remained low, living standards rose steadily. [75] The construction of Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 followed a massive slum fire, and marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme designed to cope with the huge influx of immigrants. Trade in Hong Kong accelerated even further when Shenzhen, immediately north of Hong Kong, became a special economic zone of the PRC, and Hong Kong was established as the main source of foreign investment in China.[76] The manufacturing competitiveness gradually declined in Hong Kong due to the development of the manufacturing industry in southern China beginning in the early 1980s. By contrast, the service industry in Hong Kong experienced high rates of growth in the 1980s and 1990s after absorbing workers released from the manufacturing industry.[77]
Throughout the British colonial era, Hong Kong was industrialized and improved in all aspects from its economy to its health care system. Many health facilities were built for its citizens, for example the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, the Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, the Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong and the Prince of Wales Hospital. Many changes happened during this era shaped the future of Hong Kong. In the year 1983, when the United Kingdom reclassified Hong Kong from a British crown colony to a dependent territory, the governments of the United Kingdom and China were already discussing the issue of Hong Kong's sovereignty due to the impending expiry (within two decades) of the lease of the New Territories. In 1984, the Sino-British Joint Declaration – an agreement to transfer sovereignty to the People's Republic of China in 1997 – was signed.[69] It stipulated that Hong Kong would be governed as a special administrative region, retaining its laws and a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, which is based on the English law would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer, was ratified in 1990.[69]
Since 1997[link]
Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong
Left:Old British passports issued to Hong Kong citizens. Right:The British National (Overseas) passport issued to residents of Hong Kong prior 1997, holders are British nationals and Commonwealth citizens, but not British Citizens.
On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty from United Kingdom to the PRC occurred, officially ending 156 years of British colonial rule. Hong Kong became China's first special administrative region, and Tung Chee Hwa took office as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong. That same year, Hong Kong suffered an economic double blow from the Asian financial crisis and the H5N1 avian influenza.[69] In 2003, Hong Kong was gravely affected by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).[78][79] The World Health Organization reported 1,755 infected and 299 deaths in Hong Kong.[80] An estimated 380 million Hong Kong dollars (US$48.9 million) in contracts were lost as a result of the epidemic.[81]
On 10 March 2005, Tung Chee Hwa announced his resignation as Chief Executive due to "health problems".[82] Donald Tsang, the Chief Secretary for Administration at the time, entered the 2005 election unopposed and became the second Chief Executive of Hong Kong on 21 June 2005.[83] In 2007, Tsang won the Chief Executive election and continued his second term in office.[84]
In 2009, Hong Kong hosted the fifth East Asian Games, in which nine national teams competed. It was the first and largest international multi-sport event ever held in the territory.[85] Today, Hong Kong continues to serve as an important global financial centre, but faces uncertainty over its future due to the growing mainland China economy, and its relationship with the PRC government in areas such as democratic reform and universal suffrage.[86]
Governance[link]
In accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration, and the underlying principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong has a "high degree of autonomy as a special administrative region in all areas except defence and foreign affairs."[note 4] The declaration stipulates that the region maintain its capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of its people for at least 50 years beyond the 1997 handover.[note 5] The guarantees over the territory's autonomy and the individual rights and freedoms are enshrined in a constitution, the Hong Kong Basic Law(formed based on the Common law of England), which outlines the system of governance of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, but which is subject to the interpretation of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[87][88]
The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, the civil service, the Legislative Council, and the Judiciary. The Executive Council is headed by the Chief Executive who is elected by the Election Committee and then appointed by the Central People's Government.[89][90] The civil service is a politically neutral body that implements policies and provides government services, where public servants are appointed based on meritocracy.[26][91] The Legislative Council has 60 members, half of whom are directly elected by universal suffrage by permanent residents of Hong Kong according to five geographical constituencies. The other half, known as functional constituencies, are directly elected by a smaller electorate, which consists of corporate bodies and persons from various stipulated functional sectors. The entire council is headed by the President of the Legislative Council who serves as the speaker.[92][93] Judges are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of an independent commission.[21][94]
The implementation of the Basic Law, including how and when the universal suffrage promised therein is to be achieved, has been a major issue of political debate since the transfer of sovereignty. In 2002, the government's proposed anti-subversion bill pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law, which required the enactment of laws prohibiting acts of treason and subversion against the Chinese government, was met with fierce opposition, and eventually shelved.[23][95][96] Debate between pro-Beijing groups, which tend to support the Executive branch, and the Pan-democracy camp characterises Hong Kong's political scene, with the latter supporting a faster pace of democratisation, and the principle of one man, one vote.[97]
In 2004, the government failed to gain pan-democrat support to pass its so-called "district council model" for political reform.[98] In 2009, the government reissued the proposals as the "Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012". The document proposed the enlargement of the Election Committee, Hong Kong's electoral college, from 800 members to 1,200 in 2012 and expansion of the legislature from 60 to 70 seats. The 10 new legislative seats would consist of five geographical constituency seats and five functional constituency seats, to be voted in by elected district council members from among themselves.[99] The proposals were destined for rejection by pan-democrats once again, but a significant breakthrough occurred after the Central People's Government accepted a counter-proposal by the Democratic Party. In particular, the Pan-democracy camp was split when the proposal to directly elect five newly created functional seats was not acceptable to two constituent parties. The Democratic Party sided with the government for the first time since the handover and passed the proposals with a vote of 46–12.[100]
Legal system and judiciary[link]
Main articles: Law of Hong Kong and Judiciary of Hong Kong
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Statue of Themis on the Legislative Council Building.
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The Court of Final Appeal in Central is the supreme court of Hong Kong.
Hong Kong's legal system is completely independent from the legal system of Mainland China. In contrast to mainland China's civil law system, Hong Kong continues to follow the English Common Law tradition established under British rule.[101] Hong Kong's courts may refer to decisions rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents,[21][102] and judges from other common law jurisdictions are allowed to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.[21][102]
Structurally, the court system consists of the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, which is made up of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance, and the District Court, which includes the Family Court.[103] Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal.[103] Justices of the Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive.[21][102]
The Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government. Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and international legal cooperation between different jurisdictions.[101] Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government.[101] As protector of the public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest.[104] The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.[105][106]
Human rights[link]
Main article: Human rights in Hong Kong
Hong Kong's Basic law is based on the English law and so in general, Hong Kong is perceived to enjoy a high level of civil liberties.[107] The Hong Kong government generally respect the human rights of the citizens, although core issues remain.[108] There are concerns over the freedom of assembly which is restricted by the Public Order Ordinance. The police has been occasionally accused of using heavy-handed tactics towards protestors[109] and questions are asked towards the extensive powers of the police.[110] As to the right of privacy, covert surveillance remains the major concern.[111] There is a lack of protection for gay men and lesbians due to the absence of a sexual orientation discrimination law, though there are currently no laws that criminalize homosexuality per se.[112] There are also comments regarding a lack of protection for labour rights.[108]
Internet censorship in Hong Kong operates under different principles and regulations than under the rest of China.[113]
Administrative districts[link]
Statistics
| New Territories | |||
| No. | District | Population[114] | Area[115] |
| 1. | Islands | 138,900 | 175.03 km2 (67.58 sq mi) |
| 2. | Kwai Tsing | 510,300 | 21.82 km2 (8.42 sq mi) |
| 3. | North | 287,700 | 137.31 km2 (53.02 sq mi) |
| 4. | Sai Kung | 407,300 | 136.39 km2 (52.66 sq mi) |
| 5. | Sha Tin | 606,700 | 69.46 km2 (26.82 sq mi) |
| 6. | Tai Po | 292,700 | 147.42 km2 (56.92 sq mi) |
| 7. | Tsuen Wan | 292,300 | 60.7 km2 (23.44 sq mi) |
| 8. | Tuen Mun | 493,800 | 84.45 km2 (32.61 sq mi) |
| 9. | Yuen Long | 533,300 | 138.43 km2 (53.45 sq mi) |
| Kowloon | |||
| No. | District | Population | Area |
| 10. | Kowloon City | 359,400 | 9.97 km2 (3.85 sq mi) |
| 11. | Kwun Tong | 579,400 | 11.05 km2 (4.27 sq mi) |
| 12. | Sham Shui Po | 365,600 | 9.48 km2 (3.66 sq mi) |
| 13. | Wong Tai Sin | 421,900 | 9.36 km2 (3.61 sq mi) |
| 14. | Yau Tsim Mong | 285,300 | 6.85 km2 (2.64 sq mi) |
| Hong Kong Island | |||
| No. | District | Population | Area |
| 15. | Central and Western | 253,100 | 12.52 km2 (4.83 sq mi) |
| 16. | Eastern | 588,700 | 18.81 km2 (7.26 sq mi) |
| 17. | Southern | 275,700 | 38.95 km2 (15.04 sq mi) |
| 18. | Wan Chai | 155,700 | 10.02 km2 (3.87 sq mi) |
Main article: Districts of Hong Kong
Hong Kong has a unitary system of government; no local government has existed since the two municipal councils were abolished in 2000. As such there is no formal definition for its cities and towns. Administratively, Hong Kong is subdivided into 18 geographic districts, each represented by a district council which advises the government on local matters such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities, and environmental improvements.[116]
There are a total of 534 district council seats, 405 of which are elected; the rest are appointed by the Chief Executive and 27 ex officio chairmen of rural committees.[116] The Home Affairs Department communicates government policies and plans to the public through the district offices.[117]
Military[link]
Main articles: Royal Hong Kong Regiment, Hong Kong Military Service Corps, and British Forces Overseas Hong Kong
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Coat of Arms of the Royal Hong Kong Regiment(UK)
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Badge of the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force.gif
Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force(UK)
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HKMSC.jpg
Hong Kong Military Service Corps(UK)
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The Cenotaph of Hong Kong.Constructed in 1923 and located between Statue Square and the City Hall in Central, Hong Kong,[1] commemorates the dead in the First and Second World War[2] that served in Hong Kong in the Royal Navy, British Army and Royal Air Force.
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When Hong Kong was a British colony and later, a dependent territory, defence was provided by the British military under the command of the Governor of Hong Kong who was ex officio Commander-in-chief.[118] Most of the members of the British Forces in Hong Kong were from Britain but there were locally enlisted personnel (LEP) who served as regular British Forces members in the Hong Kong Squadron of the Royal Navy as well as the Hong Kong Military Service Corps. The Royal Hong Kong Regiment a military unit part of the Hong Kong Government, trained and organised along timelines of British Territorial Army and supported by British Army personnel holding key positions. These British Army personnel, for their duration of service to the Royal Hong Kong Regiment, are seconded to the Hong Kong Government. In the post-WWII era, the majority of the regiment's members have been local citizens of Chinese descent. The Hong Kong Military Service Corps maintained its reputation for loyalty and military skill at the highest level, often outshining British and Gurkha troops based in Hong Kong. The HKMSC Shooting Team won the Team and Individual champion pistol shot a number of times at RASAAM (the Regular Army Skill at Arms Meeting) at Bisley, in the UK, and in 1992 a Training Company team representing the HQ and Depot HKMSC won the Dragon Cup for military skills (outperforming the Queen's Gurkha Signals in signalling and the British Military Hospital team in first aid); the competition was not held again.
The HKMSC reached a peak strength of 1,200 men, providing the British garrison in Hong Kong with supporting personnel. All HKMSC soldiers were basically trained in Hong Kong and from time to time attended upgrading and trade courses in the United Kingdom. HKMSC soldiers who were posted to and served with other non-HKMSC units, wore the other units' cap badge. Unit personnel were enlisted as officers and drivers in 29 Squadron, Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) based in Gun Club Hill Barracks. It provided crews for 415 Maritime Troop based on Stonecutters' Island, dog handlers in the Defence Animal Support Unit (DASU) of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps (RAVC) based in Sek Kong, officer instructors in the Royal Army Educational Corps (RAEC), officers and clerks in the Royal Army Pay Corps (RAPC), technicians in the Royal Signals (R Sigs) of the Queen's Gurkha Signals (QGS) and engineers and armourers in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME). The HKMC trained physical training instructors (PTI) in the Army Physical Training Corps (APTC), medics in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) based in the British Military Hospital (BMH), military police in the Royal Military Police (RMP), helicopter support crews in 660 Squadron Army Air Corps (AAC) based at Sek Kong Airfield, cooks in the Army Catering Corps (ACC), Weapons and Supplies Storekeepers in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) and intelligence staff in the Intelligence Corps. They also provided interpreters, clerks, Regimental Police and light-infantry personnel in Dragon Company of the General Service Corps (GSC) headquartered in Osborn Baracks, Kowloon Tong. The HKMSC offered Hong Kong Chinese soldiers the opportunity to pursue a full career in the British Regular Army up to and including a Queen's Commissioned officer rank of the General List (HKMSC). As all members of the HKMSC were British Regular Army soldiers, they received a Regular Army Service Record Book when they left the army. Many of them had also been awarded the Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (LS&GC) after 15 years of good and loyal service. British gallantry awards, Orders, Decorations and Medal Ribbons had also been presented to some HKMSC soldiers; such as the Queen's Gallantry Medal (QGM), the British Empire Medal (BEM), Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) and the Officers of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).
When the PRC assumed sovereignty in 1997, the British barracks were replaced by a garrison of the People's Liberation Army, comprising ground, naval, and air forces, and under the command of the Chinese Central Military Commission.
The Hong Kong Basic Law is formed based on the Common law of England and it protects local civil affairs against interference by the garrison, and members of the garrison are subject to Hong Kong laws. The Hong Kong Government remains responsible for the maintenance of public order; however, it may ask the PRC government for help from the garrison in maintaining public order and in disaster relief. The PRC government is responsible for the costs of maintaining the garrison.[23][119]
Geography and climate[link]
Hong Kong is located on China's south coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River Delta. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on the east, south, and west, and borders the Guangdong city of Shenzhen to the north over the Shenzhen River. The territory's 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and over 200 offshore islands, of which the largest is Lantau Island. Of the total area, 1,054 km2 (407 sq mi) is land and 50 km2 (19 sq mi) is inland water. Hong Kong claims territorial waters to a distance of 3 nautical miles (5.6 km). Its land area makes Hong Kong the 179th largest inhabited territory in the world.[3][10]
As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's landmass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves.[120] Most of the territory's urban development exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island, and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories.[121] The highest elevation in the territory is at Tai Mo Shan, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level.[122] Hong Kong's long and irregular coast provides it with many bays, rivers and beaches.[123] On September 18, 2011, UNESCO listed the Hong Kong National Geopark as part of its Global Geoparks Network. Hong Kong Geopark is made up of eight Geo-Areas distributed across the Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region and Northeast New Territories Sedimentary Rock Region.[124]
Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has tried to promote a green environment,[125] and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Victoria Harbour.[126] Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing pollution compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.[127]
Though it is situated just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, and warm air coming from the southwest. Summer is when typhoons are most likely, sometimes resulting in flooding or landslides. Winters are mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons are spring, which can be changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry.[128] Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year,[129] while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) and 0.0 °C (32.0 °F), respectively.[130]
| Climate data for Hong Kong (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
28.4 (83.1) |
30.2 (86.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.1 (86.2) |
27.8 (82.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
25.6 (78.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.7 (81.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
23.24 (73.84) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 24.7 (0.972) |
54.4 (2.142) |
82.2 (3.236) |
174.7 (6.878) |
304.7 (11.996) |
456.1 (17.957) |
376.5 (14.823) |
432.2 (17.016) |
327.6 (12.898) |
100.9 (3.972) |
37.6 (1.48) |
26.8 (1.055) |
2,398.4 (94.425) |
| % humidity | 74 | 80 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 78 | 73 | 71 | 69 | 78.0 |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.37 | 9.07 | 10.90 | 12.00 | 14.67 | 19.07 | 17.60 | 16.93 | 14.67 | 7.43 | 5.47 | 4.47 | 137.65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 143.0 | 94.2 | 90.8 | 101.7 | 140.4 | 146.1 | 212.0 | 188.9 | 172.3 | 193.9 | 180.1 | 172.2 | 1,835.6 |
| Source: Hong Kong Observatory [131] | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Hong Kong
As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade. The currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world as of 2010.[29] Hong Kong was once described by Milton Friedman as the world’s greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism.[132] It maintains a highly developed capitalist economy, ranked the freest in the world by the Index of Economic Freedom every year since 1995.[133][134][135] It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region,[136] and is known as one of the Four Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product grew 180 times while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over.[137][138][139]
The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of US$2.3 trillion as of December 2009.[140] In that year, Hong Kong raised 22 percent of worldwide initial public offering (IPO) capital, making it the largest centre of IPOs in the world [141] and the easiest place to raise capital.[142] Hong Kong's currency is the Hong Kong dollar, which has been pegged to the U.S. dollar since 1983.[143]
The Hong Kong Government has traditionally played a mostly passive role in the economy, with little by way of industrial policy and almost no import or export controls. Market forces and the private sector were allowed to determine practical development. Under the official policy of "positive non-interventionism", Hong Kong is often cited as an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s.[144] Since then, it has grown to become a leading center for management, financial, IT, business consultation and professional services.[142]
Hong Kong matured to become a financial centre in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the Asian financial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deflationary period ended.[145][146] Government intervention, initiated by the later colonial governments and continued since 1997, has steadily increased, with the introduction of export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.[132]
The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Agricultural activity—relatively unimportant to Hong Kong’s economy and contributing just 0.1% of its GDP—primarily consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.[142] Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity,[147] with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product. It is the world's largest re-export centre.[148] Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports,[149] which are products made outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its physical location has allowed the city to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure that includes the world’s second busiest container port and the world’s busiest airport for international cargo.[142] Even before the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with the mainland, which now enable it to serve as a point of entry for investment flowing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1% for the fourth straight year of decline.[150] Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of its GDP, while industry constitutes 9%. Inflation was at 2.5% in 2007.[151] Hong Kong's largest export markets are mainland China, the United States, and Japan.[3]
As of 2010, Hong Kong is the eighth most expensive city for expatriates, falling from fifth position in the previous year.[152] Hong Kong is ranked fourth in terms of the highest percentage of millionaire households, behind Switzerland, Qatar, and Singapore with 8.5 percent of all households owning at least one million US dollars.[153] In 2011, Hong Kong was ranked second in the Ease of Doing Business Index, behind Singapore.[154] General principle No. 5 of the Basic Law of the SAR suggests that the CPC expects that it shall have brought the economic system of the Mainland and Hong Kong into harmony by 2047, by which time the Chinese economy is predicted by Businessweek to have been the largest by any measure of GDP for decades.[155]
Demographics[link]
The territory's population is 7.03 million. In 2009, Hong Kong had a birth rate of 11.7 per 1,000 population and a fertility rate of 1,032 children per 1,000 women.[156] Residents from mainland China do not have the right of abode in Hong Kong, nor are they allowed to enter the territory freely.[95] However, the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45,000 per year, is a significant contributor to its population growth – a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with family ties in Hong Kong are granted a "one way permit".[157] Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 79.16 years for males and 84.79 years for females as of 2009, making it one of the highest life expectancies in the world.[3]
About 95% of the people of Hong Kong are of Chinese descent,[12] the majority of whom are Taishanese, Chiu Chow, other Cantonese people, and Hakka. Hong Kong's Han majority originate mainly from the Guangzhou and Taishan regions in Guangdong province.[13] The remaining 5% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese.[12] There is a South Asian population of Indians, Pakistanis and Nepalese; some Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents of Hong Kong. There are also Europeans (mostly British), Americans, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans working in the city's commercial and financial sector.[note 6] In 2008, there were an estimate of 252,500 foreign domestic helpers from Indonesia and the Philippines working in Hong Kong.[159]
Hong Kong's de facto official language is Cantonese, a Chinese language originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong.[160] English is also an official language, and according to a 1996 by-census is spoken by 3.1 percent of the population as an everyday language and by 34.9 percent of the population as a second language.[161] Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 handover, an increase in immigrants from mainland China and greater integration with the mainland economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong.[162]
A majority of residents of Hong Kong would claim no religious affiliation, professing a form of agnosticism or atheism.[163] According to the U.S Department of State only 43 percent of the population practices some form of religion.[164] Some figures put it higher, according to a Gallup poll, 64% of Hong Kong residents do not believe in any religion,[165][166] and possibly 80% of Hong Kong claim no religion.[167] In Hong Kong teaching evolution won out in curriculum dispute about whether to teach other explanations, and that creationism and intelligent design will form no part of the senior secondary biology curriculum[168] [169]
Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong's main religions are Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism; a local religious scholar in contact with major denominations estimates there are approximately 1.5 million Buddhists and Taoists.[164] A Christian community of around 600,000 forms about 8% of the total population;[170][171] it is nearly equally divided between Catholics and Protestants, although smaller Christian communities exist, including the Latter-Day Saints[172] and Jehovah's Witnesses.[173] The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches each freely appoint their own bishops, unlike in mainland China. There are also Sikh, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and Bahá'í communities.[170] The practice of Falun Gong is tolerated.[174]
Statistically Hong Kong's income gap is the greatest in Asia Pacific. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2008, Hong Kong's Gini coefficient, at 0.53, was the highest in Asia and "relatively high by international standards".[175][176] However, the government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coefficient is not strictly comparable between regions. The government has named economic restructuring, changes in household sizes, and the increase of high-income jobs as factors that have skewed the Gini coefficient.[177][178][179]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Hong Kong
Hong Kong's education system used to roughly follow the system in England,[18] although international systems exist. The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction" (Chinese: 母語教學) in which the medium of instruction is Cantonese,[180] with written Chinese and English. In secondary schools, 'biliterate and trilingual' proficiency is emphasised, and Mandarin-language education has been increasing.[181] The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked Hong Kong's education system as the second best in the world.[182] Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the Education Bureau. The system features a non-compulsory three-year kindergarten, followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, a compulsory three-year junior secondary education, a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examinations and a two-year matriculation course leading to the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examinations.[183] The New Senior Secondary academic structure and curriculum was implemented in September 2009, which provides for all students to receive three years of compulsory junior and three years of compulsory senior secondary education.[19][184] Under the new curriculum, there is only one public examination, namely the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education.[185]
Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: the rarer public schools; the more common subsidised schools, including government aids-and-grant schools; and private schools, often run by Christian organisations and having admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and private international schools.[184]
There are nine public universities in Hong Kong, and a number of private higher institutions, offering various bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, other higher diplomas, and associate degree courses.The University of Hong Kong, the oldest institution of tertiary education in the territory, was described by Quacquarelli Symonds as a "world-class comprehensive research university"[186] and was ranked 24th on the 2009 THES - QS World University Rankings,[187] making it first in Asia.[188] The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology was ranked 35th in the world in 2009 and ranked second in Asia for 2010. The Chinese University of Hong Kong was ranked 46th in the world in 2009 and ranked fourth in Asia for 2010.[188] Based on the 2011 rankings published by career and education network QS, three of the top five Asian universities are in Hong Kong. They are the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the University of Hong Kong and Chinese University of Hong kong as first, second and fifth rank, respectively.[189]
Healthcare[link]
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There are 13 private hospitals and more than 50 public hospitals in Hong Kong. Among the widest range of healthcare services throughout the globe are on offer, and some of the SAR's private hospitals are rightly considered to be among the very best of their type in the world.
There are two medical schools in the SAR, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at Hong Kong University. Both have strong links with public sector hospitals.
With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK). However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the SAR.
There are also strong public health systems in Hong Kong, and the Centre for Health Protection, founded after the SARS outbreak of 2003, is particularly worthy of mention.
By 2011, however, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from Mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals, both public and private sectors, which has led to outcries and protests from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty securing a bed space for giving birth and arrange routine check-ups. Other concerns in the decade of 2001-2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where "East meets West", reflecting the culture's mix of the territory's Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony.[17] Hong Kong balances a modernised way of life with traditional Chinese practices. Concepts like feng shui are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business.[190] Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits,[191] and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it,[192] due to its similarity to the word for "die" in Cantonese.[193] The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.[194]
Hong Kong is a recognised global centre of trade, and calls itself an "entertainment hub".[195] Its martial arts film genre gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers, notable actors and martial artists have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet Li. A number of Hong Kong film-makers have achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow.[195] Homegrown films such as Chungking Express, Infernal Affairs, Shaolin Soccer, Rumble in the Bronx, In the Mood for Love and Echoes of the Rainbow have gained international recognition. Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music, which draws its influence from other forms of Chinese music and Western genres, and has a multinational fanbase.[196]
The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates, and privately.[197][198]
Hong Kong has two licensed terrestrial broadcasters – ATV and TVB. There are three local and a number of foreign suppliers of cable and satellite services.[199] The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series, and variety shows reach audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world. Magazine and newspaper publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity gossip.[200] The media in Hong Kong is relatively free from official interference compared to mainland China, although the Far Eastern Economic Review points to signs of self-censorship by journals whose owners have close ties to or business interests in the People's Republic of China and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.[201]
Hong Kong offers wide recreational and competitive sport opportunities despite its limited land area. It sends delegates to international competitions such as the Olympic Games and Asian Games, and played host to the equestrian events during the 2008 Summer Olympics.[202] There are major multipurpose venues like Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium. Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming.[203]
Cityscape[link]
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Architecture[link]
Main article: Architecture of Hong Kong
See also: List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
According to Emporis, there are 7,650 skyscrapers in Hong Kong, which puts the city at the top of world rankings.[204] It has more buildings higher than 500ft (or 150m) than any other city. The high density and tall skyline of Hong Kong's urban area is due to a lack of available sprawl space, with the average distance from the harbour front to the steep hills of Hong Kong Island at 1.3 km (0.81 mi),[205] much of it reclaimed land. This lack of space causes demand for dense, high-rise offices and housing. Thirty-six of the world's 100 tallest residential buildings are in Hong Kong.[206] More people in Hong Kong live or work above the 14th floor than anywhere else on Earth, making it the world's most vertical city.[30][31]
As a result of the lack of space and demand for construction, few older buildings remain, and the city is becoming a centre for modern architecture. The International Commerce Centre (ICC), at 484 m (1,588 ft) high, is the tallest building in Hong Kong and the third tallest in the world, by height to roof measurement.[207] The tallest building prior to the ICC is Two International Finance Centre, at 415 m (1,362 ft) high.[208] Other recognisable skyline features include the HSBC Headquarters Building, the triangular-topped Central Plaza with its pyramid-shaped spire, The Center with its night-time multi-coloured neon light show; A Symphony of Lights and I. M. Pei's Bank of China Tower with its sharp, angular façade. According to the Emporis website, the city skyline has the biggest visual impact of all world cities.[209] Also, Hong Kong's skyline is often regarded to be the best in the world,[210] with the surrounding mountains and Victoria Harbour complementing the skyscrapers.[211][212] Most of the oldest remaining historic structures, including the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower, the Central Police Station, and the remains of Kowloon Walled City were constructed during the 19th and early 20th centuries.[213][214][215]
There are many development plans in place, including the construction of new government buildings,[216] waterfront redevelopment in Central,[217] and a series of projects in West Kowloon.[218] More high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of Victoria Harbour in Kowloon, as the 1998 closure of the nearby Kai Tak Airport lifted strict height restrictions.[219]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Hong Kong
Hong Kong's transportation network is highly developed. Over 90% of daily travels (11 million) are on public transport,[32] the highest such percentage in the world.[33] Payment can be made using the Octopus card, a stored value system introduced by the Mass Transit Railway (MTR), which is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and accepted like cash at other outlets.[220][221]
The city's main railway company (KCRC) was merged with the urban mass transit operator (MTR) in 2007, creating a comprehensive rail network for the whole territory (also called MTR).[222] This MTR rapid transit system has 152 stations, which serve 3.4 million people a day.[223] Hong Kong Tramways, which has served the territory since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island.[224]
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Hong Kong's bus service is franchised and run by private operators. Five privately owned companies provide franchised bus service across the territory, together operating more than 700 routes. The two largest, Kowloon Motor Bus provides 402 routes in Kowloon and New Territories; Citybus operates 154 routes on Hong Kong Island; both run cross-harbour services. Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used; single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower load capacity. Public light buses serve most parts of Hong Kong, particularly areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly.[225]
The Star Ferry service, founded in 1888, operates four lines across Victoria Harbour and provides scenic views of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers.[226] It acquired iconic status following its use as a setting on The World of Suzie Wong. Travel writer Ryan Levitt considered the main Tsim Sha Tsui to Central crossing one of the most picturesque in the world.[227] Other ferry services are provided by operators serving outlying islands, new towns, Macau, and cities in mainland China. Hong Kong is famous for its junks traversing the harbour, and small kai-to ferries that serve remote coastal settlements.[228][229] The Port of Hong Kong is a busy deepwater port, specialising in container shipping.[230]
Hong Kong Island's steep, hilly terrain was initially served by sedan chairs.[231] The Peak Tram, the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888.[232] In Central and Western district, there is an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the Mid-Levels escalator.[233]
Hong Kong International Airport is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest airports in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million passengers and handling 3.74 million tonnes (4.12 million tons) of cargo in 2007.[234] It replaced the overcrowded Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon in 1998, and has been rated as the world's best airport in a number of surveys.[235] Over 85 airlines operate at the two-terminal airport and it is the primary hub of Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Air Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airlines, and Hong Kong Express.[234][236]
See also[link]
- Outline of Hong Kong
- Index of Hong Kong-related articles
- List of cities with most skyscrapers
- Public holidays in Hong Kong
Footnotes[link]
- ^ This is the official convention employed on the Chinese text of the Hong Kong regional emblem, the text of the Hong Kong Basic Law, and the Hong Kong Government website,[1] although "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are also accepted.
- ^ The Hong Kong Basic Law states that the official languages are "Chinese and English".[2] It does not explicitly specify the standard for "Chinese". While Mandarin written in Simplified Chinese characters are the standards in mainland China, Cantonese and Traditional Chinese characters are the de facto standards in Hong Kong. See also: Bilingualism in Hong Kong.
- ^ The name was often written as Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926 (Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926). Nevertheless, some century-old organisations still use the name, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. While the names of most Chinese place names are romanised into English using Pinyin, the official English name is Hong Kong rather than the pinyin Xianggang.
- ^ Section 3(2) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states in part, "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which, are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government."
- ^ Section 3(5) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part, "The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China ... will remain unchanged for 50 years."
- ^ The results of the 2006 census showed that the "white" population had declined from 46,584 in 2001 to 36,384, a decline of 22 percent.[158]
References[link]
- ^ "GovHK: Residents". Hong Kong Government. http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ "Official Languages". Hong Kong Government. 2006. http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2006/en/01_13.htm. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Hong Kong". The World Factbook. CIA. 23 August 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
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Further reading[link]
- Endacott, G. B (1964). An Eastern Entrepot;: A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong Kong. Her Majesty's Stationary Office. p. 293. ASIN B0007J07G6.
- Fu, Poshek; Deser, David (2002). The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-521-77602-8.
- Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). Forts and Pirates – A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. ISBN 962-7489-01-8.
- Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu (1997). An Outline History of Hong Kong. Foreign Languages Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-7-119-01946-8.
- Ngo, Tak-Wing (1 August 1999). Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-415-20868-0.
- Tsang, Steve (1995). Government and Politics: A Documentary History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 312. ISBN 962-209-392-2.
- Tsang, Steve (4 September 2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0.
- Welsh, Frank (1993). A Borrowed place: the history of Hong Kong. Kodansha International. p. 624. ISBN 978-1-56836-002-7.
External links[link]
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