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A legal case is a dispute between opposing parties resolved by a court, or by some equivalent legal process. A legal case may be either civil or criminal. There is a defendant and an accuser.

A civil case[link]

A civil case, more commonly known as a lawsuit or controversy, begins when a plaintiff files a document called a complaint with a court, informing the court of the wrong that the plaintiff has allegedly suffered because of the defendant, and requesting a remedy. A civil case can also be arbitrated through arbitration. The remedy sought may be money, an injunction, which requires the defendant to perform or refrain from performing some action, or a declaratory judgment, which determines that the plaintiff has certain legal rights. Whoever wins gets either released from custody or gets nothing (Accuser).

The plaintiff must also make a genuine effort to inform the defendant of the case through service of process, by which the plaintiff delivers to the defendant the same documents that the plaintiff filed with the court.

At any point during the case, the parties can agree to a settlement, which will end the case, although in some circumstances, such as in class actions, a settlement requires court approval in order to be binding.

A criminal case[link]

A criminal case, in common law jurisdictions, begins when a person suspected of a crime is indicted by a grand jury or otherwise charged with the offense by a government official called a prosecutor or district attorney.

Like a civil case, a criminal case may also be settled before a trial through a plea bargain, in some jurisdictions. If a person does not go to trial, he/she may endure even bigger penalties.

Common elements[link]

Legal cases, whether criminal or civil, are premised on the idea that a dispute will be fairly resolved when a legal procedure exists by which the dispute can be brought to a factfinder not otherwise involved in the case, who can evaluate evidence to determine the truth with respect to claims of guilt, innocence, liability, or lack of fault. Details of the procedure may depend on both the kind of case and the kind of system in which the case is brought - whether, for example, it is an inquisitorial system or an adversarial system.

Designation and citation[link]

In most systems, the governing body responsible for overseeing the courts assigns a unique number/letter combination or similar designation to each case in order to track the various disputes that are or have been before it. The outcome of the case is recorded, and can later be reviewed by obtaining a copy of the documents associated with the designation previously assigned to the case.

However, it is often more convenient to refer to cases, particularly landmark and otherwise notable cases, by a title of the form Claimant v Defendant, for example Arkell v Pressdram. Where a legal proceeding does not have formally designated adverse parties, the form In re, Re, In the matter of, etc. is used, for example In re Gault.^[1] The "v" separating the parties is an abbreviation of the Latin versus, but in Commonwealth countries is expanded "and" or "against" when spoken, as in Charles Dickens' Jarndyce and Jarndyce. Where it is considered necessary to protect the anonymity of a natural person, some cases may have one or both parties replaced by a standard pseudonym (Jane Roe in Roe v. Wade), or by an initial (D v D). The initial "R" may also be shorthand for the Crown, i.e. Rex/Regina (R v Adams). (For explanation of other terms that may appear in case titles, see the glossary of legal terms.)

See also[link]

• Case law
• Lists of case law
• Early case assessment

References[link]

1. ^ http://denning.law.ox.ac.uk/published/oscola_2006.pdf The Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (2006)

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Legal case

Richard George Gilbert (born 19 June 1980) is an English cricketer. Gilbert is a right-handed batsman who bowls left-arm medium-fast. He was born in Scarborough, Yorkshire.

Gilbert played his only first-class match for Durham UCCE in 2001 against Durham.^[1] In this match, he was dismissed for a duck by Danny Law in his only batting innings. With the ball, he bowled 18 wicket-less overs.^[2]

Gilbert made his debut for Oxfordshire in the 2009 MCCA Knockout Trophy against Bedfordshire. Gilbert played Minor counties cricket for Oxfordshire from 2009 to 2010, which included 2 Minor Counties Championship matches^[3] and 9 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches.^[4]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Richard Gilbert at ESPNcricinfo
• Richard Gilbert at CricketArchive

Joe Duffy
Joe Duffy in September 2011
Born	Joseph Duffy (1956-01-27) 27 January 1956 (age 56) Mountjoy Square, Dublin, Ireland
Residence	Clontarf, Dublin
Nationality	Irish
Education	Social Work
Alma mater	Trinity College, Dublin (TCD)
Occupation	Broadcaster
Employer	Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ)
Known for	presenting Liveline
Salary	€408,889 a year (2008) €389,314 (2009)[1]

Joseph "Joe" Duffy (born 27 January 1956, Mountjoy Square, Dublin)^[2] is an Irish broadcaster employed by Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ). A Jacob's Award winner, he is the current presenter of Liveline, which is broadcast on RTÉ Radio 1, Monday - Fridays between 13:45 and 15:00.

Duffy has a history as a student activist; he was President of the Union of Students in Ireland (U.S.I.) and was once jailed for an occupation in which he participated. In 2008, he appeared on the RTÉ television series Who Do You Think You Are?,^[3] where his family history in the British Army in India was revealed.^[4] In 2010, Joe Duffy began hosting a new show on RTÉ One called Joe Duffy's Spirit Level. The show discussed the different religions in the country and the faith of the people in Ireland.

Duffy was named 11th most influential person of 2009 by Village.^[5] His autobiography Just Joe was launched by Gay Byrne in Harry's Bar in October 2011.^[6][7] He is married with triplets and resides in Clontarf, Dublin.

Early life[link]

Duffy was born in Mountjoy Square, Dublin, and brought up in Ballyfermot. He had four siblings, his father was Jimmy and his mother Mabel, Jimmy died aged 58 in 1984, and had problems with alcohol, Duffy described Jimmy as "a small man, nimble on his feet . . . with a rugged round face, button nose and prominent teeth".^[8] Joe's brother Aidan was killed in a road accident on the Maynooth Road in 1991 aged 25, with Joe first learning of the "horrific accident" on the news on RTÉ Radio.^[8] Joe's brother Brendan was described by him as "crippled, ruined and wrecked by a savage addiction" to sniffing glue which he developed as a teenager.^[8]

Duffy went to Trinity College, Dublin (TCD) in 1977 (to study Social Work) and was elected President of Trinity College Students' Union in 1979, becoming President of the Union of Students in Ireland (U.S.I.) four years later.^[2]

[edit] Liveline

Duffy claims he thought about resigning from RTÉ in 2007 after the broadcaster forced him to give Justice Minister Michael McDowell a platform on Liveline to make a "party political broadcast". Duffy considered it "direct party-political interference" in Liveline.^[9] However, he went ahead with the broadcast and did not resign or make any protest on air.

In October 2008 he was proactive as a supporter of Irish pensioners who marched on Leinster House (home of the Oireachtas) to protest at the proposed means testing of their medical cards in the Government Budget.^[10][11] However, earlier that month, he was reportedly censored by the government when he attempted to continually discuss the effects of the global financial crisis on Ireland.^[12] This followed on from the outrage caused when Duffy was held responsible by Finance Minister, Brian Lenihan, for inciting widespread public fear that Irish citizens were on the verge of losing their savings. Several callers freely spoke of their lack of confidence in the banking system, of how they had withdrawn their money from banks, some of which were identified, and were either carrying it around on their person, or considering keeping it "under the mattress", or burying it in their garden. Lenihan personally rang Cathal Goan, the Director-General of RTÉ, on 18 September 2008 (the date of the show) to express his outrage at the sudden increase in potentially disastrous speculation following the show.

The extent of the Finance Minister's concern first publicly emerged the following morning when he was interviewed by RTÉ's economics editor George Lee. In that interview, Lenihan insisted that deposits were not in any danger and said that people should not be going to banks to shift their deposit accounts "on the basis of unfounded allegations made on radio programmes".^[13]

Rival broadcaster TV3 accused Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) and Joe Duffy of waging a "dirty tricks" war against them after a late-night game show run by TV3 was berated by callers to Liveline and saying several times on air that he had been unable to get a representative from the station to reply to callers' concerns. TV3 said a lengthy statement was sent to the Liveline office almost two hours before the September 2009 show went on air was ignored, despite the fact that it clarified some of the issues.^[14] The Play TV service was discontinued by TV3 in March 2010 after 29 complaints to the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI), though TV3 said it was because of a decline in viewership.^[15]

Journalist Kevin Myers wrote in October 2009, "Throw in some mob-oratory from the national broadcaster's disgraceful 'Liveline', and almost no state institution and no politician is safe from the vengeful, idiot wrath of Madame La Guillotine, or Les Heureuses Tricoteuses."^[16]

A common occurrence is a "Funny Friday" version of Liveline, which takes place on Fridays, where Duffy is joined by comedians such as Clint Velour, Brendan Savage, Brush Shiels and Syl Fox. It is widely unpopular among regular Liveline listeners^[17]

Earnings[link]

Duffy earned €408,889 in 2008.^[18] RTÉ's Director General said there was “no question that by today's standards” the salaries paid to its top presenters last year “were excessive. I have to repeat that they were set at a different time in a different competitive reality where some of this talent might be up for poaching by other organisations and in RTÉ's view at the time, they delivered value for money". Listeners, who contacted RTÉ Radio 1's Drivetime programme were swift to condemn the salary level, saying it was ironic that programmes like Liveline – presented by Joe Duffy – were used as a platform for criticising the pay and expenses of Oireachtas members.^[19]

Duffy defended his own high wages and those of his fellow RTÉ presenters while appearing on TV3's Midweek in October 2011, claiming they were agreed “fair and square”.^[20] The following month, his 2009 earnings were revealed by RTÉ to have been €389,314.^[1] He defended this by saying he considered himself and his Liveline show "good value" for RTÉ.^[21]

[edit] Lampooning of Duffy on The Savage Eye

Duffy is frequently lampooned at length on the satirical TV programme The Savage Eye. It portrays him as a fetish garment clad sado-masochist who derives perverse pleasure by urging his call-in radio listeners in a strong working class Dublin accent, to express excesses of degradation and misery as he "empathizes" verbally and plays with his nipple clamps. Duffy has since questioned viewership figures for The Savage Eye on his daily radio show and had questioned whether it is "blasphemous" on his Sunday afternoon religious affairs TV show Spirit Level.^[22][23][24]

Personal life[link]

Joe Duffy is married with triplets (two sons and one daughter named Seán, Ronan and Ellen.).^[6] He currently resides in Clontarf on Dublin's Northside.^[2]

Awards[link]

In 1992, Duffy won a Jacob's Award for his reports on RTÉ Radio 1's The Gay Byrne Show.^[2]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Liveline at RTÉ Radio 1