A runway as seen from the cockpit of an airplane on its takeoff roll.

FAA airport diagram at O'Hare International Airport. From left to right, runways 14/32 slant down, runways 4/22 slant up, runways 9R/27L, 9L/27R and 10/28 are horizontal

Runway of Chennai International Airport, Chennai, India

Runways at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport

On final approach to runway 24 at DCAE Cosford.

According to ICAO a runway is a "defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft." Runways may be a man-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, or salt).

Orientation and dimensions[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally one tenth of the magnetic azimuth of the runway's heading: a runway numbered 09 points east (90°), runway 18 is south (180°), runway 27 points west (270°) and runway 36 points to the north (360° rather than 0°).^[1] When taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90° (east). However, runways in North America that lie within the Northern Domestic Airspace of Canada are numbered relative to true north because proximity to the magnetic North Pole makes the magnetic declination large.^[2] A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each direction separately: e.g., "runway 33" in one direction is "runway 15" when used in the other. The two numbers always differ by 18 (= 180°).

El Dorado International Airport, Runway 31R/13L

If there is more than one runway pointing in the same direction (parallel runways), each runway is identified by appending Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R) to the number — for example, Runways One Five Left (15L), One Five Center (15C), and One Five Right (15R). Runway Zero Three Left (03L) becomes Runway Two One Right (21R) when used in the opposite direction (derived from adding 18 to the original number for the 180 degrees when approaching from the opposite direction).

At large airports with more than three parallel runways (for example, at Los Angeles, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta, Denver, Dallas-Fort Worth, John F. Kennedy, Orlando, and Phoenix Sky Harbor) some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this system results in Runways 6L, 6R, 7L, and 7R, even though all four runways are exactly parallel (approximately 69 degrees). At Dallas-Fort Worth, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, and 18R, all oriented at a heading of 175.4 degrees.

For clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually: runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in "runway zero six" or "runway zero one left", is included for International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and some United States military airports (such as Edwards Air Force Base). However in the United States at most civil aviation airports, the leading zero is often dropped. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield. This American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a country such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, Runway 04, and the pilot read back the clearance as Runway 4. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U.S. usage to airports around the world. For example Runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05.

Runway sign at Madrid-Barajas Airport, Spain.

Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earth's surface and the magnetic bearing will change. Depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, this will affect some runways more than others. For example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, the Runway would still be Runway 23. If on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226 (Runway 23), and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is quite slow, runway designation changes are uncommon, and not welcomed, as they require an accompanying change in aeronautical charts and descriptive documents. When runway designations do change, especially at major airports, it is often changed at night as taxiway signs need to be changed and the huge numbers at each end of the runway need to be repainted to the new runway designators. In July 2009 for example, London Stansted Airport in the United Kingdom changed its runway designations from 05/23 to 04/22 after dark.

For fixed-wing aircraft it is advantageous to perform take-offs and landings into the wind to reduce takeoff roll and reduce the ground speed needed to attain flying speed. Larger airports usually have several runways in different directions, so that one can be selected that is most nearly aligned with the wind. Airports with one runway are often constructed to be aligned with the prevailing wind. Compiling a wind rose is in fact one of the preliminary steps taken in constructing airport runways.^[3].

Runway dimensions vary from as small as 245 m (804 ft) long and 8 m (26 ft) wide in smaller general aviation airports, to 5,500 m (18,045 ft) long and 80 m (262 ft) wide at large international airports built to accommodate the largest jets, to the huge 11,917 m (39,098 ft) x 274 m (899 ft) lake bed runway 17/35 at Edwards Air Force Base in California – a landing site for the retired Space Shuttle.^[4]

Placement and grouping[link]

Two runways pointing in the same direction are classed as dual or parallel runways depending on the separation distance. In some countries, flight rules mandate that only one runway may be used at a time under certain conditions (usually adverse weather) if the parallel runways are too close to each other.

Declared distances[link]

TORA^[5]

Takeoff Run Available – The length of runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off.^[6]

TODA^[5]

Takeoff Distance Available – The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the clearway, if clearway is provided.^[6]

(The clearway length allowed must lie within the aerodrome or airport boundary. According to the Federal Aviation Regulations and Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR) TODA is the lesser of TORA plus clearway or 1.5 times TORA).

ASDA^[5]

Accelerate-Stop Distance Available – The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the stopway, if stopway is provided.^[6]

LDA^[5]

Landing Distance Available – The length of runway that is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane landing.^[7]

EDA^{[citation needed]}

Emergency Distance Available – LDA (or TORA) plus a stopway.

Sections of a runway[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

• The Runway Safety Area is the cleared, smoothed and graded area around the paved runway. It is kept free from any obstacles that might impede flight or ground roll of aircraft.
• The Runway is the surface from threshold to threshold, which typically features threshold markings, numbers, centerlines, but not overrun areas at both ends.
• Blast pads, also known as overrun areas or stopways, are often constructed just before the start of a runway where jet blast produced by large planes during the takeoff roll could otherwise erode the ground and eventually damage the runway. Overrun areas are also constructed at the end of runways as emergency space to slowly stop planes that overrun the runway on a landing gone wrong, or to slowly stop a plane on a rejected takeoff or a take-off gone wrong. Blast pads are often not as strong as the main paved surface of the runway and are marked with yellow chevrons. Planes are not allowed to taxi, take-off or land on blast pads, except in an emergency.

• Displaced thresholds may be used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing rollout, but not for touchdown. A displaced threshold often exists because obstacles just before the runway, runway strength, or noise restrictions may make the beginning section of runway unsuitable for landings. It is marked with white paint arrows that lead up to the beginning of the landing portion of the runway.

Runway lighting[link]

History[link]

The first runway lighting appeared in 1930 at Cleveland Municipal Airport (now known as Cleveland Hopkins International Airport) in Cleveland, Ohio.^{[citation needed]} A line of lights on an airfield or elsewhere to guide aircraft in taking off or coming in to land or an illuminated runway is sometimes also known as a Flare Path.

Technical specifications[link]

Runway lighting is used at airports that allow night landings. Seen from the air, runway lights form an outline of the runway.^{[citation needed]} A particular runway may have some or all of the following.

• Runway End Identification Lights (REIL^[5]) – unidirectional (facing approach direction) or omnidirectional pair of synchronized flashing lights installed at the runway threshold, one on each side.

• Runway end lights – a pair of four lights on each side of the runway on precision instrument runways, these lights extend along the full width of the runway. These lights show green when viewed by approaching aircraft and red when seen from the runway.^{[citation needed]}

• Runway edge lights – white elevated lights that run the length of the runway on either side. On precision instrument runways, the edge-lighting becomes yellow in the last 2,000 ft (610 m) of the runway, or last half of the runway, whichever is less. Taxiways are differentiated by being bordered by blue lights, or by having green centre lights, depending on the width of the taxiway, and the complexity of the taxi pattern.^{[citation needed]}

• Runway Centerline Lighting System (RCLS^[5]) – lights embedded into the surface of the runway at 50 ft (15 m) intervals along the runway centerline on some precision instrument runways. White except the last 3,000 ft (914 m), alternate white and red for next 2,000 ft (610 m) and red for last 1,000 ft (305 m).^{[citation needed]}

• Touchdown Zone Lights (TDZL^[5]) – rows of white light bars (with three in each row) at 100 ft (30 m) intervals on either side of the centerline over the first 3,000 ft (914 m) (or to the midpoint, whichever is less) of the runway.^{[citation needed]}

• Taxiway Centerline Lead-Off Lights – installed along lead-off markings, alternate green and yellow lights embedded into the runway pavement. It starts with green light about runway centerline to the position of first centerline light beyond holding position on taxiway.^{[citation needed]}

• Taxiway Centerline Lead-On Lights – installed the same way as taxiway centerline lead-off Lights.

• Land and Hold Short Lights – a row of white pulsating lights installed across the runway to indicate hold short position on some runways that are facilitating land and hold short operations (LAHSO).^{[citation needed]}

• Approach Lighting System (ALS^[5]) – a lighting system installed on the approach end of an airport runway and consists of a series of lightbars, strobe lights, or a combination of the two that extends outward from the runway end.^{[citation needed]}

According to Transport Canada's regulations,^{[citation needed]} the runway-edge lighting must be visible for at least 2 mi (3 km). Additionally, a new system of advisory lighting, Runway Status Lights, is currently being tested in the United States.^[8]

The edge lights must be arranged such that:

• the minimum distance between lines is 75 ft (23 m), and maximum is 200 ft (61 m);
• the maximum distance between lights within each line is 200 ft (61 m);
• the minimum length of parallel lines is 1,400 ft (427 m);
• the minimum number of lights in the line is 8.^[9]

Control of Lighting System Typically the lights are controlled by a control tower, a Flight Service Station or another designated authority.^{[citation needed]} Some airports/airfields (particularly uncontrolled ones) are equipped with Pilot Controlled Lighting, so that pilots can temporarily turn on the lights when the relevant authority is not available.^{[citation needed]} This avoids the need for automatic systems or staff to turn the lights on at night or in other low visibility situations. This also avoids the cost of having the lighting system on for extended periods. Smaller airports may not have lighted runways or runway markings. Particularly at private airfields for light planes, there may be nothing more than a windsock beside a landing strip.

Runway markings[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

There are runway markings and signs on most large runways. Larger runways have a distance remaining sign (black box with white numbers). This sign uses a single number to indicate the thousands of feet remaining, so 7 will indicate 7,000 ft (2,134 m) remaining. The runway threshold is marked by a line of green lights.

There are three types of runways:

• Visual runways are used at small airstrips and are usually just a strip of grass, gravel, ice, asphalt or concrete. Although there are usually no markings on a visual runway, they may have threshold markings, designators, and centerlines. Additionally, they do not provide an instrument-based landing procedure; pilots must be able to see the runway to use it. Also, radio communication may not be available and pilots must be self-reliant.
• Non-precision instrument runways are often used at small- to medium-size airports. These runways, depending on the surface, may be marked with threshold markings, designators, centerlines, and sometimes a 1,000 ft (305 m) mark (known as an aiming point, sometimes installed at 1,500 ft (457 m)). They provide horizontal position guidance to planes on instrument approach via Non-directional beacon (NDB), VHF omnidirectional range (VOR), Global Positioning System, etc.
• Precision instrument runways, which are found at medium- and large-size airports, consist of a blast pad/stopway (optional, for airports handling jets), threshold, designator, centerline, aiming point, and 500 ft (152 m), 1,000 ft (305 m)/1,500 ft (457 m), 2,000 ft (610 m), 2,500 ft (762 m), and 3,000 ft (914 m) touchdown zone marks. Precision runways provide both horizontal and vertical guidance for instrument approaches.

National variants[link]

• In Australia, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom,^[10] as well as some other countries all 3-stripe and 2-stripe touchdown zones for precision runways are replaced with one-stripe touchdown zones.
• In Australia, precision runways consist of only an aiming point and one 1-stripe touchdown zone. Furthermore, many non-precision and visual runways lack an aiming point.
• In some Latin American countries like Colombia, Ecuador and Peru one 3-stripe is added and a 2-stripe is replaced with the aiming point.
• Some European countries replace the aiming point with a 3-stripe touchdown zone.
• Runways in Norway have yellow markings instead of the usual white ones. This also occurs in some airports in Japan, Sweden, and Finland. The yellow markings are used to ensure better contrast against snow.
• Runways may have different types on each end. To cut costs, many airports do not install precision guidance equipment on both ends. Runways with one precision end and any other type of end can install the full set of touchdown zones, even if some are past the midpoint. Runways with precision markings on both ends omit touchdown zones within 900 ft (274 m) of the midpoint, to avoid ambiguity over which end the zone is associated.

Runway safety[link]

Types of runway safety incidents include:

• Runway excursion - an incident involving only a single aircraft, where it makes an inappropriate exit from the runway.
• Runway overrun - a type of excursion where the aircraft is unable to stop before the end of the runway (e.g. Air France Flight 358).
• Runway incursion - an incident involving incorrect presence of a vehicle, person or another aircraft on the runway (e.g. Tenerife disaster).
• Runway confusion - an aircraft makes use of the wrong runway for landing or take-off (e.g. Singapore Airlines Flight 006).

Pavement[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (November 2009)

Runway surface at Congonhas Airport in São Paulo, Brazil. The grooves increase friction and reduce the risk of hydroplaning.

The choice of material used to construct the runway depends on the use and the local ground conditions. For a major airport, where the ground conditions permit, the most satisfactory type of pavement for long-term minimum maintenance is concrete^{[clarification needed]}. Although certain airports have used reinforcement^{[clarification needed]} in concrete pavements, this is generally found to be unnecessary, with the exception of expansion joints across the runway where a dowel assembly, which permits relative movement of the concrete slabs, is placed in the concrete. Where it can be anticipated that major settlements of the runway will occur over the years because of unstable ground conditions, it is preferable to install asphaltic concrete surface, as it is easier to patch on a periodic basis. For fields with very low traffic of light planes, it is possible to use a sod surface. Some runways also make use of salt flat runways.

For pavement designs, borings are taken to determine the subgrade condition, and based on the relative bearing capacity of the subgrade, the specifications are established. For heavy-duty commercial aircraft, the pavement thickness, no matter what the top surface, varies from 10 in (250 mm) to 4 ft (1 m), including subgrade.

Airport pavements have been designed by two methods. The first, Westergaard, is based on the assumption that the pavement is an elastic plate supported on a heavy fluid base with a uniform reaction coefficient known as the K value. Experience has shown that the K values on which the formula was developed are not applicable for newer aircraft with very large footprint pressures.

The second method is called the California bearing ratio and was developed in the late 1940s. It is an extrapolation of the original test results, which are not applicable to modern aircraft pavements or to modern aircraft landing gear. Some designs were made by a mixture of these two design theories.

A more recent method is an analytical system based on the introduction of vehicle response as an important design parameter. Essentially it takes into account all factors, including the traffic conditions, service life, materials used in the construction, and, especially important, the dynamic response of the vehicles using the landing area.

Because airport pavement construction is so expensive, every effort is made to minimize the stresses imparted to the pavement by aircraft. Manufacturers of the larger planes design landing gear so that the weight of the plane is supported on larger and more numerous tires. Attention is also paid to the characteristics of the landing gear itself, so that adverse effects on the pavement are minimized. Sometimes it is possible to reinforce a pavement for higher loading by applying an overlay of asphaltic concrete or portland cement concrete that is bonded to the original slab.

Post-tensioning concrete has been developed for the runway surface. This permits the use of thinner pavements and should result in longer concrete pavement life. Because of the susceptibility of thinner pavements to frost heave, this process is generally applicable only where there is no appreciable frost action.

Pavement surface[link]

Runway pavement surface is prepared and maintained to maximize friction for wheel braking. To minimize hydroplaning following heavy rain, the pavement surface is usually grooved so that the surface water film flows into the grooves and the peaks between grooves will still be in contact with the aircraft tires. To maintain the macrotexturing built into the runway by the grooves, maintenance crews engage in airfield rubber removal or hydrocleaning in order to meet required FAA friction levels.

Surface Type Codes[link]

In aviation charts, the surface type is usually abbreviated to a three-letter code.

The most common hard surface types are Asphalt and Concrete. The most common soft surface types are Grass and Gravel.

• ASP: Asphalt
• BIT: Bitumenous Asphalt or Tarmac
• BRI: Bricks (no longer in use, covered with Asphalt or Concrete now)
• CLA: Clay
• COM: Composite
• CON: Concrete
• COP: Composite
• GRS: Grass or earth not graded or rolled
• COR: Coral (Coral reef structures)
• GRE: Graded or rolled earth, Grass on graded earth
• GVL: Gravel
• LAT: Laterite
• ICE: Ice
• MAC: Macadam
• PEM: Partially Concrete, Asphalt or Bitumen-bound Macadam
• PER: Permanent Surface, Details unknown
• PSP: Marsden Matting (Derived from Pierced/Perforated Steel Planking)
• SAN: Sand
• SNO: Snow
• U: Unknown surface

Water runways do not have a type code as they don't have physical markings, and are thus not registered as specific runways.

Active runway[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

The active runway is the runway at an airport that is in use for takeoffs and landings. Since takeoffs and landings are usually done as close to "into the wind" (see headwind) as possible, wind direction generally determines the active runway.

Selection of the active runway, however, depends on a number of factors. At a non-towered airport, pilots usually select the runway most nearly aligned with the wind, but they are not obliged to use that particular runway. For example, a pilot arriving from the east may elect to land straight in to an east-west runway despite a minor tailwind or significant crosswind, in order to expedite his arrival, although it is recommended to always fly a regular traffic pattern to more safely merge with other aircraft.

At controlled airports, the active is usually determined by a tower supervisor. However, there may be constraints, such as policy from the airport manager (calm wind runway selection, for example, or noise abatement guidelines) that dictate an active runway selection that is not the one most nearly aligned with the wind.

At major airports with multiple runways, the active could be any of a number of runways. For example, when O'Hare (ORD) is landing on 27L and 32L, departures use 28 and 32R, thus making four active runways. When they are landing on 14R and 22R, departures use 22L and 9R, and occasionally a third arrival runway, 14L, will be employed, bringing the active runway count to five.

At major airports, the active runway is based on weather conditions (visibility and ceiling, as well as wind, and runway conditions such as wet/dry or snow covered), efficiency (O'Hare International Airport can land more aircraft on 14R/32L than on 9R/27L), traffic demand (when a heavy departure rush is scheduled, a runway configuration that optimizes departures vs. arrivals may be desirable), and time of day (O'Hare is obliged to use runway 9R/27L during the hours of roughly midnight to 6 a.m. due to noise abatement).

London Heathrow Airport in the United Kingdom has two parallel runways, designated 09L/27R and 09R/27L. They are used in segregated alternate mode, which means one runway is used only for arrivals and the other is only used for departures. The present pattern provides for one runway to be used by landing aircraft from 06:00 until 15:00 and then arrivals will switch to the other runway from 15:00 until after the last departure, after which landing aircraft use the first runway again until 06:00. However, on Sunday each week the runway used before midnight continues to be used for landings until 06:00. This means early morning arrivals before 06:00 use a different runway on successive weeks and that the runways used by landing aircraft before and after 15:00 also alternate on a weekly basis. This only applies to westerly operations as landing aircraft always use runway 09L.

Runway length[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

In the 1980s, Leeds Bradford International Airport extended their runway to take wide bodied planes by building a flyover across the A658 dual carriageway

A runway of at least 6,000 ft (1,800 m) in length is usually adequate for aircraft weights below approximately 200,000 lb (90,000 kg). Larger aircraft including widebodies will usually require at least 8,000 ft (2,400 m) at sea level and somewhat more at higher altitude airports. International widebody flights, which carry substantial amounts of fuel and are therefore heavier, may also have landing requirements of 10,000 ft (3,000 m) or more and takeoff requirements of 13,000 ft (4,000 m)+.

At sea level, 10,000 ft (3,000 m) can be considered an adequate length to land virtually any aircraft. For example, at O'Hare International, when landing simultaneously on 22R and 28 or parallel 27L, it is routine for arrivals from the Far East, which would normally be vectored for 22R (7,500 ft (2,286 m)) or 27L (7,967 ft (2,428 m)) to request 28 (13,001 ft (3,963 m)). It is always accommodated, although occasionally with a delay. Another example is that the Luleå Airport in Sweden was extended to 10,990 ft (3,350 m) to allow any fully loaded freight aircraft to take off.

An aircraft will need a longer runway at a higher altitude due to decreased density of air at higher altitudes, which reduces lift and engine power, requiring higher take-off and landing speed. An aircraft will also require a longer runway in hotter or more humid conditions (see density altitude). Most commercial aircraft carry manufacturer's tables showing the adjustments required for a given temperature.

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Runway

Look up runway in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Aviation
• Engineered materials arrestor system
• Instrument landing system (ILS)
• List of airports
• Pavement Classification Number (PCN)
• Precision Approach Path Indicator
• Runway safety area
• Runway visual range
• Tabletop runway
• Taxiway
• Visual Approach Slope Indicator

Notes[link]

References[link]

• United States Aeronautical Information Manual – Federal Aviation Administration – published yearly
• United States Airport/Facility Directory (d-AFD) – Federal Aviation Administration – published every 56 days.
• United States Terminal Procedures Publication/Airport Diagrams (d-TPP) – Federal Aviation Administration – published every 28 days.
• NAPPF
• 'Airport Markings'
• 'Visual Aids Handbook by Civil Aviation Authority, London'

Type	Pr, D.Gelfond
Industry	Fashion
Founded	1985
Headquarters	Milan, Italy
Products	Clothing, footwear, handbags, sunglasses, watches
Employees	3,150
Website	dolcegabbana.it

Dolce & Gabbana (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdoltʃe e ɡabˈbaːna]) is an Italian luxury industry fashion house.^[1] The company was started by Italian designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana in Milan, Italy. By 2005 their turnover was €597 million.^[2] Domenico Dolce was born on 13 September 1958 in Polizzi Generosa, Sicily. Stefano Gabbana was born on 14 November 1962 in Venice, and according to some sources in Milan, Italy (Gabbana, Stephano 2007). The two met in Milano in 1980 and worked for the same fashion house. In 1982 they established a designer consulting studio. In time it grew to become “Dolce & Gabbana”. They presented their first women’s collection in 1985 in Milan, where a year later their store would open its doors in 1986 (Dolce & Gabbana 2011).

Two years later they launched their leotard line and in 1989 started designing underwear and swimming costumes (Domenico). Dolce and Gabbana started to export their products in Japan and other countries like the U.S. where they found their own showroom in 1990 (Gabbana, Stephano 2011). The same year they showed their men’s collections. They launched their first perfume Dolce & Gabbana in 1992 (Dolce & Gabbana 2011). They won the Woolmark award in 1991 and the prize “most feminine flavor of the year” in 1993 (Dolce & Gabbana 2007). They won an Oscar for best male perfume in 1996. Towards the end of the 1990s their sales were around 500 million dollars and in 2003 alone their revenue reached 633.2 million dollars (Gabbana, Stephano 2011).

Brands[link]

Dolce & Gabbana has two central lines:

Dolce&Gabbana[link]

Dolce&Gabbana (spelled without spaces, unlike the name of the company) specializes in luxury items influenced more by designers and is more formal and 'timeless', responding to long-term trends as well as seasonal changes.^[3] It also sells sunglasses and corrective eyewear, purses, and watches. In April 2009 it launched its make-up range, unveiled at Selfridges, London by Scarlett Johansson.^[4] In February 2010, it was announced that American singer Madonna would design a collection of sunglasses titled MDG, set to be released in May of that year. It also has a set of fragrances for men and women.

D & G[link]

D & G is a casual line that follows an urban inspiration and attempts to set trends rather than follow them. It is the younger, more flamboyant diffusion line of the brand. Unlike Dolce&Gabbana, D&G sells watches as well as clothing.

Internet[link]

Dolce & Gabbana made the "DG" logo an iconic symbol,^[5] but they were never able to get the matching internet address DG.com. In fact, DG.com is one of the oldest Internet domains and was already registered in 1986 by the computer company Data General, now defunct. DG.com was purchased in June 2010 ^[6] by the US Variety Store chain Dollar General which uses a different DG logo to sell its products.

Inspirations and style[link]

Originally inspired by eclectic, thrift shop Bohemia, Dolce & Gabbana's deeply colored, animal prints have been described as "haute hippy dom" taking inspiration in particular from Italy's prestigious film history. "When we design it's like a movie (Domenico)," says Domenico Dolce. "We think of a story and we design the clothes to go with it (Domenico)." They claim to be more concerned about creating the best, most flattering clothes than sparking trends, once admitting that they wouldn't mind if their only contribution to fashion history was a black bra (Dolce and Gabbana 2007).

D & G trademarks include underwear-as-outerwear (such as corsets and bra fastenings), gangster boss pinstripe suits, and extravagantly printed coats. Meanwhile their feminine collections are always backed by powerful ad campaigns, like the black-and-white ads, featuring model Marpessa photographed by Ferdinando Scianna in 1987 (Dolce & Gabbana). "They find their way out of any black dress, any buttoned-up blouse (Domenico)," says Rossellini. "The first piece of theirs I wore was a white shirt, very chaste, but cut to make my breasts look as if they were bursting out of it (Domenico)."

Once dubbed the "Gilbert and George of Italian fashion",^[7] Dolce and Gabbana gave their fashion interests a musical turn in 1996, by recording their own single, in which they intoned the words "D&G is love" over a techno beat (Dolce & Gabbana 2011). Newer to the design game than other heavyweight Italian fashion houses such as Versace and Armani, the pair acknowledge that luck has played its part in their phenomenal success. By 1997, their company reported a turnover of 400 million, prompting both designers to announce that they planned to retire by the age of 40 – a promise they did not keep (Domenico).

Controversies[link]

Advertising[link]

Dolce & Gabbana was publicly criticized by Britain's advertising watchdog Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) in January 2007, for an advertising campaign showing models brandishing knives.

Following complaints from consumers' groups in February 2007, Dolce & Gabbana pulled an advertisement in Spain that showed a man holding a woman to the ground by her wrists while a group of men look on. Spain's Labour and Social Affairs Ministry branded the campaign as illegal and humiliating to women, saying the woman's body position had no relation to the products Dolce & Gabbana was trying to sell.^[8] Italian publications followed suit, banning the ad. This advertisement was called "a glorification of gang rape" and declared "one of the most controversial advertisements in fashion history,"^[9] by Debonair Magazine.

Alleged tax evasion[link]

In May 2009, the Italian government charged Dolce & Gabbana with tax evasion for having moved assets for about 249 million euro to tax haven Luxembourg in the 2004–2006 period.^[10][11]

Hong Kong photo ban controversy[link]

One of the four streets blocked during the Sunday protest.

On 5 January 2012, Apple Daily reported that Hong Kong citizens had been prevented from taking pictures of Dolce & Gabbana window displays in both their Hong Kong stores, stirring anti-mainlander sentiment.^[12] In particular staff and security personnel at their flagship store on Canton Road asserted the pavement area outside was private property where photography was forbidden. The actions sparked protests spanning several days and gained international news coverage on 8 January.^{[13][14][15][16]} Local news reports speculated that the Dolce & Gabbanna photo ban may have been imposed at the request of some wealthy Chinese government officials who were shopping and who feared photographs of them in the store might circulate and fuel corruption allegations and investigations into the source of their wealth.^[17]

Dolce & Gabbana finally issued a formal apology to Hong Kong citizens from its Milan headquarters on 18 January 2012.^[18][19]

Further reading[link]

• "Dolce & Gabbana." The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Fashion and Fashion Designers. London: Thames & Hudson, 2007. Credo Reference. Web. 29 November 2011.
• "Gabbana, Stefano." Marquis Who's Who in the World. New Providence: Marquis Who's Who LLC, 2011. Credo Reference. Web. 29 November 2011.
• "Gabbana, Stefano." The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Fashion and Fashion Designers. London: Thames & Hudson, 2007. Credo Reference. Web. 29 November 2011.
• "Domenico Dolce Quotes – Swide Magazine." Swide Magazine by Dolce&Gabbana. Swide Magazine, 2 June 2011. Web. 29 November 2011.
• "Dolce & Gabbana – Biography on Bio." Bio: Shows, Video, TV Schedule and More on Bio. AETN UK. Web. 29 November 2011.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dolce & Gabbana

• Official website
• Dolce & Gabbana on Twitter
• Dolce & Gabbana on Fashion Net

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Max Azria
Max Azria at the Spring 2009 Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week
Born	(1949-01-01) January 1, 1949 (age 63) Sfax, Tunisia
Nationality	French
Occupation	Fashion designer
Spouse	Lubov Azria
Labels	BCBGMAXAZRIA BCBGMAXAZRIA Runway Hervé Léger by Max Azria Max Azria BCBGeneration Miley Cyrus & Max Azria

Max Azria (born January 1, 1949) is a Tunisian fashion designer who founded the contemporary women's clothing brand BCBGMAXAZRIA. Azria is also the designer, chairman and CEO^[1] of BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP, a global fashion house that encompasses over 20 brands.^[2] He is based in Los Angeles.

Background[link]

Max Azria was born in Sfax, Tunisia,^[3] as the youngest of 6 children. As a child, Max was educated in southeastern France before his family relocated to Paris, France, in 1963.

Career[link]

After 11 years of designing a line of women's apparel in Paris, Azria moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1981^[3] and launched Jess, a series of new-concept retail boutiques for women's apparel.

BCBGMAXAZRIA[link]

In 1989, Azria launched BCBGMAXAZRIA,^[1] named for the French phrase "bon chic, bon genre," a Parisian slang meaning "good style, good attitude".^[1] Azria was credited for offering designer fashion at affordable price points and, as a result, was inducted into the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) in 1998.^[4] The BCBGMAXAZRIA Runway collection was first presented at New York Fashion Week in 1996.^[5]

Azria also maintains two eponymous designer collections, Max Azria Atelier and Max Azria. Launched in February 2004, Max Azria Atelier^[1] is a collection of couture gowns created for celebrity clients and red-carpet events. Sharon Stone,^[6] Halle Berry,^[7] Fergie^[8] and Alicia Keys^[8] have worn the label on the red carpet. In February 2006, Azria debuted Max Azria, a ready-to-wear collection with a directional aesthetic, on the runway at New York Fashion Week.^[9] During the 2009 awards season, Angelina Jolie wore Max Azria to the 2009 Screen Actors Guild Awards^[10] and the 2009 Critics Choice Awards.^[11]

Azria acquired the Hervé Léger fashion house in 1998,^[4] marking the first time in history that an American designer had acquired a French couturier.^[12] In early 2007, Azria relaunched the Hervé Léger label with his own designs, which were quickly embraced by celebrities and trendsetters worldwide.^[4] Beyoncé Knowles,^[13] Jennifer Lopez,^[14] Catherine Zeta-Jones^[15] and Kate Winslet^[15] are among the celebrities who have worn the label for red carpet events.

In Fall 2008, Max Azria presented BCBGMAXAZRIA Runway, Max Azria and Hervé Léger by Max Azria at New York Fashion Week, marking the first time an American designer produced three major fashion shows during one New York Fashion Week.^[16]

Azria launched a young contemporary collection called BCBGeneration in 2008.^[17] In June 2009, Azria teamed up with Miley Cyrus to create a line for Walmart called Miley Cyrus & Max Azria.^[2] Azria also designed clothing for Cyrus' 2009 American tour.

Max Azria's Collection.

Company[link]

BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP is a global fashion house with a portfolio including more than 20 brands.^[2] Max Azria is the CEO, chairman and head designer alongside his wife, Lubov Azria, who acts as chief creative officer.^[1]

There are currently over 550 BCBGMAXAZRIA boutiques worldwide, including locations in London, Paris, Tokyo and Hong Kong.^[1] Azria’s collections are also sold in specialty stores and major department stores across the globe, including Saks Fifth Avenue, Bergdorf Goodman, Lord & Taylor, Bloomingdale’s, Macy’s, the UK’s Harvey Nichols, Hong Kong’s Lane Crawford, Taiwan’s Mitsukoshi and Singapore’s Takashimaya stores.^[1]

BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP campaigns regularly feature notable models, including Eva Herzigova,^[18] Karen Elson^[19] and Jessica Stam.^[20] The company frequently works with internationally renowned photographers such as Patrick Demarchelier,^[18] Paolo Roversi and David Sims.^[21] BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP clothing are frequently featured in major fashion publications such as Vogue, InStyle and Vanity Fair.^[22] As well as online sites such as Style.com and iFashion Network

Awards and honors[link]

Azria has received many awards throughout his career, including the California Designer of the Year (1995), Atlanta Designer of the Year (1996), The Fashion Performance Award (1997), The Otis Fashion Achievement Award (2000), Hollywood Life’s Breakthrough Award (2004) and The Dallas Fashion Award (2005). Azria also received the Wells Fargo Century Fashion Achievement Award at the 2007 L.A. Fashion Awards^[23] and the 2008 Fashion Excellence Award at the 33rd Annual Dallas Fashion Awards.^[24] He received the latter in recognition of the successful relaunch of his Hervé Léger brand.

Personal life[link]

Max Azria is married to Lubov Azria, chief creative officer for BCBGMAXAZRIAGROUP.^[25] He has six children, including Joyce Azria, who was named creative director of BCBGeneration in 2009.^[26] He and his family currently reside in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California.^[27]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site
• Max Azria designer profile at Fashion Model Directory

Karlie Kloss
On the runway for Diane von Fürstenberg, Spring 2009
Born	Karlie Elizabeth Kloss (1992-08-03) August 3, 1992 (age 19) Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Height	6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Hair color	light brown
Eye color	hazel
Dress size	(US) 4; (EU) 34
Shoe size	(US) 9; (EU) 40
Manager	Next Models

Karlie Elizabeth Kloss (born August 3, 1992) is an American model and ballet dancer.

Kloss is ranked 3rd on the Top 50 Models Women List by models.com. Vogue Paris declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s.^[1]

Early life and discovery[link]

On the runway for Anna Sui, Fall 2011 in New York Fashion Week.

Kloss was born in Chicago, Illinois, and her family moved to suburban St. Louis, Missouri in 1995.^[2] Kloss has called her classical ballet training "a beautiful thing" that taught her how to move in the modeling world and was a great training ground for her runway walk.^[3]

When Kloss was 13, she was discovered at a charity fashion show in St. Louis.^[4] She was encouraged and inspired to model by one of her teachers in Webster Groves High School. In 2007, she signed with Elite Model Management.^[5]

Modelling[link]

On the runway for Zac Posen, Fall 2008 in New York Fashion Week.

One of her first modelling stints was for Abercrombie when she posed for the brand's photography shot by Bruce Weber.^[6] In January 2008 she left Elite and signed with NEXT Model Management. She ended up walking 31 runways in New York Fashion Week notably, closing for Marc Jacobs, opening Carolina Herrera, and occupying both spots at Doo.Ri.^[7] After New York she went on to walk 20 shows in Milan, and 13 in Paris for the fall 2008 collections, with a total of 64 shows in a single season. Kloss found herself in the middle of a legal dispute when her former agency Elite was suing NEXT for allegedly stealing away its young star by offering her "improper compensation" to sign. Elite felt they were responsible for launching her career and booking much work for her. The case was eventually settled out of court.

She was named the best model by People magazine in 2008. Kloss, labeled her famed runway walk a "moody gait." Molly Sims, whom she considers a mentor, told New York she thinks Kloss is the type of model who will still "do well at 30" because of her classic look.^[3]

She has been in advertisements for Donna Karan, Nina Ricci, Chloé, Lacoste, Sportmax, Alexander McQueen, Yves Saint Laurent, Elie Saab, Dolce & Gabbana, Gap, Bally Shoe, Bergdorf Goodman, Pringle of Scotland, Dior, Hermes, Oscar de la Renta, Sonia Rykiel, Aquascutum, Topshop, Eryn Brinie, Uniqlo, Omnia Jade, Lord & Taylor, Barneys New York, American Eagle, and Victoria's Secret PINK. Kloss is the face of the Marc Jacobs fragrance Lola. She has walked for numerous designers in New York, London, Milan and Paris, including Shiatzy Chen, Calvin Klein, Karl Lagerfeld, Marc Jacobs, Zac Posen, Givenchy, Gucci, Valentino, Louis Vuitton and Versace, Elie Saab and appeared in editorials for American and Korean W, American Elle, Allure, i-D, French and Japanese Numéro, Vanity Fair, Dazed & Confused, and American, Australian, Italian, French, British, Korean, German, Japanese, Chinese, Turkish, Portuguese, Teen, and Latin American^[8][9] Vogue magazines. Her covers include Italian Vogue in October 2009, January 2010, and December 2011, Vogue Turkey, Vogue Portugal, Vogue China in February, August, and November in 2010, Vogue Korea and American Teen Vogue, alongside Chanel Iman and Ali Michael in February 2008 and by herself in May 2010. She has ventured into TV when she appeared in Season Four Episode 1 of Gossip Girl as herself. She has become a muse for fashion designer John Galliano and has appeared in Dior and John Galliano campaigns and opened both shows, Christian Dior Haute Couture and Dior resort shows from spring summer 2010. In the Spring/Summer 2011 Season, she opened 10 shows and closed 8.^[10] Her runway walk, one of the most unique, is often described as powerful.^[11]

In 2011 Kloss renewed her contract with Christian Dior for the third season in a row.^[12] The same year, she made her debut in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.

Personal life[link]

Her hobbies include baking cookies, biking and ballet. Among her fellow models, her friends include Jourdan Dunn, Toni Garrn, Ali Stephens, Joan Smalls, Frida Gustavsson, Coco Rocha, Monika Jagaciak, Abbey Lee Kershaw, Irina Kulikova, Chanel Iman, Patricia van der Vliet.^[13] Supermodel Tyra Banks has stated on her Twitter account that Kloss is one of her favorite models right now because of her unique, atypical beauty.^[14]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Karlie Kloss

• Karlie Kloss at the Fashion Model Directory
• Riverfront Times article