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![[DVD] Radiohead - Glastonbury 2003 [Full Concert]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120907082240im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/jFjAWhY1Amg/0.jpg "As part of an ongoing effort to YouTube HD everything, here is Glastonbury 2003 in YouTube HD :)! I'm not overly happy with the quality, but it's as good as it gets for under 1gb :( Here is a picture of the photo on Thom's piano, not his son, not the pope, but an old comedian Sid James! radiohead.com --Track Listing-- There There 2+2=5 Lucky The National Anthem Talk Show Host Where I End And You Begin Climbing Up The Walls The Gloaming No Surprises Fake Plastic Trees Sit Down, Stand Up Go To Sleep Sail To The Moon Paranoid Android Idioteque Everything In It's Right Place --Encore-- Just Karma Police Street Spirit (Fade Out) ------------- Torrent for the DVD (will require DVD burner): www.demonoid.com")
![Les Triplettes de Belleville [Trailer] (2003)](http://web.archive.org./web/20120907082240im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Npro9kjyaJk/0.jpg "The Triplets of Belleville. Director: Sylvain Chomet IMDb: www.imdb.com www.lenhador.com")
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Abuja
Abuja is the capital city of the West African nation of Nigeria. It is located in the centre of Nigeria in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Abuja is a planned city, and was built mainly in the 1980s. It officially became Nigeria's capital on 12 December 1991, replacing Lagos, the previous capital. As of the 2006 census, the Federal Capital Territory has a population of 778,567. On 1 October 2010, two car bombs exploded in the city during celebrations of the fiftieth anniversary of the nation's independence.
http://wn.com/Abuja -
Alcântara, Maranhão
http://wn.com/Alcântara_Maranhão -
Algeria
http://wn.com/Algeria -
Americas
The Americas, or America, (, , , , , , ) are lands in the Western hemisphere, also known as the New World, comprising the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. The plural form the Americas is often used in English, as the singular America is ambiguous: America is more commonly used to refer to the United States of America. The Americas cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area) and contain about 13.5% of the human population (about 900 million people).
http://wn.com/Americas -
Antarctica
Antarctica
http://wn.com/Antarctica -
Aurora, Nebraska
Aurora is a city in Hamilton County, Nebraska in the United States of America. The population was 4,225 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Hamilton County.
http://wn.com/Aurora_Nebraska -
Australia
{{Infobox country
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Baghdad
Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
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Bam, Iran
Bam is a city in Kerman Province of Iran. The city is the center of Bam County. The modern Iranian city of Bam surrounds the Bam citadel. Before the 2003 earthquake the official population count of the city was roughly 43,000. There are various opinions about the date and reasons for the foundation of the citadel. Some people believe that Bam city was founded during the Parthian Empire. Economically and commercially, Bam occupied a very important place in the region and was famed for its textiles and clothes. Ibn Hawqal (943–977), the Arab traveller and geographer, wrote of Bam in his book Surat-ul-`ard (The Earth-figure):
http://wn.com/Bam_Iran -
Bangkok
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Belgrade
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Birmingham
Birmingham ( , locally ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands county of England. It is the most populous British city outside London with a population of 1,028,700 (2009 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the United Kingdom's second most populous Urban Area with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area, which includes surrounding towns to which it is closely tied through commuting, is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
http://wn.com/Birmingham -
Birmingham, Alabama
Birmingham (, ) is the largest city in Alabama. The city is the county seat of Jefferson County. According to an estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2007, Birmingham had a population of about 229,800. The Birmingham Metropolitan Area, in estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2009, had a population of about 1,212,848. The Birmingham Metropolitan Area contains about one-quarter of the entire population of Alabama.
http://wn.com/Birmingham_Alabama -
Boumerdès
http://wn.com/Boumerdès -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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British Columbia
British Columbia (B.C.) (, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
http://wn.com/British_Columbia -
Brogdale
Brogdale is a hamlet in Kent, England, located beside the M2 motorway south of Faversham. It is one of several hamlets making up the civil parish of Ospringe and is in the Borough of Swale.
http://wn.com/Brogdale -
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California -
Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Canberra, Australia
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Cape Canaveral
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Casablanca
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Cedar Fire
The Cedar Fire was a human-caused wildfire which burned out of control through a large area of Southern California in October 2003. Driven by Santa Ana Winds, the fire burned 2,820 buildings (including 2,232 homes) and had killed 15 people including one firefighter before being contained on November 3, making it the largest fire in recorded California history. The Cedar Fire was one of 15 fires throughout Southern California that month, including the Old Fire, which became known as the "2003 Firestorm" and the "Fire Siege of 2003."
http://wn.com/Cedar_Fire -
Chechnya
http://wn.com/Chechnya -
Ciudad Perdida
Ciudad Perdida (Spanish for "Lost City") is the archaeological site of an ancient city in Sierra Nevada, Colombia. It is believed to have been founded about 800 A.D., some 650 years earlier than Machu Picchu. This location is also known as Buritaca and the Native Americans call it Teyuna.
http://wn.com/Ciudad_Perdida -
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia -
Corsica
Corsica (, ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia.
http://wn.com/Corsica -
Daegu subway fire
The Daegu subway fire of February 18, 2003 killed at least 198 people and injured at least 147. An arsonist set fire to a train stopped at the Jungangno Station of the Daegu Metropolitan Subway in Daegu, South Korea. The fire then spread to a second train which had entered the station from the opposite direction.
http://wn.com/Daegu_subway_fire -
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Eupatoria
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Faversham
Faversham () is a market town and civil parish in the Swale borough of Kent, England. It is roughly equidistant between Sittingbourne and Canterbury. The parish of Faversham (Feversham) includes an ancient sea port, and lies east of London, off the London-to-Dover A2 road, east north east of Maidstone and west of Canterbury.
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FBI
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Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Georgia (country)
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Glasgow
Glasgow ( (); (pronounced )) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands. A person from Glasgow is known as a Glaswegian, which is also the name of the local dialect.
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Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
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Greece
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Hanoi, Vietnam
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Heathrow Airport
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Ionian Islands
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Irvine, California
Irvine () is an incorporated city in Orange County, California, United States. It is a planned city, mainly developed by the Irvine Company since the 1960s. Formally incorporated on December 28, 1971, the 45 square mile (115 km2) city has a population of about 217,686 as of January 1, 2010. It has annexed in the past an undeveloped area to the north, and has also annexed the former El Toro Marine Corps Air Station, most of which is planned to be converted into the Orange County Great Park.
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Israel
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Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
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Italy
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Japan
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Johannesburg
Johannesburg (, ) also known as Jozi, '''Jo'burg or eGoli''', is the largest city in South Africa. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa.. The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world, and is also the world's largest city not situated on a river, lake, or coastline.
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Kai County
Kai County () is a county of Chongqing Municipality in China.
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Kent
Kent (), originally Cantia, is a county in southeast England, and is one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the River Thames estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of Medway. Kent has a nominal border with France halfway through the Channel Tunnel. Maidstone is its county town and historically Rochester and Canterbury have been accorded city status, though only the latter still holds it.
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Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
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Leeds
Leeds () is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. In 2001 Leeds' main urban subdivision had a population of 443,247, while the entire city had a population of (). Leeds is the cultural, financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which at the 2001 census had a population of 1.5 million, and the Leeds city region, an economic area with Leeds at its core, had a population of 2.9 million. Leeds is the UK's largest centre for business, legal, and financial services outside London, and according to the most recent Office for National Statistics estimates, Leeds is the fastest growing city in the UK.
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Liberia
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Libya
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Lockerbie
Lockerbie () is a town in the Dumfries and Galloway region of south-western Scotland. It lies approximately 75 miles from Glasgow, and from the English border. It is a small town, with a population of just 4,009 at the 2001 census.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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London Bridge Tower
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Madrid
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Miami
Miami ( or ) is a major city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida, and the eighth-most populous county in the United States, with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city in the United States, with a population of 433,136, it is the principal, central and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area. According to United Nations estimates, the Miami Urbanized Area was the fifth most populous urbanized area in the U.S. in 2000 with a population of 4,919,036, but in 2008 that number increased to 5,232,342, making it the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States, behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.
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Morocco
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Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
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Mumbai
Mumbai (; , ', ), previously known as Bombay' (), is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the second most populous city in the world, with a population of approximately 14 million. The official language of Mumbai is Marathi. But many other languages are also widely used, particularly the Mumbaiian Hindi''. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South or Central Asia.
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Nasiriya
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NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire ranks 44th in land area, 46th in total area of the 50 states, and 41st in population.
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Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
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North Pole
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the northern hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets the Earth's surface. It should not be confused with the North Magnetic Pole.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
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Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia (pronounced ; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada. The provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of . As of 2009, the population is 940,397, which makes Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province.
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Old Bailey
The Central Criminal Court in England, commonly known as the Old Bailey from the street in which it stands, is a court building in central London, one of a number of buildings housing the Crown Court. The Crown Court sitting at the Central Criminal Court deals with major criminal cases from Greater London and, in exceptional cases, from other parts of England. Part of the present building stands on the site of the medieval Newgate Gaol, on Old Bailey, a road which follows the line of the City of London's fortified wall (or bailey). It lies between Holborn Circus and St Paul's Cathedral.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Pan Am Flight 103
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Phnom Penh
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Prague
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Qatar
Qatar ( ; ; local pronunciation: ), also known as the State of Qatar or locally , is an Arab country, known officially as an emirate, in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south; otherwise, the Persian Gulf surrounds the state. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island nation of Bahrain.
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Reading, Berkshire
Reading ( ) is the largest town in England, located at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway, some west of London. For ceremonial purposes it is in the Royal County of Berkshire and has served as the county town since 1867.
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Red Square
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Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
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Riga
Riga (, ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia, a major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centre of the Baltics, and an important seaport, situated on the mouth of the Daugava. With 706,413 inhabitants (2010) it is the largest city of the Baltic states and third-largest in the Baltic region, behind Saint Petersburg and Stockholm (counting residents within the city limits). Riga's territory covers and lies between above sea level, on a flat and sandy plain.
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Riyadh
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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San Diego County
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Sandusky, Ohio
Sandusky pronounced [suhn-duhs-kee, san-] is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Erie County. It is located in northern Ohio and is situated on the shores of Lake Erie, almost exactly half-way between Toledo to the west and Cleveland to the east.
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Saudi Arabia
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
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Serbia
Serbia (pronounced: ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central- and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern lowlands of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; its border with Albania is disputed. Serbia's capital city, Belgrade, is among the most populous in Southeastern Europe.
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Seville
Seville ( ; see also ) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of above sea level. The inhabitants of the city are known as sevillanos (feminine form: sevillanas) or hispalenses, following the Roman name of the city, Hispalis. The population of the city of Seville was 703,206 as of 2009 (INE), ranking as the fourth largest city of Spain. The population of the metropolitan area (urban area plus satellite towns) was 1,493,416 as of 2009 (INE estimate).
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Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands ) is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands. It covers a land mass of 28,400 square kilometres (10,965 sq mi). The capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The nation of the Solomon Islands is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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Soviet Union
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Stockholm
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Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
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Sweden
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
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Texas A&M; University
Texas A&M; University, often referred to as A&M; or TAMU, is a coeducational public research university located in College Station, Texas. It is the flagship institution of the Texas A&M; University System. The seventh-largest university in the United States, A&M; enrolls over 49,000 students in ten academic colleges. Texas A&M;'s designation as a land, sea, and space grant institution reflects a broad range of research with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. The school ranks in the top 20 American research institutes in terms of funding and has made notable contributions to such fields as animal cloning and petroleum engineering.
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Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
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The Kremlin
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Tikrit
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Vancouver
Vancouver () is a coastal city located in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It is named for British Captain George Vancouver, who explored the area in the 1790s. The name Vancouver itself originates from the Dutch "van Coevorden", denoting somebody from Coevorden, a city in the Netherlands.
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Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
http://wn.com/Vienna
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Ahmadou Kourouma
Ahmadou Kourouma (November 24, 1927 – December 11, 2003) was an Ivorian novelist.
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Alija Izetbegović
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Althea Gibson
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Anita Mui
Anita Mui Yim-fong (10 October 1963 - 30 December 2003) was a popular Hong Kong singer and actress. She was also the younger sister of Hong Kong singer, Ann Mui. During her prime years she made major contributions to the cantopop music scene, while receiving numerous awards and honours. She remained an idol throughout most of her career, and was generally regarded as a cantopop diva. Mui once held a sell-out concert at Hammersmith, London, England, where she was dubbed the "Madonna of Asia". That title has stayed with her throughout her career, and has been used as a comparison for both Eastern and Western media.
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Anna Lindh
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Armand Borel
Armand Borel (21 May 1923 –11 August 2003) was a Swiss mathematician, born in La Chaux-de-Fonds, and was a permanent professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States from 1957 to 1993. He worked in algebraic topology, in the theory of Lie groups, and was one of the creators of the contemporary theory of linear algebraic groups.
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Azie Taylor Morton
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Barry White
Barry Eugene White ( – ) was an American record producer and singer-songwriter.
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Bee Gees
The Bee Gees
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Benny Carter
Bennett Lester Carter (August 8, 1907 – July 12, 2003) was an American jazz alto saxophonist, clarinetist, trumpeter, composer, arranger, and bandleader. He was a major figure in jazz from the 1930s to the 1990s, and was recognized as such by other jazz musicians who called him King. In 1958, he performed with Billie Holiday at the legendary Monterey Jazz Festival.
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Bernard Dowiyogo
HE Bernard Annen Auwen Dowiyogo (February 14, 1946 – March 9, 2003) was President of the Republic of Nauru.
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Bernard Katz
Sir Bernard Katz, FRS (26 March 1911 – 20 April 2003) was a German-born biophysicist, noted for his work on nerve biochemistry. He shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1970 with Julius Axelrod and Ulf von Euler. He was knighted in 1970.
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Bertram Brockhouse
Bertram Neville Brockhouse, CC, FRSC (July 15, 1918 – October 13, 2003) was a Canadian physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1994, shared with Clifford Shull) "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter", in particular "for the development of neutron spectroscopy".
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Bill Shoemaker
William Lee Shoemaker (August 19, 1931 – October 12, 2003) was an American jockey.
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Blas Ople
Blas Fajardo Ople (; February 3, 1927–December 14, 2003) was a Filipino journalist and politician who held several high-ranking positions in the executive and legislative branches of the Philippine government, including as Senate President from 1999 to 2000, and as Secretary of Foreign Affairs from 2002 until his death. Perceived as a leftist-nationalist at the onset of his career in public service, Ople was, in his final years, a vocal supporter for allowing a limited United States military presence in the Philippines, and for American initiatives in the War on Terror including the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq.
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Bob Monkhouse
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Brian Douglas Wells
http://wn.com/Brian_Douglas_Wells -
Brian Trueman
Brian Trueman (born 16 May 1932, Manchester, England) is a British writer and broadcaster known mainly for his work with the animation studio Cosgrove Hall. He wrote and/or narrated many fondly remembered children's cartoon series, mostly during the 1970s and 1980s, including:-
http://wn.com/Brian_Trueman -
Buddy Hackett
Buddy Hackett (August 31, 1924 – June 30, 2003) was an American comedian and actor. In his later life, he and his wife set up the Singita Animal Sanctuary in the San Fernando Valley, California.
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Canaan Banana
Canaan Sodindo Banana (5 March 1936 10 November 2003) served as the first President of Zimbabwe from 18 April 1980 until 31 December 1987. A Methodist minister, he held the largely ceremonial office of the presidency while his eventual successor, Robert Mugabe, served as Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.
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Carl F. H. Henry
http://wn.com/Carl_F_H_Henry -
Carlo Urbani
http://wn.com/Carlo_Urbani -
Carlos Roberto Reina
http://wn.com/Carlos_Roberto_Reina -
Carol Shields
http://wn.com/Carol_Shields -
Cecil Howard Green
http://wn.com/Cecil_Howard_Green -
Cecile de Brunhoff
http://wn.com/Cecile_de_Brunhoff -
Charles Bronson
Charles Bronson (November 3, 1921 – August 30, 2003) was an American actor best known for his "tough guy" image, who starred in such classic films as Once Upon a Time in the West, The Magnificent Seven, The Dirty Dozen, The Great Escape, Mr. Majestyk, The Mechanic, and the popular Death Wish series. He was most often cast in the role of a police officer or gunfighter, often in revenge plot lines.
http://wn.com/Charles_Bronson -
Chechnya
http://wn.com/Chechnya -
Chiang Kai-shek
http://wn.com/Chiang_Kai-shek -
Chris Redfield
is a fictional character in the Resident Evil video game series. He is one of the two main protagonists in the first Resident Evil game, the other being Jill Valentine. Redfield returned as a playable character in , where he must search for, and ultimately rescue, his younger sister, Claire. Redfield returned again as a main character in Resident Evil 5, where he works alongside partner Sheva Alomar to search for his old partner and friend, Jill Valentine.
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Colin Powell
http://wn.com/Colin_Powell -
Compay Segundo
http://wn.com/Compay_Segundo -
Curt Hennig
http://wn.com/Curt_Hennig -
Daijiro Kato
http://wn.com/Daijiro_Kato -
Dan Snyder
Daniel Snyder (February 23, 1978 - October 5, 2003) was a professional Canadian ice hockey player. He played as a centre in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Atlanta Thrashers. Following a single-vehicle accident, in which he was a passenger, Snyder fell into a coma as a result of his injuries, he died six days later of septic shock.
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Daniel Morcombe
Daniel Morcombe (born 19 December 1989) was a 13-year-old Australian boy who was the victim of a presumed abduction in the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, on December 7, 2003. Morcombe has yet to be found despite regular media coverage about his disappearance since 2003 and a massive reward.
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Dave Dudley
http://wn.com/Dave_Dudley -
David Bale
David Howard Bale (September 2, 1941 – December 30, 2003) was a South African-born entrepreneur and an environmentalist animal rights activist, perhaps best known as the husband of journalist, political and social activist, and Women's Movement leader Gloria Steinem and the father of actor Christian Bale.
http://wn.com/David_Bale -
David Bieber
David Francis Bieber (born February 3, 1966) also known under the alias Nathan Wayne Coleman is an American convicted murderer. A fugitive from the United States, he murdered PC Ian Broadhurst and attempted to murder PCs Neil Roper and James Banks on 26 December 2003 in Leeds, England, sparking a nationwide search before he was captured. He was given a life sentence and the trial judge recommended that he should never be released.
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David Brinkley
David McClure Brinkley (July 10, 1920 – June 11, 2003) was an American newscaster for NBC and ABC in a career lasting from 1943 to 1997.
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David Dacko
http://wn.com/David_Dacko -
David Hemmings
David Hemmings (18 November 1941 – 3 December 2003) was an English film actor and director, whose most famous role was the photographer in Blowup. In his later acting career, he was known for his distinctive eyebrows and gravelly voice.
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Dean Amadon
http://wn.com/Dean_Amadon -
Denis Quilley
Denis Clifford Quilley OBE (26 December 1927 - 5 October 2003) was an English theatre, television and film actor who was long associated with the Royal National Theatre.
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Denis Thatcher
http://wn.com/Denis_Thatcher -
Dinsdale Landen
Dinsdale James Landen (4 September 1932 — 29 December 2003) was a British actor known mainly for his television appearances.
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Donald O'Connor
http://wn.com/Donald_O'Connor -
Donald Regan
Donald Thomas Regan (; December 21, 1918 – June 10, 2003) was the 66th United States Secretary of the Treasury, from 1981 to 1985, and Chief of Staff from 1985 to 1987 in the Ronald Reagan Administration, where he advocated "Reaganomics" and tax cuts to create jobs and stimulate production. Regan was criticized for his Prime Ministerial style of working, for his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair, and for his frequent disagreements with Ronald Reagan's wife, First Lady Nancy Reagan.
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Dorothy Fay
Dorothy Fay (April 4, 1915 – November 5, 2003) was an American actress.
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Dorothy Loudon
http://wn.com/Dorothy_Loudon -
Earl Hindman
http://wn.com/Earl_Hindman -
Earl King
''This article is about the musical artist. For the Earl King convicted of murdering a ship's officer, see Earl King, Ernest Ramsay, and Frank Conner''
http://wn.com/Earl_King -
Ed Devereaux
Ed Devereaux (27 August 1925 - 17 December 2003) was an Australian actor, who lived in the UK for many years. He was best known for playing the part of "Matt Hammond" in the Australian children's television series Skippy. He was also involved in the series behind the scenes: Devereaux directed The Veteran (1969), for which he received much critical acclaim. He also wrote the script. Devereaux based the story of Double Trouble on an idea conceived by his children, wrote the screenplay of Summer Storm and wrote the script of The Mine.
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Edgar de Evia
http://wn.com/Edgar_de_Evia -
Eduard Shevardnadze
Eduard Shevardnadze (, ; , Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze; born 25 January 1927 / 28 is written in papers) served as the second President of Georgia from 1995 until he resigned on 23 November 2003 as a consequence of the bloodless Rose Revolution. Prior to his presidency, he served under Mikhail Gorbachev as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Shevardnadze's political skills earned him the nickname of tetri melia (white fox).
http://wn.com/Eduard_Shevardnadze -
Edward Said
http://wn.com/Edward_Said -
Edward Teller
Edward Teller (January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-born American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb," even though he did not care for the title.
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Edwin Starr
http://wn.com/Edwin_Starr -
Elia Kazan
http://wn.com/Elia_Kazan -
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_II -
Elliott Smith
http://wn.com/Elliott_Smith -
Eric Rudolph
http://wn.com/Eric_Rudolph -
Eugene Istomin
Eugene George Istomin (November 26, 1925 – October 10, 2003) was an American pianist.
http://wn.com/Eugene_Istomin -
Fernand Fonssagrives
Fernand Fonssagrives (June 8, 1910 - April 23, 2003) born near Paris, France he was a photographer known for his 'beauty photography' in the early 1940s, and as the first husband of the model Lisa Fonssagrives. He died in 2003 at Little Rock, Arkansas.
http://wn.com/Fernand_Fonssagrives -
Franco Corelli
http://wn.com/Franco_Corelli -
Franco Modigliani
http://wn.com/Franco_Modigliani -
Frank O'Bannon
'''Frank Lewis O'Bannon''' (January 30, 1930-September 13, 2003) was an American politician who was the 47th Governor of Indiana from 1997 until his death in 2003.
http://wn.com/Frank_O'Bannon -
Fred Rogers
http://wn.com/Fred_Rogers -
Freddie Blassie
http://wn.com/Freddie_Blassie -
Gary Ridgway
Gary Leon Ridgway (born February 18, 1949), known as the Green River Killer, is an American serial killer. Ridgway murdered numerous women in Washington during the 1980s and 1990s. He strangled them, mostly with his arm, but he would also use ligatures. After strangling the women, he would dump their bodies throughout King County.
http://wn.com/Gary_Ridgway -
George Plimpton
George Ames Plimpton (18 March 1927 – 25 September 2003) was an American journalist, writer, editor, and actor. He is widely known for his sports writing and for helping to found The Paris Review.
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George Roper
This is an article about the British comedian. For information on the British sitcom character, see Man About the House.
http://wn.com/George_Roper -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
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Gertrude Ederle
MedalCountry|the
http://wn.com/Gertrude_Ederle -
Gordon Jump
Alexander Gordon Jump (April 1, 1932 – September 22, 2003) was an American actor best known as the clueless radio station manager Arthur "Big Guy" Carlson in the TV series WKRP in Cincinnati and the incompetent "Piece of Chalief Tinkler" in the sitcom Soap. He also played the "Maytag Repairman" in commercials for Maytag brand appliances, from 1989 until his retirement from the role in July 2003.
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Gray Davis
http://wn.com/Gray_Davis -
Gregory Hines
http://wn.com/Gregory_Hines -
Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor.
http://wn.com/Gregory_Peck -
Hal Clement
http://wn.com/Hal_Clement -
Hans Hotter
Hans Hotter (19 January 1909, Offenbach am Main, Hesse – 6 December 2003) was a German operatic bass-baritone, admired internationally after World War II for the power, beauty, and intelligence of his singing, especially in Wagner operas. He was extremely tall and his appearance was striking because of his high, narrow face, wide mouth, and big, aquiline nose. His voice and diction were equally recognisable.
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Harry Goz
http://wn.com/Harry_Goz -
Harry Stonecipher
Harry C. Stonecipher (born May 16, 1936, Robbins, Tennessee)
http://wn.com/Harry_Stonecipher -
Helmut Rahn
http://wn.com/Helmut_Rahn -
Henryk Jablonski
http://wn.com/Henryk_Jablonski -
Herbie Mann
http://wn.com/Herbie_Mann -
Heydar Aliyev
Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev (, ; May 10, 1923 – December 12, 2003), also spelled as Heidar Aliev, Geidar Aliev, Haydar Aliyev, Geydar Aliyev was the third President of Azerbaijan for the New Azerbaijan Party from June 1993 to October 2003, when his son Ilham Aliyev succeeded him.
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Hope Lange
http://wn.com/Hope_Lange -
Howard Fast
Howard Melvin Fast (November 11, 1914 – March 12, 2003) was an American novelist and television writer. Fast also wrote under the pen names E. V. Cunningham and Walter Ericson.
http://wn.com/Howard_Fast -
Hu Jintao
'''
http://wn.com/Hu_Jintao -
Hugh Kenner
William Hugh Kenner (January 7, 1923 – November 24, 2003), was a Canadian literary scholar, critic and professor.
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Hume Cronyn
http://wn.com/Hume_Cronyn -
Huntington Hardisty
Huntington Hardisty (February 3, 1929-October 1, 2003) was a United States Navy four star admiral who served as Vice Chief of Naval Operations (VCNO) from 1987 to 1988; and Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Command (USCINCPAC) from 1988 to 1991.
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Idi Amin
http://wn.com/Idi_Amin -
Iggy Katona
http://wn.com/Iggy_Katona -
Ilya Prigogine
http://wn.com/Ilya_Prigogine -
Imperio Argentina
http://wn.com/Imperio_Argentina -
Irv Kupcinet
http://wn.com/Irv_Kupcinet -
Jack Dyer
http://wn.com/Jack_Dyer -
Jerry Bittle
http://wn.com/Jerry_Bittle -
Jiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin (born August 17, 1926, in Yangzhou, Jiangsu) is the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004.
http://wn.com/Jiang_Zemin -
Jim Cairns
James Ford "J. F." Cairns (4 October 191412 October 2003), Australian politician, was prominent in the Labor movement through the 1960s and 1970s, and was briefly Deputy Prime Minister in the Whitlam government. He is best remembered as a leader of the movement against Australian involvement in the Vietnam War, for his affair with Junie Morosi and for his later renunciation of conventional politics. He was also a prominent economist, and a prolific writer on economic and social issues.
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Jim Siedow
Jim Nash Siedow (June 12, 1920 - November 20, 2003) was an American actor, best known for his role of Drayton "The Cook" Sawyer in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre and "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2".
http://wn.com/Jim_Siedow -
Jimmy Knepper
http://wn.com/Jimmy_Knepper -
John Gregg (UDA)
John Gregg (1957 - 1 February 2003) (nicknamed "Grugg") was a senior member of the UDA/UFF Loyalist organization in Northern Ireland. He was considered a "hawk" in Loyalist circles.
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John Gregory Dunne
http://wn.com/John_Gregory_Dunne -
John Maxwell Coetzee
http://wn.com/John_Maxwell_Coetzee -
John Prescott
John Leslie Prescott, Baron Prescott (born 31 May 1938) is a former Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State of the United Kingdom. Born in Prestatyn, Wales, he represented Hull East as the Labour Member of Parliament between 1970 and 2010. In the 1994 leadership election he stood for both Leader and Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, winning election to the latter office. He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister after Labour's victory in the 1997 election, with an expanded brief as Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
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John Ritter
actor
http://wn.com/John_Ritter -
John Schlesinger
http://wn.com/John_Schlesinger -
John Serry, Sr.
John Serry Sr. (Giovanni Serrapica January 29, 1915 - September 14, 2003) was an accomplished concert accordionist virtuoso, arranger, composer, organist and educator who performed on the CBS Radio and CBS Television networks. As a concert artist and soloist he elevated the use of the accordion within a full range of professional orchestral ensembles for over four decades during the early twentieth century.
http://wn.com/John_Serry_Sr -
Johnny Cash
http://wn.com/Johnny_Cash -
Johnny Paycheck
Johnny Paycheck was the stage name of Donald Eugene Lytle (May 31, 1938 – February 19, 2003), a country music singer and Grand Ole Opry member most famous for recording the David Allan Coe song "Take This Job and Shove It". He achieved his greatest success in the 1970s as a major force in country music's "Outlaw Movement" popularized by artists such as Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Billy Joe Shaver and Merle Haggard. In the 1980s, his music career suffered from his problems with drugs, alcohol, and legal difficulties. He served a prison sentence in the early 1990s but his declining health effectively ended his career in early 2000.
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Jonathan Brandis
http://wn.com/Jonathan_Brandis -
Jorge Oteiza
Jorge Oteiza Enbil (October 21, 1908 – April 9, 2003), was a Spanish sculptor, painter, designer and writer, renowned for being one of the main theorists on Spanish modern art.
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June Carter Cash
Valerie June Carter Cash (June 23, 1929 – May 15, 2003) was a singer, dancer, songwriter, actress, comedienne and author who was a member of the Carter Family and the second wife of singer Johnny Cash. She played the guitar, banjo, harmonica, and autoharp and acted in several films and television shows.
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Kaiser Matanzima
Kaiser Matanzima (15 June 1915 - June 15 2003) was a former leader of the Transkei in South Africa.
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Katharine Hepburn
http://wn.com/Katharine_Hepburn -
Kathleen Winsor
Kathleen Winsor (October 16, 1919 - May 26, 2003) was an American author, best known for the romance novel Forever Amber.
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Kimi Räikkönen
http://wn.com/Kimi_Räikkönen -
Lady Louise Windsor
The Lady Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary Windsor (born 8 November 2003) is a member of the British Royal Family. She is the elder child of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. The youngest granddaughter and second-youngest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh, Lady Louise is 9th in line to the throne and at the time of her birth was 8th.
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Larry Doby
http://wn.com/Larry_Doby -
Larry Hovis
Larry Hovis (February 20, 1936 – September 9, 2003) was an American singer and actor best known for playing a fictional prisoner of war on the 1960s television sitcom ''Hogan's Heroes''.
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Leni Riefenstahl
Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl (; 22 August 1902 - 8 September 2003) was a German film director, actress and dancer widely noted for her aesthetics and innovations as a filmmaker. Her most famous film was Triumph des Willens (Triumph of the Will), a propaganda film made at the 1934 Nuremberg congress of the Nazi Party. Riefenstahl's prominence in the Third Reich along with her personal friendship with Adolf Hitler thwarted her film career following Germany's defeat in World War II, after which she was arrested but released without any charges.
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Leon Uris
http://wn.com/Leon_Uris -
Leopoldo Galtieri
Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (July 15, 1926January 12, 2003) was an Argentine general and President of Argentina from December 22, 1981 to June 18, 1982, during the last military dictatorship (known officially as the National Reorganization Process). The death squad Intelligence Battalion 601 directly reported to him. He was removed from power soon after the British retook the Falklands Islands, whose invasion he had ordered.
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Leslie Cheung
http://wn.com/Leslie_Cheung -
Lester Maddox
http://wn.com/Lester_Maddox -
Lewis Platt
http://wn.com/Lewis_Platt -
Luciano Berio
Luciano Berio, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. He is noted for his experimental work (in particular his 1968 composition Sinfonia for voices and orchestra and his series of numbered solo pieces titled Sequenza) and also for his pioneering work in electronic music.
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Ludwig Bölkow
http://wn.com/Ludwig_Bölkow -
Mahathir Mohamad
http://wn.com/Mahathir_Mohamad -
Marc-Vivien Foé
http://wn.com/Marc-Vivien_Foé -
Margaret Thatcher
http://wn.com/Margaret_Thatcher -
Marie Trintignant
http://wn.com/Marie_Trintignant -
Martha Stewart
http://wn.com/Martha_Stewart -
Maurice Blanchot
http://wn.com/Maurice_Blanchot -
Michael Jeter
http://wn.com/Michael_Jeter -
Michael Kamen
http://wn.com/Michael_Kamen -
Michael Schumacher
http://wn.com/Michael_Schumacher -
Mihkel Mathiesen
Mihkel Mathiesen (27 October 1918 – 28 November 2003) was an Estonian statesman.
http://wn.com/Mihkel_Mathiesen -
Mike Lockwood
http://wn.com/Mike_Lockwood -
Milton G. Henschel
http://wn.com/Milton_G_Henschel -
Mirza Tahir Ahmad
Mirza Tahir Ahmad (Urdu: ) (December 18, 1928 – April 19, 2003) was Khalifatul Masih IV, Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. He was elected to this office on 10 June 1982, the day after the death of his predecessor, Mirza Nasir Ahmad. He was the son of Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph and was the half-brother of Mirza Nasir Ahmad, the third Caliph. He graduated from Jamia Ahmadiyya (Theological Academy) at Rabwah, followed by higher education in Lahore at the University of Punjab, and London at the University of London School of Oriental and African Studies. In 1974 he was also nominated as a member of the Ahmadiyya delegation which appeared in the Parliament of Pakistan to defend the beliefs of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
http://wn.com/Mirza_Tahir_Ahmad -
Morgan Spurlock
Morgan Valentine Spurlock (born November 7, 1970) is an American documentary filmmaker, television producer, screenwriter and journalist, best known for the documentary film Super Size Me, in which he demonstrated negative health effects of McDonald's food by eating nothing but meals from McDonald's three times a day, every day, for 30 days. Spurlock was the executive producer and star of the reality television series 30 Days. In 2007, Spurlock was placed within the Top 10 "Best Journalists of the World" by Time magazine.
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N!xau
http://wn.com/N!xau -
Neil Postman
Neil Postman (March 8, 1931 - October 5, 2003) was an American author, media theorist and cultural critic, who is best known by the general public for his 1985 book about television, Amusing Ourselves to Death. For more than forty years, he was associated with New York University. Postman was a humanist, who believed that "new technology can never substitute for human values."
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Nina Simone
http://wn.com/Nina_Simone -
Noel Redding
http://wn.com/Noel_Redding -
Orville Freeman
Orville Lothrop Freeman (May 9, 1918 February 20, 2003) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 29th Governor of Minnesota from January 5, 1955 to January 2, 1961, and as the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1961 to 1969 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He was one of the founding members of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party and strongly influential in the merger of the pre-DFL Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor Parties. Freeman nominated Kennedy for President at the national Democratic Party convention.
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Otto Graham
Otto Everett Graham, Jr. (December 6, 1921 – December 17, 2003) was a professional American football and basketball player who played for the Cleveland Browns in both the All-America Football Conference and National Football League, as well as the Rochester Royals in the National Basketball League.
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Paul Getty
Sir John Paul Getty, KBE (September 7, 1932 – April 17, 2003) was a wealthy American-born British philanthropist and book collector. He was the son of Jean Paul Getty, Sr. (1892–1976), one of the richest men in the world at the time, and his wife Anne Rork.
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Paul Lauterbur
http://wn.com/Paul_Lauterbur -
Paul Martin
Paul Edgar Philippe Martin, PC (born August 28, 1938), also known as Paul Martin, Jr., is a Canadian politician who was the 21st Prime Minister of Canada, as well as leader of the Liberal Party of Canada.
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Pen Hadow
Rupert Nigel Pendrill Hadow known as Pen Hadow, (born on the 26 February 1962), is a British polar adventurer and author. In 2003 he became the first person to walk the 478 miles, solo and unsupported, from the northern coast of Canada to the North Pole.
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Penny Singleton
Penny Singleton (September 15, 1908 – November 12, 2003) was an American film actress.
http://wn.com/Penny_Singleton -
Pervez Musharraf
http://wn.com/Pervez_Musharraf -
Peter Agre
Peter Agre (pronounced "ahg-ray") (born January 29, 1949) American medical doctor, professor, and molecular biologist who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (which he shared with Roderick MacKinnon) for his discovery of aquaporins. Aquaporins are water-channel proteins that move water molecules through the cell membrane. In February 2009, Peter Agre was inducted as the 163rd president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the nation's largest scientific organization.
http://wn.com/Peter_Agre -
Peter Mansfield
Sir Peter Mansfield, FRS, (born 9 October 1933), is a British physicist who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Nobel Prize was shared with Paul Lauterbur, who also contributed to the development of MRI. Sir Peter is a professor at the University of Nottingham.
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Peter Stone
http://wn.com/Peter_Stone -
PetroChina
PetroChina Company Limited (, ) (, , ) is a Chinese oil company and is the listed arm of state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), headquartered in Dongcheng District, Beijing. It is China's biggest oil producer, and is the world's most valuable company by market value as of September 28th 2010. Traded in Hong Kong and New York, the mainland enterprise announced its plans to issue stock in Shanghai in November 2007, and following its debut on the Shanghai index, its market value tripled, making PetroChina the first company to reach a trillion dollar market capitalization.
http://wn.com/PetroChina -
Phil Condit
http://wn.com/Phil_Condit -
Qusay Hussein
http://wn.com/Qusay_Hussein -
Ray Lewis (runner)
http://wn.com/Ray_Lewis_(runner) -
Richard Neustadt
http://wn.com/Richard_Neustadt -
Richard Wollheim
Richard Arthur Wollheim (5 May 1923 – 4 November 2003) was a British philosopher noted for original work on mind and emotions, especially as related to the visual arts, specifically, painting. Wollheim served as the president of the British Society of Aesthetics from 1992 onwards until his death in 2003.
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Rie Mastenbroek
Hendrika "Rie" Wilhelmina Mastenbroek (26 February 1919 – 6 November 2003) was a Dutch swimmer and a triple Olympic champion.
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Rik Van Steenbergen
Rik Van Steenbergen (Arendonk, 9 September 1924 – Antwerp, 15 May 2003) was a Belgian racing cyclist, considered to be one of the best among the great number of successful Belgian cyclists.
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Road Warrior Hawk
http://wn.com/Road_Warrior_Hawk -
Robert Addie
http://wn.com/Robert_Addie -
Robert F. Engle
Robert Fry Engle III (born November 10, 1942) is an American economist and the winner of the 2003 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, sharing the award with Clive Granger, "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)".
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Robert Kardashian
Robert George Kardashian (February 22, 1944 – September 30, 2003) was an American Armenian attorney best known as one of the attorneys for, and a friend of O.J. Simpson.
http://wn.com/Robert_Kardashian -
Robert Novak
Robert David Sanders "Bob" Novak (February 26, 1931 – August 18, 2009) was a syndicated columnist, journalist, television personality, author, and conservative political commentator. After working for two newspapers before serving for the U.S. Army in the Korean War, he became a reporter for the Associated Press and then for The Wall Street Journal. He teamed up with Rowland Evans in 1963 to start Inside Report, which became the longest running syndicated political column in U.S. history and ran in hundreds of papers. They also started the Evans-Novak Political Report, a notable biweekly newsletter, in 1967.
http://wn.com/Robert_Novak -
Robert Stack
Robert Langford Modini Stack (January 13, 1919 – May 14, 2003) was an American actor. In addition to acting in more than 40 films, he also appeared on the television series The Untouchables and later served as the host of Unsolved Mysteries.
http://wn.com/Robert_Stack -
Robert Stanfield
http://wn.com/Robert_Stanfield -
Robert Strassburg
Robert Strassburg (August 30, 1915 - October 25, 2003) - was a
http://wn.com/Robert_Strassburg -
Roberto Bolaño
http://wn.com/Roberto_Bolaño -
Roderick MacKinnon
Roderick MacKinnon (born 19 February 1956) is a professor of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics at Rockefeller University who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Peter Agre in 2003 for his work on the structure and operation of ion channels.
http://wn.com/Roderick_MacKinnon -
Roman Lyashenko
http://wn.com/Roman_Lyashenko -
Ron Ziegler
Ronald Louis "Ron" Ziegler (May 12, 1939 – February 10, 2003) was White House Press Secretary and Assistant to the President during United States President Richard Nixon's administration.
http://wn.com/Ron_Ziegler -
Rosalyn Tureck
Rosalyn Tureck (December 14, 1914July 17, 2003) was an American pianist and harpsichordist who was particularly associated with the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. She was born in Chicago, Illinois.
http://wn.com/Rosalyn_Tureck -
Rudolf Kingslake
http://wn.com/Rudolf_Kingslake -
Rush Limbaugh
Rush Hudson Limbaugh III (; born January 12, 1951) is an American radio talk show host, conservative political commentator, and an opinion leader in conservative politics and conservatism in the United States. He hosts The Rush Limbaugh Show which is aired throughout the U.S. on Premiere Radio Networks and is the highest-rated talk-radio program in the United States. Limbaugh signed an 8 year, $400 million contract extension with Clear Channel in 2008 that pays him $50 million a year.
http://wn.com/Rush_Limbaugh -
Saddam Hussein
http://wn.com/Saddam_Hussein -
Sam Phillips
http://wn.com/Sam_Phillips -
Sertab Erener
Sertab Erener (born 4 December 1964 in Istanbul) is a Turkish pop music singer and also a cross-over soprano with a vocal range that extends to high F. She is one of the most successful female Turkish pop singers in her homeland, and is considered one of the divas of Turkish pop music. In Europe, she is best known for winning the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 with her hit song "Everyway That I Can", although she has had many other achievements outside Turkey.
http://wn.com/Sertab_Erener -
Shawn Lane
http://wn.com/Shawn_Lane -
Sheb Wooley
http://wn.com/Sheb_Wooley -
Shirin Ebadi
Shirin Ebadi ( - Ŝirin Ebādi; born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, a former judge and human rights activist and founder of Centre for the Defence of Human Rights in Iran. On October 10, 2003, Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights, especially women's, children's, and refugee rights. She was the first ever Iranian, and the first Muslim woman to have received the prize.
http://wn.com/Shirin_Ebadi -
Soham murders
The Soham murders was a high profile murder case in August 2002 of two ten-year-old girls in Soham, Cambridgeshire, England. The victims were Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman. The convicted killer was a local school caretaker, Ian Huntley.
http://wn.com/Soham_murders -
Soong May-ling
http://wn.com/Soong_May-ling -
Spider Jorgensen
John Donald Jorgensen (November 3, 1919 - November 6, 2003) was a third baseman in Major League Baseball who played from 1947 through 1951 for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1947-50) and New York Giants (1950-51). Jorgensen batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He was born in Folsom, California.
http://wn.com/Spider_Jorgensen -
Strom Thurmond
http://wn.com/Strom_Thurmond -
Stu Hart
http://wn.com/Stu_Hart -
T. Y. Lin
http://wn.com/T_Y_Lin -
Terry Frost
http://wn.com/Terry_Frost -
Tex Schramm
Texas Earnest Schramm, Jr. (June 2, 1920 - July 15, 2003) was the original president and general manager of the National Football League's Dallas Cowboys franchise. Schramm became the head of the Dallas Cowboys when the former expansion team started operations in 1960. He was also an NFL visionary and innovator in many areas.
http://wn.com/Tex_Schramm -
Timothy Treadwell
Timothy Treadwell (April 29, 1957 – October 5, 2003) was an American bear enthusiast, environmentalist, amateur naturalist, eco-warrior and documentary film maker. He lived among the coastal grizzly bears of Katmai National Park in Alaska, USA, for approximately 13 months. At the end of his 13th month in the park in 2003, he and his girlfriend Amie Huguenard were killed and eaten by grizzly bears. Treadwell's life, work and death were the subject of the 2005 documentary film by Werner Herzog titled Grizzly Man.
http://wn.com/Timothy_Treadwell -
Uday Hussein
http://wn.com/Uday_Hussein -
Valerie Plame
Valerie Elise Plame Wilson (born April 19, 1963), known as Valerie Plame, Valerie E. Wilson, and Valerie Plame Wilson, is a former United States CIA Operations Officer and the wife of former Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV.
http://wn.com/Valerie_Plame -
Veikko Hakulinen
MedalCountry|
http://wn.com/Veikko_Hakulinen -
Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952) served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move, and then Putin won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Putin -
Vladimir Vasicek
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Vasicek -
Warren Spahn
http://wn.com/Warren_Spahn -
Warren Zevon
http://wn.com/Warren_Zevon -
Wendy Hiller
http://wn.com/Wendy_Hiller -
William Steig
http://wn.com/William_Steig -
Wim van Est
Willem van Est (March 25, 1923 – 1 May 2003) was a Dutch cyclist. He is best known for being the first Dutch cyclist to wear the yellow jersey in the Tour de France of 1951 and for falling into a ravine while wearing it.
http://wn.com/Wim_van_Est -
Winston Graham
http://wn.com/Winston_Graham -
Yevgeny Matveyev
http://wn.com/Yevgeny_Matveyev -
Yuri Senkevich
Yuri Aleksandrovich Senkevich () (March 4, 1937 in Choibalsan, Mongolia – September 25, 2003 in Moscow, Russia) was a Soviet doctor, scientist. He is Candidate of Sciences. He became famous in the USSR and worldwide for his participation in the Ra Expedition, in which he sailed together with Thor Heyerdahl.
http://wn.com/Yuri_Senkevich -
Zahra Kazemi
http://wn.com/Zahra_Kazemi -
Zoran ?inđić
http://wn.com/Zoran_?inđić -
Éva Janikovszky
http://wn.com/Éva_Janikovszky
karaoke
In the end what's left
Won't be your feathered hair or your fake breasts or your fast food or your slow death.
All the rallies and all the marches,
All the fireworks and all the garbage.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
The american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
hey baby why'd you turn away i was about to say
something baby i thought would make you smile
at least for a little while oh well baby that's the
way it goes right from my head to my toes and
you're the first to know that i've got a brilliant
plan i hope you understand i want to meet in
2OO3 i want to see what the future can bring to
me and when i do i'll meet you here my darling
and when i'm free i'll be waiting where i said i
would be my love will you wait for me what
we've found is such a precious thing that's what
i 'm trying to sing but before i lose my nerve i
better write down these words 'cause i don't
know what you heard and you know that i won't
change my mind i made a promise to be true let
them say that it's a selfish game but i don' t play
with anyone but you
Д??ата ми вихр??ка я обр?ли,
защо я п??нах гола и пе?а,
?ред ва?ите ла?кател?тва и х?ли,
защо ви дадох ?воята д??а?!
Защо ли като храм ви я отворих,
без да поми?ля аз, че някой ден
незнайно кой от ва?, же?токи хора
иконите без ?рам ще окраде.
Не ?ъжалявам, че е п??т олтарът
и че вратите ?а разбити ? бя?,
но ?ъжалявам, че ?ъ? ?войта вяра
дне? няма где да ?е помоля аз.
Д??ата ми обр?лена и мъртва,
п??тее без икони и олтар,
във нея аз ви п??нах като в църква,
а трябва?е да ?ложа катинар.
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Sertab Erener-Everyway That I Can
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Published: 18 Feb 2006
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Eurovision Song Contest Riga 2003
http://wn.com/Sertab_Erener-Everyway_That_I_Can
C2C - DMC DJ team World Champions 2003 set @C2Cdjs (EP Now Available)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Published: 16 May 2006
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
EP NOW Available on iTunes : bit.ly Discover the Video of F·U·Y·A : bit.ly FACEBOOK : on.fb.me / TWITTER @C2Cdjs ALBUM COMING 2012 C2C 4 times in a row DMC dj team world champions 2003/2004/2005/2006
http://wn.com/C2C_DMC_DJ_team_World_Champions_2003_set_@C2Cdjs_EP_Now_Available
Britney Spears VMA 2003 feat Madonna Christina Aguilera and Missy Eliot (HD 1080p)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Published: 28 Aug 2010
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
VMAS 2003 (HD 1080p)
http://wn.com/Britney_Spears_VMA_2003_feat_Madonna_Christina_Aguilera_and_Missy_Eliot_HD_1080p
Hulk (Trailer 2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Published: 08 Jan 2008
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Bruce Banner (Eric Bana), a brilliant scientist with a cloudy past about his family, is involved in an accident in his laboratory causing him to become exposed to gamma radiation and Nanomeds (A tiny life-form that is supposed to heal wounds but has killed everything with which they have made contact.) Confused and curious about his survival, Banner discovers that since the accident, whenever he becomes angry he transforms into a giant green monster destroying everything in sight in an act of fury. Bruce's mysterious past and the answer to why the radiation had this effect becomes revealed to him as his Birth Father David Banner (Nick Nolte) intervenes with hopes to continue experimenting on him.
http://wn.com/Hulk_Trailer_2003
Love Actually (2003) - Official Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Published: 12 Feb 2011
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Yeah, it's those British Xmas comedy-romance films that just make the perfect choice for a private screening at home. Featuring an exceptional mega cast of top British actors, "Love Actually" follows the lives of eight very different couples in dealing with their love lives in various loosely and interrelated tales all set during a frantic month before Christmas in London, England. Released on 2003 Directed by: Richard Curtis Starring: Hugh Grant, Bill Nighy, Keira Knightley, Andrew Lincoln, Martine McCutcheon, Sienna Guillory, Liam Neeson, Colin Firth
http://wn.com/Love_Actually_2003_Official_Trailer
The Sound of Silence(Live) - 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Published: 27 Nov 2006
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
enjoy.
http://wn.com/The_Sound_of_SilenceLive_2003
The Chemical Brothers - The Test (2003 - Remaster)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:06
- Published: 06 Aug 2011
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Music video by The Chemical Brothers performing The Test (2003 - Remaster). Digital Remaster (P) 2003 The copyright in this audiovisual recording is owned by Virgin Records Ltd
http://wn.com/The_Chemical_Brothers_The_Test_2003_Remaster
Salvador Dali - Destino. Walt Disney (2003) HD1080
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:32
- Published: 18 Jan 2011
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
ru.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Salvador_Dali_Destino_Walt_Disney_2003_HD1080
[DVD] Radiohead - Glastonbury 2003 [Full Concert]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:53
- Published: 03 Jan 2009
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
As part of an ongoing effort to YouTube HD everything, here is Glastonbury 2003 in YouTube HD :)! I'm not overly happy with the quality, but it's as good as it gets for under 1gb :( Here is a picture of the photo on Thom's piano, not his son, not the pope, but an old comedian Sid James! radiohead.com --Track Listing-- There There 2+2=5 Lucky The National Anthem Talk Show Host Where I End And You Begin Climbing Up The Walls The Gloaming No Surprises Fake Plastic Trees Sit Down, Stand Up Go To Sleep Sail To The Moon Paranoid Android Idioteque Everything In It's Right Place --Encore-- Just Karma Police Street Spirit (Fade Out) ------------- Torrent for the DVD (will require DVD burner): www.demonoid.com
http://wn.com/_DVD_Radiohead_Glastonbury_2003_Full_Concert_
Les Triplettes de Belleville [Trailer] (2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Published: 23 Jul 2008
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
The Triplets of Belleville. Director: Sylvain Chomet IMDb: www.imdb.com www.lenhador.com
http://wn.com/Les_Triplettes_de_Belleville_Trailer_2003
Coldplay Politik Live 2003 DVD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:26
- Published: 20 Dec 2007
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
From the live 2003 DVD. This video is (c) 2003 EMI Records Ltd
http://wn.com/Coldplay_Politik_Live_2003_DVD
Lance Armstrong's Incredible Short Cut 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Published: 18 Jun 2007
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Lance Armstrong is forced off the track after Beloki's crash but keeps his cool to ride cross country and stays in the race. Tour de France 2003
http://wn.com/Lance_Armstrong's_Incredible_Short_Cut_2003
Walt Disney's & Salvador Dali - Destino 2003 (HD 1080p)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:32
- Published: 07 Jul 2011
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
The film tells the story of Chronos, the personification of time and the inability to realize his desire to love for a mortal. The scenes blend a series of surreal paintings of Dali with dancing and metamorphosis. The target production began in 1945, 58 years before its completion and was a collaboration between Walt Disney and the Spanish surrealist painter, Salvador Dalí. Salvador Dali and Walt Disney Destiny was produced by Dali and John Hench for 8 months between 1945 and 1946. Dali, at the time, Hench described as a "ghostly figure" who knew better than Dali or the secrets of the Disney film. For some time, the project remained a secret. The work of painter Salvador Dali was to prepare a six-minute sequence combining animation with live dancers and special effects for a movie in the same format of "Fantasia." Dali in the studio working on The Disney characters are fighting against time, the giant sundial that emerges from the great stone face of Jupiter and that determines the fate of all human novels. Dalí and Hench were creating a new animation technique, the cinematic equivalent of "paranoid critique" of Dali. Method inspired by the work of Freud on the subconscious and the inclusion of hidden and double images. Dalí said: "Entertainment highlights the art, its possibilities are endless." The plot of the film was described by. Dalí as "A magical display of the problem of life in the labyrinth of time." Walt Disney said it was "A simple story about a young girl in <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Walt_Disney's_Salvador_Dali_Destino_2003_HD_1080p
Radiohead - Creep (live SummerSonic, MTV, 2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Published: 06 Apr 2008
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Live in Japan Summer Sonic, 08-03-2003
http://wn.com/Radiohead_Creep_live_SummerSonic,_MTV,_2003
Macworld SF 2003 part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:32
- Published: 18 Sep 2006
- Updated: 04 Aug 2012
If you could only ever see one Macworld keynote with Steve Jobs, this would be it. In the final half hour of this Macworld, Mr. Jobs was at the top of his game with the audience completely eating out of his hand. Apple had the technology introductions to back it up too: the world's first 17in widescreen notebook, the first full featured 12in notebook, first ever introduction of 802.11g, first ever backlit keyboard, first introduction of firewire 800. With each introduction the audience goes crazy, and Steve continues to bring them out with perfect salesman timing. This segment begins right after he just got done introducing Keynote for the first time as well, and he gave everyone in the audience a free copy. They were primed. This 3 part video should serve instructionally for anyone who ever aspired to giving a great presentation. No doubt, Steve Jobs is the master at this, and as I said earlier, this may be his greatest Keynote ever. part 2: www.youtube.com part 3: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Macworld_SF_2003_part_1
Ong Bak
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 104:00
- Published: 25 Oct 2011
- Updated: 06 Aug 2012
Experience the most breathtaking action spectacle of the year with martial arts phenomenon, Tony Jaa: the man that Total Film describes as "Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan and Jet Li all rolled into one!" 2003 Sahamongkolfilm International Co. Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/Ong_Bak
Half Life 2 Tech Demo - E3 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:41
- Published: 24 Sep 2011
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Found in my game video archives. Originally dated May 19th, 2003 for me. Filename was hl2_demo_trailer_full.mov Some of the content appearing in this demo but cut from the final game can be seen in the Missing Information mod. See bit.ly Sincie there was some interest about this, here is a write-up in Sharky Extreme about what it was like to view this demo at the time: bit.ly I give my opinion on digitally distributed stuff thrice weekly at bitshift.tumblr.com Hi, reddit! http
http://wn.com/Half_Life_2_Tech_Demo_E3_2003
50 Cent - Old 2003 Ferrari
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Published: 03 Feb 2011
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Check out this new heat from 50 Cent!! 50 Cent - Old 2003 Ferrari www.facebook.com www.twitter.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.sleekby50.com www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/50_Cent_Old_2003_Ferrari
NBA Slam dunk contest 2003 highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Published: 03 Mar 2008
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
NBA Slam dunk contest 2003 highlights Richard Jefferson Amare Stoudemire Dasmond Mason Jason Richardson golden State Seatle Süpersonic nba slum dunks Champions
http://wn.com/NBA_Slam_dunk_contest_2003_highlights
Dido - White flag (Letterman 2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Published: 18 Apr 2006
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
White flag live on tv show.
http://wn.com/Dido_White_flag_Letterman_2003
Bad Santa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 99:35
- Published: 03 Dec 2011
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
The story of two conmen who go on a road trip to malls dressed as Santa and his elf. Rather than spreading good cheer, the duo's motive is to rob each establishment, a strategy that becomes complicated when they encounter an 8-year-old who teaches them the true meaning of Christmas. 2003 Miramax Film Corp. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/Bad_Santa
2003-09 - Dido - White Flag (Live @ TOTP)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Published: 13 Mar 2007
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Dido performing 'White Flag' live at Top of the Pops, broadcast in September 2003.
http://wn.com/2003-09_Dido_White_Flag_Live_@_TOTP
OSTR - Witaj w 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Published: 29 Dec 2007
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Wykonawca: OSTR Utwór: Witaj w 2003 Utwór pochodzi z zielonego Junoumi. sonyvegas.info
http://wn.com/OSTR_Witaj_w_2003
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Photo: AP / Alexis Moro
06 Sep 2012
A four-year-old girl was found alive last night inside a British-registered BMW hiding beneath the corpses of three British victims of a fatal shooting spree in the French Alps, police said. 620 349...
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06 Sep 2012
(AP) -- Former suburban Chicago police officer Drew Peterson convicted of murdering 3rd wife.... Content Preview This content is exclusive for Newsday digital access and 7-day home delivery...
Photo: Public Domain / ISAF Headquarters Public Affairs Office
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Photo: AP / J. Scott Applewhite
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Democrats turned Wednesday to a hero of the past, Bill Clinton, to boost the shaky re-election prospects of Barack Obama, with the popular former president from the prosperous 1990s assuring...
Photo: AP
06 Sep 2012
MOSCOW, September 6 (Marc Bennetts, RIA Novosti) – Russian President Vladimir Putin has warned Western powers that their “dangerous” stance on the Syria crisis could come back to haunt them. “Today...
Photo: WN / aruna
07 Sep 2012
Swiss former world number one Martina Hingis, a winner of five grand slam singles titles, has been nominated for induction into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. Hingis, 31, was announced as a...
Photo: AP / Lai Seng Sin
06 Sep 2012
MACHANG: Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak today paid a visit on former Machang Umno division chief, Yaakub Muhamad who has been bedridden since he had a stroke. Yaakub, 71, a...
Photo: Creative Commons / Laslovarga
06 Sep 2012
New York – Shaken by his shocking US Open quarter-final loss to Tomas Berdych, World No. 1 Roger Federer is going “back to the drawing board” to try and pick up the pieces of a...
Hartford Courant
Democratic U.S. Rep. and Senate nominee was sued for alleged nonpayment of rent in December 2003 when he was a member of the Connecticut legislature, the second episode to emerge in as many days to suggest that...(size: 1.4Kb)
noodls
Read this noodl Click here to read the...(size: 0.3Kb)
MSNBC
Last week when our series on valley fever aired about a spike in cases locally, KSBY's Carina Corral received a few emails and Facebook messages about how the airborne disease also affects pets. She looked into it and found pets are equally at risk, especially after the 2003 San Simeon Earthquake....(size: 3.6Kb)
Express delivery! When Albert Amanna joined InterContinental, Mumbai, in 2003, there were more than 700 ...
06 Sep 2012
The Telegraph India
What is the Les Clefs dâOr? The Les Clefs dâOr (pronounced lay clay door, meaning The Society of The Golden Keys, in French) is an international network of concierges expected to make the âimpossibleâ requests of a guest possible, no matter how strange. They have âexpertise sources of...(size: 12.6Kb)
With a winning streak dating to 2003, wheelchair tennis player captures 468th straight victory
05 Sep 2012
Star Tribune
LONDON - It is surely one of the greatest winning streaks in all sports. Wheelchair tennis player Esther Vergeer won her 468th singles match in a row, a streak that dates to 2003. The latest victory by the 31-year-old Dutchwoman was a 6-1, 6-0 decision over Thailand's Sakhorn Khanthasit in Tuesday's...(size: 5.6Kb)
Treehugger
See also: All-New 2013 Nissan Sentra is Lighter, More Fuel-Efficient (40 MPG Highway) Tags: California | Energy Efficiency | Transportation Tweet...(size: 6.6Kb)
Canberra Times
Esther Vergeer ... unbeaten since 2003. Photo: Getty Images It is not shaping up to be the best of Games for those Paralympians we assumed were unbeatable. Lee Pearson and Oscar Pistorius have already found themselves with unfamiliar silverware hanging around their necks, while Thomas Aggar, the...(size: 4.4Kb)
The Siasat Daily
September 02: S.A, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Desmond Tutu says Tony Blair and George Bush should face prosecution at the International Criminal Court for their role in the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Tutu, the retired Anglican Church's archbishop of South Africa, wrote on Sunday in an op-ed...(size: 2.4Kb)
Indian Express
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Desmond Tutu says Tony Blair and George Bush should face prosecution at the International...(size: 0.8Kb)
Star Tribune
NEW YORK - Ronell Wilson's arduous legal odyssey began nearly a decade ago when, as young gang member, he was arrested in one of New York City's most notorious police killings: the point-blank execution of two undercover officers in an illegal gun sting gone awry. A jury convicted Wilson in federal...(size: 3.8Kb)
This article is about the year 2003.
| 2003 : January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
| Millennium: | 3rd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 20th century – 21st century – 22nd century |
| Decades: | 1970s 1980s 1990s – 2000s – 2010s 2020s 2030s |
| Years: | 2000 2001 2002 – 2003 – 2004 2005 2006 |
| Gregorian calendar | 2003 MMIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2756 |
| Armenian calendar | 1452 ԹՎ ՌՆԾԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6753 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 159–160 |
| Bengali calendar | 1410 |
| Berber calendar | 2953 |
| British Regnal year | 51 Eliz. 2 – 52 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2547 |
| Burmese calendar | 1365 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7511–7512 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬?年?一?廿九日 (4639/4699-11-29) — to —
癸未年?二??九日(4640/4700-12-9) |
| Coptic calendar | 1719–1720 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1995–1996 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5763–5764 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2059–2060 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1925–1926 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5104–5105 |
| Holocene calendar | 12003 |
| Iranian calendar | 1381–1382 |
| Islamic calendar | 1423–1424 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 15 (平??15年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4336 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 92 民國92年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2546 |
| Unix time | 1041379200–1072915199 |
 |
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2003 (MMIII) was a common year that started on a Wednesday, according to the Gregorian calendar. It was the 2003rd year of Anno Domini; the 3rd year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century; and the 4th of the 2000s decade.
2003 was designated the:
- International Year of Freshwater.
- European Disability Year.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland.
- January 5 – Police arrest seven suspects in connection with Wood Green ricin plot.
- January 8 – US Airways Express Flight 5481 crashes at Charlotte/Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing all 21 people aboard.
- January 16 – STS-107: Space Shuttle Columbia is launched on its last flight.
- January 18 – The Canberra Bushfires in Canberra, Australia, kill 4 people.
- January 23 – The last signal is received from NASA's Pioneer 10 spacecraft, some 7.5 billion miles from Earth.
- January 25 – An international group of volunteers leaves London for Baghdad to act as voluntary human shields, hoping to avert a U.S. invasion.
- January 26 – The Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeated the Oakland Raiders by the score of 48–21 in Super Bowl XXXVII.
- January 29 – 2003 Phnom Penh riots: In Phnom Penh, Cambodia, the Thai embassy is burned and commercial properties of Thai businesses are vandalized.
February[link]
- February 1
- At the conclusion of the STS-107 mission, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry over Texas, killing all 7 astronauts onboard.
- In Northern Ireland, Protestant Ulster Defence Association Belfast leader John Gregg is killed by a loyalist faction.
- Morgan Spurlock begins his 30-day McDonald's diet.
- February 5 – Iraq disarmament crisis: U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell addresses the UN Security Council on Iraq.
- February 9
- The Cricket World Cup begins in South Africa.
- BBC Choice closes for the final time at 12:30 a.m., being replaced with BBC Three at 7 p.m.
- War in Darfur begins.
- February 15 – Global protests against Iraq war: More than 10 million people protest in over 600 cities worldwide, the largest to take place before a war occurs.
- February 18 – An arsonist destroys a train in Daegu, South Korea, killing more than 190.
- February 20 – The Station nightclub fire in West Warwick, Rhode Island, claims the lives of 100 people.
- February 26 – An American businessman is admitted to the Vietnam France Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam, with the first identified case of SARS. WHO doctor Carlo Urbani reports the unusual, highly contagious disease to WHO. Both the businessman and doctor later die of the disease.
- February 27 – Former Bosnian Serb leader Biljana Plavšić is sentenced by the U.N. tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands, to 11 years in prison.
March[link]
- March 12
- Serbian Prime Minister Zoran ?indic was assassinated in Belgrade.
- The WHO issues a global alert on SARS.
- March 13 – Human evolution: The journal Nature reports that 350,000-year-old upright-walking human footprints had been found in Italy.
- March 15 – Hu Jintao becomes President of the People's Republic of China, replacing Jiang Zemin.
- March 18 - FBI agents raid the corporate headquarters of HealthSouth Corporation in Birmingham, Alabama, on suspicion of massive corporate fraud led by the company's top executives.
- March 19 – Iraq War begins with the invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and allied forces.
- March 23 – The 2003 Cricket World Cup ends as Australia beat India by 125 runs in Johannesburg, South Africa.
April[link]
- April 3
- A passenger bus hits a remote-controlled land mine in the Chechen capital, killing at least 8.
- U.S. forces seize control of Saddam International Airport, changing the airport's name to Baghdad International Airport.
- April 9 – U.S. forces seize control of Baghdad, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein.
- April 14 – The Human Genome Project is completed, with 99% of the human genome sequenced to 99.99% accuracy.
- April 17 – The Stevens Report concludes that members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary and British Army cooperated with the Ulster Defence Association in the killings of Catholics in Northern Ireland.
- April 29 – The United States announces the withdrawal of troops stationed in Saudi Arabia, and the redeployment of some at the Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar.
May[link]
- May 1 – U. S. president George W. Bush lands on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, where he gives a speech announcing the end of major combat in the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. A banner behind him declares "Mission Accomplished".
- May 2 – The Monkeyman superhero hoax begins in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK.
- May 3 – The Old Man of the Mountain, a rock formation in New Hampshire, crumbles after heavy rain.
- May 4–May 10 – A major severe weather outbreak spawns more tornadoes than any week in U.S. history; 393 tornadoes are reported in 19 states.
- May 4 – Top Thrill Dragster opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster.
- May 11 – Benvenuto Cellini's Saliera is stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.
- May 12
- A suicide truck-bomb attack kills at least 60 at a government compound in northern Chechnya.
- In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 26 people are killed in the Riyadh Compound Bombings.
- May 14 – A female suicide bomber blows up explosives strapped to her waist in a crowd of thousands of Muslim pilgrims, killing at least 18 people in Chechnya.
- May 15 – The date predicted by Pana-Wave Laboratory, a Japanese cult, on which a close encounter with an unknown planet would result in the extinction of most of humankind.
- May 16 – In Casablanca, Morocco, 33 civilians are killed and more than 100 injured in the Casablanca terrorist attacks.
- May 17 – Arsenal beat Southampton 1–0 to win the FA Cup.
- May 19
- Pen Hadow becomes the first person to walk alone, without any outside help, from Canada to the North Pole.
- The Indonesian military begins an operation in Aceh province.
- May 21
- F.C. Porto defeat Celtic 3–2 (AET) in the UEFA Cup Final in Seville, Spain.
- An earthquake in the Boumerdès region of northern Algeria kills 2,200.
- May 22 – The Sheffield Winter Gardens are officially opened by Elizabeth II.
- May 23 – Dewey, the first deer cloned by scientists at Texas A&M University, is born.
- May 24 – Sertab Erener wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 for Turkey with the song Every Way That I Can, in Riga, Latvia.
- May 25 – After docking in Miami at 05:00, the SS Norway (old SS France) is severely damaged by a boiler explosion at 06:30, that kills 7, and injures 17 crew members. A few weeks later it is announced by NCL that she will never sail again as a commercial ocean liner.
- May 26 – A draft of the proposed European Constitution is unveiled.
- May 28 – Prometea, the first horse cloned by Italian scientists, is born.
- May 28 – AC Milan defeats fellow Italian rival Juventus 3–2 on penalties after a scoreless tie to win the UEFA Champions League, their sixth European title.
- May 31 – Eric Rudolph, suspected in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in 1996, is captured in Murphy, North Carolina.
June[link]
- June 1
- The 29th G8 summit opens in Évian-les-Bains, France, to tight security and tens of thousands of protesters.
- The People's Republic of China begins filling the lake behind the massive Three Gorges Dam, raising the water level near the dam over 100 metres.
- June 4 – Martha Stewart and her broker are indicted for using privileged investment information and then obstructing a federal investigation. Stewart also resigns as chairperson and chief executive officer of Martha Stewart Living.
- June 5 – A female suicide bomber detonates a bomb near a bus carrying soldiers and civilians to a military airfield in Mozdok, a major staging point for Russian troops in Chechnya, killing at least 16.
- June 22 – The largest hailstone ever recorded falls in Aurora, Nebraska.
- June 23 – Grutter v. Bollinger: The Supreme Court of the United States upholds affirmative action in university admissions.
- June 26 – Lawrence v. Texas: The U.S. Supreme Court declares sodomy laws unconstitutional.
- June 29 – A balcony collapse in Chicago kills 13.
- June 30 – In Irvine, California, Joseph Hunter Parker kills 2 Albertsons employees with a sword, before being shot to death by the police.
July[link]
- July 1 – 500,000 Hong Kong people march to protest Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, which controversially redefines treason.
- July 2 – At the International Olympic Committee session in Prague, Vancouver, British Columbia is declared the host city for the XXI Olympic Winter Games in 2010.
- July 5
- SARS is declared to be contained by WHO.
- A double suicide bombing at a Moscow rock concert kills the attackers and 15 other people.
- July 6 – The 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar sends a METI message Cosmic Call 2 to 5 stars: Hip 4872, HD 245409, 55 Cancri, HD 10307 and 47 Ursae Majoris, that will arrive at these stars in 2036, 2040, 2044, 2044 and 2049 respectively.
- July 7
- Corsica voters reject a referendum for increased autonomy from France by a very narrow margin.
- Canon Jeffrey John, the first would-be gay bishop in the Church of England, withdraws his acceptance of the post of Bishop of Reading after discussions with church leaders.
- July 8 – Sudan Airways Flight 39, with 117 people on board, crashes in Sudan; the only survivor is a 2-year-old child.
- July 10 – A Russian security agent dies in Moscow, while trying to defuse a bomb a woman had tried to carry into a cafe on central Moscow's main street.
- July 14 – CIA leak scandal: Washington Post columnist Robert Novak publishes the name of Valerie Plame, blowing her cover as a CIA operative.
- July 18
- The Convention on the Future of Europe finishes its work and proposes the first European Constitution.
- The body of David Kelly, a scientist at the Ministry of Defence, is found a few miles from his home, leading to the Hutton inquiry.
- July 21 – Eleven support towers on Kinzua Bridge collapse after being hit by an F-1 tornado.
- July 22 – Uday and Qusay Hussein, sons of Saddam Hussein, are killed by the U.S. military in Iraq, after being tipped off by an informant.
- July 23 – Operation Warrior Sweep is the first major military deployment of the Afghan National Army.
- July 24 – The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands, Operation Helpem Fren, led by Australia, begins.
- July 26 – The electorate of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma approves a new constitution redesignating the tribe "Cherokee Nation" without "of Oklahoma" and specifically disenfranchising the Cherokee Freedmen.
- July 30 – The last Volkswagen Type 1 rolls off its production line in Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
August[link]
- August 1 – A suicide bomber rams a truck filled with explosives into a military hospital near Chechnya, killing 50 people, including Russian troops wounded in Chechnya.
- August 2 – The United Nations authorizes an international peacekeeping force for Liberia.
- August 10 – The highest temperature ever recorded in the UK: 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) at Brogdale near Faversham in Kent.[1]
- August 11
- NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history.
- Jemaah Islamiah leader Riduan Isamuddin, is arrested in Bangkok, Thailand.
- A heat wave in Paris causes temperatures up to 44 °C (112 °F).
- August 14
- A widespread power outage affects the northeastern United States and South-Central Canada.
- A 6.4 Richter scale earthquake occurs near the Greek Ionian island of Lefkada; 24 are injured.
- August 15 – Oil price increases since 2003: Global oil production begins a 4-year plateau (and subsequent decline) in the face of rising demand, causing new price increases.
- August 16 – The 2003 Okanagan Mountain Park Fire spreads quickly on the outskirts of Kelowna, British Columbia, threatening to engulf the largest town in British Columbia's interior.
- August 22 – A rocket explosion kills 21 at the Brazilian rocket complex in Alcântara, Brazil, due to the premature ignition of a solid rocket booster.
- August 25
- Two bomb blasts in Mumbai, India, kill 52.
- The Spitzer Space Telescope was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, during Delta II.
- August 27 – Perihelic opposition: Mars makes its closest approach to Earth in over 50,000 years.
- August 28
- Bank robber Brian Douglas Wells is killed when a time bomb around his neck explodes, allegedly in an act of betrayal by his co-conspirators.
- An electricity blackout cuts off power to around 500,000 people living in southeast England and brings 60% of London's underground rail network to a halt.
September[link]
- September 3 – The Hubble Space Telescope starts Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
- September 4 – Europe's busiest shopping centre, the Bullring in Birmingham, is officially opened by Sir Albert Bore.
- September 10
- Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh is stabbed in a Stockholm department store and dies the next day.
- Estonia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
- September 11
- Hurricane Isabel reaches peak winds.
- September 14 – Sweden rejects adopting the euro in a referendum.
- September 15 – The ELN kidnaps 8 foreign tourists in the Ciudad Perdida in Colombia; they demand a human rights investigation and release the last hostages 3 months later.
- September 16 – Two suicide bombers drive an explosive-filled truck into a government security services building near Chechnya, killing 3 and injuring 25.
- September 18 – Hurricane Isabel makes landfall as a Category 2 Hurricane on North Carolina's Outer Banks. It directly kills 16 people in the Mid-Atlantic area.
- September 27 – Smart 1, a European Space Agency satellite, is launched from French Guiana.
- September 28 – A power failure affects all of Italy except Sardinia, cutting service to more than 56 million people.
- September 29 – Hurricane Juan lands at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, as a category 2 storm, killing 2 directly and 5 indirectly.
October[link]
- October 5 – Israeli warplanes strike inside Syrian territory.
- October 7 – 2003 California recall: Voters recall Governor Gray Davis from office and elect actor Arnold Schwarzenegger to succeed him.
- October 10 – Facing an investigation surrounding allegations of illegal drug use, American right-wing radio host Rush Limbaugh publicly admits that he is addicted to prescription pain killers, and will seek treatment.
- October 12 – Michael Schumacher wins the 2003 FIA Formula One World Championship in Suzuka, Japan, beating Kimi Räikkönen to the title.
- October 15
- China launches Shenzhou 5, their first manned space mission.
- The 2003 Staten Island Ferry crash kills 11 after one of its ferries slams into a pier.
- October 17 – Bolivian President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada is ousted from office, ending the bolivian gas conflict, and flees to the United States.
- October 24 – The Concorde makes its last commercial flight, bringing the era of airliner supersonic travel to a close, at least for the time being.
- October 25
- The Cedar Fire begins in San Diego County, burning 280,000 acres (1,100 km2), 2,232 homes and killing 14.
- The Florida Marlins defeat the New York Yankees to win their second World Series title.
- October 31 – Mahathir Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia after 22 years in power.
November[link]
- November 5 – Gary Ridgway, the "Green River Killer", confesses to murdering 48 women.
- November 9 – A lunar eclipse is seen in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Central Asia.
- November 12 – Occupation of Iraq: In Nasiriya, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 Iraq war, are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base.
- November 15 – Two car bombs explode simultaneously in Istanbul, Turkey, targeting 2 synagogues, killing at least 25 people and wounding more than 300; Al-Qaida claims responsibility.
- November 18
- U.S. President George W. Bush makes a state visit to London in the midst of massive protests.
- The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, rules anti-same-sex marriage laws unconstitutional in Massachusetts.
- November 19 – At the end of a long public inquiry, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, John Prescott, gives planning approval to London Bridge Tower, set to become the tallest building in Europe.
- November 20 – Several bombs explode in Istanbul, Turkey, destroying the Turkish head office of HSBC and the British consulate.
- November 22 – 2003 Rugby World Cup: England defeat Australia 20–17 after extra time.
- November 23
- The Georgian Rose Revolution ends in overwhelming victory; president Eduard Shevardnadze resigns following weeks of mass protests over fraudulent elections.
- A total solar eclipse is seen over Antarctica.
- November 24 – The High Court in Glasgow imposes a minimum sentence of 27 years for Al Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, the Libyan convicted of bombing Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.
December[link]
- December 1
- The use of hand-held cell phones while driving is made illegal in the United Kingdom.
- Boeing chairman and CEO Phil Condit resigns unexpectedly. He is replaced by Lewis Platt as non-executive chairman and Harry Stonecipher as president and CEO.
- December 5
- A suicide bombing on a commuter train in southern Russia kills 44 people. President Vladimir Putin condemns the attack as a bid to destabilize the country 2 days before parliamentary elections.
- The eighteenth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting opens in Abuja, Nigeria.
- December 7
- Parliamentary elections are held in Russia.
- Australian schoolboy Daniel Morcombe disappears from a bus stop on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. It is one of the country's highest profile mysteries.
- December 8 – The Aso Rock Declaration is issued at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, outlining the Commonwealth's priority objectives.
- December 9 – A female suicide bomber detonates outside Moscow's National Hotel, across from the Kremlin and Red Square, killing 5 bystanders.
- December 12
- Paul Martin becomes the 21st Prime Minister of Canada.
- Olympic Airlines, Greece's new flag carrier, is launched.
- December 13 – Saddam Hussein, former President of Iraq, is captured in Tikrit by the U.S. 4th Infantry Division.
- December 16 – The United Kingdom announces plans to build a new runway at Stansted Airport in Essex and a short-haul runway at Heathrow Airport, sparking anger from environmental groups.
- December 18 – The Soham Murder Trial ends at the Old Bailey in London, with Ian Huntley found guilty of two counts of murder. His girlfriend Maxine Carr is found guilty of perverting the course of justice.
- December 20 – Libya admits to building a nuclear bomb.
- December 22
- An earthquake in California kills 2.
- Parmalat is first accused of falsifying accounts to the tune of USD $5 billion, later admitted by founder Calisto Tanzi; observers call it "Europe's Enron".
- December 23
- A PetroChina Chuandongbei natural gas field explosion in Guoqiao, Kai County, Chongqing, China, kills 234.
- WTO becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.
- December 24
- A BSE (mad cow disease) outbreak in Washington State is announced. Several countries including Brazil, Australia and Taiwan ban the import of beef from the United States.
- At the request of the U.S. Embassy in Paris, the French Government orders Air France to cancel several flights between France and the U.S. in response to terrorist concerns.
- The Spanish police thwart an attempt by ETA to detonate 50 kg of explosives at 3:55 p.m. on Christmas Eve inside Madrid's busy Chamartín Station.
- December 25
- Beagle 2 is scheduled to land on Mars, but nothing is heard from the lander.
- President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan escapes the second assassination attempt in 2 weeks.
- The final episode of Britain's biggest entertainment show, Only Fools and Horses, is aired.
- December 26 – A massive earthquake devastates southeastern Iran; over 40,000 people are reported killed in the city of Bam.
- December 31
- David Bieber is arrested on suspicion of the Boxing Day police shootings in Leeds.
- British Airways Flight 223, a Boeing 747-400 flying from London Heathrow to Washington Dulles, is escorted into Dulles Airport by F-16 fighter jets after intelligence reports of terrorists trying to board the jet and use it in a terrorist attack.
- Parts of the UK are left without power on New Year's Eve due to wintry weather including blizzards and thunderstorms.
Births[link]
- November 8 – Lady Louise Windsor, British Princess and daughter of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex
- December 7 – Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, daughter of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange and Princess Maxima of the Netherlands
Deaths[link]
Main article: Deaths in 2003
January[link]
- January 8 – Ron Goodwin, English composer and conductor (b. 1925)
- January 11
- Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (b. 1925)
- Richard Simmons, American actor (b. 1913)
- January 12
- Dean Amadon, American ornithologist (b. 1912)
- Leopoldo Galtieri, Argentine dictator (b. 1926)
- Maurice Gibb, British rock musician (Bee Gees) (b. 1949)
- January 15 – Doris Fisher, American singer-songwriter (b. 1915)
- January 17 – Richard Crenna, American actor (Marooned) (b. 1926)
- January 20 – Al Hirschfeld, American cartoonist (b. 1903)
- January 23 – Nell Carter, African-American singer and actress (b. 1948)
- January 24 – Gianni Agnelli, Italian auto executive (b. 1921)
- January 26
- Valeriy Brumel, Russian athlete (b. 1942)
- Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton, English historian (b. 1917)
- January 27 – Henryk Jablonski, former President of Poland (b. 1909)
- January 29 – Frank Moss, American politician (b. 1911)
February[link]
- February 1
- Michael P. Anderson, American astronaut (b. 1959)
- David M. Brown, American astronaut (b. 1956)
- Kalpana Chawla, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- Laurel Clark, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- Rick Husband, American astronaut (b. 1957)
- William McCool, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- February 2 – Lou Harrison, American composer (b. 1917)
- February 10
- Edgar de Evia, American photographer (b. 1910)
- Ron Ziegler, American White House Press Secretary (b. 1939)
- Curt Hennig, American wrestler (b. 1958)
- February 19 – Johnny Paycheck, American singer (b. 1938)
- February 20
- Maurice Blanchot, French philosopher and writer (b. 1907)
- Orville Freeman, American politician (b. 1918)
- February 27 – Fred Rogers, American children's television host (b. 1928)
- February 28
- Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (b. 1917)
- Rudolf Kingslake, British lens designer and engineer (b. 1903)
March[link]
- March 2
- Yevgeny Matveyev, Russian actor and film director (b. 1922)
- Hank Ballard, American musician (b. 1927)
- March 9 – Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (b. 1946)
- March 12
- Zoran ?inđić, Serbian prime minister (b. 1952)
- Howard Fast, American novelist (b. 1914)
- March 22 – Milton G. Henschel, American Jehovah's Witnesses leader (b. 1920)
- March 26 – Daniel Patrick Moynihan, American politician (b. 1926)
- March 29 – Carlo Urbani, Italian physician (b. 1956)
- March 30 – Michael Jeter, American actor (b. 1952)
April[link]
- April 1 – Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong singer and actor (b. 1956)
- April 2 – Edwin Starr, American soul singer (b. 1942)
- April 7 – Cecile de Brunhoff, French storyteller (b. 1903)
- April 9
- Jerry Bittle, American cartoonist (b. 1949)
- Jorge Oteiza, Spanish painter (b. 1908)
- April 11 – Cecil Howard Green, British-born geophysicist and businessman (b. 1900)
- April 14 – Jyrki Otila, Finnish quiz show judge and Member of the European Parliament (b. 1941)
- April 17
- Robert Atkins, American nutritionist (b. 1930)
- Paul Getty, American-born philanthropist (b. 1932)
- Earl King, American musician (b. 1934)
- April 19 – Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Indian-born Muslim leader (b. 1928)
- April 20
- Ruth Hale, American playwright and actress (b. 1908)
- Bernard Katz, German-born biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1911)
- Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (b. 1976)
- April 21 – Nina Simone, American singer (b. 1933)
- April 23 – Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer (b. 1910)
- April 26 – Peter Stone, American writer (b. 1930)
- April 30 – Wim van Est, Dutch cyclist (b. 1923)
May[link]
- May 11 – Noel Redding, English musician (b. 1946)
- May 12 – Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, French UN High Commissioner for Refugees (b. 1933)
- May 14
- Wendy Hiller, English actress (b. 1912)
- Robert Stack, American actor (b. 1919)
- May 15
- June Carter Cash, American singer (b. 1929)
- Rik Van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (b. 1924)
- May 26 – Kathleen Winsor, American writer (b. 1919)
- May 27 – Luciano Berio, Italian composer (b. 1925)
- May 28
- Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist and chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1917)
- Martha Scott, American actress (b. 1912)
June[link]
- June 2
- Burke Marshall, American lawyer and politician (b. 1922)
- Freddie Blassie, American professional wrestler and manager (b. 1918)
- June 10
- Donald Regan, American Treasury Secretary (b. 1918)
- Bernard Williams, English philosopher (b. 1929)
- June 11 – David Brinkley, American television reporter (b. 1920)
- June 12 – Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)
- June 14 – Jimmy Knepper, American musician (b. 1927)
- June 15
- Hume Cronyn, Canadian actor (b. 1911)
- Kaiser Matanzima, President of Transkei bantustan (b. 1915)
- June 18 – Larry Doby, American baseball player (b. 1923)
- June 21 – Leon Uris, American writer (b. 1924)
- June 25 – Lester Maddox, American politician (b. 1915)
- June 26
- Denis Thatcher, British husband of Margaret Thatcher (b. 1915)
- Strom Thurmond, American politician (b. 1902)
- Marc-Vivien Foé, Cameroon footballer (b. 1975)
- June 29 – Katharine Hepburn, American actress (b. 1907)
- June 30 – Buddy Hackett, American comedian and actor (b. 1924)
July[link]
- July 1
- Herbie Mann, American jazz flautist (b. 1930)
- N!xau, Namibian actor (b. 1944)
- George Roper, British comedian (b. 1934)
- July 4 – Barry White, American singer (b. 1944)
- July 5 – Roman Lyashenko, Russian hockey player (b. 1979)
- July 6 – Buddy Ebsen, American actor (b. 1908)
- July 10
- Winston Graham, English writer (b. 1908)
- Hartley Shawcross, Baron Shawcross, British chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg trials (b. 1902)
- July 11 – Zahra Kazemi, Iranian-Canadian freelance photographer. (b. 1949)
- July 12 – Benny Carter, American musician (b. 1907)
- July 13 – Compay Segundo, Cuban musician (Buena Vista Social Club) (b. 1907)
- July 14 – Éva Janikovszky, Hungarian novelist (b. 1926)
- July 15
- Roberto Bolaño, Chilean writer (b. 1953)
- Tex Schramm, American football team president and general manager (b. 1920)
- July 16
- Celia Cruz, Cuban singer (b. 1924)
- Carol Shields, American-born writer (b. 1935)
- July 17 – Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (b. 1914)
- July 22
- Uday Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1964)
- Qusay Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1966)
- July 25
- Ludwig Bölkow, German aeronautical engineer (b. 1912)
- John Schlesinger, English film director (b. 1926)
- July 27 – Bob Hope, English-born American comedian (b. 1903)
- July 30 – Sam Phillips, American record producer (b. 1923)
August[link]
- August 1 – Marie Trintignant, French actress (b. 1962)
- August 4
- Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
- Brian Trueman, English musician (b. 1930)
- August 9 – Gregory Hines, American dancer and actor (b. 1946)
- August 11 – Armand Borel, Swiss mathematician (b. 1923)
- August 14 – Helmut Rahn, German footballer (b. 1929)
- August 16 – Idi Amin, Ugandan dictator (b. 1924)
- August 19
- Sérgio Vieira de Mello, Brazilian diplomat (b. 1948)
- Carlos Roberto Reina, President of Honduras (b. 1926)
- August 22 – Imperio Argentina, Argentinian singer and actress (b. 1906)
- August 23 – Jack Dyer, Australian football player, coach, and commentator (b. 1913)
- August 29 – Vladimir Vasicek, Czech painter (b. 1919)
- August 30 – Charles Bronson, American actor (b. 1921)
September[link]
- September 1
- Terry Frost, English artist (b. 1915)
- John Gould, American humorist, essayist, and columnist (b. 1908)
- September 6 – Harry Goz, American actor (b. 1932)
- September 7 – Warren Zevon, American singer (b. 1947)
- September 8 – Leni Riefenstahl, German film director (b. 1902)
- September 9
- Larry Hovis, American actor (b. 1936)
- Edward Teller, Hungarian-born physicist (b. 1908)
- September 11
- Anna Lindh, Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1957)
- John Ritter, American actor (b. 1948)
- September 12 – Johnny Cash, American singer and guitarist (b. 1932)
- September 13 – Frank O'Bannon, American politician (b. 1930)
- September 14 – John Serry, Sr., American musician (b. 1915)
- September 17 – Sheb Wooley, American actor and singer (b. 1921)
- September 22 – Gordon Jump, American actor (b. 1932)
- September 23 – Yuri Senkevich, Russian TV anchorman (b. 1937)
- September 24 – Edward Said, Palestinian-born literary critic (b. 1935)
- September 25
- Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- George Plimpton, American writer and actor (b. 1927)
- September 26
- Robert Palmer, English singer (b. 1949)
- Shawn Lane, American musician (b. 1963)
- September 27 – Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (b. 1925)
- September 28
- Althea Gibson, American tennis player (b. 1927)
- Elia Kazan, Greek-American director (b. 1909)
- September 30 – Robert Kardashian, Armenian-American attorney and businessman (b. 1944)
October[link]
- October 1 – Huntington Hardisty, American admiral (b. 1929)
- October 3 – William Steig, American cartoonist (b. 1907)
- October 5
- Timothy Treadwell, American environmentalist and filmmaker (b. 1957)
- Denis Quilley, British actor (b. 1927)
- Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (b. 1978)
- Neil Postman, American educator, media theorist, and cultural critic (b. 1931)
- October 10 – Eugene Istomin, American pianist (b. 1925)
- October 12
- Jim Cairns, Australian politician (b. 1914)
- Bill Shoemaker, American jockey (b. 1931)
- October 13 – Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- October 16
- László Papp, Hungarian boxer (b. 1926)
- Stu Hart, Canadian wrestling promoter (b. 1915)
- October 19
- Alija Izetbegović, Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (b. 1925)
- Michael Hegstrand American wrestler (b. 1957)
- October 20 – Jack Elam, American actor (b. 1918)
- October 21 – Elliott Smith, American musician (b. 1969)
- October 23 – Soong May-ling, Chinese wife of Chiang Kai-shek (b. 1898)
- October 24 – Veikko Hakulinen, Finnish cross-country skier (b. 1925)
- October 25
- Pandurang Shastri Athavale, Indian philosopher and social reformer (b. 1920)
- Robert Strassburg, American composer (b. 1915)
- October 29
- Hal Clement, American writer (b. 1922)
- Franco Corelli, Italian opera tenor (b. 1921)
- October 31 – Richard Neustadt, American political historian (b. 1919)
November[link]
- November 3 – Spider Jorgensen, American baseball player and coach (b. 1919)
- November 4 – Richard Wollheim, British philosopher (b. 1923)
- November 5 – Dorothy Fay, American actress (b. 1915)
- November 6
- Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (b. 1919)
- Mike Lockwood American wrestler (b. 1971)
- November 9 – Art Carney, American actor (b. 1918)
- November 10
- Canaan Banana, first President of Zimbabwe (b. 1936)
- Irv Kupcinet, American columnist and television personality (b. 1912)
- November 12
- Jonathan Brandis, American actor (b. 1976)
- Penny Singleton, American actress (b. 1908)
- November 15
- November 18 – Michael Kamen, American composer (b. 1948)
- November 20
- Robert Addie, British actor (b. 1960)
- David Dacko, first President of the Central African Republic (b. 1930)
- Jim Siedow, American actor (b. 1920)
- November 24
- Hugh Kenner, Canadian literary critic (b. 1922)
- Warren Spahn, American baseball player (b. 1921)
- November 26
- Abed Hamed Mowhoush, Iraqi general
- Stefan Wul, French writer (b. 1922)
- November 28 – Mihkel Mathiesen, Estonian statesman (b. 1918)
- November 30 – Gertrude Ederle, American swimmer (b. 1906)
December[link]
- December 3 – David Hemmings, English actor (b. 1941)
- December 4 – Iggy Katona, American race car driver (b. 1916)
- December 6
- Hans Hotter, German opera and Lieder bass-baritone singer (b. 1909)
- Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (b. 1918)
- December 7
- Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (b. 1913)
- Azie Taylor Morton, U.S. Treasurer (b. 1936)
- December 8 – Rubén González, Cuban pianist (Buena Vista Social Club) (b. 1919)
- December 9 – Paul Simon, U.S. Senator from Illinois (b. 1928)
- December 11 – Ahmadou Kourouma, Ivorian writer (b. 1927)
- December 12 – Heydar Aliyev, former President of Azerbaijan (b. 1923)
- December 14
- Jeanne Crain, American actress (b. 1925)
- Blas Ople, Filipino politician (b. 1927)
- December 15 – George Fisher, American political cartoonist (b. 1923)
- December 16
- Robert Stanfield, Premier of Nova Scotia (b. 1914)
- Gary Stewart, American singer (b. 1945)
- December 17
- Ed Devereaux, Australian actor (b. 1925)
- Otto Graham, American football player (b. 1921)
- December 19
- Hope Lange, American actress (b.1933)
- Roger Conant, American herpetologist (b.1909)
- December 22 – Dave Dudley, American singer (b. 1928)
- December 27 – Alan Bates, English actor (b. 1934)
- December 29
- Earl Hindman, American actor (b. 1942)
- Dinsdale Landen, English actor (b. 1932)
- Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and game show host (b. 1928)
- December 30
- David Bale, South African–born activist (b. 1941)
- John Gregory Dunne, American writer (b. 1932)
- Anita Mui, Hong Kong singer (b. 1963)
- December 31 – Arthur R. von Hippel, German-born physicist (b. 1898)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Chemistry – Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon
- Economics – Robert F. Engle, Clive W. J. Granger
- Literature – John Maxwell Coetzee
- Peace – Shirin Ebadi
- Physics – Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov, Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, Anthony James Leggett
- Physiology or Medicine – Paul Lauterbur, Peter Mansfield
In fiction[link]
Main article: Works of fiction set in 2003
- In the video game Freedom Fighters, the game is set in an alternate timeline from 1945 on where world power shifted towards the Soviet Union, the Soviets invades and conquers the United States, causing a rebel resistance.
- In the TV series Stargate SG-1 the second alpha site is attacked by kull warriors.
- In The Simpsons timeline, the events of The Simpsons: Hit & Run take place between October 25 and October 31, with all seven levels taking place on one week.
- The events of Resident Evil: Extinction take place, before the last chapters of Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles.
- The events of 28 Days Later commence in 2003, with the initial uprising of the Rage virus and decimation of Great Britain, and then the sequel 28 Weeks Later is also set later on in 2003, with the resurgence of the virus. The third film, 28 Months Later is to be set around 2005.
- In the last chapters of Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles, Jill Valentine and Chris Redfield are sent to an Umbrella Fortress in February 2003.
- The Galactic Federation in the Metroid Backstory was formed in 2003.
- The main character in Osamu Tezuka's manga Tetsuwan Atom (1951) or Astro Boy was "born" on 7 April 2003.
- The 1981 arcade game Omega Race is set in the year 2003.
External links[link]
- 2003 Year in Review – comprehensive listing of 2003 reviews and lists
- 2003 Year-End Google Zeitgeist – Google's Yearly List of Major Events and Top Searches for 2003
References[link]
http://wn.com/2003
Related pages:
http://dewn.com/2003
http://eswn.com/2003
http://ruwn.com/2003 год
http://cswn.com/2003
http://ptwn.com/2003
http://plwn.com/2003
http://hiwn.com/२००३
http://itwn.com/2003
http://idwn.com/2003
http://nlwn.com/2003
http://frwn.com/2003
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Britney" redirects here. For other uses, see Britney (disambiguation).
| Britney Spears | |
|---|---|
 Spears performing at her Femme Fatale Tour in Europe, 2011 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Britney Jean Spears |
| Born | (1981-12-02) December 2, 1981 (age 30) McComb, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, dance |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, record producer, author, fashion designer, video director |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Labels | Jive, RCA[1] |
| Associated acts | The New Mickey Mouse Club |
| Website | britneyspears.com britney.com |
Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American recording artist and entertainer. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, Spears began performing as a child, landing acting roles in stage productions and television shows. She signed with Jive Records in 1997 and released her debut album ...Baby One More Time in 1999, which became the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist.[2] During her first decade in the music industry, she became a prominent figure in mainstream popular music and popular culture, followed by a much-publicized personal life. Her first two albums established her as a pop icon and broke sales records, while title tracks "...Baby One More Time" and "Oops!... I Did It Again" became international number-one hits. Spears was credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s, and became the 'best-selling teen aged artist of all time' before she turned 20,[3] garnering her the honorific title of "Princess of Pop".[4]
In 2001, she released her third studio album Britney and expanded her brand, playing the starring role in the film Crossroads. She assumed creative control of her fourth studio album, In the Zone (2003), which yielded chart-topping singles "Me Against the Music", "Toxic" and "Everytime". After the release of two compilation albums, Spears experienced personal struggles and her career went into hiatus. Her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released in 2007 and despite receiving little promotion, it spawned hits "Gimme More" and "Piece of Me". In 2008, her erratic behavior and hospitalizations caused her to be placed in a conservatorship. The same year, her sixth studio album Circus was released, with the global chart-topping lead single "Womanizer", and hits such as "Circus" and "If U Seek Amy". She embarked on her highest-grossing global concert tour,[5] The Circus Starring Britney Spears, in 2009. In October of the same year, she released a chart-topping single, "3", which became her third single to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Her seventh studio album Femme Fatale, released in 2011, has become the first of her albums to yield three top ten singles in the United States, "Hold It Against Me", "Till the World Ends" and "I Wanna Go". The same year, she also gained her fifth number one single when she featured on the remix of "S&M" alongside Rihanna.
Spears work has earned her numerous awards and accolades, including a Grammy Award, 6 MTV Video Music Awards including the Lifetime Achievement Award, 9 Billboard Music Awards, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2009, Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade,[6] and also recognized her as the best-selling female artist of the first decade of the 21st century, as well as the fifth overall.[7] The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) also recognized Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States, with 33 million certified albums.[8] Nielsen SoundScan ranked Spears the tenth best-selling digital artist of the country, with more than 28.6 million digital singles as of January 2012.[9] She has sold over 100 million albums worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[10] Rolling Stone recognized her instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time,[11] while VH1 ranked her eleventh on their "100 Greatest Women in Music" list in 2012.[12] Forbes also revealed that Spears was the sixth most powerful celebrity, and the third best paid musician of 2011-12, having topped the list back in 2002.[13] In Fall 2012, Spears will serve as a judge in the second season of the American version of The X Factor.[14]
Biography[link]
1981–97: Early life, and career beginnings[link]
Britney Jean Spears was born on December 2, 1981, the second child of Lynne Irene (née Bridges) and James Parnell Spears. She is of English heritage through her maternal grandmother, Lillian Portelli who was born in London, and of distant Maltese and Sicilian (Sicani) descent.[15][16][17] Her siblings are Bryan James and Jamie Lynn.[18] At age three, she started to attend dance lessons in her hometown of Kentwood, Louisiana, and was selected to perform as a solo artist at the annual recital. During her childhood, she also attended gymnastics and voice lessons, and won many state-level competitions and children's talent shows.[19][20][21] Spears made her local stage debut at age five, singing "What Child Is This?" at her kindergarten graduation. She said about her ambition as a child, "I was in my own world, [...] I found out what I'm supposed to do at an early age".[20] At age eight, Spears and her mother Lynne traveled to Atlanta for an audition in the 1990s revival of The Mickey Mouse Club. Casting director Matt Casella rejected her for being too young to join the series at the time, but introduced her to Nancy Carson, a New York City talent agent. Carson was impressed with Spears's vocals and suggested enrolling her at the Professional Performing Arts School; shortly after, Lynne and her daughters moved to a sublet apartment in New York. Spears was hired for her first professional role as the understudy for the lead role of Tina Denmark in the Off-Broadway musical Ruthless!. She also appeared as a contestant on the popular television show Star Search, as well as being cast in a number of commercials.[22][23] In December 1992, she was finally cast in The Mickey Mouse Club, but returned to Kentwood after the show was canceled. She enrolled at Parklane Academy in nearby McComb, Mississippi. Although she made friends with most of her classmates, she compared the school to "the opening scene in Clueless with all the cliques. [...] I was so bored. I was the point guard on the basketball team. I had my boyfriend, and I went to homecoming and Christmas formal. But I wanted more."[20][24]
In June 1997, Spears was in talks with manager Lou Pearlman to join the female pop group Innosense. Lynne asked family friend and entertainment lawyer Larry Rudolph for his opinion and submitted a tape of Spears singing over a Whitney Houston karaoke song along with some pictures. Rudolph decided he wanted to pitch her to record labels, therefore she needed a professional demo. He sent Spears an unused song of Toni Braxton; she rehearsed for a week and recorded her vocals in a studio with a sound engineer. Spears traveled to New York with the demo and met with executives from four labels, returning to Kentwood the same day. Three of the labels rejected her, arguing that audiences wanted pop bands such as the Backstreet Boys and the Spice Girls, and "there wasn't going to be another Madonna, another Debbie Gibson, or another Tiffany." Two weeks later, executives from Jive Records returned calls to Rudolph.[25] Senior vice president of A&R Jeff Fenster stated about Spears's audition that "It's very rare to hear someone that age who can deliver emotional content and commercial appeal. [...] For any artist, the motivation—the 'eye of the tiger'—is extremely important. And Britney had that."[20] She then sang Houston's "I Have Nothing" (1992) for the executives, and got signed to the label.[26] They appointed her to work with producer Eric Foster White for a month, who reportedly shaped her voice from "lower and less poppy" delivery to "distinctively, unmistakably Britney."[27] After hearing the recorded material, president Clive Calder ordered a full album. Spears had originally envisioned "Sheryl Crow music, but younger more adult contemporary" but felt all right with her label's appointment of producers, since "It made more sense to go pop, because I can dance to it—it's more me." She flew to Cheiron Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, where half of the album was recorded from March to April 1998, with producers Max Martin, Denniz Pop and Rami Yacoub, among others.[20]
[edit] 1998–2000: ...Baby One More Time, and Oops!... I Did It Again
After Spears returned to the United States, she embarked on a shopping mall promotional tour to promote her forthcoming album. Her show was a four song set and she was accompanied by two back up dancers. Her first concert tour followed, as an opening act for 'N Sync.[28] Her debut album, ...Baby One More Time, was released on January 1999.[29] It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 and was certified two-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America after a month. Worldwide, the album topped the charts in fifteen countries and sold over ten million copies in a year.[30] It became the biggest selling album ever by a teenage artist.[21] The title track was released as the lead single from the album. Originally, Jive Records wanted its music video to be animated; however, Spears rejected it, and suggested the final idea of a Catholic schoolgirl.[27] The single sold 500,000 copies on its first day, and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, topping the chart for two consecutive weeks.[31][32] "...Baby One More Time" later received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.[33] The title track also topped the singles chart for two weeks in the United Kingdom, and became the fastest-selling single ever by a female artist, shipping over 460,000 copies.[34] It would later become the 25th most successful song of all time in British chart history.[35] Spears is also the youngest female artist to have a million seller in the country.[36] "(You Drive Me) Crazy" was released as the third single from the album. It became a top-ten hit worldwide and propelled ...Baby One More Time to sell 26 million copies.[37]
The April 1999 cover of Rolling Stone featured Spears lying on her bed, clad with a bra, shorts and an open top. The American Family Association (AFA) referred to the shoot as "a disturbing mix of childhood innocence and adult sexuality" and called to "God-loving Americans to boycott stores selling Britney's albums." Spears responded to the outcry commenting, "What's the big deal? I have strong morals. [...] I'd do it again. I thought the pictures were fine. And I was tired of being compared to Debbie Gibson and all of this bubblegum pop all the time."[38] Shortly before, Spears had announced publicly she would remain a virgin until marriage.[21] On June 28, 1999, Spears began her first headlining ...Baby One More Time Tour in North America, which was positively received by critics,[39] but generated some controversy due to her racy outfits.[40] An extension of the tour, titled Crazy 2k, followed in March 2000. Spears premiered songs from her upcoming second album during the show.[24]
Oops!... I Did It Again, her second studio album, was released in May 2000. It debuted at number one in the US, selling 1,3 million copies, breaking the SoundScan record for the highest debut sales by any solo artist.[41] The album sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[42] Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone said that "the great thing about Oops! – under the cheese surface, Britney's demand for satisfaction is complex, fierce and downright scary, making her a true child of rock & roll tradition."[43] The album's lead single, "Oops!... I Did It Again", peaked at the top of the charts in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and many other European nations.[36][44] The album as well as the title track received Grammy nominations for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, respectively.[45]
The same year, Spears embarked on the Oops!... I Did It Again World Tour, which grossed $40.5 million; she also released her first book, Britney Spears' Heart-to-Heart, co-written with her mother.[21][46] On September 7, 2000, Spears performed at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards. Halfway through the performance, she ripped off her black suit to reveal a sequined flesh-colored bodysuit, followed by heavy dance routine. It is noted by critics as the moment that Spears showed signs of becoming a more provocative performer.[47] Amidst media speculation, Spears confirmed she was dating 'N Sync member Justin Timberlake.[21]
[edit] 2001–03: Britney, Crossroads, and In the Zone
In February 2001, Spears signed a $7–8 million promotional deal with Pepsi, and released another book co-written with her mother, entitled A Mother’s Gift.[21] Her third studio album, Britney, was released in November 2001. While on tour, she felt inspired by hip hop artists such as Jay-Z and The Neptunes and wanted to create a record with a funkier sound.[48] The album debuted at number one in the Billboard 200 and reached top five positions in Australia, the United Kingdom and mainland Europe and sold over 12 million copies worldwide.[36][49][50] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called Britney "the record where she strives to deepen her persona, making it more adult while still recognizably Britney. [...] It does sound like the work of a star who has now found and refined her voice, resulting in her best record yet."[51] The album was honored with two Grammy nominations—Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Overprotected"— and was listed in 2008 as one of Entertainment Weekly's "100 Best Albums from the Past 25 Years".[52][53] The album's first single, "I'm a Slave 4 U", became a top-ten hit worldwide.[54]
Spears's performance of the single at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards featured a caged tiger and a large albino python draped over her shoulders. It was harshly received by animal rights organization PETA, who claimed the animals were mistreated and scrapped plans for an anti-fur billboard that was to feature Spears.[47] To support the album, Spears embarked on the Dream Within a Dream Tour. The show was critically praised for its technical innovations, the pièce de résistance being a water screen that pumped two tons of water into the stage.[55][56] The tour grossed $43.7 million, becoming the second highest grossing tour of 2002 by a female artist, behind Cher's Farewell Tour.[57] Her career success was highlighted by Forbes in 2002, as Spears was ranked the world's most powerful celebrity.[58] Spears also landed her first starring role in Crossroads, released in February 2002. Although the film was largely panned, most critics actually praised Spears's acting.[59][60][61] Crossroads, which had a $11 million budget, went on to gross over $57 million worldwide.[61]
In June 2002, Spears opened her first restaurant, Nyla, in New York City, but terminated her relationship in November, citing mismanagement and "management's failure to keep her fully apprised".[62] In July 2002, Spears announced she would take a six month break from her career; however, she went back into the studio in November to record her new album.[63] Spears' relationship with Justin Timberlake ended after three years. In December 2002, Timberlake released the song "Cry Me a River" as the second single from his solo debut album. The music video featured a Spears look-alike and fueled the rumors that she had been unfaithful to him.[64][65] As a response, Spears wrote the ballad "Everytime" with her backing vocalist and friend Annet Artani.[66] The same year, Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said that he was in a relationship with Spears. However, Spears denied Durst's claims.[67] In a 2009 interview, he explained that "I just guess at the time it was taboo for a guy like me to be associated with a gal like her."[67] Spears opened the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards with Christina Aguilera, performing "Like a Virgin". Halfway through they were joined by Madonna, with whom they both kissed. The incident was highly publicized.[61]
Spears released her fourth studio album, In the Zone, in November 2003. She assumed more creative control by writing and co-producing most of the material.[21] Vibe called it "A supremely confident dance record that also illustrates Spears's development as a songwriter."[68] NPR listed the album as one of "The 50 Most Important Recording of the Decade", adding that "the decade's history of impeccably crafted pop is written on her body of work."[69] In the Zone sold over 609,000 copies in the United States and debuted at the top of the charts, making Spears the first female artist in the SoundScan era to have her first four studio albums to debut at number one.[21] It also debuted at the top of the charts in France and the top ten in Belgium, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands.[70] In the Zone sold over 10 million copies worldwide.[71] The album produced the hit singles: "Me Against the Music", a collaboration with Madonna; "Toxic"—which won Spears her first and only Grammy for Best Dance Recording; "Everytime" and "Outrageous".[21]
[edit] 2004–07: Compilation albums, motherhood, personal struggles, and Blackout
On January 3, 2004, Spears married childhood friend Jason Allen Alexander at The Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas. The marriage was annulled 55 hours later, stating that Spears "lacked understanding of her actions".[72] She began The Onyx Hotel Tour in support of In the Zone in March 2004.[73] On June 8, 2004, Spears fell and injured her left knee during the music video shoot for "Outrageous". She was taken immediately to a local hospital, where doctors performed an MRI scan and found floating cartilage. The following day, Spears underwent arthroscopic surgery. She was forced to remain six weeks with a thigh brace, followed by eight to twelve weeks of rehabilitation, which caused The Onyx Hotel Tour to be canceled.[74] During 2004, Spears became involved in the Kabbalah Centre through her friendship with Madonna.[75]
In July 2004, she announced her engagement to American dancer Kevin Federline, whom she had met three months before. The romance received intense attention from the media, since Federline had recently broken up with actress Shar Jackson, who was still pregnant with their second child at the time.[21] The initial stages of their relationship were chronicled in Spears's first reality show Britney & Kevin: Chaotic. They held a wedding ceremony on September 18, 2004, but were not legally married until three weeks later on October 6 due to a delay finalizing the couple's prenuptial agreement.[76] Shortly after, she released her first fragrance with Elizabeth Arden, Curious, which broke the company's first-week gross for a perfume.[21] In October 2004, Spears announced she would be taking another career break to start a family.[77] Greatest Hits: My Prerogative, her first greatest hits compilation album, was released in November 2004.[78] Spears's cover version of Bobby Brown's "My Prerogative" was released as the lead single from the album, reaching the top of the charts in Finland, Ireland, Italy and Norway.[79] The second single, "Do Somethin'", was a top ten hit in Australia, the United Kingdom and other countries of mainland Europe.[80][81] Worldwide, Greatest Hits: My Prerogative sold over 5 million copies.[82] In late 2004, Spears went on KIIS-FM radio in Los Angeles, CA to play a new demo titled "Mona Lisa." The demo was to be the first single from an upcoming album called the "Original Doll." However, Spears' label later cancelled the album for unknown reasons.[83][84] Spears gave birth to her first child, Sean Preston Federline, on September 14, 2005.[85]
In November 2005, she released her first remix compilation, B in the Mix: The Remixes, which consists of eleven remixes.[86] It has sold over 1 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best selling remix albums of all time.[87] In February 2006, pictures surfaced of Spears driving with her son Sean, on her lap instead of in a car seat. Child advocates were horrified by the photos of her holding the wheel with one hand and Sean with the other. Spears claimed that the situation happened because of a frightening encounter with paparazzi, and that it was a mistake on her part.[21] The following month, she guest-starred on the Will & Grace episode "Buy, Buy Baby" as closeted lesbian Amber Louise.[88] She publicly announced she no longer studied Kabbalah in June 2006, explaining, "my baby is my religion."[75] Two months later, Spears posed nude for the cover of Harper's Bazaar. The picture was heavily compared to Demi Moore's August 1991 Vanity Fair cover.[21] She gave birth to her second child, Jayden James Federline, on September 12, 2006.[89] On November 7, 2006, Spears filed for divorce from Federline, citing irreconcilable differences.[90] Their divorce was finalized in July 2007, when the couple reached a global settlement and agreed to share joint custody of their children.[91] Spears's aunt Sandra Bridges Covington, with whom she had been very close, died of ovarian cancer in January.[92] On February 16, 2007, Spears stayed in a drug rehabilitation facility in Antigua for less than a day. The following night, she shaved her head with electric clippers at a hair salon in Tarzana, Los Angeles. She admitted herself to other treatment facilities during the following weeks.[93] After completing a month-long program at Promises, she wrote on her website, "I truly hit rock bottom. Till this day I don't think that it was alcohol or depression. [...] was like a bad kid running around with ADD."[21] In May 2007, she produced a series of promotional concerts at House of Blues venues, titled The M+M's Tour.[94] Spears lost physical custody of her children to Federline on October 1, 2007. The reasons of the court ruling were not revealed to the public.[95] Also, in 2007 Spears was sued by Louis Vuitton over her 2005 music video "Do Something" for pimping out her Hummer interior in counterfiet Louis Vuitton cherry blossom fabric. Which resulted in her video being banned on European TV stations.[96]
Her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released in October 2007. It debuted at the top of charts in Canada and Ireland, number two in the U.S. Billboard 200,—held off from the top spot by Eagles's Long Road out of Eden— France, Japan, Mexico and the United Kingdom and the top ten in Australia, Korea, New Zealand and many European nations. In the United States, Spears became the only female artist to have her first five studio albums debut at the two top slots of the chart.[97] Blackout sold over 3.1 million copies worldwide.[98] Peter Robinson of The Observer said that "Britney has delivered the best album of her career, raising the bar for modern pop music with an incendiary mix of Timbaland's Shock Value and her own back catalogue."[99] Dennis Lim of Blender commented, "Spears’s fifth studio album is her most consistent, a seamlessly entertaining collection of bright, brash electropop."[100] Blackout won Album of the Year at MTV Europe Music Awards 2008 and was listed as the fifth Best Pop Album of the Decade by The Times.[101][102] Spears performed the lead single "Gimme More" at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards. The performance was panned by many critics. David Willis of BBC stated her performance would "go down in the history books as being one of the worst to grace the MTV Awards".[103] Despite the backlash, the single rocketed to worldwide success, peaking at number one in Canada and the top ten in almost every country it charted.[104][105] The second single "Piece of Me" reached the top of the charts in Ireland and reached the top five in Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The third single "Break the Ice" was released the following year and had moderate success due to Spears not being able to promote it properly.[106][107][108] In December 2007, Spears began a relationship with paparazzo Adnan Ghalib.[109]
[edit] 2008–10: Conservatorship, and Circus
On January 3, 2008, Spears refused to relinquish custody of her sons to Federline's representatives. She was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, after police that arrived at her house noted she appeared to be under the influence of an illicit substance. The following day, Spears's visitation rights were suspended at an emergency court hearing, and Federline was given sole physical and legal custody of the children. On January 31, 2008, Spears was committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and put on 5150 involuntary psychiatric hold. The court placed her under temporary conservatorship of her father James Spears and attorney Andrew Wallet, giving them complete control of her assets.[21] Spears was released on February 6, 2008. Her parents expressed disappointment and concern at the decision to release her.[110] The following month, she guest-starred on the How I Met Your Mother episode "Ten Sessions" as receptionist Abby. She received positive reviews for her performance, as well as bringing the series its highest ratings ever.[111][112] In July 2008, Spears regained some visitation rights after coming to an agreement with Federline and his counsel.[113] On September 7, 2008, Spears opened the MTV Video Music Awards with a pre-taped comedy sketch with Jonah Hill and an introduction speech. She won Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Video of the Year for "Piece of Me".[114] A 60-minute introspective documentary, Britney: For the Record, was produced to chronicle Spears' return to the recording industry. Directed by Phil Griffin, For the Record was entirely shot in Beverly Hills, Hollywood, and New York City during the third quarter of 2008.[115] Main shooting began on September 5, 2008, two days before Spears' appearance at the MTV Video Music Awards. For the Record was broadcast on MTV on November 30, 2008 to 5.6 million viewers for the two airings on the premiere night. MTV reported that Spears' documentary garnered on average, the highest rating in its Sunday night timeslot, in the network's history.[116]
Her sixth studio album Circus, was released in December 2008. It received positive reviews from critics; according to the music review aggregation of Metacritic, it garnered an average score of 64/100.[117] Circus debuted at number one in Canada, Czech Republic and the United States, and inside the top in many European nations.[105][118] In the United States, Spears became the youngest female artist to have five albums debut at number one, earning a place in the Guinness Book of World Records.[119] She also became the only act in the Soundscan era to have four albums debut with 500,000 or more copies sold.[118] Circus became one of the fastest-selling albums of the year,[120] and has sold 4 million copies worldwide.[121][122] Its lead single, "Womanizer", became her first number one in the Billboard Hot 100 since "...Baby One More Time" and topped the charts in countries such as Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway and Sweden.[123][124] It was also nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Dance Recording.[125] In January 2009, Spears and her father James obtained a restraining order against her former manager Sam Lufti, ex-boyfriend Adnan Ghalib and attorney Jon Eardley—all of whom, court documents claim, had been conspiring to gain control of Spears's affairs. The restraining order forbids Lutfi and Ghalib from contacting Spears or coming within 250 yards of her, her property or family members.[126] Spears embarked on The Circus Starring Britney Spears in March 2009. With a gross of U.S. $131.8 million, it became the fifth highest grossing tour of the year.[127]
She released her second greatest hits album, The Singles Collection in November 2009. "3" became her third number one single in the US, and was the first song to debut at the top of the charts in three years.[128] Later that month, she released an application for iPhone and iPod Touch titled "It's Britney!".[129] In May 2010, Spears's representatives confirmed she was dating her agent Jason Trawick, and that they had decided to end their professional relationship to focus on their personal relationship.[130] Spears designed a limited edition clothing line for Candie's, which was released in stores in July 2010.[131] On September 28, 2010, she made a cameo appearance on a Spears-themed tribute episode of American TV show Glee, titled "Britney/Brittany". Spears approved of the episode, although her appearances received mixed reviews from critics.[132][133] The episode drew Glee's second largest audience, as well as the show's highest ratings ever.[134][135]
[edit] 2011–present: Femme Fatale and The X Factor
In March 2011, Spears released her seventh studio album Femme Fatale.[136] Max Martin and Dr. Luke executive produced the album and the album's first single "Hold It Against Me". The single debuted at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100. This gave Spears her fourth number-one single on the chart, and made her only the second artist in history to have two consecutive singles debut at number-one, after Mariah Carey.[137] The album peaked at number one in the United States (selling 276,000 copies in its first week), Canada, and Australia, and peaked inside the top ten on nearly every other chart. The album's peak in the United States ties Britney with Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson for the third-most number ones among women.[138] As of March 9, 2012, Femme Fatale has sold 883,000 copies in the United States and 2.2 million worldwide and has been certified platinum by the RIAA.[139][140] The album received positive critical reviews after its release, receiving a score of 67 on Metacritic, her highest critical score since Oops!... I Did It Again, with many critics naming the album one of Spears's best.[141] In April 2011, Spears appeared in a remix to the song "S&M" by Rihanna after Rihanna asked her fans via Twitter who they wanted her to collaborate with.[142] The song reached number one in the US in mid-April 2011, giving Spears her fifth number one on the chart.[143] In early May, Spears' second single from Femme Fatale, "Till The World Ends", reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and had ninety-eight million audience impressions on the Billboard chart, granting Spears the highest weekly audience of her 13-year chart career.[144]
Femme Fatale's third single "I Wanna Go" reached the top forty on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 2011. Among females in the last thirteen years, Spears now has the third-most top forty hits, with twenty-one.[145] In August, the single managed to reach the top-ten on the Billboard Hot 100, which is the first time for Spears to have three songs from one album in the top-ten.[146] On the week ending September 24, 2011, "I Wanna Go" moved 2–1 on the mainstream top 40, becoming her sixth number-one on that chart (making her tied for third all-time) and her first number-one and third top-ten pop song for Femme Fatale.[147] Spears now has the longest span of number ones on the mainstream top 40, with a length of twelve years, seven months, and four days.[147] In October 2011, the music video for Femme Fatale's fourth single "Criminal" caused controversy when British politicians criticized Spears for using replica guns while filming the video in an area of London that had been badly affected by the 2011 England riots. Members of the Hackney London Borough Council felt Spears "promoted gun violence" and suggested that Spears apologize and make a donation to a Hackney charity.[148] Spears's management briefly responded, stating, "The video is a fantasy story featuring Britney's boyfriend, Jason Trawick, which literally plays out the lyrics of a song written three years before the riots ever happened."[149] Later that month, due to her continued popularity, Spears became the seventh artist to gain one billion cumulative views on her Vevo account.[150] On Billboard's 2011 Year-End list, Spears was fourteen on the Artists of the Year,[151] due to being 32 on Billboard 200 artists and 10 on Billboard Hot 100 artists.[152][153] Additionally, many critics, including those at Rolling Stone, named "Till the World Ends" one of the best songs of 2011.[154][155][156]
On March 2011, Spears announced that she would tour throughout the United States during summer 2011.[157] The Femme Fatale Tour opened June 16 at the Power Balance Pavilion in Sacramento, California[158] to positive reviews.[159] Many critics noted that Spears sang more of the concert live in response to lip-synching accusations during The Circus Starring Britney Spears, and that the dancing is some of her best in years.[159] The first ten US dates of the tour grossed $6.2 million, landing the fifty-fifth spot on Pollstar's Top 100 North American Tours list for the half-way point of the year.[160] The tour ended on December 10, 2011 in Puerto Rico after 79 performances.[161] A concert special of the tour was filmed in 2D and 3D in Canada on August 13 and 14. It premiered on November 12 on Epix, receiving mixed reviews.[162][163][164][165] It was released to DVD on November 21[166][167] and sold 19,000 copies, debuting at no. 2 on the US Billboard DVD Chart behind Lady Gaga's The Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden.[168] Since its release, the DVD has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA),[169] and Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).[170]
On June 15, 2011, it was announced by Billboard that the RCA/Jive Label Group would be splitting, with Jive Records being fully moved under RCA Records staying intact. In August it was announced that Spears had officially joined the RCA's roster.[171][172] During the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28, 2011, MTV played tribute to Spears with a group of young female dancers that memorialised Britney's music videos, performances, and style. Following which, Spears accepted the MTV Video Vanguard Award from Lady Gaga, who said that "industry wouldn't be the same without [her]".[173][174] On September 9, 2011, Spears announced her second remix album, B in the Mix: The Remixes Vol. 2, which was released on October 7, along with the tracklist.[175] On October 7, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Spears (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release her future material on the RCA Records brand.[176][177]
On December 16, Spears confirmed her engagement to her long-time boyfriend Jason Trawick, her former agent.[178] Spears revealed her three-carat diamond ring at a party in Las Vegas on December 17.[179] According to Joe Riccitelli, the executive vice president of promotion for RCA Records, Spears would be taking time off during 2012.[180] However, on January 30, 2012, will.i.am confirmed that he recorded a track with Spears, set to be included on his upcoming fourth studio album, #willpower (2012).[181] It was also reported that Simon Cowell was in talks with Spears for her to join the new season of the The X-Factor.[182] According to Billboard and The Hollywood Reporter, Trawick negotiated Spears' contract with the show,[183] which was later approved by conservatorship judge Reva Goetz.[184] Cowell and the producers of the show agreed to pay the singer $15 million for season two, and also added Trawick as a one of the producers for the season.[185] The rumor was later confirmed to be true.[14][186][187] Spears also teamed up with Hasbro to release an exclusive version of Twister Dance, which will include a remix of "Till the World Ends".[188] The singer also participated on a commercial, which was directed by Ray Kay, to promote the game.[188]
Artistry[link]
Musical style, and performance[link]
Following her debut, Spears was credited with leading the revival of teen pop in the late 1990s. The Daily Yomiuri reported that "[m]usic critics have hailed her as the most gifted teenage pop idol for many years, but Spears has set her sights a little higher-she is aiming for the level of superstardom that has been achieved by Madonna and Janet Jackson."[189] Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone wrote: "Britney Spears carries on the classic archetype of the rock & roll teen queen, the dungaree doll, the angel baby who just has to make a scene."[190] Rami Yacoub who co-produced Spears's debut album with lyricist Max Martin, commented, "I know from Denniz Pop and Max's previous productions, when we do songs, there's kind of a nasal thing. With N' Sync and the Backstreet Boys, we had to push for that mid-nasal voice. When Britney did that, she got this kind of raspy, sexy voice."[191] Following the release of her debut album, Chuck Taylor of Billboard observed, "Spears has become a consummate performer, with snappy dance moves, a clearly real-albeit young-and funkdified voice ... "(You Drive Me) Crazy", her third single ... demonstrates Spears's own development, proving that the 17-year-old is finding her own vocal personality after so many months of steadfast practice."[192] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic referred to her music as a "blend of infectious, rap-inflected dance-pop and smooth balladry."[193] Spears later commented, "With ...Baby One More Time, I didn't get to show my voice off. The songs were great, but they weren't very challenging".[194]
Oops!...I Did It Again and subsequent albums saw Spears working with several contemporary R&B producers, leading to "a combination of bubblegum, urban soul, and raga."[195] Her third studio album, Britney derived from the teen pop niche, "[r]hythmically and melodically ... sharper, tougher than what came before. What used to be unabashedly frothy has some disco grit, underpinned by Spears' spunky self-determination that helps sell hooks that are already catchier, by and large, than those that populated her previous two albums."[196] Guy Blackman of The Age wrote that while few would care to listen to an entire Spears album, "[t]he thing about Spears, though, is that her biggest songs, no matter how committee-created or impossibly polished, have always been convincing because of her delivery, her commitment and her presence. For her mostly teenage fans, Spears expresses perfectly the conflicting urges of adolescence, the tension between chastity and sexual experience, between hedonism and responsibility, between confidence and vulnerability."[197]
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Spears possesses a soprano[203] vocal range; her vocal ability however has been criticized, often drawing unfavorable comparison to her pop rival, Christina Aguilera.[204] Critic Allan Raible derides her overdependence in Circus on digital effects and the robotic effect it creates. "She’s never been a strong vocalist..." writes Raible, "Could she handle these songs with stripped down arrangements and no vocal effects? More importantly, would anyone want to hear her attempt such a performance? Does it matter? No. The focus is still image over substance."[205] Her image and persona are also often contrasted to Christina Aguilera. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly observed "Christina Aguilera may flash skin and belly button, but in her music and manner, she's too eager not to offend — she's a good girl pretending to be bad. Spears, however, comes across as a bad girl acting good ... Spears' artificial-sweetener voice is much less interesting than the settings, yet that blandness is actually a relief compared with Aguilera's numbing vocal gymnastics.[206] In contrast, Allmusic comments: "Like her peer Christina Aguilera, Britney equates maturity with transparent sexuality and the pounding sounds of nightclubs ... Where Christina comes across like a natural-born skank, Britney is the girl next door cutting loose at college, drinking and smoking and dancing and sexing just a little too recklessly, since this is the first time she can indulge herself.[207] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine notes, "The disparity between Aguilera and Spears can't be measured solely by the timbre and octave range of their voices ... [Aguilera's] popularity has never reached the fever pitch of Britney's."[208]
It has been widely reported that Spears lip-syncs in concert. Author Gary Giddins wrote in his book Natural selection: Gary Giddins on comedy, film, music, and books (2006) that "among many other performers accused of moving their lips while a machine does the labor are Britney Spears, Luciano Pavarotti, Shania Twain, Beyoncé, and Madonna."[209] Rashod D. Ollison of The Baltimore Sun observes: "Many pop stars ... feel they have no choice but to seek vocal enhancement. Since the advent of MTV and other video music channels, pop audiences have been fed elaborate videos thick with jaw-dropping effects, awesome choreography, fabulous clothes, marvelous bodies. And the same level of perfection is expected to extend beyond the video set to the concert stage. So if Britney Spears, Janet Jackson or Madonna sounds shrill and flat without a backing track, fans won't pay up to $300 for a concert ticket."[210] Giddins adds, "it was reported Britney Spears fans prefer her to lip-sync—despite her denials of doing so (contradicted by her own director)—because they expect flawless digitalization when they pay serious money for a concert."[209]
In Australia, NSW Fair Trading Minister Virginia Judge has advised disclaimers be printed on any ticket for concerts which contain any prerecorded vocals. She commented: "There could have been some instances where people actually go and purchase a ticket thinking that they're going to have a live performance ... for some people that means that everything is live, it's fresh, it happens instantaneously, it's not something that's been pre-recorded. You want to make sure that they're actually paying for what they think they're getting."[211] Noting on the prevalence of lip-syncing, Los Angeles Daily News reported "in the context of a Britney Spears concert, does it really matter? Like a Vegas revue show, you don't go to hear the music, you go for the somewhat-ridiculous spectacle of it all".[212] Similarly, Aline Mendelsohn of the Orlando Sentinel remarked: "Let's get one thing straight: A Britney Spears concert is not about the music ... you have to remember that it's about the sight, not the sound."[213] Critic Glenn Gamboa comments her concert tours are "like her life—a massive money-making venture designed to play up her talents and distract from her shortcomings with a mix of techno-tinged sex appeal and disco-flavored flash. And, like her life, it is, more or less, a success.[214]
Influences[link]
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Madonna (left) and Janet Jackson (right) are Spears's two biggest influences.
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Throughout her career, Spears has drawn frequent comparisons to Madonna and Janet Jackson, in terms of vocals, choreography and stage presence, citing both as influences in her work. She has also named Michael Jackson as a source of inspiration.[215] According to Spears: "I know when I was younger, I looked up to people... like, you know, Janet Jackson and Madonna. And they were major inspirations for me. But I also had my own identity and I knew who I was, you know."[216] In the 2002 book Madonnastyle by Carol Clerk, she is quoted saying: "I have been a huge fan of Madonna since I was a little girl. She's the person that I've really looked up to. I would really, really like to be a legend like Madonna."[217]
Many critics have argued that Spears should not be considered in the same league of talent as Jackson or Madonna. Journalists Erika Montalvo and Jackie Sheppard of the Rocky Mountain Collegian observed "[s]ome may argue that Spears is not only a good recording artist but also an important cultural icon."[218] However, in examining her level of skill as an artist, it is questioned that "[a]lthough she has been classified among female elites such as Janet Jackson and Madonna, what does Ms. Spears really have in common with these divas of rock?"[218] Joan Anderman of The Boston Globe remarked that "[t]hirteen costume changes in 90 minutes won't bless her with Madonna's intelligence or cultural barometer. An army of cutting-edge R&B producers won't supply her with Janet Jackson's sense of humor or sincere smile ... Britney's heroes aren't great singers. But they're real singers. Spears sounds robotic, nearly inhuman, on her records, so processed is her voice by digital pitch-shifters and synthesizers."[219]
Reporter Ed Bumgardner commented her transition from teen pop start to adult sex symbol with her third studio album Britney "takes its cues from two other successful performers—Madonna and Janet Jackson—both of whom she brazenly rips off and both of whom, like Spears, are passable singers, at best."[220] Critic Shane Harrison wrote: "From the minimalist thump and "Nasty" feel of "I'm a Slave 4 U" to the scattered quotes in "Boys", [Britney] feels like [Spears's] attempt at 'Control'."[215]
Citing Jackson's resolve to incorporate personal and social issues into her work and Madonna's ability to constantly redefine the boundaries of socially acceptable material in the industry, Spears's catalog ultimately pales in comparison, because "[w]hile Jackson and Madonna wrote their own music about subjects of importance, [Spears's] music sounds like an upbeat version of either, 'I want to grow up but the media won't let me,' or 'Here kitty, kitty, I'm wearing my underwear outside of my leather pants'-type ballads."[218] In contrast, Guy Blackman argues that although "no one would argue that Spears is some kind of pioneering pop auteur, there’s still a lot to like about her back catalogue. During her world-conquering peak, she was just about as cutting edge as you could get in the world of global pop superstardom. Spears didn’t just work with big names, she gave big names their names, and maintained her high currency in the world’s most fickle industry for years, when most aspiring starlets are lucky to manage months."[197]
After meeting Spears face to face, Janet Jackson stated: "she said to me, 'I'm such a big fan; I really admire you.' That's so flattering. Everyone gets inspiration from some place. And it's awesome to see someone else coming up who's dancing and singing, and seeing how all these kids relate to her. A lot of people put it down, but what she does is a positive thing."[221] Madonna's respect for Spears has also been a subject of observation. Santiago Fouz-Hernández and Freya Jarman-Ivens, authors of Madonna's drowned worlds: new approaches to her cultural transformations, 1983-2003 (2004) note that the most well known cross-generational relationship exists between Spears and Madonna in which "the entertainment newsmedia almost became obsessed with their relationship of mutual admiration."[222] The biographers also report "[s]ome observers of popular culture, however, feel that the comparisons between the two artist are meaningless and fail to recognize Madonna's unique contribution: Madonna was never 'just another pop star' whereas Britney can more easily be seen as a standard manufactured pop act."[222]
Legacy[link]
Spears became an international pop culture icon immediately after launching her recording career. Rolling Stone magazine wrote: "One of the most controversial and successful female vocalists of the 21st century," she "spearheaded the rise of post-millennial teen pop ... Spears early on cultivated a mixture of innocence and experience that broke the bank".[223] She is listed by the Guinness World Records as having the "Best-selling album by a teenage solo artist" for her debut album ...Baby One More Time which sold over thirteen million copies in the United States.[224] Melissa Ruggieri of the Richmond Times-Dispatch reported, "She's also marked for being the best-selling teenage artist. Before she turned 20 in 2001, Spears sold more than 37 million albums worldwide".[225] As of 2011, she has sold over 100 million albums worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[10] She was also ranked as the fourth VH1's "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era" show list, ahead of most of her contemporaries and only behind veterans like Madonna, Janet Jackson, and Whitney Houston.[226] Spears is also recognized as the best-selling female artist of the first decade of the 21st century, as well as the fifth overall.[7] In December 2009, Billboard magazine ranked Spears the 8th Artist of the 2000s decade in the United States.[6]
Spears is also known for her iconic performances and music videos.[227] The music video for her debut single, "...Baby One More Time", was ranked number one on TRL's Final Countdown of the most iconic music videos.[228] On the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, before performing "Oops!... I Did It Again", the singer appeared behind a backlit screen, and descended a spiral staircase and started performing "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", while wearing a tuxedo.[229] After performing a shortened version of the track, she tore the tuxedo off, revealing a skin-tight flesh-coloured outfit.[230] The following year, Spears performed her single "I'm a Slave 4 U". Jocelyn Vena of MTV summarized the performance, saying, "draping herself in a white python and slithering around a steamy garden setting – surrounded by dancers in zebra and tiger outfits – Spears created one of the most striking visuals in the 27-year history of the show."[231] She also duetted "The Way You Make Me Feel" with pop singer Michael Jackson on his 30th anniversary concert a few days earlier.[232] During the opening of the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards on August 27, 2003, Spears joined Madonna, Christina Aguilera, and Missy Elliott.[233] Halfway through the performance, Madonna kissed Spears and Aguilera on the lips.[234] The kiss between Spears and Madonna generated strong reaction from the media.[235] This performance was listed by Blender magazine as one of the twenty-five sexiest music moments on television history.[236] MTV listed the performance as the number-one opening moments in the history of MTV Video Music Awards.[237] In 2011, Spears was honored with the MTV Video Vanguard Award, for having made a profound effect on the MTV culture.[238]
Barbara Ellen of The Observer has reported: "Spears is famously one of the 'oldest' teenagers pop has ever produced, almost middle aged in terms of focus and determination. Many 19-year-olds haven't even started working by that age, whereas Britney, a former Mouseketeer, was that most unusual and volatile of American phenomena — a child with a full-time career. While other little girls were putting posters on their walls, Britney was wanting to be the poster on the wall. Whereas other children develop at their own pace, Britney was developing at a pace set by the ferociously competitive American entertainment industry".[239] In 2011, Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly commented on the cultural significance of Spears' voice and music. "We don't ask a whole lot from Britney Spears as an entertainer...we'll still send her straight up the charts simply because she's Britney. She's an American institution, as deeply sacred and messed up as pro wrestling or the filibuster. Musically, though, Spears will always have to measure up to her own gold standards of pop euphony: the operatic slither of 2004's 'Toxic' and the candied funk of 2000's 'Oops!...I Did It Again.' Spears is no technical singer, that's for sure. But backed by Martin and Dr. Luke's wall of pound, her vocals melt into a mix of babytalk coo and coital panting that is, in its own overprocessed way, just as iconic and propulsive as Michael Jackson's yips or Eminem's snarls."[240] 'Britney Spears' was Yahoo!'s most popular search term between 2005 and 2008, and has been in a total of seven different years.[241] Spears was named as Most Searched Person in the Guinness World Records book edition 2007 and 2009.[242] She was later named as the most searched person of the decade 2000 - 2009.[243] Spears is the most followed person on Google's social network, Google+. Reaching 100,000 in under two months of the sites launch, quadrupling the amount within 10 days. By November she had over 760,000 followers,[244] and by the end of December 2011, Spears became the first person to reach over 1 million followers.[245]
Spears has been cited as a musical inspiration by contemporary artists. Gwyneth Paltrow's character on 2010 drama film Country Strong was inspired on the singer's public meltdown. According to film director Shana Fest, "that's where this movie came from. I mean, I was seeing what was happening in the media to Britney Spears. I think it's tragic how we treat people who give us so much, and we love to see them knocked down to build them back up again, to knock them down again."[246] Nicki Minaj has cited Spears as a major influence on her career, and commented, "the fact that she came back out with just so much fire inspires me, and it inspires young women and people all over the world. It just inspires you. A lot of my fans feel like they are the underdog and feel like they are the people who aren’t ever accepted for themselves, or who are laughed at or poked fun at forever. It just goes to show that once you keep at whatever it is you’re doing, people may not like you, people may not love you, but they will have to respect you at the end of the day. And that respect is all that matters."[247] Lana Del Rey revealed that she is compelled by Spears in an interview with MTV, saying, "I'm not really interested in a ton of female musicians but there is something about Britney that compelled me – the way she sings and just the way she looks."[248] Del Rey also said that the "Toxic" music video is a main inspiration of her work.[249] During the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, Lady Gaga said that Spears "taught us all how to be fearless, and the industry wouldn't be the same without her."[238] Miley Cyrus credits Spears as her biggest inspiration, and has referenced the singer in her hit song "Party in the U.S.A." (2009).[250][251] Spears' personal breakdown was also cited as an inspiration for Barry Manilow's album "15 Minutes".[252]
Spears has also become a major influence among many new artists, including Demi Lovato,[253] Katy Perry,[253] Kristinia DeBarge,[254] Little Boots,[255] Marina and the Diamonds,[256] Pixie Lott,[257] and Selena Gomez & the Scene.[258] In 2007, Beyoncé Knowles also expressed her love for Spears in an interview with TRL Italy, saying, "I love Britney, I'm a fan of hers. I like her new album ['Blackout']."[259] Fergie of The Black Eyed Peas revealed to The Hollywood Reporter that she was happy with Spears' return to the music industry, and continued, "It's amazing. For this many years being in the business, and everything she's been through, it's wonderful to see her make this huge of a comeback. Really, it's a beautiful thing."[260] Simon Cowell explained that he is "fascinated by [Britney]. The fact that she’s one of the most talked about – not just pop stars – but people in the world today, means that you’ve got this star power. [...] She’s still hot, she’s still having hit records and she’s still controversial, there’s a reason for that."[182] Bebo Norman wrote a song about Spears, called "Britney", which was released as a single. Boy band Busted also wrote a song about Spears called "Britney", which was on their debut album. South Korean KPop singer, BoA has also spoken of love and Spears' influence on her. First meeting in 2003 while Spears was promoting "In The Zone" - Britney would later provide a writing credit to the song, Look Who's Talking, on BoA's eponymous debut English album. Spears' version of the song leaked in 2012.[261][262] Richard Cheese called Britney Spears "a remarkable recording artist" and also went on to say that she was "versatile" and what the industry calls an "artist". People magazine and MTV reported that October 1, 2008, the Bronx's John Philip Sousa Middle School, named their music studio in honor of Britney Spears.[263] Spears herself was present during the ceremony and donated $10,000 to the school's music program.[264]
Personal life[link]
In 1998, Spears entered a relationship with fellow pop singer Justin Timberlake, with whom she had worked on the New Mickey Mouse Club in 1993 and 1994. The relationship ended abruptly in March 2002 after reports of infidelity, however, both parties stated that the split was due to "conflicting schedules".[265] The breakup influenced the lyrics and themes of their songs, "Everytime" and "Cry Me a River." In June 2011, Timberlake stated that he had not spoken with Spears in 9 years, and that their relationship had no chance of surviving the long term.[266] On January 3, 2004, Spears married childhood friend Jason Alexander at The Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas. The marriage was annulled 55 hours later, Spears stating she "lacked understanding of her actions to the extent that she was incapable of agreeing to the marriage".[72]
In July 2004, she announced her engagement to American dancer, Kevin Federline, whom she had met three months before. The initial stages of their relationship were chronicled in Spears's first reality show Britney & Kevin: Chaotic, and received intense media attention. They held a wedding ceremony on September 18, 2004, but were not legally married until three weeks later on October 6, 2004 due to a delay finalizing the couple's prenuptial agreement.[76] With Federline, Spears had two children, sons, Sean Preston Federline, on September 14, 2005, and Jayden James Federline, on September 12, 2006.[85][89] She filed for divorce from Federline on November 7, 2006, citing irreconcilable differences.[90] Their divorce was finalized in July 2007, when the couple reached a settlement and agreed to share joint custody of their children.[91] However, due to Spears' erratic behavior (including her shaving her head bald).[267]in the following year, she lost physical custody of her children to Federline on October 1, 2007. The reasons of the court ruling were not revealed to the public.[95] After a visit with her children on the night of January 3, 2008, Spears refused to give up her sons to Federline's representatives and locked herself in a bathroom. She was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, after police that arrived at her house noted she appeared to be under the influence of an illicit substance. The following day, Spears's visitation rights were suspended at an emergency court hearing, and Federline was given sole physical and legal custody of the children. On January 31, 2008, Spears was, again, committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and put on 5150 involuntary psychiatric hold. The court placed her under temporary conservatorship of her father, James Spears, giving him complete control of her assets.[21] In July 2008, Spears regained some visitation rights after coming to an agreement with Federline and his counsel.[113] And in September 2009, Spears and Federline agreed on sharing 50/50 of the children[268]
On September 2011 Spears' former bodygaurd Fernando Flores persued a $10 million sexual harassment suit, also, citing alleged child abuse against her two sons.[269]
On December 16, 2011, Spears confirmed her engagement to her boyfriend, Jason Trawick.[270] Spears revealed her three-carat diamond ring at a party in Las Vegas on December 17.[179]
Other ventures[link]
In 2000, the singer released a limited edition of glasses titled Shades of Britney.[271] In 2001, Spears signed a deal with shoe company Skechers,[272] and a $7–8 million promotional deal with Pepsi, their biggest entertainment deal at the time.[273] Aside from numerous commercials with the latter during that year, she also appeared in a 2004 Pepsi television commercial in the theme of "Gladiators" with singers Beyoncé Knowles, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias.[274] On June 19, 2002, she released her first multi-platform video game, Britney's Dance Beat, which received positive reviews.[275] In March 2009, Spears was announced as the new face of clothing brand Candie's.[276] Dari Marder, chief marketing officer for the brand, explained why they choose the singer, saying, "everybody loves a comeback and nobody's doing it better than Britney. She's just poised for even greater success."[276] In 2010, Spears designed a limited edition line for the brand, which was released in stores in July 2010.[131] In 2011, she teamed up with Sony, Make Up For Ever and PlentyofFish to release her music video for "Hold It Against Me", earning her $500,000 for the product placement.[277]
Spears range of commercial deals and products also includes beauty care products and perfumes. She released her first fragrance with Elizabeth Arden, Curious in 2004, which broke the company's first-week gross for a perfume.[21] By 2009, she had released seven more fragrances, which earned her the recognition of the best-selling celebrity fragrance line on the market. The singer's Elizabeth Arden scents make up 34% of celebrity fragrance sales.[278] In 2010, Spears released her eighth fragrance, Radiance. In March 2011, company Brand Sense filed a lawsuit against Spears and Elizabeth Arden seeking $10 million in damages, claiming that the singer and her father, Jamie, allegedly stopped paying their thity-five percent commission that was agreed as part of the contract terms.[279] In July 2011, a Los Angeles judge denied the request by the company lawyers, claiming the fact that Spears is still under conservatorship.[280] Brand Sense, however, stated that they would appeal the decision.[280] In 2011, Radiance was re-issued in a new fragrance titled Cosmic Radiance.[281] Worldwide, Spears has sold over one billion bottles in only five years, which earned her an estimated $1.5 billion.[282] By the time of Mother's Day in 2012, Fantasy, her second fragrance released back in 2006, was among the top three best selling fragrances of the year's first quarter.[283]
Philanthropy[link]
The singer founded The Britney Spears Foundation, a charitable entity set up to help children in need. The philosophy behind the Foundation was that music and entertainment has a healing quality that can truly benefit these kid.[284] The Foundation also supported the annual Britney Spears Camp for the Performing Arts, where campers had the opportunity to explore and develop their talents.[285] In April 2002, through the efforts of Spears and The Britney Spears Foundation, a grant of $1 million was made to the Twin Towers Fund to support the children of uniformed service heroes affected by the disaster of September 11, 2001, including New York City Fire Department and its Emergency Medical Services Command, the New York City Police Department, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the New York State Office of court Administration and other government offices.[286] However, it was reported in 2008 that the Foundation had a deficit of $200,000.[287] After the singer went through conservatorship, her father and lawyer Andrew Wallet zeroed out the effort, leading to its closure in 2011.[288]
On October 30, 2001, Spears, alongside Bono and other popular recording artists under the name "Artists Against AIDS Worldwide", released a single titled "What's Going On", with the intention to benefit AIDS programs in Africa and other impoverished regions.[289] In the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2006, Spears donated $350,000 to Music Rising.[290] Later in 2011, the singer raised $200,000 during An Evening of Southern Style at a private residence in Beverly Hills to benefit the St. Bernard Project, with the help of several celebrities, including Hilary Duff, Selena Gomez, Kelly Osbourne, Kellan Lutz and Kim Kardashian.[291] Spears has also helped several charities during her career, including Madonna's Kabbalah-based Spirituality for Kids,[292] cancer charity Gilda's Club Worldwide,[293] Promises Foundation, and United Way[disambiguation needed 
], with the latter two focused on giving families from various disadvantaged situations new hope and stable foundations for the future.[290]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Britney Spears discography and Britney Spears videography
- ...Baby One More Time (1999)
- Oops!... I Did It Again (2000)
- Britney (2001)
- In the Zone (2003)
- Blackout (2007)
- Circus (2008)
- Femme Fatale (2011)
Filmography[link]
Main article: Britney Spears filmography
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Longshot | Flight attendant | Cameo appearance |
| 2002 | Austin Powers in Goldmember | Herself | Cameo appearance |
| 2002 | Crossroads | Lucy Wagner | Teen Choice Award for Best Actress Drama/Action Adventure Teen Choice Award for Best Chemistry (with Anson Mount) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress Nominated—Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Dressed |
| 2004 | Fahrenheit 9/11 | Herself | Cameo appearance Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress |
| Year | Title | Character |
|---|---|---|
| 1993–1994 | The Mickey Mouse Club | Various Roles (Series regular) |
| 1999 | The Famous Jett Jackson | Herself |
| 1999 | Sabrina the Teenage Witch | Herself |
| 1999 | The Famous Jett Jackson | Herself |
| 1999 | Kenan & Kel | Herself |
| 1999 | Médico de familia | Herself |
| 1999 | Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree | Herself |
| 2000 | The Simpsons | Herself |
| 2000 | Saturday Night Live | Herself |
| 2002 | Stages: Three Days in Mexico | Herself |
| 2002 | Robbie the Reindeer in Legend of the Lost Tribe | Donner (voice) |
| 2002 | Saturday Night Live | Herself (host) |
| 2003 | Punk'd | Herself |
| 2004 | Britney & Kevin: Chaotic | Herself |
| 2006 | Will & Grace | Amber-Louise (1 episode) |
| 2008 | How I Met Your Mother | Abby (2 episodes) |
| 2008 | Britney: For the Record | Herself |
| 2010 | Glee | Herself |
| 2012 | The X Factor | Judge |
| 2012 | The Pauly D Project | Herself (1 episode) |
Tours[link]
Main article: List of Britney Spears concert tours
- ...Baby One More Time Tour (1999–2000)
- Oops!... I Did It Again World Tour (2000–01)
- Dream Within a Dream Tour (2001–02)
- The Onyx Hotel Tour (2004)
- The M+M's Tour (2007)
- The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009)
- Femme Fatale Tour (2011)
See also[link]
 |
Book: Britney Spears |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Britney Spears products
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of best-selling music artists in the United States
Notes[link]
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- ^ Folkard, Claire (2003). Guinness World Records 2003. Bantam Books. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-553-58636-7.
- ^ Ruggieri, Melissa (2000-12-19). "Music Notes". Richmond Times-Dispatch: pp. D.13
- ^ Often referred to in interviews, cover stories and promotional material as the new 'princess of pop' Susan Hopkins (2002), Girl Heroes: The New Force In Popular Culture, University of Michigan Press, p. 60
- ^ Esmailian, Ani (2010-05-21). "15 Most Profitable Female Tours Ever". Hollyscoop. DNA Group. http://www.hollyscoop.com/music/madonna/15-most-profitable-female-tours-ever_2133.aspx. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
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- ^ "RIAA — Gold & Platinum — May 3, 2010". Recording Industry Association of America. Mitch Bainwol. 2010. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
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- ^ a b Moodie, Clemmie (2011-11-03). "Britney Spears pictured backstage at Rock Of Ages with Shane Ward". Daily Mirror (UK: Trinity Mirror). http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/britney-spears-pictured-backstage-at-rock-89309. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
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- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 4
- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 211
- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 56
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- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 75
- ^ Laufenberg 2005, p. 616
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- ^ Hughes 2005, p. 145
- ^ Taylor, Chuck (1998-10-24). "Air Waves: Jive's Britney Spears Sets Top 40 Abuzz With Rhythm-Leaning 'Baby One More Time'". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc.) 110 (43). ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=JQoEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&lr&hl=en&rview=1&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
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- ^ Skanse, Richard (2000-05-25). "Oops!...She Sold 1.3 Million Albums: Britney Spears". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner). ISSN 0035-791X.
- ^ Staff, Michael (2010-05-20). "Oops! Week: 10 Fun Facts". BritneySpears.com Brandcasting Unlimited. Archived from the original on 2010-06-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20100606172346/http://www.britneyspears.com/2010/05/oops-week-10-fun-facts.php. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
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- ^ "Britney sold over 12 million copies worldwide". Live Nation. 2010. http://www.store.livenation.com/Product.aspx?cp=13281_16771_16305_16306&pc=MUDD413. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
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- ^ a b Harrison, Shane (2001-11-06). "'Britney' strengthens claim to pop tiara". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution: p. C.1
- ^ Masley, Ed (2001-11-02). "The State of Britneydom: Teen-pop Queen declares 'I'm on the verge of being a woman'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: p. W.22. ISSN 1068624X
- ^ Clerk, Carol (2002). Madonnastyle. Omnibus Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-7119-8874-3.
- ^ a b c Montalvo, Erika; Sheppard, Jackie (2001-11-16). "CONCERT REVIEW: Pop's princess still reigns ... for now". Rocky Mountain Collegian (UWIRE)
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- ^ Bumgardner, Ed (2001-11-09). "CONFUSED: WOMAN OR A GIRL? SPEARS CAN'T DECIDE". Winston-Salem Journal: p. 1
- ^ Elysa Gardner (2000-07-28), "Luscious Jackson", USA Today: 1.E, ISSN 07347456
- ^ a b Hernández, Santiago; Freya Jarman-Ivens (2004). Madonna's drowned worlds: new approaches to her cultural transformations, 1983-2003. Ashgate Publishing. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7546-3372-3
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- ^ Folkard, Claire (2003). Guinness World Records 2003. Bantam Books. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-553-58636-7.
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- ^ Lloyd, Robert (2008-11-17). "Show Tracker". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2008/11/review-trls-tot.html.
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- ^ Ellen, Barbara (2000-12-10). "Comment: Britney Spears: Growing up is hard to do: America's apple- pie cheerleader is feeling the pressure as she tries to break free from her clean teen image. So is it all proving too much for Britney Inc, as she pulls out of tonight's Smash Hits Poll Winners' party and takes to her bed: The Observer Profile: Britney Spears". The Observer: p. 27. ISSN 00297712
- ^ Markovitz, Adam (2011-03-23). "Music Review: Femme Fatale". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20475684,00.html. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
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- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-08-11). "Miley Cyrus On Britney Spears: 'I'm Proud Of Her'". MTV. MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1618447/20090810/cyrus__miley.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
- ^ "Miley Cyrus — Party in the USA — Review of Party in the USA by Miley Cyrus". About.com. Rovi Corporation. 2010-06-19. http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/mileycyruspartyintheusa.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
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- ^ Crowley, Gary (2009-06-09). "Marina and The Diamonds in the BBC Introducing hotseat". BBC Music. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/people_and_places/music/newsid_8083000/8083745.stm. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ Pixie Lott (2009-08-27). "Pixie Lott's diary: 'After the single hit No 1, it went crazy'". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/aug/27/pixie-lott-diary. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
- ^ "Selena Gomez". oceanUP.com. http://oceanup.com/selena_gomez. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
- ^ "[[1]]". Total Request Live Italy. 2007-12-17. 19 minutes in. MTV. "I love Britney, I'm a fan of hers. I like her new album."
- ^ Halperin, Shirley (2011-05-22). "Billboard Music Awards: Fergie Expresses Support for Britney Spears". The Hollywood Reporter. Lynne Segall. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/billboard-music-awards-fergie-expresses-191034. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ (Japanese) "BoA's profile". Avex Marketing Inc.. http://www.avexnet.or.jp/boa/profile/index.html. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
- ^ "STORY BEHIND THE SONG: Bebo Norman’s "Britney"". Ccmmagazine.com. http://www.ccmmagazine.com/just_for_you/story_behind_the_song/11581817. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
- ^ "Britney Spears Gets Bronx Middle School Music Studio Named In Her Honor". Newsroom.mtv.com. 2008-10-02. http://newsroom.mtv.com/2008/10/02/britney-spears-gets-bronx-middle-school-music-studio-named-in-her-honor/. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
- ^ Bartolomeo, Joey (2008-10-01). "Britney Spears Goes Back to School – for a Cause". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20230241,00.html. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
- ^ STEPHEN M. SILVERMAN (June 19, 2002). "Britney, Justin: Speaking of Love". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,624123,00.html. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ "Justin Timberlake on Jessica Biel, Britney Spears, and Filming Friends With Benefits". Vanity Fair. 2011-06-01. http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2011/06/justin-timberlake-on-jessica-biel-britney-spears-and-filming-friends-with-benefits. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ Sheila Marikar, "Bald and Broken: Inside Britney's Shaved Head", http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Health/story?id=2885048&page=1, Febuary 19, 2007
- ^ "Britney Spears Negotiates Child Custody Deal With Kevin Federline". starpulse.com. 2009-09-25. http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2009/09/25/britney_spears_negotiates_child_custody_. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ Huffpost Celebrity, "Britney Spears' Former Bodyguard Files More Allegations Of Child Abuse: Report", huffingtonpost.com, September 21, 2011
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-12-19). "Britney Spears' Engagement Ring: How Does It Stack Up?". MTV News. MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1676248/britney-spears-engagement-ring.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
- ^ "Britney Brands, Inc.". Everything2 Media, LLC. 2012-06-18. http://everything2.com/title/Britney+Brands%252C+Inc.. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Britney Spears to Promote Pepsi". American Broadcasting Company. 2011-02-07. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=109838&page=1#.T7EV9utYsi0. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Britney joins the Pepsi generation". BBC. 2001-02-07. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1157766.stm. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Britney, Beyoncé, Pink star in Pepsi ad". USA Today (Gannett Company). 2004-01-27. Archived from the original on 2012-02-03. http://www.webcitation.org/65A8hRCJZ.
- ^ "Britney's Dance Beat". Game Spot. 2002-06-19. http://www.gamespot.com/britneys-dance-beat/. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ a b Miller, Korin (2009-03-03). "Britney Spears, Candie's Girl?! Jr. brand banks on pop star's future - not her past". Daily News. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2009-03-03/entertainment/17918560_1_bright-future-marder-britney-spears. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ Roberts, Soraya (2011-01-22). "Britney Spears 'Hold It Against Me' video earns her $500,000; Katy Perry slams product placement". Daily News (Mortimer Zuckerman). http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2011/02/22/2011-02-22_britney_spears_hold_it_against_me_video_earns_her_500000_katy_perry_slams_produc.html. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
- ^ "BRITNEY'S PERFUME LINE ON TOP". BritneySpears.com. 2009-05-21. Archived from the original on 2009-05-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20090525095140/http://www.britneyspears.com/2009/05/britneys-perfume-line-on-top.php.
- ^ "Britney Spears Facing $10 Million Lawsuit In Connection With Fragrance Deal". x17 Online. 2011-03-30. http://www.x17online.com/celebrities/britney_spears/britney_spears_fragrance_perfume_radiance_elizabeth_arden_brand_sense_033011.php. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
- ^ a b "Britney Spears Doesn't Have To Be Deposed In Lawsuit, Judge Rules". Radar Online. 2011-07-11. http://www.radaronline.com/exclusives/2011/07/britney-spears-doesnt-have-be-deposed-lawsuit-judge-rules. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
- ^ "Cosmic Radiance Britney Spears perfume - a new fragrance for women 2011". Fragantica. http://www.fragrantica.com/perfume/Britney-Spears/Cosmic-Radiance-12288.html. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (2012-05-10). "Britney Spears 'X Factor' Deal: By The Numbers". MTV. MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1684879/britney-spears-x-factor-deal-judge.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ Critchell, Samantha (2012-05-10). "A-list status isn't enough to drive perfume sales". AP Newswire. http://ap.stripes.com/dynamic/stories/U/US_FASHION_CELEB_FRAGRANCES?SITE=DCSAS&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-05-10-16-27-24. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ "THE BRITNEY SPEARS FOUNDATION: HELPING CHILDREN IN NEED". BritneySpears.com. Archived from the original on 2004-11-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20041102011049/http://www.britneyspears.com/foundation-bsf.php. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "THE BRITNEY SPEARS CAMP FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS". BritneySpears.com. Archived from the original on 2004-11-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20041025234104/http://www.britneyspears.com/foundation-camp.php. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "THE BRITNEY SPEARS FOUNDATION: MISSION STATEMENT". BritneySpears.com. Archived from the original on 2004-11-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20041018091735/http://britneyspears.com/foundation-mission.php. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ Friedman, Roger (2008-07-22). "Britney Spears' $200G Deficit". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,388104,00.html. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ Friedman, Roger (2011-07-21). "Britney Spears Zeroes Out Her Charitable Foundation: It’s Over". Showbiz 411. http://www.showbiz411.com/2011/07/21/britney-spears-zeroes-out-her-charitable-foundation-its-over. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Artists Against AIDS Worldwide's New Superstar Version of Marvin Gaye's 'What's Going On' in Stores Tuesday, October 30". Hope for African Children. 2001-10-29. http://www.hopeforafricanchildren.org/New/Press/pr_103001.html. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ a b "Britney Spears Charity Work, Events and Causes". Look to the Stars. http://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/29-britney-spears. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
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- ^ Friedman, Roger (2008-06-19). "Britney Spears' Charity in the Red". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,368961,00.html. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Britney Spears Donates $50,000 To Cancer Charity". Softpedia. 2005-07-14. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Britney-Spears-Donates-50-000-To-Cancer-Charity-4759.shtml. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
References[link]
- Blandford, James R. (2002). Britney. Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-7119-9419-5.
- Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard book of number 1 hits. Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7677-2.
- Hughes, Mark (2005). Buzzmarketing: get people to talk about your stuff. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-59184-092-3.
- Laufenberg, Norbert B. (2005). Entertainment Celebrities. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-5335-8.
- Spears, Lynne; Craker, Lorilee (2008). Through the Storm: A Real Story of Fame and Family in a Tabloid World. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 978-1-59555-156-6.
Further reading[link]
- Dennis, Steve (2009). Britney: Inside the Dream. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-731751-6.
- Peters, Beth (1999). True Brit: The Story of Singing Sensation Britney Spears. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-43687-0.
- Scott, Kieran (2001). I was a Mouseketeer!. Disney Press. ISBN 978-0-7868-4470-8.
- Smith, Sean (2006). Britney The Unauthorized Biography of Britney Spears. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-44077-6.
- Spears, Britney (2000). Britney Spears's Heart to Heart. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-609-80701-9.
- Stevens, Amanda (2001). Britney Spears: the illustrated story. Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7867-7.
External links[link]
| Find more about Britney Spear on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
- Official website
- Britney Spears at the Internet Movie Database
- Britney Spears at AllRovi
- Britney Spears at Allmusic
- Works by or about Britney Spears in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Britney Spears on Facebook
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Spears, Britney |
| Alternative names | Spears, Britney Jean |
| Short description | American musician, singer, songwriter, actress, author |
| Date of birth | December 2, 1981 |
| Place of birth | McComb, Mississippi, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the singer and actress. For her album, see Christina Aguilera (album). For the Thai singer, see Christina Aguilar.
| Christina Aguilera | |
|---|---|
 Aguilera attending the launch of the Montblanc John Lennon edition in September 2010. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Christina María Aguilera |
| Born | (1980-12-18) December 18, 1980 (age 31) Staten Island, New York, U.S. |
| Origin | Wexford, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, R&B, soul, dance-pop[1] |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter,[2][3][4] record producer, dancer, television personality,[5] actress |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1993–present |
| Labels | RCA |
| Website | christinaaguilera.com |
Christina María Aguilera (born December 18, 1980) is an American recording artist and actress. Aguilera first appeared on national television in 1990 as a contestant on the Star Search program, and went on to star in Disney Channel's television series The Mickey Mouse Club from 1993 to 1994. Aguilera signed to RCA Records after recording "Reflection",[6] the theme song for the animated film Mulan (1998).
In 1999, Aguilera came to prominence following her debut album Christina Aguilera, which was a commercial success spawning three number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100—"Genie in a Bottle", "What a Girl Wants", and "Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)."[7] Her sophomore and her debut Latin-pop album, Mi Reflejo (2000), a Christmas third studio album, My Kind of Christmas (2000), and several collaborations followed which garnered Aguilera worldwide success, though she was displeased with her lack of input in her music and image.[8] After parting from her management, Aguilera took creative control over her fourth studio album, Stripped (2002).[9] The album's second single, "Beautiful", was a commercial success and helped the album's commercial performance amidst controversy over Aguilera's image.[10][11][12] Aguilera followed up Stripped with the soul, jazz and blues inspired, Back to Basics (2006), released to positive critical acclaim.[13] The album produced three singles "Ain't No Other Man", "Hurt" and "Candyman". Four years later Aguilera released her sixth studio album, Bionic (2010), which incorporated aspects of R&B, electropop, and synthpop and was met with mixed reviews and low sales.[14][15][16][17] Aguilera's seventh studio album is set to be released in 2012.
Aside from being known for her vocal ability, music videos and image, musically, she includes themes of dealing with public scrutiny, her childhood, and female empowerment in her music.[18] Apart from her work in music, she has also dedicated much of her time as a philanthropist for charities, human rights and world issues which include her work as a UN ambassador for the World Food Programme.[19][20] She made her feature film debut in the musical Burlesque (2010), earning Aguilera a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Song. Aguilera's work has earned her numerous awards and accolades, including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, four Grammy Awards and one Latin Grammy Award, amongst seventeen and three nominations respectively. Rolling Stone ranked her number fifty-eight on their list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, ranking as the youngest and only artist on the list under the age of thirty.[21] She was ranked the 20th Artist of the 2000–09 decade by Billboard[22] and is the second top selling single artist of the 2000s behind Madonna.[23] Aguilera's albums sales are estimated at over 50 million units worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[24][25] Aguilera is currently a coach and judge on The Voice.
Life and career[link]
1980–98: Early life and career beginnings[link]
Aguilera was born in Staten Island, New York, to Fausto Wagner Xavier Aguilera, a sergeant in the US Army at the time, and Shelly Loraine (née Fidler), a Spanish teacher. Aguilera's father was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador[26] and her mother, who is American, is of German, Irish, Welsh, and Dutch ancestry.[27] Her father was stationed at Earnest Harmon Air Force Base in Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador and Japan. Aguilera lived with both her father and mother, up until their divorce when she was seven years old. Aguilera then lived with her mother, and her younger sister Rachel, at her grandmother's home in Rochester, Pennsylvania, a town outside Pittsburgh. According to both Aguilera and her mother, her father was very controlling, as well as physically and emotionally abusive. In an interview with Rolling Stone Aguilera revealed, "there was so much domestic violence going on when I grew up with my dad travelling in the military. I think the reason that my drive was so strong and I was so passionate about music was because I grew up in an environment of domestic violence."[28] She later sang about her difficult childhood in the songs "I'm OK" on Stripped, and "Oh Mother" on Back to Basics. Even though he has made several attempts to reconnect with her, Aguilera ruled out any chance of a reunion.[29] Since then, her mother has married a paramedic named Jim Kearns, and has changed her name.[30]
As a child, Aguilera aspired to be a singer. She was known locally as "the little girl with the big voice",[29] singing in local talent shows and competitions. She attended Rochester Area School District, Marshall Middle School near Wexford and North Allegheny Intermediate High School. On March 15, 1990, she appeared on Star Search singing "A Sunday Kind of Love", but lost the competition at number 2. Soon after losing on Star Search, she returned home and appeared on Pittsburgh's KDKA-TV's Wake Up With Larry Richert to perform the same song. Throughout her youth in Pittsburgh, Aguilera sang "The Star-Spangled Banner" before Pittsburgh Penguins hockey, Pittsburgh Steelers football and Pittsburgh Pirates baseball games, including during the 1992 Stanley Cup Finals.[31] Her talent was kept a secret to avoid bullying of other children. Following her television appearances Aguilera experienced resentment and bullying including an incident in which her peers slashed the tires on her family's car.[32] Following several incidents Aguilera was later home schooled.[29] Aguilera recalls, "doing what I did and maybe being a little smaller, I was definitely picked on and bullied for the attention that I got. It was definitely unwanted attention and there was a lot of unfairness about it."[33]
In 1991, Aguilera auditioned for a role on The Mickey Mouse Club; however, she did not meet the age requirements. Two years later, she joined the cast, performing musical numbers and sketch comedy, until the show's cancellation in 1994.[34] Her co-stars included Justin Timberlake, Britney Spears, Ryan Gosling and Keri Russell where they nicknamed her "the Diva"[35] for her performance style and voice. At the age of fourteen, Aguilera recorded her first song, "All I Wanna Do", a hit duet with Japanese singer Keizo Nakanishi.[36] In 1997, she represented the United States at the international Golden Stag Festival with a two-song set.[37] Aguilera entered talent contests on "teen night" at the Pegasus Lounge, a gay and lesbian nightclub in Pittsburgh,[38] and later at Lilith Fair.[39] In 1998, Aguilera sent in a demo of her singing Whitney Houston's "Run to You" to Disney who were looking for a singer to record the song "Reflection" for their animated feature film Mulan (1998).[40] The demo caught the attention of producer and label executive Ron Fair who would later mentor her throughout her career and led to Aguilera earning a contract with RCA Records the same week.[9] "Reflection" peaked within the top twenty on the Adult Contemporary Singles Chart, and it was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.
[edit] 1999–01: Christina Aguilera, Mi Reflejo and new management
Under the exclusive representation of Steve Kurtz, Aguilera's self-titled debut album Christina Aguilera was released on August 24, 1999. It reached the top of the Billboard 200 and Canadian album charts, shipping eight million copies in the US[41] and over seventeen million copies worldwide.[42] The album is also included in the Top 100 Albums of All Time list of The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) based on US sales.[43] Released during the teen pop era of 1999 the album was well received by several critics, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic writes that Aguilera's debut "remains firmly within the teen-oriented dance-pop genre, but done right." Concluding that the album is "lightweight in the best possible sense – breezy, fun, engaging, and enjoyable on each repeated listen. Out of the deluge of teen-pop albums in 1999, this feels like the best of the lot."[44] Her debut single, "Genie in a Bottle" was an instant hit reaching No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and in several countries worldwide. Her follow-up singles "What a Girl Wants" and "Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)" topped the Hot 100 as well during 1999 and 2000 while "I Turn to You" reached number three. She is one of the few artists to have multiple No.1 singles from a debut album in Billboard's history.[45] She made a cameo appearance on an episode of Beverly Hills, 90210, performed on MTV's New Year's Special as MTV's first artist of the millennium, and the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show. Aguilera wanted to display the range and audacity in her voice during the promotion of the album, and performed acoustic sets and appeared on television shows accompanied only by a piano. At the 42nd Grammy Awards Aguilera received a Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Grammy nomination for "Genie in a Bottle" and despite earlier predictions, she won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist.[46]
In 2000, Aguilera began recording her first Spanish-language album with producer Rudy Pérez in Miami.[47][48] Later in 2000, Aguilera, first emphasized her Latin heritage by releasing her first Spanish album, Mi Reflejo on September 12, 2000. This album contained Spanish versions of songs from her English debut as well as new Spanish tracks. Though some criticized Aguilera for trying to cash in on the Latin music boom at the time. According to Pérez, Aguilera was only semi-fluent, while recording. She understood the language, because she has grown up with her father, who is a native of Ecuador. He added "Her Latin roots are undeniable".[47] The album peaked at number twenty-seven on the Billboard 200 and went No.1 on the Billboard Latin charts for a record 20 weeks. In 2001, it won Aguilera a Latin Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album. The album was later certified 6× Platinum (Latin field) in the US Aguilera won the World Music Award and Billboard award as the best selling Latin artist that year. Aguilera also released a Christmas album, My Kind of Christmas, on October 24, 2000 and performed "The Christmas Song" at the White House that year.[41] The album's only single, "The Christmas Song" made Aguilera one of three artists to take the song into the top twenty on the Billboard Hot 100.[49] The single and My Kind of Christmas were both certified Platinum in the US[50][51] Aguilera was Billboard's top female artist for 2000.[52]
Aguilera's first concert tour, Christina Aguilera: In Concert (also known as "Sears & Levis Tour ") began in the summer of 2000 in the US and ended early 2001 where she toured South America and Asia. A concert special aired on ABC titled My Reflection which was released to DVD and certified Gold in the US.[53] Aguilera was rumored to have dated MTV VJ Carson Daly.[54] Rumors of their relationship were fueled after the release of Eminem's song, "The Real Slim Shady" in which he also insinuated a romance between her and rocker Fred Durst. Aguilera responded saying the lyrics were "disgusting, offensive and, above all, not true."[55] Their feud ended two years later backstage at the Video Music Awards after Aguilera presented the rapper an award onstage.[56] She dated Puerto Rican dancer Jorge Santos. Santos appeared on her tour and music videos throughout 2000. They dated for nearly two years until the relationship ended on September 11, 2001.[57] He remained her dancer well into 2002.[58]
Ricky Martin asked Aguilera to duet with him on the track "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" from his album Sound Loaded; released in 2001 as the album's second single. The single reached No.1 on the World Chart and top ten in several countries. In 2001, Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mýa, and Pink were chosen to remake Labelle's 1975 single "Lady Marmalade" for the film Moulin Rouge! and its soundtrack. The song peaked at No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks and was the most successful airplay-only single in history.[59] It also reached number one in eleven other countries and earned all four performers a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Aguilera's appearance in the music video was compared to that of Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider.[60] The video won two MTV Video Music Awards including Video of the Year in 2001, where Aguilera accepted the award saying, "I guess the big hair paid off."[61]
That same year, the single "Just Be Free" emerged into record stores which was one of the demos Aguilera recorded when she was around fifteen years old. When RCA Records discovered the single, they advised fans not to purchase it.[62] Months later, Warlock Records was set to release Just Be Free, an album which contains the demo tracks. Aguilera filed a breach of contract and unfair competition suit against Warlock and the album's producers to block the release.[63] Instead, the two parties came to a settlement to release the album. Aguilera lent out her name, likeness and image for an unspecified amount of damages. Many of the details of the lawsuit remain confidential. When the album was released in August 2001, it had a photograph of Aguilera when she was fifteen years old.[64]
Although Aguilera's debut album was commercially successful, she was dissatisfied with the music and image her management had created for her. Aguilera was marketed as a bubblegum pop singer because of the genre's upward financial trend.[65] She mentioned plans of her next album to have much more depth, both musically and lyrically.[66] Aguilera's views of Steve Kurtz's influence in matters of the singer's creative direction, the role of being her exclusive personal manager and overscheduling had in part caused her to seek legal means of terminating their management contract. In October 2000, Aguilera filed a breach of fiduciary duty lawsuit against her manager Kurtz for improper, undue and inappropriate influence over her professional activities, as well as fraud. According to legal documents, Kurtz did not protect her rights and interests. Instead, he took action that was for his own interest, at the cost of hers. She petitioned the California State Labor Commission to nullify the contract. Aguilera revealed while recording her then upcoming album, "I was being overworked. You find out that someone you thought was a friend is stealing money behind your back, and it's heartbreaking. I put faith in the people around me, and unfortunately, it bit me in the butt."[67] After terminating Kurtz's services, Irving Azoff was hired as her new manager.
[edit] 2002–05: New image, Stripped and marriage
On October 26, 2002, Aguilera's fourth studio album, Stripped, was released. The album sold more than 330,000 copies in the first week and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200. Unlike her previous work, the album showcased Aguilera's raunchier side.[68] The majority of Stripped was co-written by Aguilera (who had recently signed a global music publishing contract with BMG Music Publishing), and was influenced by many different subjects and music styles, including contemporary R&B, gospel, soul, balladry, pop rock, and hip hop.[69] The majority of the album was produced by Scott Storch and singer-songwriter Linda Perry who produced her more personal records. Rockwilder and singer Alicia Keys also contributed a track each. Upon initial release, the album was very well received by critics, although Aguilera's vocals were overlooked as she began to cultivate a more sexually provocative image.[70] After the release of the album, she took part in photoshoots for magazines, many of these photographs featured her nude or semi-nude. Her cover for Rolling Stone,[71] featured the singer only wearing boots and a well-placed electric guitar. It was during this time Aguilera referred to herself as "Xtina", even getting a tattoo of her nickname on the back of her neck and several piercings.[72]
Initially, the raunchy image had a negative effect on Aguilera in the US, especially after the release of her controversial "Dirrty" music video.[11] She denied that this change was a matter of publicity, claiming that the image better reflected her true personality than did the image she cultivated back in 1999. Aguilera defended the video stating it was about power and control adding, "I'm also at the forefront. I'm in the power position, in complete command of everything around me."[41] While the video for "Dirrty" became very popular on MTV, it disappointed on the US singles chart. However, the single was a hit worldwide, reaching No.1 in the UK and Ireland. The second single, "Beautiful" received critical praise. The classically influenced ballad reached number one in several countries and peaked at No.2 in the US. "Beautiful" earned Aguilera the Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Three more singles ("Fighter", "Can't Hold Us Down" featuring Lil' Kim, "The Voice Within") were released in the following two years and were hits that helped the album stay on the charts for the next two years. Stripped stayed on the U.S. and UK album charts well into 2004, and went on to be certified four-times platinum in the US with over thirteen million copies sold worldwide.[73] It appeared at number ten on Billboard's year-end album chart and Aguilera was the top female artist for 2003.[74] Kelly Clarkson's second single "Miss Independent" was co-written by Aguilera, having been half-finished for Stripped.
Aguilera joined Justin Timberlake that June on the final leg of his international Justified tour, held in the US. This portion of the tour became a co-headliner called the Justified/Stripped Tour. In August, an overhead lighting grid collapsed from the ceiling of the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey, causing major damage to the sound and video equipment below. Because the collapse occurred hours before the show, only a few stagehands were injured, but a few shows were cancelled or postponed. In the fourth quarter of that year, Aguilera continued to tour internationally without Timberlake, and changed the name of the tour to the Stripped World Tour. She also dyed her hair black. It was one of the top-grossing tours of that year, and sold out most of its venues. Rolling Stone readers named it the best tour of the year.[75] That same year she hosted the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards and was a special guest performer with the Pussycat Dolls' dance troupe performing at the Roxy Theatre and Viper Room in Los Angeles. She also appeared on a Maxim spread alongside them, her second Maxim cover that year set record sales for the issue making it the top selling issue to date. By the end of the year she topped the annual Hot 100 list saying, "we had fun working with certain clothes, or the lack thereof."[76][77][78]
Aguilera's first DVD live-recording from a concert tour, Stripped Live in the U.K., was released in November 2004. In light of the tour's success, another U.S. tour was scheduled to begin in mid-2004 with a new theme. The tour however was scrapped because of the vocal cord injuries Aguilera suffered shortly before the tour's opening date. In a tribute to Madonna's performance at the inaugural MTV Video Music Awards, Aguilera performed a kiss with the singer-actress at the 2003 edition of the ceremony in August. The incident occurred during the opening performance of Madonna's songs "Like a Virgin" and "Hollywood" with fellow popstar Britney Spears.[41] Also in 2004, she hosted a Saturday Night Live episode which included a Sex & The City skit where she portrayed Samantha Jones revealing to everyone she was a man the entire time.[79]
Aguilera later decided to embrace a more mature image; this move was met with more praise than criticism, with articles using punch lines such as "From Crass to Class."[80] She eventually dyed her hair cherry blonde and recorded a jingle, "Hello", for a Mercedes-Benz ad. Shortly after, she dyed her hair flaxen blonde and cut it short, and took on a Marilyn Monroe look; she is one of the main proponents (along with Dita Von Teese, Gwen Stefani, and Ashley Judd) in bringing back the 1920s–1940s Hollywood glamour look.[81][82] In late summer 2004, Aguilera released two singles. The first, "Car Wash", was a remake of the Rose Royce disco song recorded as a collaboration with rapper Missy Elliott for the soundtrack to the film Shark Tale. She voiced a small singing part in the film playing a Rastafarian jellyfish in the film's closing musical number. The second song was also a collaboration, but this time as a second single from one of Nelly's double-release albums, Sweat, titled "Tilt Ya Head Back". Both singles failed commercially in the US, but did considerably better in other parts of the world. Aguilera collaborated with jazz artist Herbie Hancock on a cover of Leon Russell's "A Song for You" recorded for Hancock's album Possibilities, released in August 2005. Aguilera and Hancock were later nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. She helped open the 50th Anniversary for Disneyland performing "When You Wish upon a Star", and she also collaborated with Andrea Bocelli on the song "Somos Novios" for his album Amore. Aguilera began dating music marketing executive Jordan Bratman in 2002. Their engagement was announced in February 2005,[83] and they married on November 19, 2005, in a Napa Valley estate.[84]
[edit] 2006–09: Back to Basics, motherhood and greatest hits album
Aguilera's fifth studio album, Back to Basics was released August 15, 2006. The album debuted at No.1 in the US, the UK and eleven other countries. Aguilera described the double CD as "a throwback to the 20s, 30s, and 40s-style jazz, blues, and feel-good soul music, but with a modern twist."[85] The album received generally positive reviews, although many critics commented on the album's length saying, "At one disc, this would have been nothing short of masterful."[86] A review in AllMusic adds, "Back to Basics also makes clear that Stripped was a necessary artistic move for Christina: she needed to get that out of her system in order to create her own style, one that is self-consciously stylized, stylish, and sexy."[87] The critically acclaimed lead single "Ain't No Other Man" was a substantial success, reaching No. 2 on the World Chart, No.6 in the US, and No.2 in the UK. Producers on the album included DJ Premier, Kwamé, Linda Perry, and Mark Ronson. The follow-up singles did very well in different regions, "Hurt" in Europe and "Candyman" in the Pacific. She co-directed both music videos, the former with Floria Sigismondi who directed her "Fighter" video, and the latter, "Candyman", with director/photographer Matthew Rolston which was inspired by The Andrews Sisters.[88] Back to Basics has sold 4.5 million units worldwide,[89] with over 1.7 million sold in the US.[90]
In late 2006, Aguilera collaborated with Sean "Diddy" Combs on a track, titled "Tell Me", from his album Press Play. She also began the Back to Basics Tour in Europe[91] followed by a 41-date North American tour in early 2007.[92] After this, she toured Asia and Australia, where it was supposed to end on August 3, however she canceled her dates in Melbourne and her final two in Auckland due to an illness.[93] Her extravagant arena tour included cabaret, three-ring circus and juke joint sets and 10 piece costumes designed by Roberto Cavalli.[94] She released her concert DVD Back to Basics: Live and Down Under the following year. The tour grossed nearly 50 million by the end of the year in North America and an additional 40 million worldwide in her Europe and Australia dates, grossing almost 90 million by the end of the tour.[95][96] It was the most successful US tour by a female in 2007.[97]
At the 49th Grammy Awards, Aguilera again won the Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Ain't No Other Man". She made a noteworthy performance at the ceremony paying tribute to James Brown with her rendition of his song "It's a Man's Man's Man's World".[98] In January 2007, she was named the 19th richest woman in entertainment by Forbes, with a net worth of US$60 million.[99] Aguilera performed "Steppin' Out With My Baby" with Tony Bennett on his NBC special Tony Bennett: An American Classic and on Saturday Night Live. They performed at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards where both specials received Emmys. "Steppin' Out" was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards.
Aguilera confirmed she was pregnant on November 4, 2007,[100] though Paris Hilton accidentally revealed her pregnancy several weeks prior during a party Aguilera hosted.[101] She gave birth to her son, Max Liron Bratman, in Los Angeles on January 12, 2008 and held a bris for him with Bratman, who is of Jewish descent, where the baby was circumcised in accordance with Jewish practice.[102] Aguilera was reportedly paid $1.5 million by People for her son's baby pictures—the sixth most expensive celebrity baby photos ever taken.[103]
In 2008, Aguilera appeared in the Martin Scorsese documentary Shine a Light which chronicles a two day Rolling Stones concert in New York City's Beacon Theatre. The film features Aguilera performing "Live With Me" alongside Mick Jagger. Shine a Light premiered at the Berlin Film Festival and was released worldwide on April 4, 2008. She also had brief cameo in the comedy film Get Him to the Greek,[104] and appeared as a guest judge on the sixth season of Project Runway on Lifetime Television. She and designer Bob Mackie were the inspiration for the challenge in which they had to design a stage outfit for Aguilera. To commemorate Aguilera's ten years in the music industry, RCA Records released, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits on November 11, 2008, exclusively at Target stores in the US. The greatest hits included her first three number one singles, and other songs released from her previous three albums. "Lady Marmalade" and several Spanish singles from Mi Reflejo were included in the worldwide releases. The album's only single, "Keeps Gettin' Better", was premiered at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, which debuted and peaked at No.7 on the Billboard Hot 100, her highest debut on the chart. Following the greatest hits, Aguilera took over a year hiatus in 2009 working on her then upcoming album and film. She was one of Billboard's Top 20 Artists of the Decade in their year-end charts.[105]
[edit] 2010–11: Bionic, Burlesque and The Voice
Aguilera's sixth studio album Bionic was released on June 8, 2010. The album's producers included Tricky Stewart, Samuel Dixon, Polow da Don, Le Tigre, Switch, Ester Dean, songwriters Sam Endicott, Sia Furler, Claude Kelly, Linda Perry and collaborations with M.I.A., Santigold, Nicki Minaj, and Peaches. Bionic's material consisted of many mainstream and pop records along with electronic and dance music. Two of the album's three singles, "Not Myself Tonight" and "You Lost Me" peaked at No.1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Charts[106] but were unsuccessful elsewhere. "Woohoo", featuring rapper Nicki Minaj, was also released as the album's second single. The album was released to mixed reviews from music critics,[107][15] with Jon Pareles of The New York Times writing that the singer's new music direction "makes her sound as peer-pressured as a pop singer can be."[108] Allison Stewart of The Washington Post described the album as being "noisy, robotic and overstuffed" adding that the disc's "greatest disappointments" is its "virtual abandonment" of Aguilera's voice.[109] She concluded that Aguilera attempts "to do it all," which was to try to "revel in her newfound domesticity, to wrest her crown from Gaga and to reestablish her sex kitten bona fides."[109] Sales of Bionic were underwhelming in the US compared to her previous releases selling 110,000 copies in its first week landing at No.3.[110][111] It has since sold 295,000 copies in the US.[112] Shortly after the album's release, further promotion ended and a scheduled summer tour for the album was cancelled due to "inadequate rehearsal time".[113] "You Lost Me" was her first single to not chart the Hot 100 while Bionic was her first English studio album not to receive a Grammy nomination. Aguilera later responded in an interview saying, "I was really proud of that record. I think there was a lot of promotion issues, coming from a standpoint of how everything resulted. Nothing is ever a setback. If anything, it just motivates you for what’s next."[114]
Aguilera announced that she and Bratman had separated, saying in a statement, "Although Jordan and I are separated, our commitment to our son Max remains as strong as ever."[115][116] Aguilera filed for divorce from Bratman on October 14, 2010, seeking joint legal and physical custody of their son, and specifying September 11, 2010, as the date of separation.[117][118] They later reached a settlement agreement and custody deal, details of their agreement were private.[119] Their divorce was finalized on April 15, 2011.[120] The following month, Aguilera appeared as herself on the Entourage season seven finale as a client/friend of Ari Gold.[121] On November 15, 2010, Aguilera received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[122]
In November 2010, Aguilera appeared in her first feature film, the musical Burlesque. She portrayed a small town girl, Ali Rose, who finds love and success in a Los Angeles neo-burlesque club.[123] Aguilera performed eight of the musical numbers on the film's soundtrack released on November 22, 2010, and co-wrote a number of the tracks working with producers and writers including Tricky Stewart, Sia Furler, Samuel Dixon, Linda Perry, Claude Kelly, Danja, and Ron Fair. The remaining two tracks were sung by Cher, who co-starred alongside Aguilera. The soundtrack debuted in the top 20 in the US and was certified Gold.[124][125] The film was written and directed by Steve Antin who wrote the part of Ali specifically with Aguilera in mind.[126] Aguilera's co-stars also included Cam Gigandet, Eric Dane, Kristen Bell and Stanley Tucci. Several critics praised Aguilera's performance. A review in TIME states, "Aguilera might not be to your taste, or mine, but in terms of sheer power, she's impressive. If Ali were real, she'd have already been discovered on American Idol."[127] While Variety wrote, "Aguilera, while undeniably entertaining when her character is onstage, cannot spin the slight backstory into anything resembling a full-blooded person."[128] Though Burlesque was released to mixed reviews from critics,[129][130] the film received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Picture – Musical or Comedy and earned Aguilera, writer/producer Sia Furler and Samuel Dixon, a nomination for Best Original Song for the track "Bound to You". The soundtrack also earned Aguilera a Grammy nomination for Best Compilation Soundtrack. Burlesque has grossed over $90 million worldwide.[131]
Following the release of Burlesque, Aguilera collaborated with rapper T.I. on the track, "Castle Walls" from his album No Mercy. Aguilera performed the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner", during the Super Bowl XLV on February 6, 2011, and created embarrassment when she omitted a line of the anthem and messed up the song's lyrics.[132] She later apologized, telling CNN that "I got so caught up in the moment of the song that I lost my place. I can only hope that everyone could feel my love for this country and that the true spirit of its anthem still came through."[133] The following week, Aguilera, alongside Jennifer Hudson, Martina McBride, Yolanda Adams, and Florence Welch opened the 53rd Grammy Awards paying tribute to Aretha Franklin.
Aguilera began dating musician and production assistant, Matt Rutler whom she met during the filming of Burlesque. Her personal life was the subject of scrutiny;[19] and reports over out of control behavior, excessive drinking,[134][135] and a reported confrontation with her co-star Julianne Hough.[136][137] On March 1, 2011, Aguilera was arrested for public intoxication in West Hollywood as her boyfriend was arrested for DWI.[138] She was later released on bail and no charges were filed.[139][140] Although the L.A. Sheriff's office stated Aguilera's mug shot would not be released to the public, E! News obtained the mug shot which circulated social networks and the media shortly after her release.[141] Rutler's DWI charge was dismissed due to insufficient evidence, after his BAC was determined as below the legal limit.[142]
Aguilera signed to be a judge on The Voice, which debuted on NBC in April 2011. Aguilera, alongside other musicians Adam Levine, Blake Shelton and Cee Lo Green serve as judges and coaches, with Carson Daly as the show's host. The show's first episode was well-received, and delivered the strongest ratings for a series premiere on a major network since Undercover Boss debuted after the Super Bowl in February 2010.[143][144] The show's first season was a ratings success for NBC following its debut.[145][146] Aguilera performed "Moves Like Jagger" on The Voice – the single with Maroon 5 on which she is featured, from their album Hands All Over. The song was an instant hit reaching No.2 in the UK, No.1 on the World Chart and earned Aguilera her fifth No.1 single on the Billboard Hot 100, a decade after her last No.1, "Lady Marmalade".[147] The single became the first 4 million-seller for both artists and marks the first time two former Best New Artist Grammy Award winners have collaborated on a Hot 100 hit.[49] "Moves Like Jagger" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the Grammy Awards and has since sold over 7 million copies worldwide, establishing itself among the best-selling singles of all time.[148].
2012–present: Seventh studio album and current projects[link]
The second season of The Voice premiered following Super Bowl XLVI. Aguilera performed a cover of "At Last" by Etta James at James' funeral on January 28, 2012.[149][150] Aguilera recorded her first Spanish-language track in over a decade titled "Casa de Mi Padre" which was released as the title song for the soundtrack and film of the same name.[151] In regards to her upcoming album, Aguilera stated that she is recording a new studio album in an interview with Live with Regis and Kelly.[152] No official date has been announced but the album is expected to be released in 2012.[153]
Artistry[link]
Vocal ability[link]
Aguilera possesses a soprano[154][155] vocal range and has been referred to as the "voice of her generation" and a blue eyed soul singer.[156][157] Aguilera also topped COVE's list of the 100 Best Pop Vocalists with a score of 50/50[158][159] and came fifth in MTV's 22 Greatest Voices in Music.[160] Her rendition of "It's A Man's Man's Man's World" at the 49th Grammy Awards ranked third in the Grammy's Greatest Moments List behind Celine Dion's performance of "My Heart Will Go On" and Green Day's performance of "American Idiot". In an interview, Dion described Aguilera as "probably the best vocalist in the world."[161] Rolling Stone ranked Aguilera at 58 on their list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, the youngest singer on the list.[21]
Describing Aguilera's voice, singing teachers Phyllis Fulford and Michael Mailler said, "The low register is light and tired, the belting register is ample and full, but very scratchy because she screams; and head voice as well as whistle register are light, pure and bright. Her vocal range extends from G below middle C to C♯ one octave above soprano high C (G3 – C♯7). She can belt to F one octave and a third above middle C (F5). She possesses a good-sized technical arsenal. Her trill is solid, she has a big mastery of melismas, and can sustain very long notes."[162] Los Angeles Times writer Margaret Wappler adds Aguilera can deliver "a well-executed legato."[163]
Since her debut in 1999, Aguilera has been compared to the likes of Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston.[164] David Browne of The New York Times writes, "Aguilera has been one of the foremost practitioners of the overpowering, Category 5 vocal style known as melisma. Ms. Carey, Ms. Houston and Ms. Aguilera, to name its three main champions, are most associated with the period from the late ’80s through the late ’90s."[165] A review in the Los Angeles Times compared Aguilera's vocal stylings to Barbra Streisand, Gladys Knight, and Aretha Franklin adding, "Aguilera's Streisand-esque tendencies are a good thing; they're helping her figure out how to become the "great singer" she's been dubbed since she released her first single, the wise-beyond-its-years "Genie in a Bottle", at 18."[166] Although praised for her vocals, Aguilera has been labeled for oversinging in her songs and concerts.[167] Longtime producer and writer, Linda Perry, commented on working on the track "Beautiful", saying, "I tried to keep it straight. I told her to get rid of the finger waves. Every time she'd start going into "hoo-ha", I'd stop the tape. I'm like, 'You're doing it again.'" Perry ended up using the first take saying, "She had a hard time accepting that as the final track. It's not a perfect vocal – it's very raw. She knows her voice really well, and she knows what's going on. She can hear things that nobody else would catch."[168]
Themes and musical style[link]
The constant theme in Aguilera's music and lyrics is love, although she has written on other subjects including spirituality, female empowerment, and grief. Aguilera has also written about her childhood in two of her records which dealt with domestic abuse. In an interview Aguilera admitted she feels responsible to reveal her most vulnerable feelings and to share the darker sides of her life adding "People that can relate might not feel as alone in the circumstance."[169] She has been noted to constantly changing her sound in her music and lyrical content. Originally marketed as a bubblegum pop singer during the late 90s pop scene, she quickly departed into a broad range of musical genres for her follow-up album Stripped. A review states, "Clearly afflicted with Premature Serious Artist Syndrome, Aguilera wants to demonstrate the range of her interests – vampy soul, quasi-metal, piano-bar intimacy, quiet-storm R&B, bounce-bounce hip-hop, and semi-exotic rock, all of it dutifully accomplished."[69]
The majority of the songs are characterized by Aguilera's loud vocals, though she has used breathy and soft vocals.[170] Her 2006 release, Back to Basics included producer DJ Premier. The New York Times exclaims, "Her decision to work with the low-key DJ Premier was also a decision to snub some of the big-name producers on whom pop stars often rely."[171] Aguilera has often cited that she prefers working with producers that are not in popular demand, saying "I don't necessarily go to the main people that are the No.1 chart-toppers in music."[172] The album included live instrumentation and samples of past jazz and soul records. Some tracks on the album included non-traditional forms of pop music such as swing jazz and big band, drawing comparisons to Madonna's I'm Breathless and the musical film Cabaret.[173] Her first feature film, Burlesque, influenced by Cabaret, featured mainstream producers Tricky Stewart and Danja on the soundtrack where several established songs were updated and worked into dance numbers, a style similar to 2001's Moulin Rouge! "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" was performed by Aguilera in the film, a musical number also performed by Nicole Kidman in Moulin Rouge!
Influences[link]
One of Aguilera's major influences and idol is blues singer Etta James, whose classic song "At Last" has been covered by Aguilera throughout her career. Aguilera says, "Etta is my all-time favorite singer. I've said it for the last seven years – since I had my first debut record out – in every interview. I mean, all of Etta's old songs, countless songs I could name, I grew up listening to."[174] Following James' death in 2012, Aguilera was asked to perform "At Last" at her funeral.[149] Prior to performing Aguilera stated, "There's a line in this song that says 'I found a dream that I could speak to.' And for me that dream, all my life, has been Etta James."[175] The majority of her album, Back to Basics, pays tribute to James and other pop standard singers who many originated from the 1950s. In her early years she listened to vintage jazz, blues, and soul music.[176] The album included an unreleased song, "Slow Down Baby", which sampled a Gladys Knight & the Pips song. A review in The Guardian declared, "Practically everything recorded before Aguilera was born blurs into one amorphous genre, which she categorises, somewhat inadequately, as "fun music".[177] Aguilera has also named Madonna and Janet Jackson as two of her biggest influences "for being re-inventive and being brave as strong females, to explore whatever, even if they do get bad press. It's just like they were fearless."[178] Her other musical influences include Aretha Franklin,[179] Whitney Houston,[180] and Nina Simone.[181]
Aguilera cites the musical The Sound of Music and its lead actress, Julie Andrews as an early inspiration for singing and performing.[182] She mentioned the "Golden age of Hollywood" as another inspiration in which she says, "I'm referencing Marlene Dietrich, Marilyn Monroe, Carole Lombard, Greta Garbo, Veronica Lake".[183] Ironically, her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is located near Julie Andrews and is next to Greta Garbo.[184] In her music video for "Ain't No Other Man" she plays her alter ego, "Baby Jane" in reference to the film Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?.[185] The film's stars included actresses Bette Davis and Joan Crawford. The third single off Back to Basics, "Candyman" was inspired by the 1941 song, "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" by The Andrews Sisters which was played during World War II. She was also inspired by pin-up girls and several paintings by Alberto Vargas. Aguilera has expressed interest in cultural icons Nico, Blondie and artists Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol.[186] She has often worked with photographer and close friend, David LaChapelle who once worked with Warhol. Chapelle has shot many of Aguilera's music videos, magazine shoots and advertisements. She is also a fan of graffiti artist Banksy. In 2006, she purchased three of Banksy's works during a private art exhibition; one of them included a pornographic picture of Queen Victoria in a lesbian pose with a prostitute.[187] She has mentioned in several interviews that she is a fan of actress Angelina Jolie,[188] and her Burlesque co-star, Cher.[114] Fashion has also been a part of Aguilera's music career and image which she has used as a form of expression during performances and music videos. In 2003, she became the muse and inspiration for Donatella Versace's 2003 fall line. Versace also designed pieces her tour the following year. Aguilera is also a fan of Roberto Cavalli, John Galliano, Marc Jacobs, and Alexander McQueen whose designs she has worn throughout her career.[189][190]
Other ventures[link]
In 2000, Aguilera was the face for make-up line Fetish where she worked in choosing colors and packaging for the line. She ended her contract the following year.[191] Throughout her career Aguilera has endorsed several brands, including Skechers, Mercedes-Benz, Verizon Wireless, and soft drink giants Coca-Cola in 2001, and Pepsi in 2006.[192] She became the muse and model for fashion house Versace appearing in a campaign for the 2003 fall line.[193] In 2004, Aguilera earned £200,000GBP (about $300,000USD)[194] for opening the summer sale at London's Harrods store which took in record breaking profits during the four week period.[195] In 2005, she was reportedly paid $3.6 million[196] to sing a three song set for Russian billionaire Andrey Melnichenko's wedding. Aguilera signed a contract with European cell phone operator Orange to promote the new Sony Ericsson Walkman phone during the 2006 World Cup. In 2010, Aguilera was paid $1 million by investor Charles Brandes to perform at a private party.[197]
In 2008, jewelry designer Stephen Webster and close friend of Aguilera released "Shattered", a collection of sterling silver pieces, through Neiman Marcus and Bergdorf Goodman. Aguilera, who inspired the collection, was featured as a Hitchcock heroine saying, "Working together on this campaign and collection has been an incredible experience. I am honored to be a part of it all."[198][199] They reprised their work together for Webster's 2009 spring line.[200] In 2011, Aguilera attended São Paulo Fashion Week to premiere her new line of clothing for Brazilian department store C&A which launched in April.[201]
Aguilera released two fragrances throughout Europe, the first one Xpose, was released in late 2004 and sold relatively well.[202][203] Through Procter and Gamble Aguilera released her signature fragrance, Simply Christina in 2007.[204] In Christmas 2007, the fragrance became the number one perfume in the UK,[205] and later in 2009 it became the 4th best selling perfume in the UK,[206] and Germany where it topped sales for the year.[207] The perfume won as the people's choice for favorite celebrity fragrance at the annual UK Fifi Awards 2008.[208] She released her third fragrance, Inspire, accompanied with a body care collection, on September 1, 2008.[209][210] The perfume hit shelves in the US, Canada, Latin America, Asia and Northern and Eastern Europe. It was Aguilera's first fragrance released outside of Europe.[211] Her worldwide ad campaign included a television ad shot by David LaChapelle and was released in the US through Macy's department stores. The release coincided with Macy's 150th anniversary which featured Aguilera in commemorative photos.[212] She released her fourth fragrance By Night in October,[213] which became the third best selling fragrance in the UK in 2009.[206] Both “By Day“ and “By Night“ were nominated for Best Perfume of the Year at the FIFI Awards 2011.[214] The range was further augmented by Royal Desire in 2010,[215] and Secret Potion the following year.[216]
Philanthropy[link]
Throughout her career, Aguilera has been involved with several charities. She signed a letter from PETA to the South Korean government asking that the country stop its alleged killing of dogs for food.[217] During her 2007 tour she unknowingly wore a fur stole during the beginning of her tour, which designer Roberto Cavalli provided without informing Aguilera. After receiving a video from PETA Vice President Dan Mathews on the treatment of foxes, she replaced the stole with faux fur for the remainder of her tour. Aguilera was reportedly upset adding, "I only ever wear fake fur".[218] In 2010 Aguilera auctioned off tickets for her upcoming tour for Christie's A Bid to Save the Earth. Proceeds benefit nonprofit environmental groups Conservation International, Oceana, Natural Resources Defense Council, and The Central Park Conservancy.[219] Aguilera also supports Defenders of Wildlife, Missing Kids, National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations,[220] Women's Cancer Research Fund,[221] and Cedars-Sinai Women's Cancer Research Institute.[222] She has also worked alongside nonprofit organization Do Something saying, "Every individual has the power to inspire young people across the country."[223]
In 2010, Aguilera was nominated for a VH1 Do Something Award for her work with the organization and her efforts in the response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake. She was featured in the campaign for photographer, Brie Childers with the goal of helping women of all ages, races and lifestyles feel beautiful and confident about themselves and the body and skin they were born with. Proceeds from benefit several women's charities nationwide.[224] Aguilera is still a major contributor in her hometown of Pittsburgh contributing regularly to the Women's Center & Shelter of Greater Pittsburgh. According to her official website, she toured the center and donated $200,000 to the shelter. She also has auctioned off front row seats and back stage passes for the Pittsburgh-based charity.[225] She has continued her donations and visits to the shelter, and plans to open an additional one.[226] She also supports the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Refuge UK.[220] Since then she has worked with Lifetime Television's 'End violence against women' campaign. Her work there included a public service announcement which aired on the network and during her 2007 tour.[227]
Aguilera is a supporter of the LGBT community and is considered a gay icon by many[who?]. She was honored at the GLAAD Awards for using gay and transgender images in her music video for "Beautiful". When accepting the award Aguilera said, "My video captures the reality that gay and transgender people are beautiful, even though prejudice and discrimination against them still exists."[228] In 2005, she appeared on a compilation album titled, Love Rocks, proceeds benefit the Human Rights Campaign, an organization dedicated to fighting for equal rights for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered people. In 2008, she publicly spoke out against California's Proposition 8 which eliminates same-sex marriage in California saying, "Why you would put so much money behind something [aimed at] stopping people from loving each other and bonding together? I just don't understand it. It's hard for me to grasp. But I would've been out there with my rally sign as well."[229] In 2011 Aguilera was honored at The Abbey, a gay club in West Hollywood, for her contributions to the gay community as the first honoree on their Gay Walk of Fame joining Dame Elizabeth Taylor in being immortalized forever.[230]
Aguilera contributes in the fight against AIDS, by participating in AIDS Project Los Angeles' Artists Against AIDS "What's Going On?" cover project. In 2004, Aguilera became the new face for cosmetic company M·A·C and spokesperson for M·A·C AIDS Fund. Aguilera appeared in advertisements of the M·A·C's Viva Glam V lipstick and lipgloss, and was featured on Vanity Fair in recognition of her campaign work. In addition, Aguilera contributed to YouthAIDS by posing for a joint YouthAIDS and Aldo Shoes campaign for "Empowerment Tags" in Canada, the U.S. and the UK. She was featured with one of three ubiquitous slogans, "Speak No Evil?" and stated, "HIV is something that people don’t want to talk about, hear about, or face."[231][232] Singer Elton John featured Aguilera in his charity book titled "Four Inches" benefiting the Elton John AIDS Foundation.[233] Elton also hand-picked Aguilera, for his annual "Fashion Rocks" charity concert which accompanies music and fashion to benefit the fight against AIDS/HIV.[234]
In the run-up to the 2004 United States presidential election, Aguilera was featured on billboards for the "Only You Can Silence Yourself" online voter registration drive run by the nonpartisan, non-profit campaign "Declare Yourself". In these political advertisements, shot by David LaChapelle, Aguilera was shown with her mouth sewn shut, to symbolize the effects of not voting. She appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss the importance of voting. In late 2007 Aguilera became the spokesperson for "Rock the Vote" where she urged young people to vote in the 2008 presidential election.[235] In partnership with "Rock the Vote", she appeared in a public service announcement which aired in summer 2008. The advert showed Aguilera with her son, Max Bratman, wrapped in an American flag, while singing "America the Beautiful".
In November 2005, all of her wedding gifts were submitted to various charities around the nation in support of Hurricane Katrina victims.[236] That year she also performed at "Unite of the Stars" concert in aid of Unite Against Hunger in Johannesburg, South Africa and at the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund at the Coca-Cola Dome.[237] In March 2007 Aguilera took part in a charity album (remaking Lennon's "Mother"), proceeds benefit Amnesty International's efforts to end genocide in Darfur. The album titled, Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur, was released June 12, 2007, and featured various artists.[238] In 2008, she headlined London's Africa Rising charity concert at Royal Albert Hall which raises awareness for finding substantial issues facing the continent.[239] Later that year she appeared on the Turkish version of Deal or No Deal "Var mısın? Yok musun?", where proceeds were donated to a charity program for orphans.[240]
In 2009, Aguilera became the global spokesperson for World Hunger Relief appearing in advertisements, online campaigns and a public service announcement.[241] Aguilera and her then-husband traveled to Guatemala with the World Food Programme to bring awareness to issues such as the high malnutrition rate in that country. She met with families of the villages and some of the beneficiaries of WFP's nutrition programs. Aguilera adds, "The people of WFP do such a great job helping hungry children and mothers. I'm thankful for the opportunity to be part of such a wonderful project."[242] Since becoming a global spokeswoman Aguilera has helped raise over $22 million which helped provide over 90 million meals.[243] She was honored at Variety's annual "Power of Women" luncheon in late 2009 alongside other women in entertainment for her contribution to philanthropic and charitable causes.[244] In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Aguilera donated a signed Chrysler 300 which was auctioned for relief efforts.[245] She was one of the many artists who appeared on the Hope for Haiti telethon on January 22, 2010, donations directly benefited Oxfam America, Partners In Health, Red Cross and UNICEF. She later appeared on a second public service announcement alongside sports icon Muhammad Ali to raise funds for the World Food Programme's efforts to bring food to survivors of the earthquake.[246] Later that year Aguilera made her first visit to Haiti as an ambassador against hunger where she visited two schools in the town of Léogâne. During her time there she assisted in the ongoing efforts to help the badly damaged town where she served meals and highlighted reconstruction efforts in the country.[247] That year, Aguilera was appointed UN ambassador for the WFP.[19]
Discography[link]
Main article: Christina Aguilera discography
- Christina Aguilera (1999)
- Mi Reflejo (2000)
- My Kind of Christmas (2000)
- Stripped (2002)
- Back to Basics (2006)
- Bionic (2010)
- Untitled 10th Album (2012)
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993—1995 | The Mickey Mouse Club | Herself/Various Roles | Season 6–7 |
| 1999 | Beverly Hills, 90210 | Herself | "Let's Eat Cake" (Season 10, Episode 2) |
| 2000 | Al salir de clase | Herself | "El día que no existe" (Season 5, Episode 42) "Augurios" (Season 8, Episode 72) |
| 2000—2006 | Saturday Night Live | Herself/Various Roles/Host/Musical Guest | "Christopher Walken/Christina Aguilera" (Season 25, Episode 16) "Salma Hayek/Christina Aguilera" (Season 28, Episode 15) "Christina Aguilera/Maroon 5" (Season 29, Episode 13) "Alec Baldwin/Christina Aguilera" (Season 32, Episode 5) |
| 2003 | Player$ | Herself | "Hulk" (Season 2, Episode 10) |
| 2003 | Punk'd | Herself | "Ryan Pinkston – VH1 Big in 2002 Awards" (Season 1, Episode 1) |
| 2004 | Shark Tale | Herself/Christina (voice) | Uncredited |
| 2008 | Shine a Light | Herself | Documentary |
| 2009 | Project Runway | Herself / Guest Judge | "Sequins, Feathers and Fur, Oh My!" (Season 6, Episode 9) |
| 2010 | Entourage | Herself | "A Prayer for Dick Butkus" (Season 1, Episode 9) |
| 2010 | Entourage | Herself | "Lose Yourself" (Season 7, Episode 10) |
| 2010 | Get Him to the Greek | Herself | Cameo appearance |
| 2010 | Burlesque | Alice Marilyn "Ali" Rose | Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song |
| 2011—present | The Voice | Herself (Coach and judge) | Season 1—present |
Tours[link]
- Headlining
- Christina Aguilera in Concert (2000–01)
- Stripped Live... on Tour (2003)
- Back to Basics Tour (2006–07)
- Co-headlining
- Justified/Stripped Tour (2003) (with Justin Timberlake)
See also[link]
|
Book: Christina Aguilera |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- List of Christina Aguilera tours
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of artists who reached number one in the United States
- List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
- List of awards and nominations received by Christina Aguilera
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
References[link]
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- ^ "Bionic by Christina Aguilera Songfacts". http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=19834. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
- ^ "Christina Aguilera". http://www.wfp.org/content/christina-aguilera-ambassador. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
- ^ "Christina Aguilera to Sing the National Anthem at Super Bowl". http://www.theblogismine.com/2011/01/25/christina-aguilera-to-sing-the-national-anthem-at-super-bowl/. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
- ^ "The Voice Judges: Christina Aguilera, Cee Lo Green, Blake Shelton and Adam Levine". http://www.starsofreality.com/Voice-Judges-Christina-Aguilera-Cee-Lo-Green-Blake-Shelton-Adam-Levine-16052675. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
- ^ Biography Christina Aguilera Biography RCA Records artist page. Retrieved on August 22, 2008.
- ^ Stripped for all the world to hear. SMH. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Pak, SuChin MTV Online Christina Aguilera: Not Your Puppet MTV.com February 2002 Retrieved on January 29, 2009.
- ^ a b Smith, Andy (August 15, 1998). "One talented teen". Providence Journal. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Oguinnaike, Lola July 30, 2006 Christina Aguilera, That Dirrty Girl, Cleans Up Real Nice New York Times Retrieved on July 18, 2008.
- ^ a b Moss, Corey MTV News Online (November 2, 2008) Christina Aguilera Follows Controversial 'Dirrty' With Inspirational 'Beautiful' MTV News Retrieved on July 5, 2008.
- ^ Scaggs, Austin August 10, 2006 Dirty Girl Cleans Up RollingStone online Retrieved on February 16, 2010.
- ^ "Christina Aguilera – Back To Basics – Music Charts". Acharts.us. http://acharts.us/album/14535. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ "Turn It Up: Album review: Christina Aguilera, 'Bionic'". Leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com. June 7, 2010. http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2010/06/album-review-christina-aguilera-bionic.html. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ a b "Christina Aguilera – 'Bionic' (RCA) – Album Reviews". NME. UK. http://www.nme.com/reviews/christina-aguilera/11355. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ Montgomery, James June 16, 2010 MTV News What Should Her Next Move Be? After soft first-week sales for Bionic, experts weigh in Retrieved on June 16, 2006.
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- ^ Glamour Online; Sandell, Laurie (November 2007). Christina: intimate talk about a past that still hurts Retrieved on December 14, 2007.
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- ^ "Guatemala: Pop star Christina Aguilera calls for funding to help UN feed thousands", UN News Centre press release, September 24, 2009. Retrieved, January 25, 2009
- ^ a b "100 Greatest Singers of All Time". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/6027/32782/33774. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
- ^ Staff, Billboard (2010). "Artists of the Decade". Billboard. Nielsen Company. http://www.billboard.com/#/features/artist-of-the-decade-1004053060.story. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ Billboard.biz 2009 Single Sales Artist Retrieved on December 6, 2010.
- ^ Levine, Stuart (April 9, 2011). "Can 'The Voice' be heard?". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118035166.
- ^ Cole, Patrick (August 10, 2011). "Christina Aguilera Records Lullaby for YUM Brands Hunger Drive". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-10/christina-aguilera-records-lullaby-for-yum-brands-hunger-relief-campaign.html.
- ^ Elaine Rivera (September 15, 2001). "What A Woman Wants". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1000774,00.html. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
- ^ Dominguez, Pier (December 2002). Christina Aguilera: A Star is Made: The Unauthorized Biography. Amber Communications Group, Inc.. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-9702224-5-9.
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- ^ a b c "Christina Aguilera Biography". Yahoo!. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800409839/bio. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
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- ^ Grupp, John (May 6, 2009). "Anthem singer fires up Mellon crowd". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/penguins/s_623827.html. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
- ^ USMagazine.com Stars who were bullied Retrieved on December 9, 2010.
- ^ Goldeberg, Lesley AfterEllen.com November 17, 2010 "Beautiful," Bullied and "Burlesque" – our interview with Christina Aguilera Retrieved on December 9, 2010.
- ^ Goldstein, Rob (May 15, 2008) Dreaming Of Genie Yahoo! Music Christina Aguilera – interviews Retrieved on (March 2, 2008).
- ^ People online Christina Aguilera Biography Retrieved on December 8, 2010.
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- ^ Dinca, Alma Boghitoiu. "An Interview with Christina Aguilera". Brasov travel guide. http://www.brasovtravelguide.ro/en/brasov/events/golden-stag-festival/1997.php. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
- ^ "Pegasus Lounge to close for good". Tribune-Review. October 30, 2009. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/breaking/s_650758.html. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ Mervis, Scott (December 27, 2009). "Pop Music: Radiohead tops a fractious music scene". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09361/1023477-388.stm. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ Willman, Chris Entertainment Weekly October 11, 2010 Club Kid Retrieved on December 20, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Julia Wang (2003). "Christina Aguilera timeline". People Magazine. http://www.people.com/people/christina_aguilera/biography/0,,20004434_10,00.html. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
- ^ The Coca-Cola Dome(August 29, 2005). Press Release: Christina Aguilera live in concert. The Coca-Cola Dome. Retrieved on November 12, 2007.
- ^ "Gold and Platinum: Top 100 Albums." Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas All Music Guide Christina Aguilera album review Retrieved on November 18, 2010.
- ^ Billboard chart beat Fergie Scores Third Solo No. 1 On Hot 100 Retrieved on February 16, 2010.
- ^ Rosen, Craig Yahoo! Music (February 2, 2000)Christina Aguilera Wins Best New Artist Yahoo.com Retrieved on (May 7, 2008).
- ^ a b Teri vanHorn (August 16, 2000). "Christina Aguilera Delves Into Latin Roots On Spanish LP". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1424794/20000816/aguilera_christina.jhtml. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ Roger Colleti (April 18, 2000). "Christina Aguilera To Record With Her Idol". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1424808/20000418/aguilera_christina.jhtml. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ a b "Week Ending Oct. 30, 2011. Songs: Eleven For Rihanna", Yahoo! Music News, October 30, 2011 Retrieved, November 6, 2011
- ^ BigNoiseNow(January 4, 2002). 'Mi Reflejo' goes gold. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ RIAA "My Kind of Christmas" Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ BigNoiseNow Christina Aguilera Awards Retrieved on February 17, 2011.
- ^ Search My Reflection RIAA RIAA Gold and Platinum certifications Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite
- ^ Merin, Jennifer (February 11, 2000).Fleshing out the vital details. USA Today. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Helling, Steve May 12, 2009 People Magazine Eminem and His Many Feuds Retrieved on November 9, 2010.
- ^ Moss, Corey August 30, 2002 MTV.com Eminem Hugs Christina: Backstage At The VMAs Retrieved on November 9, 2010.
- ^ USA Today October 24, 2002 Aguilera's image is 'Stripped' USA Today Music Retrieved on July 3, 2009.
- ^ US magazine. Christina Aguilera. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ ""Lady Marmalade" from Moulin Rouge Makes History". Movies.about.com. 2009-12-17. http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aa061801a.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
- ^ Barker, Olivia (February 20, 2007). Stars don't scrimp on the crimp. USA Today. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ MTV (September 6, 2001). 'Lady Marmalade' wins two MTV Video Music Awards. MTV. Retrieved on November 27, 2007.
- ^ "Statement from Aguilera's official site about "Just Be Free" single". Archived from the original on December 12, 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021212142430/http://www.christinaaguilera.com/rumormill/rumor_0060.html. (From The Internet Archive). Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (May 21, 2001). Christina Aguilera Sues to stop release of early recordings. MTV. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
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- ^ Gelman, Jason (March 7, 2003) Christina Aguilera Video Recognized By Gay & Lesbian Alliance Yahoo! Music Retrieved on (March 20, 2008).
- ^ Harris, Chris MTV.com November 7, 2008 Christina Aguilera Speaks Out Against Proposition 8 MTV online Retrieved on November 7, 2008.
- ^ "Christina Aguilera honored at debut of The Abbey's Gay Walk of Fame". ChicagoPride.com. April 21, 2011. http://chicago.gopride.com/news/article.cfm/articleid/18110025/christina-aguilera-honored-at-debut-of-the-abbeys-gay-walk-of-fame-photos. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
- ^ Hear No Evil?. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Christina Multimedia. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ The Book Standard (July 7, 2005). Christina Aguilera's Four Inches . Retrieved on December 10, 2007. Archived 16 January 2010 at WebCite
- ^ Cohen, Jonathan (July 6, 2006). Elton Curating Fashion Rocks, Busy With New CD. Billboard. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Channel 4 News(November 14, 2007). Aguilera back voting campaign with Rock the Vote. Retrieved on November 14, 2007.
- ^ Watson, Donna (October 21, 2005). Chrissie Presents. Daily Record. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ MTV News staff (October 26, 2005). For The Record: Quick News On Christina Aguilera. MTV. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ USA Today (March 11, 2007). Aguilera takes part in All-Star charity project.. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Virgin Media August 22, 2008 Christina's mother of a performance Virgin music Retrieved on August 22, 2008.
- ^ Altinsas, E. Baris (October 26, 2008). "A loving family for children in need of protection". Today's Zaman. http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=156957&bolum=101. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
- ^ Business Wire Christina Aguilera Lends Powerful Voice in Fight to End Hunger as Global Spokesperson Aguilera Raises Awareness of Hunger Issue by Appearing in PSA, Advertising, Posters July 15, 2009 Retrieved on July 15, 2009.
- ^ Relief Web September 23, 2009 Christina Aguilera sees hunger first hand in Guatemala Relief Web press release Retrieved on September 23, 2009.
- ^ World Food Programme official site and the World Food Programme Retrieved on May 13, 2010.
- ^ McNiece, Mia Variety online September 1, 2009 Variety to celebrate Power of Women Retrieved on September 10, 2009.
- ^ PRNewswire January 17, 2010 The Chrysler Brand Joins Forces With 'The 67th Annual Golden Globe Awards' to Contribute Relief Efforts to Haiti Retrieved on January 18, 2010.
- ^ WFO Retrieved on January 31, 2010
- ^ World Food Programme May 12, 2010 Haiti Is First Stop For New WFP Ambassador Christina Aguilera Retrieved on May 12, 2010.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Christina Aguilera |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Christina Aguilera |
- ChristinaAguilera.com – Christina Aguilera official website
- Twitter – Official Twitter account
- Christina Aguilera on Myspace
- Christina Aguilera at the Internet Movie Database
- Christina Aguilera on Facebook
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Lauryn Hill |
Grammy Award for Best New Artist 2000 |
Succeeded by Shelby Lynne |
| Preceded by none |
Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album, Female 2001 for Mi Reflejo |
Succeeded by Rosario Flores for Muchas Flores |
| Preceded by B. B. King & Dr. John for "Is You Is, or Is You Ain't (My Baby)" |
Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals 2002 for "Lady Marmalade" |
Succeeded by Santana & Michelle Branch for "The Game of Love" |
| Preceded by Norah Jones for "Don't Know Why" |
Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance 2004 for "Beautiful" |
Succeeded by Norah Jones for "Sunrise" |
| Preceded by Kelly Clarkson for "Since U Been Gone" |
Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance 2007 for "Ain't No Other Man" |
Succeeded by Amy Winehouse for "Rehab" |
| Preceded by Sean "Diddy" Combs |
MTV Europe Music Awards host 2003 |
Succeeded by Xzibit |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Aguilera, Christina |
| Alternative names | Aguilera, Christina Maria |
| Short description | American singer and songwriter |
| Date of birth | December 18, 1980 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| The Chemical Brothers | |
|---|---|
 The Chemical Brothers performing live. Ed Simons (left) and Tom Rowlands (right) |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | The 237 Turbo Nutters, The Dust Brothers, Chemical Ed & Chemical Tom |
| Origin | Manchester,[1] United Kingdom |
| Genres | Big beat, electronica,[2] techno, trip hop, alternative dance, neo-psychedelia[3] |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Labels | Junior Boy's Own, Astralwerks, Freestyle Dust, Virgin, Ultra |
| Website | TheChemicalBrothers.com |
| Members | |
| Tom Rowlands Ed Simons |
|
The Chemical Brothers are a British electronic music duo composed of Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons. Originating in Manchester[1] in 1991, along with The Prodigy, Fatboy Slim, The Crystal Method, and fellow acts, they were pioneers at bringing the big beat genre to the forefront of pop culture.
Contents
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History[link]
Background (1984–1991)[link]
Ed Simons was born in Herne Hill, South London on 9 June 1970 to a barrister mother and a father who was not around much when Simons was growing up. Simons' two main interests when he was young were aeroplanes and musicals. Simons attended two South London public schools, Alleyn's School and Dulwich College. During his school years, he developed a fondness for rare groove and Hip hop music, having frequented a club called The Mud Club from the age of 14. By the time he left school, his two main musical interests were two Manchester bands, New Order and The Smiths. After finishing school with 11 O levels and three A-levels, he continued on to study history, especially late medieval history, at the University of Manchester.[citation needed]
Tom Rowlands, a childhood classmate of Simons', was born on 11 January 1971 in Kingston upon Thames, London. When Rowlands was very young, his family relocated to Henley-on-Thames. He later attended Reading Blue Coat School in Berkshire, during which time he became obsessed with Scotland, developing a fondness for the bagpipes in particular. In his early teens, his interest in music broadened to other genres. Initially, some of his favourites included the Oh What a Lovely War soundtrack, 2 Tone, the nascent gothic rock genre (Sisters of Mercy, Fields of the Nephilim) and the electro sounds of artists such as Kraftwerk, New Order, Cabaret Voltaire, and Heaven 17. He described the first Public Enemy album as the record that probably changed his life, and commented that "Miuzi Weighs a Ton" was one of the most amazing tracks he had ever heard.[citation needed] Rowlands also started collecting hip hop records by artists like Eric B and Schoolly D. Rowlands left school with similar accomplishments to Simons', achieving nine O levels and three A levels. For university, he followed Simons to Manchester primarily to immerse himself in its music scene in general and the Haçienda in particular.[citation needed]
Rowlands was also in a band called Ariel prior to meeting up with Simons. Ariel was formed in London by Rowlands and his friends Brendan Melck and Matt Berry. Their first single was "Sea of Beats", which was essentially a white label. Before Philip Brown set up Echo Logik Records, their first promo was "Bokadilo". Other songs, released on 12", included "Mustn't Grumble" and their most well-known, "Rollercoaster". After a year on Echo Logik they signed to the record label deConstruction. They insisted that they get a female singer and they recruited former Xpansions frontwoman Sally Ann Marsh, and after some disappointing songs like "Let It Slide" (Rowlands would later describe it as "a stinker") the band fell apart. One of the last things Ariel did was the song "T Baby" which was remixed by the pair.[citation needed]
Rowlands and Simons then started to DJ at a club called "Naked Under Leather" in the back of a pub in 1992 under the alias of "The 237 Turbo Nutters" (named after the number of their house on Dickenson Road in Manchester and a reference to their Blackburn raving days). The pair would play hip hop, techno, and house.[4]
The Dust Brothers (1992–1994)[link]
Rowlands and Simons called themselves The Dust Brothers, after the US production duo famous for their work with the Beastie Boys. After a while, they began to run out of suitable instrumental hip hop tracks to use, so they started to make their own. Using a Hitachi hi-fi system, a computer, a sampler, and a keyboard, they recorded "Song to the Siren", which sampled This Mortal Coil. "Song to the Siren" was released on their own record label, called "Diamond Records" (after Ed's nickname). In October 1992, they pressed 500 white label copies and took them to various dance record shops around London, but none would play it, saying that it was too slow (the track played at 111 BPM).[citation needed] They sent a copy to London DJ Andrew Weatherall, who made it a permanent fixture in his DJ sets. Weatherall also signed the band to his Junior Boy's Own label.[citation needed] In May 1993, Junior Boy's Own released "Song to the Siren".
Around June 1993, the Dust Brothers did their first remixes. The first was "Packet of Peace" for Justin Robertson's Lionrock outfit, followed by tracks for Leftfield, Republica, and The Sandals. Late in 1993, The Dust Brothers completed work on their Fourteenth Century Sky EP, released in January 1994. It contained the ground-breaking "Chemical Beats", which epitomized the duo's genre-defining big beat sound, later taken up by Fatboy Slim and many more. The EP also contained "One Too Many Mornings", which for the first time showed the less intense, more chilled-out side of The Dust Brothers. Both "One Too Many Mornings" and "Chemical Beats" would later appear on their debut album. Fourteenth Century Sky was followed later in 1993 by the My Mercury Mouth EP. "Chemical Beats" was also part of the soundtrack for the first edition of the Wipeout games series, having been featured in Wipeout for the PlayStation in 1995.[citation needed]
In October 1994, The Dust Brothers became resident DJs at the small, but hugely influential Heavenly Sunday Social Club at the Albany pub in London's Great Portland Street.[citation needed] The likes of Noel Gallagher, Paul Weller, James Dean Bradfield, and Tim Burgess were regular visitors. The Dust Brothers were subsequently asked to remix tracks by Manic Street Preachers and The Charlatans, plus Primal Scream's "Jailbird" and The Prodigy's "Voodoo People". These two remixes received television exposure, being playlisted by MTV Europe's "The Party Zone" in 1995. Early in 1994, The Dust Brothers were approached in the club one Sunday by Noel Gallagher, from Oasis, who at the time were becoming one of the most prominent guitar bands in Britain. Gallagher told the duo that he had a Balearic-inspired track which he had written and would like the Dust Brothers to remix. However, over time, Gallagher changed his mind, and in the end the Brothers did not remix it. The track was "Wonderwall".[citation needed]
In March 1995, The Dust Brothers began their first international tour, which included the United States – where they played with Orbital and Underworld – then a series of European festivals. Also around this time, the original Dust Brothers threatened legal action over the use of their name, and so Rowlands and Simons had to decide on a new name quickly.[citation needed] They decided to then call themselves "The Chemical Brothers" after "Chemical Beats" (Simons' grandmother had suggested they call themselves "The Grit Brothers").
In June 1995, they released their fourth single, the first under their new identity. "Leave Home" was released on Junior Boy's Own, as a preview of the imminent debut album and became the band's first chart hit, peaking at No. 17.
[edit] Exit Planet Dust (1995–1996)
In July 1995, The Chemical Brothers released their debut album Exit Planet Dust (the title inspired by their name change) on Freestyle Dust/Junior Boy's Own. It entered the UK charts at No. 9[citation needed] and featured guest vocalist Beth Orton on the song "Alive Alone". It eventually went on to sell over a million copies worldwide, and was used on the soundtrack of the science fiction TV series pilot Virtuality.[citation needed] Shortly after its release, The Chemical Brothers signed to Virgin Records, to which they took their own offshoot label, Freestyle Dust. For their next single, "Life Is Sweet", released in September 1995, they again used a guest vocalist, featuring their friend Tim Burgess, singer of The Charlatans. It reached No. 25 in the singles charts. The single was also Select magazine's "Single of the Month" for October.[citation needed] The release included a Daft Punk remix of "Life Is Sweet".
In August 1995, The Chemical Brothers DJ'ed for Oasis at a Sheffield gig. The gig began to backfire when it became apparent that Liam Gallagher didn't seem to like any of the tracks they were spinning. The closest that they could come to pleasing him was the Happy Mondays' "Wrote for Luck".[citation needed] Gallagher proceeded to kick The Chemical Brothers off the turntables and procured a friend from The Verve to continue to DJ. He subsequently favoured psychedelic material to the displeasure of the crowd.[citation needed]
Around this period, The Stone Roses asked the Chemical Brothers to remix "Begging You", from their Second Coming album. After beginning work on a remix which they viewed as having potential, The Stone Roses changed their minds and the project was cancelled.[citation needed]
In October 1995, the duo returned to the Heavenly Sunday Social for a second and final run of DJ dates. They then became residents at the Heavenly Social on Saturdays at Turnmills. In November, The Chemical Brothers played the Astoria Theatre in London. At this time the Brothers usually used a fusion of "Chemical Beats" and The Beatles' "Tomorrow Never Knows" as their encore. During the encore, however, Keith Flint from The Prodigy jumped up on stage to dance, wearing a T-shirt sporting the slogan "Occupation: mad bastard". A few from the crowd subsequently joined in. This resulted in a power cable being kicked loose, bringing the show to a temporary close.[citation needed] The Chemical Brothers confessed to not being too bothered; "because he's Keith from The Prodigy, and he can do whatever the fucking hell he likes".[citation needed] Just before Christmas, 1995, they played their biggest gig to date, with The Prodigy, at the Brixton Academy.[citation needed]
In January 1996, Exit Planet Dust went gold. The Chemical Brothers released their first new material in six months on Virgin, the Loops of Fury EP. The four-track release was limited to 20,000 copies, but is now available for digital download. It entered the UK charts at No. 13. NME described the lead track as "splashing waves of synths across hard-hitting beats".[citation needed] The EP also contained a Dave Clarke remix of "Chemical Beats", and two other new tracks, "Get Up on It Like This" and "(The Best Part Of) Breaking Up".
In February 1996, Select magazine published a list of the 100 best albums of the 1990s thus far. Exit Planet Dust was listed at Number 39.[citation needed] In August 1996, The Chemical Brothers supported Oasis at Knebworth, where 125,000 people attended each of the two shows.[citation needed]
During the 1995 Glastonbury Festival, Rowlands and Simons had another conversation with Noel Gallagher. Gallagher told them how much he liked Exit Planet Dust, and asked if he could sing on a future track, similar to the way Tim Burgess had worked on "Life Is Sweet". They didn't think much of the offer at the time, given how busy Gallagher would be with the release of Oasis' (What's the Story) Morning Glory?, plus the complexities of dealing with each others' record companies.[citation needed] However, the duo later worked on a track which they thought would benefit from having a vocal on it. They sent Gallagher a tape of what they had done so far. He worked on it overnight, and left a message with them early the next morning that he was ready to record it. The track was called "Setting Sun" and was finally released in October 1996. It entered the UK charts at the top, giving the duo their first ever Number One single. "Setting Sun" was backed by a longer instrumental version, and also a new track "Buzz Tracks", which was not much more than a DJ tool. The three remaining members of The Beatles' lawyers later wrote to The Chemical Brothers, mistakenly claiming that they had sampled "Tomorrow Never Knows". Virgin Records hired a musicologist to prove that they did not sample the classic 1960s psychedelic song.[citation needed]
Meanwhile, in 1996, Live at the Social Volume 1 was released by Heavenly Records, which became The Chemical Brothers' first mix CD (excluding Xmas Dust Up, a free album that came in a 1994 issue of NME). It was also the duo's first and only live album (excluding the EP Live 05).
[edit] Dig Your Own Hole (1997–1998)
In March 1997, the Brothers released the second track from their forthcoming album, to give the world a further taste of what to expect. "Block Rockin' Beats" went straight to No. 1 in the UK, possibly thanks, this time, to its Schoolly D vocal sample and re-working of the bassline from 23 Skidoo's single "Coup".[5] The NME named it "Single of the Week" and said "It throbs like your head might if you had just done a length underwater in a swimming pool full of amyl."[citation needed] It later won them a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance.[6]
In the US at this time, "Setting Sun" was sitting at Number 80 in the Billboard Top 100, after selling around 80,000 copies, an uncommon achievement for a European "dance" act. Sales from Exit Planet Dust were also around 150,000.[citation needed]
On 7 April 1997 The Chemical Brothers released their second album, Dig Your Own Hole. It was recorded at the band's own south London studio, with the title taken from graffiti on the wall outside. The album was well received,[7][dead link] with Mixmag rating it 10/10 and calling it "mad enough to be thrilling, slick enough for not even remotely trendy coffee tables".[citation needed]
During the summer of 1997, the Brothers toured extensively, particularly in the United States. They also became residents at Tokyo's Liquid Rooms. In August, The Chemical Brothers achieved rapprochement with the US Dust Brothers, and asked them to remix the forthcoming single "Elektrobank".[citation needed] They themselves also became highly sought-after for remixes for other artists. Metallica asked the Brothers several times to remix "Enter Sandman", but were repeatedly turned down.[citation needed] In September, the next single from Dig Your Own Hole, "Elektrobank" was released. In November, the pair played at Dublin's Point Theatre, with support from Carl Cox. They also began a US tour in Detroit.
At the end of the year, Dig Your Own Hole's final track, the nine minute-long "The Private Psychedelic Reel", gave rise to a limited-edition mini-EP of the same name. The B-side consisted of a live version of "Setting Sun", recorded at the Lowlands Festival, Netherlands on 24 August 1997. Also in December, following four sold-out US shows, The Chemical Brothers toured the UK, finishing with a sold-out gig at London's Brixton Academy.[citation needed]
In 1998, they concentrated more on DJ'ing, although some remixes did see the light of day, including "I Think I'm in Love" from Spiritualized. Both a vocal remix and an instrumental remix were included in the single release. Each clocked in at over seven-and-a-half minutes. Another remix completed by the Brothers was "Delta Sun Bottleneck Stomp" by Mercury Rev. This was another extension in the association between the two bands, since Mercury Rev's Jonathon Donahue contributed to "The Private Psychedelic Reel" on Dig Your Own Hole.[citation needed]
In September 1998, a second mix album, Brothers Gonna Work It Out, was released. It contains some of their own tracks and remixes, as well as songs from artists who have influenced their sound, such as Renegade Soundwave, Meat Beat Manifesto, Carlos "After Dark" Berrios, and Kenny 'Dope' Gonzales.
In May 1999, The Chemical Brothers played three UK dates in Manchester, Sheffield and Brighton, their first since December 1997. Also that month, they released their first new original material in two years, a track called "Hey Boy, Hey Girl". This was more house-influenced than hip hop. In interviews at the time, Rowlands and Simons indicated that the track was inspired by nights out at Sheffield club Gatecrasher.[citation needed] The track was also one of their more commercially accessible tracks and went to number 3 in the UK charts.[citation needed]
[edit] Surrender (1999)
The third album, Surrender, was released in June 1999. It featured vocals from Noel Gallagher, Mercury Rev's Jonathan Donahue, and Mazzy Star's Hope Sandoval. As "Hey Boy, Hey Girl" had suggested, the album was more house-oriented than the previous two. On one of the album's stand out tracks, "Out of Control", New Order's Bernard Sumner supported by Primal Scream's Bobby Gillespie provided vocals. It reached No. 1 in the UK album charts,[citation needed] and was widely praised in the print media. The Michel Gondry-directed music video for "Let Forever Be", which utilized ground-breaking video and film effects in its depiction of a young woman's nightmares, also received a lot of attention.[citation needed]
Later that summer, The Brothers headlined the Glastonbury dance tent on the Friday night, followed by a UK tour which ended in December and included Homelands Scotland on 4 September.[citation needed] In November, "Out of Control", featuring Sumner and Gillespie on vocals, was released as a single. The release also contained the Sasha remix. The final single from Surrender, in February 2000, was the five track "Music: Response" EP, containing the title track and two remixes, plus Electronic Battle Weapon 4, named "Freak of the Week", and a track called "Enjoyed", which was essentially a remix of "Out of Control" by the Brothers themselves.
A CD copy of Surrender was placed in the third Blue Peter time capsule, buried in January 2000. That same month, they appeared on Primal Scream's album Xtrmntr at track 11 with a remix.
[edit] Come with Us (2000–2003)
In June 2000, Tom and Ed played the Pyramid stage at the Glastonbury Festival pulling in the largest audience ever seen in the Festival's history.[citation needed] In August 2000 they played to a large crowd at the main stage at Creamfields festival, Ireland. In December 2000, The Chemical Brothers aired one of their new tracks, "It Began in Afrika" at their New York DJ gigs, supporting U2.[citation needed]
In 2001, they were quite active with releases and live performances. Early in the year, they began working on a fourth album, provisionally titled Chemical Four. The first track which fans got a taste of was "It Began in Afrika", as previously played in their DJ set in New York. The track would make its live debut in California in April 2001, at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. Another new track, "Galaxy Bounce", also got its public debut at Coachella.[citation needed] As had become customary for their releases and experiments, "It Began in Afrika" was first pressed as a promo, as part of the "Electronic Battle Weapon" series. It received much airplay on dance music radio shows in the UK, and became more and more popular in clubs over the course of the summer. It also became one of the "anthems" in Ibiza as the summer progressed.[citation needed] It was given a full commercial single release in September, reaching No. 8 in the UK singles chart, even though no promotional video was made for the track.[citation needed]
Rowlands and Simons also remixed a track from Fatboy Slim's Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars, entitled "Song for Shelter". This remix was released as a single on 3 September 2001 (one week before "It Began in Afrika") as the CD2 single for "Song for Shelter / Ya Mama". It reached No. 30 in the UK Singles Charts (sales were combined with the CD1 single).[citation needed]
The Chemical Brothers finished work on another album, Come with Us, in October 2001. It featured collaborations with Richard Ashcroft of The Verve ("The Test"), and long-time collaborator Beth Orton ("The State We're In"). The album was released in January 2002, preceded by a single, "Star Guitar", a melodic Balearic beat number, with a promotional video by Michel Gondry that featured passing scenery synchronized to the beat viewed through a train window. What would be the second track on the album, "It Began in Afrika", was released 10 September 2001 to be circulated around the clubbing scene where it was a popular hit.[citation needed] "Star Guitar" was also released as a DVD single, the pair's first.
The album, Come with Us, was less well received than their previous albums, but nonetheless went straight to No. 1 in the UK album charts in the first week of its release, selling 100,000 copies.[citation needed] In April, the title track from the album was released as a single with remixes by Fatboy Slim as part of a double-A sided release with "The Test".
During the summer of 2002, The Chemical Brothers traveled the festival circuit to promote the album. Later in 2002, they released two EPs, one specifically aimed at Japan and the other the US (entitled AmericanEP). Both contained remixes, live versions and B-sides. Additionally, the band produced New Order's final non-album single "Here to Stay", and remixed the song as well.
One of their other major songs from this album was "Galaxy Bounce", which was popular and featured as the main title music for the Xbox game Project Gotham Racing. It was also included on the soundtrack for the movie Lara Croft: Tomb Raider. "Star Guitar" was featured as a song on the PSP's Lumines II.[citation needed]
Two other songs, "Come with Us (Introduction)" and "Star Guitar (Title Screen)", were featured on a PlayStation 2 racing game titled WRC II: Extreme. Both songs are instrumental.
The Song My Elastic Eye from the Come with Us album was played in the 2004 movie The Butterfly Effect[8] starring Ashton Kutcher and Amy Smart.
Late 2002 and early 2003 saw Rowlands and Simons back in the studio working on new material, including "The Golden Path", a collaboration with Wayne Coyne, the lead singer of The Flaming Lips. This was released in September 2003, at the same time as a "best of" album, entitled Singles 93–03, marking ten years of The Chemical Brothers' releases. Singles 93–03 included most, but not all, of their singles. A second new track, in addition to "The Golden Path", was included on the album, called "Get Yourself High". Singles 93–03 was also released on DVD, with extra features including selected live performances and interviews with Rowlands, Simons, and many of their collaborators from throughout the period. "Get Yourself High", which featured Canadian rapper k-os on vocals, was released as a single in November 2003.
In late 2003 and 2004, The Chemical Brothers continued to work in the studio on new material and a remix of "Slow" by Kylie Minogue. After being released on rare white label vinyl, it was subsequently given a commercial release in March on CD (on her next single "Red Blooded Woman") and on exclusive 12" vinyl picture disc (containing two other Kylie remixes). In Summer 2004 they returned to the festival circuit, including appearances at the Glastonbury Festival, Tokyo, Scotland, and Ireland. They also visited South America for the second time (the first time being in 1999), arriving at Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. It was during these sets that they played new material, including "Acid Children", which proved to be one of the most popular new tracks.[citation needed]
In September 2004, The Chemical Brothers released the seventh "Electronic Battle Weapon". "Electronic Battle Weapon 7" was being released as a one-sided promo-only 12", containing "Acid Children". A marked departure from the Chemical Brothers' previous musical endeavours, it featured a screeching 303 bassline and a distinctive vocal sample; a pitch-altered vocal sample proclaiming "You Are All My Children Now!", which is lifted from the horror film A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge. It was coupled with the projection of a sinister clown mouthing these same words at their live gigs.[citation needed]
The Electronic Battle Weapon series of promo releases have typically been newly recorded Chemical Brothers tracks, released on promo to allow DJs to test them in a club environment, and to gauge their popularity.
[edit] Push the Button (2004–2006)
In 2004, The Chemical Brothers began work on Push the Button, their fifth studio album, which features collaborations with Tim Burgess, Kele Okereke, and Anwar Superstar, amongst others. The album was released on 24 January 2005.
"Galvanize", which features rapper Q-Tip on vocals, was the first single to be taken from Push the Button, and premiered exclusively on iTunes. The single was released on 17 January 2005, and entered the UK chart at No. 3. The second single, "Believe" (featuring Kele Okereke from Bloc Party), failed to crack the top 10, but still made it into the top 20, peaking at No. 18.[citation needed] "The Boxer", featuring Tim Burgess, became the duo's first single to fail to crack the top 40.
The album and single "Galvanize" won a Grammy at the Grammy Awards of 2006. One of the songs in this album, "The Big Jump", appears in the video game Burnout Revenge, as well as Project Gotham Racing 3. The track "Surface to Air" features a pulsing chord progression and bassline reminiscent of the intro to the Strokes song "The Modern Age".[original research?]
An unofficial, remixed version of the album entitled Flip the Switch was released as a free download, along with the Believe EP, featuring six further remixes of "Believe".[9][dead link]
In September 2006, The Chemical Brothers were revealed as the first musicians to be involved in Tate Tracks. Tate Modern invited various groups and songwriters to choose a work that inspired them from the gallery's collection of modern art and then write a track about it. The Chemical Brothers' submission, Rock Drill, was inspired by the Jacob Epstein sculpture Torso in Metal from The Rock Drill, and can be heard on headphones in front of the work in the gallery. From October 2006, it also became available to hear online at the Tate Tracks website.[citation needed]
[edit] We Are the Night (2007–2009)
The Brothers announced in June 2006 on their official web forum that the duo had been working on fresh material, specifically an album, codenamed "Chemical 6".[10][dead link] Simons also wrote that the band would be playing select venues in the Summer 2007 season, specifying Rome, and also Fabric in London.[citation needed] Simons is also quoted as saying that the duo are "hoping to put a battle weapon out for the summer"[11][dead link], possibly referring to the Electronic Battle Weapon series, the somewhat experimental tracks the band occasionally release on white label.
Electronic Battle Weapons 8 & 9 were debuted on Pete Tong's BBC Radio 1 show on 8 December 2006. The double sided vinyl was finally released just before The Chemical Brother's much anticipated New Year's Eve gig at the famous Turnmills in London. The vinyl had a limited edition release worldwide and has been received well by fans, DJs, and critics alike.[citation needed] Electronic Battle Weapon 8, at about six and a half minutes, is very distinct from the "big acid" style that the earlier Battle Weapons adhered to. It is characterised by 'thundering' drums with a rising synth line. A version of this track features on the We Are the Night album and is entitled "Saturate". "Electronic Battle Weapon 9" is a typical Chemicals dancefloor track with their trademark vocoder vocals coupled with sirens and a basic 'tribal' melody.[citation needed]
At the same Turnmills gig, the Brothers also played a previously unreleased song at midnight to welcome 2007, which went down well with the crowd.[citation needed] This track eventually emerged as "Burst Generator", found on the forthcoming album We Are the Night. Many were left wondering if the latest in the Electronic Battle Weapon series were simply one off experiments or signal a new direction they could take with the new album, perhaps swaying from their genre defining big beat albums of the past.[citation needed] The song was also the band's 100th released song.
On 21 March 2007, The Chemical Brothers officially announced their forthcoming album on MySpace. The new album, entitled We Are the Night, was released on 2 July 2007 in the United Kingdom and 17 July 2007 in the United States. The Chemical Brothers cited a delay in the production of artwork for this delay.[12][dead link] EMI subsequently released an online Chemical Brothers computer game as an apology.[13] The track listing was released to the fans on the official mailing list on 10 April. The new album is heavily collaborated, with the likes of Klaxons ("All Rights Reversed"), Midlake ("The Pills Won't Help You Now"), Ali Love ("Do It Again"), and Willy Mason ("Battle Scars").[14]
On 12 April 2007, Pete Tong again had the privilege of giving the world the very first preview of a Chemicals track. This time it was the first single "Do It Again" off their new album, aired on his BBC Radio 1 "In New Music We Trust" show.[citation needed]. The official release of the single was 4 June (digital download) and 14 June (12", 7", and CD). The album went on general release in the UK on 2 July 2007.
In September 2007, The Chemical Brothers played a free live gig in Trafalgar Square as part of the Becks Fusions event. All who attended were provided with 3D glasses to view the on-screen visual effects.[citation needed]
In 2008, The Chemical Brothers' music was featured in a movie adaption of Irvine Welsh's best-selling novel Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance.
The Chemical Brothers supplied a new track for the Heroes soundtrack, titled "Keep My Composure".[citation needed]
[edit] Further and motion picture soundtracks (2010–present)
On 30 March 2010, the band announced on their website that their seventh studio album, titled Further, would be released on 22 June and would be "the band's first to be released with corresponding films made specifically to match each of the 8 audio tracks." The films were made with long-time visuals collaborators Adam Smith and Marcus Lyall. The album was described as their most "psychedelic and melodic to date".[by whom?] Before the release of the album, the band played four shows in May at the London Roundhouse where they played the album and its accompanying films in their entirety. The films featured on a special edition DVD and on the iTunes LP edition.[15][dead link]
Most reviews have been positive, with BBC Music declaring that "...synths are brutally manhandled and pushed to their limits across the eight tracks".[16] The Irish Times reported that "This is a very impressive collection that is carried along with a stirring sense of velocity and momentum".[17][dead link] However, praise was not unanimous for the album, with the American rock magazine Spin giving it a rating of three out of five stars.[18]
At the New York Comic Con, on 10 October 2010, English film director Joe Wright announced that The Chemical Brothers would be scoring the soundtrack to his upcoming film, Hanna.[19] Wright, who had worked with The Chemical Brothers in the past as a member of the visual company Vegetable Vision, stated that he was "very excited to finally... work with a more modern beat. There's a lot of bass, it's very loud."[20] The soundtrack was released exclusively on iTunes on 15 March 2011 and on CD on 4 July 2011.
Two weeks after the announcement regarding Hanna, rumors began circulating that The Chemical Brothers had recorded part of the score for the movie Black Swan, after a post in Ed Simon's Twitter account. A second post on the Chemical Brothers' own Twitter account seemed to confirm this.[citation needed] On 22 November 2010, a Black Swan music video was released along with the movie trailer. This featured a different version of the track "Don't Think" and announced that the movie would feature new music from The Chemical Brothers, along with a handful of other artists.[21] The next day, the names of the eight tracks not composed by Clint Mansell – Black Swan's main composer – were released, listing The Chemical Brothers as contributing three new songs for the movie.[22] On 29 November, an exclusive video was posted on RollingStone.com, containing more footage of the alternate version of "Don't Think".[23] Mansell's work was released the next day. No announcement has been made yet on whether the original tracks not by Mansell would be given a release or not.
Live[link]
The Chemical Brothers are credited as being one of the few truly arena-sized electronic acts. Their live acts comprise large screens displaying psychedelic images, strobe lights, and lasers that project over the crowd.[citation needed] There has been speculation over how much of their live gigs are pre-recorded, although they insist (on their official website FAQ) that they have a mere outline of track order and the rest is mixed live. This would seem to be confirmed by concertgoers who have seen gigs on consecutive nights and have posted notable differences between the sets played.
The Brothers have also played at many major festivals, including Glastonbury, Fuji Rock, Reading, the HFStival, and Leeds festival. They currently hold the record for most gigs performed in a year at the Brixton Academy. The brothers have infamously, despite their high status in the mainstream, never appeared on Top of the Pops, with the use of music videos to replace the performance, sometimes accompanied by a video apologising for their absence. In 1999, a live US tour video of "Hey Boy, Hey Girl" was shown, even though the song was not in the top 40 at the time, and also released other singles before then at the time.
In addition to performing their own music, they also hold regular DJ nights where they mix other artist's tracks (in the style of Brothers Gonna Work It Out).
As with their recorded albums, The Chemical Brothers are well known for their incorporation of guest vocalists into their live performances. Notable appearances in recent gigs have included Bernard Sumner of New Order, who sang on the original "Out of Control", Wayne Coyne of The Flaming Lips, and Tim Burgess.
The duo also played at the launch event for the Wii video game console.[citation needed]
On the night of 1 September 2007, The Chemical Brothers played at the main stage of the Electric Picnic to a crowd of around 20,000.[citation needed]
The Chemical Brothers appeared in Los Angeles on 29 September 2007, headlining the 13th Annual Nocturnal Wonderland Festival.[citation needed]
The duo was one of the headliners for Roskilde Festival 2008 in Denmark. The festival is held from 3–6 July and is the biggest festival in Northern Europe.[citation needed]
The Chemical Brothers played at London's Olympia Grand Hall on 30 August 2008. This was the first time any major band has played at Olympia's Grand Hall in over 10 years.[citation needed]
On 18 April 2009, The Chemical Brothers performed a DJ Set at the Coachella Festival, at which they premiered two previously unnamed new tracks. The tracks were the bonus track "Don't Think" and "Escape Velocity", both of which were later included on the album Further.[citation needed]
On 8 February 2010, they confirmed their presence at Sónar Festival in Barcelona in June 2010. They also announced they would be performing another two nights at the London Roundhouse in Camden, on 20 and 21 May. Due to phenomenal demand, as tickets sold out within two minutes, they added a further two nights; 22 and 23 May.[citation needed]
On 3 September 2010, they performed at North Coast Music Festival in Chicago. The following day they performed at Electric Zoo festival in New York City.[citation needed]
On 4–14 March 2011, they headlined the Future Music Festival in five cities across Australia.[citation needed]
On 27 March 2011, they headlined Ultra Music Festival in Miami, FL and closed out the Main Stage for the weekend. They also were the closing performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on Friday 15 April 2011.[citation needed]
The Chemical Brothers headlined the UK dance festival Creamfields in Cheshire on 27 August 2011.[24][dead link]
The band also played at the 'Other Stage' at Glastonbury Festival 2011 as that stage's lead headliners.
On February 1, 2012, The Chemical Brothers released a concert movie into theaters which was available for viewing only that day. It was entitled "Don't Think" after one of their songs they played in the concert. The concert was played at the Fuji Rock Festival 2011 in Japan.
On 17 March 2012, the Chemical Brothers headlined at the Future Music Festival Asia 2012 at Sepang International Circuit, Malaysia.
On September 17 and 18 2012, the Chemical Brothers will perform for the first time in Bogota and Medellin, Colombia.
Logo[link]
The typeface used to write the typical "The Chemical Brothers" logo is derived from Sho,[25] designed by Karlgeorg Hoefer in 1992. The Chemical Brothers' original logo differs only in a few details from orthodox Sho, e.g. in the letters a and b. Mergenthaler Linotype Company holds the licence for this typeface.
Discography[link]
Main article: The Chemical Brothers discography
See also: List of The Chemical Brothers songs
- Studio albums
- Exit Planet Dust (1995)
- Dig Your Own Hole (1997)
- Surrender (1999)
- Come with Us (2002)
- Push the Button (2005)
- We Are the Night (2007)
- Further (2010)
- Soundtrack albums
- Hanna (2011)
- Live albums
- Don't Think (2012)
- Main compilation albums
- Brothers Gonna Work It Out (1998)
- Singles 93-03 (2003)
- Brotherhood (2008)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b "Chemical Brothers Interview". IGN. 16 February 2005. http://uk.music.ign.com/articles/588/588382p1.html. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ John Bush. "The Chemical Brothers". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-chemical-brothers-p165318. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "The Chemical Brothers". Rate Your Music. http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/the_chemical_brothers. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ Brothers Gonna Work It Out (XDUSTCD 101) booklet, page 2.
- ^ "Sample Sources". dsng.net. http://www.dsng.net/samplesources.htm. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&title=&year=1997&genre=31
- ^ (Posted: 3 April 1997) (3 April 1997). "Dig Your Own Hole: The Chemical Brothers: Review". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/103705/review/5945617/digyourownhole. Retrieved 12 May 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "The Butterfly Effect (2004) – Soundtracks". Imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0289879/soundtrack. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "Flip The Switch – The Chemical Brothers remixed". http://chems.musicremixed.org/main.html. Retrieved 13 September 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Chemical Brothers New Material – The Chemical Brothers Official Site[dead link]
- ^ Simons, Ed. "Post at the official forum". Archived from the original on 2007–11–03. http://web.archive.org/web/20071103084622/http://www.thechemicalbrothers.com/forum/topic.php?id=4259. Retrieved 2007–07–12. [dead link]
- ^ Album release date announced – The Chemical Brothers Official Website[dead link]
- ^ "New album The Chemical Brothers delayed - here's a 'sorry guys'". side-line.com. 18 May 2007. http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=23169_0_2_0_C. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "The Chemical Brothers launch details new album". side-line.com. 12 April 2007. http://www.side-line.com/news_comments.php?id=22186_0_2_0_C. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ Further – the new album released 7 June on Freestyle Dust / Parlophone Records, thechemicalbrothers.com[dead link]
- ^ Ian Wade (7 June 2010). "Review of The Chemical Brothers - Further". BBC Music. http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/6d28. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ Chemical Brothers – The Irish Times – Fri, 28 May 2010. The Irish Times (2010–05–28). Retrieved on 2011–04–06.[dead link]
- ^ Charles Aaron. "Chemical Brothers, 'Further' (Freestyle Dust/Astralwerks)". Spin. http://www.spin.com/reviews/chemical-brothers-further-freestyle-dustastralwerks. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "The Chemical Brothers will score Hanna". Filmonic. 9 October 2010. http://filmonic.com/the-chemical-brothers-will-score-hanna#.Tn0J9-ysOSo. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "The Chemical Brothers To Score Joe Wright's Teenage Assassin Film, 'Hanna'". theplaylist.blogspot.com. 10 September 2010. http://theplaylist.blogspot.com/2010/10/chemical-brothers-to-score-joe-wrights.html. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "Black Swan". apple.com. http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/fox_searchlight/blackswan/. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ Keith Jagernauth (23 November 2010). "?Black Swan’ Features 3 New Songs By The Chemicals Brothers, New Tracks By Pete Min, Jakes & More". indiewire.com. http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/archives/2010/11/23/black_swan_features_3_new_songs_by_the_chemicals_brothers_new_tracks_by_pet. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "Exclusive Video: Natalie Portman Explores Her Dark Side in 'Black Swan' Clip". rollingstone.com. 29 November 2010. http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/exclusive-video-natalie-portman-explores-her-dark-side-in-black-swan-clip-20101129. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
- ^ "Saturday 27th August 2011 – Creamfields 2011". Creamfields. http://www.creamfields.com/lineup/saturday/. Retrieved 22 March 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Sho" typeface font at Linotype
External links[link]
- Official website
- The Chemical Brothers discography at Discogs
- The Chemical Brothers at the Internet Movie Database
- Don't Think The Movie (Trailer)
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chemical_Brothers
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This is a Catalan name. The first family name is Dalí and the second is Domènech.
| Salvador Dalí | |
|---|---|
 Salvador Dalí photographed by Carl Van Vechten on November 29, 1939 |
|
| Birth name | Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech |
| Born | (1904-05-11)May 11, 1904 Figueres, Spain |
| Died | January 23, 1989(1989-01-23) (aged 84) Figueres, Spain |
| Spouse | Gala Dalí (Elena Ivanovna Diakonova) |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Field | Painting, Drawing, Photography, Sculpture, Writing, Film |
| Training | San Fernando School of Fine Arts, Madrid |
| Movement | Cubism, Dada, Surrealism |
| Works | The Persistence of Memory (1931) Face of Mae West Which May Be Used as an Apartment, (1935) Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War) (1936) Swans Reflecting Elephants (1937) Ballerina in a Death's Head (1939) Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening (1944) The Temptation of St. Anthony (1946) Galatea of the Spheres (1952) Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) (1954) |
| Influenced | Alex Ross[1] |
Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marquis de Púbol (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989), known as Salvador Dalí (Catalan pronunciation: [səɫβə?ðo ðə?ɫi]), was a prominent Spanish Catalan surrealist painter born in Figueres, Spain.
Dalí was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking and bizarre images in his surrealist work. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters.[2][3] His best-known work, The Persistence of Memory, was completed in 1931. Dalí's expansive artistic repertoire included film, sculpture, and photography, in collaboration with a range of artists in a variety of media.
Dalí attributed his "love of everything that is gilded and excessive, my passion for luxury and my love of oriental clothes"[4] to a self-styled "Arab lineage", claiming that his ancestors were descended from the Moors.
Dalí was highly imaginative, and also enjoyed indulging in unusual and grandiose behavior. His eccentric manner and attention-grabbing public actions sometimes drew more attention than his artwork, to the dismay of those who held his work in high esteem, and to the irritation of his critics.[5]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life[link]
Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech was born on May 11, 1904 at 8:45 am GMT[6] in the town of Figueres, in the Empordà region, close to the French border in Catalonia, Spain.[7] Dalí's older brother, also named Salvador (born October 12, 1901), had died of gastroenteritis nine months earlier, on August 1, 1903. His father, Salvador Dalí i Cusí, was a middle-class lawyer and notary[8] whose strict disciplinary approach was tempered by his wife, Felipa Domenech Ferrés, who encouraged her son's artistic endeavors.[9] When he was five, Dalí was taken to his brother's grave and told by his parents that he was his brother's reincarnation,[10] a concept which he came to believe.[11] Of his brother, Dalí said, "...[we] resembled each other like two drops of water, but we had different reflections."[12] He "was probably a first version of myself but conceived too much in the absolute."[12] Images of his long-dead brother would reappear embedded in his later works, including Portrait of My Dead Brother (1963).
Dalí also had a sister, Ana María, who was three years younger.[8] In 1949, she published a book about her brother, Dalí As Seen By His Sister.[13] His childhood friends included future FC Barcelona footballers Sagibarba and Josep Samitier. During holidays at the Catalan resort of Cadaqués, the trio played football together.
Dalí attended drawing school. In 1916, Dalí also discovered modern painting on a summer vacation trip to Cadaqués with the family of Ramon Pichot, a local artist who made regular trips to Paris.[8] The next year, Dalí's father organized an exhibition of his charcoal drawings in their family home. He had his first public exhibition at the Municipal Theater in Figueres in 1919.
In February 1921, Dalí's mother died of breast cancer. Dalí was 16 years old; he later said his mother's death "was the greatest blow I had experienced in my life. I worshipped her... I could not resign myself to the loss of a being on whom I counted to make invisible the unavoidable blemishes of my soul."[14] After her death, Dalí's father married his deceased wife's sister. Dalí did not resent this marriage, because he had a great love and respect for his aunt.[8]
Madrid and Paris[link]
In 1922, Dalí moved into the Residencia de Estudiantes (Students' Residence) in Madrid[8] and studied at the Academia de San Fernando (School of Fine Arts). A lean 1.72 m (5 ft. 7¾ in.) tall,[15] Dalí already drew attention as an eccentric and dandy. He wore long hair and sideburns, coat, stockings, and knee-breeches in the style of English aesthetes of the late 19th century.
At the Residencia, he became close friends with (among others) Pepín Bello, Luis Buñuel, and Federico García Lorca. The friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion,[16] but Dalí rejected the poet's sexual advances.[17]
However it was his paintings, in which he experimented with Cubism, that earned him the most attention from his fellow students. At the time of these early works, Dalí probably did not completely understand the Cubist movement. His only information on Cubist art came from magazine articles and a catalog given to him by Pichot, since there were no Cubist artists in Madrid at the time. In 1924, the still-unknown Salvador Dalí illustrated a book for the first time. It was a publication of the Catalan poem Les bruixes de Llers ("The Witches of Llers") by his friend and schoolmate, poet Carles Fages de Climent. Dalí also experimented with Dada, which influenced his work throughout his life.
Dalí was expelled from the Academia in 1926, shortly before his final exams when he was accused of starting an unrest.[18] His mastery of painting skills was evidenced by his realistic The Basket of Bread, painted in 1926.[19] That same year, he made his first visit to Paris, where he met Pablo Picasso, whom the young Dalí revered. Picasso had already heard favorable reports about Dalí from Joan Miró. As he developed his own style over the next few years Dalí made a number of works heavily influenced by Picasso and Miró.
Some trends in Dalí's work that would continue throughout his life were already evident in the 1920s. Dalí devoured influences from many styles of art, ranging from the most academically classic, to the most cutting-edge avant garde.[20] His classical influences included Raphael, Bronzino, Francisco de Zurbarán, Vermeer, and Velázquez.[21] He used both classical and modernist techniques, sometimes in separate works, and sometimes combined. Exhibitions of his works in Barcelona attracted much attention along with mixtures of praise and puzzled debate from critics.
Dalí grew a flamboyant moustache, influenced by 17th-century Spanish master painter Diego Velázquez. The moustache became an iconic trademark of his appearance for the rest of his life.
1929 to World War II[link]
In 1929, Dalí collaborated with surrealist film director Luis Buñuel on the short film Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog). His main contribution was to help Buñuel write the script for the film. Dalí later claimed to have also played a significant role in the filming of the project, but this is not substantiated by contemporary accounts.[22] Also, in August 1929, Dalí met his lifelong and primary muse, inspiration, and future wife Gala,[23] born Elena Ivanovna Diakonova. She was a Russian immigrant ten years his senior, who at that time was married to surrealist poet Paul Éluard. In the same year, Dalí had important professional exhibitions and officially joined the Surrealist group in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris. His work had already been heavily influenced by surrealism for two years. The Surrealists hailed what Dalí called his paranoiac-critical method of accessing the subconscious for greater artistic creativity.[8][9]
Meanwhile, Dalí's relationship with his father was close to rupture. Don Salvador Dalí y Cusi strongly disapproved of his son's romance with Gala, and saw his connection to the Surrealists as a bad influence on his morals. The last straw was when Don Salvador read in a Barcelona newspaper that his son had recently exhibited in Paris a drawing of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ, with a provocative inscription: "Sometimes, I spit for fun on my mother's portrait".[24]
Outraged, Don Salvador demanded that his son recant publicly. Dalí refused, perhaps out of fear of expulsion from the Surrealist group, and was violently thrown out of his paternal home on December 28, 1929. His father told him that he would be disinherited, and that he should never set foot in Cadaqués again. The following summer, Dalí and Gala rented a small fisherman's cabin in a nearby bay at Port Lligat. He bought the place, and over the years enlarged it, gradually building his much beloved villa by the sea. Dalí's father would eventually relent and come to accept his son's companion.[25]
In 1931, Dalí painted one of his most famous works, The Persistence of Memory,[26] which introduced a surrealistic image of soft, melting pocket watches. The general interpretation of the work is that the soft watches are a rejection of the assumption that time is rigid or deterministic. This idea is supported by other images in the work, such as the wide expanding landscape, and other limp watches shown being devoured by ants.[27]
Dalí and Gala, having lived together since 1929, were married in 1934 in a semi-secret civil ceremony. They later remarried in a Catholic ceremony in 1958[28]. In addition to inspiring many artworks throughout her life, Gala would act as Dalí's business manager, supporting their extravagant lifestyle while adeptly steering clear of insolvency. Gala seemed to tolerate Dalí's dalliances with younger muses, secure in her own position as his primary relationship. Dali continued to paint her as they both aged, producing sympathetic and adoring images of his muse. The "tense, complex and ambiguous relationship" lasting over 50 years would later become the subject of an opera Jo, Dalí (I, Dalí) by Catalan composer Xavier Benguerel.[29]
Dalí was introduced to America by art dealer Julien Levy in 1934. The exhibition in New York of Dalí's works, including Persistence of Memory, created an immediate sensation. Social Register listees feted him at a specially organized "Dalí Ball". He showed up wearing a glass case on his chest, which contained a brassiere.[30] In that year, Dalí and Gala also attended a masquerade party in New York, hosted for them by heiress Caresse Crosby. For their costumes, they dressed as the Lindbergh baby and his kidnapper. The resulting uproar in the press was so great that Dalí apologized. When he returned to Paris, the Surrealists confronted him about his apology for a surrealist act.[31]
While the majority of the Surrealist artists had become increasingly associated with leftist politics, Dalí maintained an ambiguous position on the subject of the proper relationship between politics and art. Leading surrealist André Breton accused Dalí of defending the "new" and "irrational" in "the Hitler phenomenon", but Dalí quickly rejected this claim, saying, "I am Hitlerian neither in fact nor intention".[32] Dalí insisted that surrealism could exist in an apolitical context and refused to explicitly denounce fascism.[citation needed] Among other factors, this had landed him in trouble with his colleagues. Later in 1934, Dalí was subjected to a "trial", in which he was formally expelled from the Surrealist group.[23] To this, Dalí retorted, "I myself am surrealism".[18]
In 1936, Dalí took part in the London International Surrealist Exhibition. His lecture, titled Fantomes paranoiaques authentiques, was delivered while wearing a deep-sea diving suit and helmet.[33] He had arrived carrying a billiard cue and leading a pair of Russian wolfhounds, and had to have the helmet unscrewed as he gasped for breath. He commented that "I just wanted to show that I was 'plunging deeply' into the human mind."[34]
Also in 1936, at the premiere screening of Joseph Cornell's film Rose Hobart at Julien Levy's gallery in New York City, Dalí became famous for another incident. Levy's program of short surrealist films was timed to take place at the same time as the first surrealism exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, featuring Dalí's work. Dalí was in the audience at the screening, but halfway through the film, he knocked over the projector in a rage. "My idea for a film is exactly that, and I was going to propose it to someone who would pay to have it made," he said. "I never wrote it down or told anyone, but it is as if he had stolen it". Other versions of Dalí's accusation tend to the more poetic: "He stole it from my subconscious!" or even "He stole my dreams!"[35]
In this period, Dalí's main patron in London was the very wealthy Edward James. He had helped Dalí emerge into the art world by purchasing many works and by supporting him financially for two years. They also collaborated on two of the most enduring icons of the Surrealist movement: the Lobster Telephone and the Mae West Lips Sofa.[citation needed]
In 1938, Dalí met Sigmund Freud thanks to Stefan Zweig. Later, in September 1938, Salvador Dalí was invited by Gabrielle Coco Chanel to her house "La Pausa" in Roquebrune on the French Riviera. There he painted numerous paintings he later exhibited at Julien Levy Gallery in New York.[36][37] At the end of the 20th century, "La Pausa" was partially replicated at the Dallas Museum of Art to welcome the Reeves collection and part of Chanel's original furniture for the house.[38]
Also in 1938, Dali unveiled Rainy Taxi, a three-dimensional artwork, consisting of an actual automobile with two mannequin occupants. The piece was first displayed at the Galerie Beaux-Arts in Paris at the Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme, organised by André Breton and Paul Eluard. The Exposition was designed by artist Marcel Duchamp, who also served as host.[39][40][41]
In 1939, André Breton coined the derogatory nickname "Avida Dollars", an anagram for "Salvador Dalí", and a phonetic rendering of the French avide à dollars, which may be translated as "eager for dollars".[42] This was a derisive reference to the increasing commercialization of Dalí's work, and the perception that Dalí sought self-aggrandizement through fame and fortune. Some surrealists henceforth spoke of Dalí in the past tense, as if he were dead.[citation needed] The Surrealist movement and various members thereof (such as Ted Joans) would continue to issue extremely harsh polemics against Dalí until the time of his death, and beyond.
World War II[link]
In 1940, as World War II tore through Europe, Dalí and Gala retreated to the United States, where they lived for eight years. After the move, Dalí returned to the practice of Catholicism. "During this period, Dalí never stopped writing", wrote Robert and Nicolas Descharnes.[43]
In 1941, Dalí drafted a film scenario for Jean Gabin called Moontide. In 1942, he published his autobiography, The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí. He wrote catalogs for his exhibitions, such as that at the Knoedler Gallery in New York in 1943. Therein he attacked some often-used surrealist techniques by proclaiming, "Surrealism will at least have served to give experimental proof that total sterility and attempts at automatizations have gone too far and have led to a totalitarian system. ... Today's laziness and the total lack of technique have reached their paroxysm in the psychological signification of the current use of the college" (collage). He also wrote a novel, published in 1944, about a fashion salon for automobiles. This resulted in a drawing by Edwin Cox in The Miami Herald, depicting Dalí dressing an automobile in an evening gown.[43]
Also, in The Secret Life Dalí suggested that he had split with Luis Buñuel because the latter was a Communist and an atheist. Buñuel was fired (or resigned) from his position at the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), supposedly after Cardinal Spellman of New York went to see Iris Barry, head of the film department at MOMA. Buñuel then went back to Hollywood where he worked in the dubbing department of Warner Brothers from 1942 to 1946. In his 1982 autobiography Mon Dernier soupir (My Last Sigh, 1983), Buñuel wrote that, over the years, he had rejected Dalí's attempts at reconciliation.[44]
An Italian friar, Gabriele Maria Berardi, claimed to have performed an exorcism on Dalí while he was in France in 1947.[45] In 2005, a sculpture of Christ on the Cross was discovered in the friar's estate. It had been claimed that Dalí gave this work to his exorcist out of gratitude,[45] and two Spanish art experts confirmed that there were adequate stylistic reasons to believe the sculpture was made by Dalí.[45]
Later years in Catalonia[link]
From 1949 onwards, Dalí spent his remaining years back in Catalonia. In 1959, André Breton organized an exhibit called Homage to Surrealism, celebrating the fortieth anniversary of Surrealism, which contained works by Dalí, Joan Miró, Enrique Tábara, and Eugenio Granell. Breton vehemently fought against the inclusion of Dalí's Sistine Madonna in the International Surrealism Exhibition in New York the following year.[46]
Late in his career, Dalí did not confine himself to painting, but experimented with many unusual or novel media and processes: he made bulletist works.[47] Many of his works incorporated optical illusions, negative space, visual puns, and trompe l'oeil visual effects. He also experimented with pointillism, enlarged half-tone dot grids (which Roy Lichtenstein would later use), and stereoscopic images.[48] He was among the first artists to employ holography in an artistic manner.[49] In his later years, young artists such as Andy Warhol proclaimed Dalí an important influence on pop art.[50]
Dalí also had a keen interest in natural science and mathematics. This is manifested in several of his paintings, notably from the 1950s, in which he painted his subjects as composed of rhinoceros horn shapes. According to Dalí, the rhinoceros horn signifies divine geometry because it grows in a logarithmic spiral. He also linked the rhinoceros to themes of chastity and to the Virgin Mary.[51] Dalí was also fascinated by DNA and the tesseract (a 4-dimensional cube); an unfolding of a hypercube is featured in the painting Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus).
At some point, Dalí had a glass floor installed in a room near his studio. He made extensive use of it to study foreshortening, both from above and from below, incorporating dramatic perspectives of figures and objects into his paintings.[52] He also delighted in using the room for entertaining guests and visitors to his house and studio.
Dalí's post–World War II period bore the hallmarks of technical virtuosity and an intensifying interest in optical effects, science, and religion. He became an increasingly devout Catholic, while at the same time he had been inspired by the shock of Hiroshima and the dawning of the "atomic age". Therefore Dalí labeled this period "Nuclear Mysticism." In paintings such as "The Madonna of Port-Lligat" (first version) (1949) and "Corpus Hypercubus" (1954), Dalí sought to synthesize Christian iconography with images of material disintegration inspired by nuclear physics.[53] "Nuclear Mysticism" included such notable pieces as La Gare de Perpignan (1965) and The Hallucinogenic Toreador (1968–70). In 1960, Dalí began work on his Teatro Museo (Dalí Theatre and Museum) in his home town of Figueres; it was his largest single project and the main focus of his energy through 1974. He continued to make additions through the mid-1980s.[citation needed]
In 1968, Dalí filmed a humorous television advertisement for Lanvin chocolates.[54] In this, he proclaims in French "Je suis fou de chocolat Lanvin!" (I'm crazy about Lanvin chocolate) while biting a morsel causing him to become crosseyed and his moustache to swivel upwards. In 1969, he designed the Chupa Chups logo in addition to facilitating the design of the advertising campaign for the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest and creating a large on-stage metal sculpture that stood at the Teatro Real in Madrid.
In the television programme Dirty Dalí: A Private View broadcast on Channel 4 on June 3, 2007, art critic Brian Sewell described his acquaintance with Dalí in the late 1960s, which included lying down in the fetal position without trousers in the armpit of a figure of Christ and masturbating for Dalí, who pretended to take photos while fumbling in his own trousers.[55][56]
Final years[link]
In 1980, Dalí's health took a catastrophic turn. His near-senile wife, Gala, allegedly had been dosing him with a dangerous cocktail of unprescribed medicine that damaged his nervous system, thus causing an untimely end to his artistic capacity. At 76 years old, Dalí was a wreck, and his right hand trembled terribly, with Parkinson-like symptoms.[57]
In 1982, King Juan Carlos bestowed on Dalí the title of Marqués de Dalí de Púbol[58][59] (Marquis of Dalí de Púbol) in the nobility of Spain, hereby referring to Púbol, the place where he lived. The title was in first instance hereditary, but on request of Dalí changed for life only in 1983.[58] To show his gratitude for this, Dalí later gave the king a drawing (Head of Europa, which would turn out to be Dalí's final drawing) after the king visited him on his deathbed.
Gala died on June 10, 1982, at the age of 87. After Gala's death, Dalí lost much of his will to live. He deliberately dehydrated himself, possibly as a suicide attempt, or perhaps in an attempt to put himself into a state of suspended animation as he had read that some microorganisms could do. He moved from Figueres to the castle in Púbol, which he had bought for Gala and was the site of her death.
In 1984, a fire broke out in his bedroom[60] under unclear circumstances. It was possibly a suicide attempt by Dalí, or possibly simple negligence by his staff.[18] In any case, Dalí was rescued and returned to Figueres, where a group of his friends, patrons, and fellow artists saw to it that he was comfortable living in his Theater-Museum in his final years.
There have been allegations that Dalí was forced by his guardians to sign blank canvases that would later, even after his death, be used in forgeries and sold as originals.[61] As a result, art dealers tend to be wary of late works attributed to Dalí.[citation needed]
In November 1988, Dalí entered the hospital with heart failure; a pacemaker had already been implanted previously. On December 5, 1988 he was visited by King Juan Carlos, who confessed that he had always been a serious devotee of Dalí.[62]
On January 23, 1989, while his favorite record of Tristan and Isolde played, he died of heart failure at Figueres at the age of 84. Coming full circle, he is buried in the crypt of his Teatro Museo in Figueres. The location is across the street from the church of Sant Pere, where he had his baptism, first communion, and funeral, and is three blocks from the house where he was born.[63]
The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation currently serves as his official estate.[64] The US copyright representative for the Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation is the Artists Rights Society.[65] In 2002, the Society made the news when they asked Google to remove a customized version of its logo put up to commemorate Dalí, alleging that portions of specific artworks under their protection had been used without permission. Google complied with the request, but denied that there was any copyright violation.[citation needed]
Symbolism[link]
Dalí employed extensive symbolism in his work. For instance, the hallmark "soft watches" that first appear in The Persistence of Memory suggest Einstein's theory that time is relative and not fixed.[27] The idea for clocks functioning symbolically in this way came to Dalí when he was staring at a runny piece of Camembert cheese on a hot August day.[66]
The elephant is also a recurring image in Dalí's works. It first appeared in his 1944 work Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening. The elephants, inspired by Gian Lorenzo Bernini's sculpture base in Rome of an elephant carrying an ancient obelisk,[67] are portrayed "with long, multijointed, almost invisible legs of desire"[68] along with obelisks on their backs. Coupled with the image of their brittle legs, these encumbrances, noted for their phallic overtones, create a sense of phantom reality. "The elephant is a distortion in space", one analysis explains, "its spindly legs contrasting the idea of weightlessness with structure."[68] "I am painting pictures which make me die for joy, I am creating with an absolute naturalness, without the slightest aesthetic concern, I am making things that inspire me with a profound emotion and I am trying to paint them honestly." —Salvador Dalí, in Dawn Ades, Dalí and Surrealism.
The egg is another common Dalíesque image. He connects the egg to the prenatal and intrauterine, thus using it to symbolize hope and love;[69] it appears in The Great Masturbator and The Metamorphosis of Narcissus. The Metamorphosis of Narcissus also symbolized death and petrification.
Various other animals appear throughout his work as well: ants point to death, decay, and immense sexual desire; the snail is connected to the human head (he saw a snail on a bicycle outside Freud's house when he first met Sigmund Freud); and locusts are a symbol of waste and fear.[69]
Science[link]
References to Dalí in the context of science are made in terms of his fascination with the paradigm shift that accompanied the birth of quantum mechanics in the twentieth century. Inspired by Werner Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, in 1958 he wrote in his "Anti-Matter Manifesto": "In the Surrealist period, I wanted to create the iconography of the interior world and the world of the marvelous, of my father Freud. Today, the exterior world and that of physics has transcended the one of psychology. My father today is Dr. Heisenberg."[70]
In this respect, The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory, which appeared in 1954, in hearkening back to The Persistence of Memory, and in portraying that painting in fragmentation and disintegration summarizes Dalí's acknowledgment of the new science.[70]
Endeavors outside painting[link]
Dalí was a versatile artist. Some of his more popular works are sculptures and other objects, and he is also noted for his contributions to theatre, fashion, and photography, among other areas.
Sculptures and other objects[link]
Two of the most popular objects of the surrealist movement were Lobster Telephone and Mae West Lips Sofa, completed by Dalí in 1936 and 1937, respectively. Surrealist artist and patron Edward James commissioned both of these pieces from Dalí; James inherited a large English estate in West Dean, West Sussex when he was five and was one of the foremost supporters of the surrealists in the 1930s.[71] "Lobsters and telephones had strong sexual connotations for [Dalí]", according to the display caption for the Lobster Telephone at the Tate Gallery, "and he drew a close analogy between food and sex."[72] The telephone was functional, and James purchased four of them from Dalí to replace the phones in his retreat home. One now appears at the Tate Gallery; the second can be found at the German Telephone Museum in Frankfurt; the third belongs to the Edward James Foundation; and the fourth is at the National Gallery of Australia.[71]
The wood and satin Mae West Lips Sofa was shaped after the lips of actress Mae West, whom Dalí apparently found fascinating.[23] West was previously the subject of Dalí's 1935 painting The Face of Mae West. Mae West Lips Sofa currently resides at the Brighton and Hove Museum in England.
Between 1941 and 1970, Dalí created an ensemble of 39 jewels. The jewels are intricate, and some contain moving parts. The most famous jewel, "The Royal Heart", is made of gold and is encrusted with 46 rubies, 42 diamonds, and four emeralds and is created in such a way that the center "beats" much like a real heart. Dalí himself commented that "Without an audience, without the presence of spectators, these jewels would not fulfill the function for which they came into being. The viewer, then, is the ultimate artist." (Dalí, 1959.) The "Dalí – Joies" ("The Jewels of Dalí") collection can be seen at the Dalí Theater Museum in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain, where it is on permanent exhibition.
Dalí took a stab at industrial design in the 1970s with a 500-piece run of the upscale Suomi tableware by Timo Sarpaneva that Dalí decorated for the German Rosenthal porcelain maker's Studio Linie.[73]
Theatre and film[link]
In theatre, Dalí constructed the scenery for Federico García Lorca's 1927 romantic play Mariana Pineda.[74] For Bacchanale (1939), a ballet based on and set to the music of Richard Wagner's 1845 opera Tannhäuser, Dalí provided both the set design and the libretto.[75] Bacchanale was followed by set designs for Labyrinth in 1941 and The Three-Cornered Hat in 1949.[76]
Dalí became intensely interested in film when he was young, going to the theatre most Sundays. He was part of the era where silent films were being viewed and drawing on the medium of film became popular. He believed there were two dimensions to the theories of film and cinema: "things themselves", the facts that are presented in the world of the camera; and "photographic imagination", the way the camera shows the picture and how creative or imaginative it looks.[77] Dalí was active in front of and behind the scenes in the film world.
He is credited as co-creator of Luis Buñuel's surrealist film Un Chien Andalou, a 17-minute French art film co-written with Luis Buñuel that is widely remembered for its graphic opening scene simulating the slashing of a human eyeball with a razor. This film is what Dalí is known for in the independent film world. Un Chien Andalou was Dalí's way of creating his dreamlike qualities in the real world. Images would change and scenes would switch, leading the viewer in a completely different direction from the one they were previously viewing. The second film he produced with Buñuel was entitled L'Age d'Or, and it was performed at Studio 28 in Paris in 1930. L'Age d'Or was "banned for years after fascist and anti-Semitic groups staged a stink bomb and ink-throwing riot in the Paris theater where it was shown".[78]
Although negative aspects of society were being thrown into the life of Dalí which affected the commercial success of his artwork, it did not hold him back from expressing his own ideas and beliefs in his art. Both of these films, Un Chien Andalou and L'Age d'Or, have had a tremendous impact on the independent surrealist film movement. "If Un Chien Andalou stands as the supreme record of Surrealism's adventures into the realm of the unconscious, then L'Âge d'Or is perhaps the most trenchant and implacable expression of its revolutionary intent".[79]
Dalí worked with other famous filmmakers, such as Alfred Hitchcock. The most well-known of his film projects is probably the dream sequence in Hitchcock's Spellbound, which heavily delves into themes of psychoanalysis. Hitchcock needed a dreamlike quality to his film, which dealt with the idea that a repressed experience can directly trigger a neurosis, and he knew that Dalí's work would help create the atmosphere he wanted in his film. He also worked on a documentary called Chaos and Creation, which has a lot of artistic references thrown into it to help one see what Dalí's vision of art really is.
Dalí also worked with Walt Disney on the short film production Destino. Completed in 2003 by Baker Bloodworth and Walt's nephew Roy E. Disney, it contains dreamlike images of strange figures flying and walking about. It is based on Mexican songwriter Armando Dominguez' song "Destino". When Disney hired Dalí to help produce the film in 1946, they were not prepared for the quantity of work that lay ahead. For eight months, they worked on it continuously, until their efforts had to stop when they realized they were in financial trouble. However, it was eventually finished 48 years later, and shown in various film festivals. The film consists of Dalí's artwork interacting with Disney's character animation.
Dalí completed only one other film in his lifetime, Impressions of Upper Mongolia (1975), in which he narrated a story about an expedition in search of giant hallucinogenic mushrooms. The imagery was based on microscopic uric acid stains on the brass band of a ballpoint pen on which Dalí had been urinating for several weeks.[80]
Fashion and photography[link]
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Dalí built a repertoire in the fashion and photography businesses as well. His cooperation with Italian fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli was well-known, when Dalí was commissioned to produce a white dress with a lobster print. Other designs Dalí made for her include a shoe-shaped hat, and a pink belt with lips for a buckle. He was also involved in creating textile designs and perfume bottles. In 1950, Dalí created a special "costume for the year 2045" with Christian Dior.[75]
Photographers with whom he collaborated include Man Ray, Brassaï, Cecil Beaton, and Philippe Halsman. With Man Ray and Brassaï, Dalí photographed nature; with the others, he explored a range of obscure topics, including (with Halsman) the Dalí Atomica series (1948) — inspired by his painting Leda Atomica — which in one photograph depicts "a painter's easel, three cats, a bucket of water, and Dalí himself floating in the air."[75]
One of Dalí's most unorthodox artistic creations may have been an entire persona, in addition to his own. At a French nightclub in 1965, Dalí met Amanda Lear, a fashion model then known as Peki D'Oslo.[81] Lear became his protégée and muse,[81] later writing about their affair in her authorized biography My Life With Dalí (1986).[82] Transfixed by the mannish, larger-than-life Lear, Dalí masterminded her successful transition from modeling to the music world, advising her on self-presentation and helping spin mysterious stories about her origin as she took the disco-art scene by storm. According to Lear, she and Dalí were united in a "spiritual marriage" on a deserted mountaintop.[81] She was referred to as Dalí's "Frankenstein,"[83] and some observers believed Lear's assumed name was a pun on the French phrase "L'Amant Dalí", or "Lover of Dalí". Lear took the place of an earlier muse, Ultra Violet (Isabelle Collin Dufresne), who had left Dalí's side to join The Factory of Andy Warhol.[84]
Both former apprentices would go on to successfully promote their own careers in the arts. On April 10, 2005 they joined a panel discussion "Reminiscences of Dalí: A Conversation with Friends of the Artist" as part of a symposium "The Dalí Renaissance" for a major retrospective Dalí show at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.[85] Their conversation is recorded in the 236-page exhibition catalog, The Dalí Renaissance: New Perspectives on His Life and Art after 1940.[86]
Architecture[link]
Architectural achievements include his Port Lligat house near Cadaqués, as well as his Teatro Museo in Figueres. A major work outside of Spain was the temporary Dream of Venus surrealist pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair, which contained within it a number of unusual sculptures and statues, including live performers posing as statues.[87]
Literary works[link]
Under the encouragement of poet Federico García Lorca, Dalí attempted an approach to a literary career through the means of the "pure novel". In his literary production, Hidden Faces (1944), Dalí describes, in vividly visual terms, the intrigues and love affairs of a group of dazzling, eccentric aristocrats who, with their luxurious and extravagant lifestyle, symbolize the decadence of the 1930s. The Comte de Grainsalles and Solange de Cladel pursue an awkward love affair, but property transactions, interwar political turmoil, the French Resistance, his marriage to another woman and her responsibilities as a landowner and businesswoman drive them apart. It is variously set in Paris, rural France, Casablanca in North Africa and Palm Springs in the United States. Secondary characters include ageing widow Barbara Rogers, her bisexual daughter Veronica, Veronica's sometime female lover Betka and Baba, a disfigured US fighter pilot. The novel concludes at the end of the Second World War, with Solange dying before Grainsalles can return to his former property and reunite with her [88]
His other, nonfictional literary works include The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí (1942), Diary of a Genius (1952–63), and Oui: The Paranoid-Critical Revolution (1927–33).
Graphic arts[link]
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The artist worked extensively in the graphic arts, producing many etchings and lithographs. While his early work in printmaking is equal in quality to his important paintings, as he grew older he would sell the rights to images but not be involved in the print production itself. In addition, a large number of unauthorized fakes were produced in the 1980s and 1990s, thus further confusing the Dalí print market.
Politics and personality[link]
Salvador Dalí's politics played a significant role in his emergence as an artist. In his youth, he embraced both anarchism and Communism, though his writings tell anecdotes of making radical political statements more to shock listeners than from any deep conviction. This was in keeping with Dalí's allegiance to the Dada movement.
As he grew older his political allegiances changed, especially as the Surrealist movement went through transformations under the leadership of the Trotskyist writer André Breton, who is said to have called Dalí in for questioning on his politics. In his 1970 book Dalí by Dalí, Dalí declared himself to be both an anarchist and monarchist.
With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), Dalí fled from the fighting and refused to align himself with any group. He did the same during World War II (1939–1945), for which he was heavily criticized; George Orwell accused him of "scuttling off like a rat as soon as France is in danger" after Dalí had prospered in France during the pre-war years. "When the European War approaches he has one preoccupation only: how to find a place which has good cookery and from which he can make a quick bolt if danger comes too near", Orwell observed.[89] In a notable 1944 review of Dalí's autobiography, Orwell wrote, "One ought to be able to hold in one's head simultaneously the two facts that Dalí is a good draughtsman and a disgusting human being".[89]
After his return to Catalonia post World War II, Dalí moved closer to the authoritarian regime of Francisco Franco. Some of Dalí's statements were supportive, congratulating Franco for his actions aimed "at clearing Spain of destructive forces".[90] Dalí, having returned to the Catholic faith and becoming increasingly religious as time went on, may have been referring to the Republican atrocities during the Spanish Civil War.[91][92] Dalí sent telegrams to Franco, praising him for signing death warrants for prisoners.[90] He even met Franco personally,[93] and painted a portrait of Franco's granddaughter.
He also once sent a telegram praising the Conduc?tor, Romanian Communist leader Nicolae Ceauşescu, for his adoption of a scepter as part of his regalia. The Romanian daily newspaper Scînteia published it, without suspecting its mocking aspect. One of Dalí's few possible bits of open disobedience was his continued praise of Federico García Lorca even in the years when Lorca's works were banned.[17][not in citation given]
Dalí, a colorful and imposing presence with his ever–present long cape, walking stick, haughty expression, and upturned waxed mustache, was famous for having said that "every morning upon awakening, I experience a supreme pleasure: that of being Salvador Dalí".[94] The entertainer Cher and her husband Sonny Bono, when young, came to a party at Dalí's expensive residence in New York's Plaza Hotel and were startled when Cher sat down on an oddly shaped sexual vibrator left in an easy chair.[citation needed] In the 1960s, he gave the actress Mia Farrow a dead mouse in a bottle, hand-painted, which her mother, actress Maureen O'Sullivan, demanded be removed from her house.[95]
When signing autographs for fans, Dalí would always keep their pens.[citation needed] Salvador Dalí frequently traveled with his pet ocelot Babou, even bringing it aboard the luxury ocean liner, SS France.[citation needed]
Besides visual puns, Dalí shared in the surrealist delight in verbal puns, obscure allusions, and word games. He often spoke in a bizarre combination of French, Spanish, Catalan, and English which was sometimes amusing as well as arcane. His copious writings freely mixed words from different languages with terms entirely of his own devising.[citation needed]
When interviewed by Mike Wallace on his 60 Minutes television show, Dalí kept referring to himself in the third person, and told the startled Mr. Wallace matter-of-factly that "Dalí is immortal and will not die". During another television appearance, on The Tonight Show, Dalí carried with him a leather rhinoceros and refused to sit upon anything else.[citation needed] In a late 1950s appearance on the panel show What's My Line?, he was a mystery guest, and signed the chalkboard with thick white paint.[96]
Legacy[link]
Salvador Dalí has been cited as major inspiration from many modern artists, such as Damien Hirst, Noel Fielding, Jeff Koons and most other modern surrealists. Salvador Dalí's manic expression and famous moustache have made him something of a cultural icon for the bizarre and surreal. He has been portrayed on film by Robert Pattinson in Little Ashes, and Adrien Brody in Midnight in Paris. He was also parodied in a series of painting skits on Captain Kangaroo as "Salvador Silly" (played by Cosmo Allegretti) and in a Sesame Street muppet skit as "Salvador Dada" (an orange gold AM performed by Jim Henson).
Listing of selected works[link]
Main article: List of works by Salvador Dalí
Dalí produced over 1,500 paintings in his career[97] in addition to producing illustrations for books, lithographs, designs for theatre sets and costumes, a great number of drawings, dozens of sculptures, and various other projects, including an animated short film for Disney. He also collaborated with director Jack Bond in 1965, creating a movie titled Dalí in New York. Below is a chronological sample of important and representative work, as well as some notes on what Dalí did in particular years.[3]
In Carlos Lozano's biography, Sex, Surrealism, Dalí, and Me, produced with the collaboration of Clifford Thurlow, Lozano makes it clear that Dalí never stopped being a surrealist. As Dalí said of himself: "the only difference between me and the surrealists is that I am a surrealist."[42]
- 1910 Landscape Near Figueras
- 1913 Vilabertin
- 1916 Fiesta in Figueras (begun 1914)
- 1917 View of Cadaqués with Shadow of Mount Pani
- 1918 Crepuscular Old Man (begun 1917)
- 1919 Port of Cadaqués (Night) (begun 1918) and Self-portrait in the Studio
- 1920 The Artist's Father at Llane Beach and View of Portdogué (Port Aluger)
- 1921 The Garden of Llaner (Cadaqués) (begun 1920) and Self-portrait
- 1922 Cabaret Scene and Night Walking Dreams
- 1923 Self Portrait with L'Humanite and Cubist Self Portrait with La Publicitat
- 1924 Still Life (Syphon and Bottle of Rum) (for García Lorca) and Portrait of Luis Buñuel
- 1925 Large Harlequin and Small Bottle of Rum and a series of fine portraits of his sister Anna Maria, most notably Figure at a Window
- 1926 The Basket of Bread and Girl from Figueres
- 1927 Composition with Three Figures (Neo-Cubist Academy) and Honey is Sweeter than Blood (his first important surrealist work)
- 1929 Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog) film in collaboration with Luis Buñuel, The Lugubrious Game, The Great Masturbator, The First Days of Spring, and The Profanation of the Host
- 1930 L'Age d'Or (The Golden Age) film in collaboration with Luis Buñuel
- 1931 The Persistence of Memory (his most famous work, featuring the "melting clocks"), The Old Age of William Tell, and William Tell and Gradiva
- 1932 The Spectre of Sex Appeal, The Birth of Liquid Desires, Anthropomorphic Bread, and Fried Eggs on the Plate without the Plate. The Invisible Man (begun 1929) completed (although not to Dalí's own satisfaction)
- 1933 Retrospective Bust of a Woman (mixed media sculpture collage) and Portrait of Gala With Two Lamb Chops Balanced on Her Shoulder, Gala in the Window
- 1934 The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table and A Sense of Speed
- 1935 Archaeological Reminiscence of Millet's Angelus and The Face of Mae West
- 1936 Autumn Cannibalism, Lobster Telephone, Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War) and two works titled Morphological Echo (the first of which began in 1934)
- 1937 Metamorphosis of Narcissus, Swans Reflecting Elephants, The Burning Giraffe, Sleep, The Enigma of Hitler, Mae West Lips Sofa and Cannibalism in Autumn
- 1938 The Sublime Moment and Apparition of Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach
- 1939 Shirley Temple, The Youngest, Most Sacred Monster of the Cinema in Her Time
- 1940 Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire, The Face of War
- 1941 Honey is Sweeter than Blood
- 1943 The Poetry of America and Geopoliticus Child Watching the Birth of the New Man
- 1944 Galarina and Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening
- 1944–48 Hidden Faces, a novel
- 1945, Basket of Bread—Rather Death than Shame and Fountain of Milk Flowing Uselessly on Three Shoes; also this year, Dalí collaborated with Alfred Hitchcock on a dream sequence to the film Spellbound, to mutual dissatisfaction
- 1946 The Temptation of St. Anthony
- 1948 Les Elephants
- 1949 Leda Atomica and The Madonna of Port Lligat. Dalí returned to Catalonia this year
- 1951 Christ of Saint John of the Cross and Exploding Raphaelesque Head
- 1951 Katharine Cornell, a portrait of the famed actress
- 1952 Galatea of the Spheres
- 1954 The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory (begun in 1952), Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) and Young Virgin Auto-Sodomized by the Horns of Her Own Chastity
- 1955 The Sacrament of the Last Supper, Lonesome Echo, record album cover for Jackie Gleason
- 1956 Still Life Moving Fast, Rinoceronte vestido con puntillas
- 1957 Santiago el Grande oil on canvas on permanent display at Beaverbrook Art Gallery in Fredericton, NB, Canada
- 1958 The Meditative Rose
- 1959 The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus
- 1960 Composición Numérica (de fond préparatoire inachevé)]
- 1960 Dalí began work on the Teatro-Museo Gala Salvador Dalí and Portrait of Juan de Pareja, the Assistant to Velázquez
- 1963–1964 They Will All Come from Saba a work in water color depicting the Magi at St. Petersbur's Dali Museum
- 1965 Dalí donates a gouache, ink and pencil drawing of the Crucifixion to the Rikers Island jail in New York City. The drawing hung in the inmate dining room from 1965 to 1981[98]
- 1965 Dalí in New York
- 1967 Tuna Fishing
- 1969 Chupa Chups logo
- 1969 Improvisation on a Sunday Afternoon, television collaboration with the rock group Nirvana
- 1970 The Hallucinogenic Toreador, acquired in 1969 by A. Reynolds Morse & Eleanor R. Morse before it was completed
- 1972 La Toile Daligram, Helena Devulina Diakanoff – dit., GALA
- 1973 "Le Diners De Gala", an ornately illustrated cook book
- 1976 Gala Contemplating the Mediterranean Sea
- 1977 Dalí's Hand Drawing Back the Golden Fleece in the Form of a Cloud to Show Gala Completely Nude, Very Far Away Behind the Sun (stereoscopical pair of paintings)
- 1983 Dalí completes his final painting, The Swallow's Tail
- 2003 Destino, an animated short film originally a collaboration between Dalí and Walt Disney, is released. Production on Destino began in 1945
The largest collections of Dalí's work are at the Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain, followed by the Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, which contains the collection of A. Reynolds Morse & Eleanor R. Morse. It holds over 1,500 works from Dalí. Other particularly significant collections include the Reina Sofia Museum in Madrid and the Salvador Dalí Gallery in Pacific Palisades, California. Espace Dalí in Montmartre, Paris, France, as well as the Dalí Universe in London, England, contain a large collection of his drawings and sculptures.
The unlikeliest venue for Dalí's work was the Rikers Island jail in New York City; a sketch of the Crucifixion he donated to the jail hung in the inmate dining room for 16 years before it was moved to the prison lobby for safekeeping. Ironically, the drawing was stolen from that location in March 2003 and has not been recovered.[98]
Dalí museums and permanent exhbitions[link]
- Dalí Theatre and Museum – in Figueres, Catalonia
- Dalí Universe – in London, England
- Salvador Dalí Museum – in St Petersburg, Florida, USA
- Espace Dalí – in Paris, France
- Dalí, a permanent exhibition - in Berlin, Germany
Major temporary exhibitions[link]
- The Dalí Renaissance: New Perspectives on His Life and Art after 1940 (2005) Philadelphia Museum of Art[86]
Gallery[link]
-
Gala in the Window (1933)
Marbella. -
Rinoceronte vestido con puntillas (1956)
Puerto José Banús. -
Plaza de Dalí (Dalí Square), Madrid
-
Children at Dalí exhibition in Sakıp Sabancı Museum, Istanbul
_08.jpg)
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Alex Ross Biography". alexrossart.com. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ "Phelan, Joseph, ',The Salvador Dalí Show". Artcyclopedia.com. http://www.artcyclopedia.com/feature-2005-03.html. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ a b Dalí, Salvador. (2000) Dalí: 16 Art Stickers, Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-41074-9.
- ^ Ian Gibson (1997). The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí. W. W. Norton & Company. http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/g/gibson-dali.html. Gibson found out that "Dalí" (and its many variants) is an extremely common surname in Arab countries like Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria or Egypt. On the other hand, also according to Gibson, Dalí's mother family, the Domènech of Barcelona, had Jewish roots.
- ^ Saladyga, Stephen Francis. "The Mindset of Salvador Dalí". lamplighter (Niagara University). Vol. 1 No. 3, Summer 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2006.
- ^ Birth certificate and "Dalí Biography". Dalí Museum. Dalí Museum. http://www.salvadordalimuseum.org/history/biography.html. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
- ^ Dalí, The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí, 1948, London: Vision Press, p.33
- ^ a b c d e f Llongueras, Lluís. (2004) Dalí, Ediciones B – Mexico. ISBN 84-666-1343-9.
- ^ a b Rojas, Carlos. Salvador Dalí, Or the Art of Spitting on Your Mother's Portrait, Penn State Press (1993). ISBN 0-271-00842-3.
- ^ Salvador Dalí. SINA.com. Retrieved on July 31, 2006.
- ^ Salvador Dalí biography on astrodatabank.com. Retrieved September 30, 2006.
- ^ a b Dalí, Secret Life, p.2
- ^ "Dalí Biography 1904–1989 – Part Two". artelino.com. http://www.artelino.com/articles/dali.asp. Retrieved September 30, 2006.
- ^ Dalí, Secret Life, pp.152–153
- ^ As listed in his prison record of 1924, aged 20. However, his hairdresser and biographer, Luis Llongueras, states Dalí was 1.74 m (5 ft 8 1?2 in) tall.
- ^ For more in-depth information about the Lorca-Dalí connection see Lorca-Dalí: el amor que no pudo ser and The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí, both by Ian Gibson.
- ^ a b Bosquet, Alain, Conversations with Dalí, 1969. p. 19–20. (PDF format) (of García Lorca) 'S.D.:He was homosexual, as everyone knows, and madly in love with me. He tried to screw me twice .... I was extremely annoyed, because I wasn’t homosexual, and I wasn’t interested in giving in. Besides, it hurts. So nothing came of it. But I felt awfully flattered vis-à-vis the prestige. Deep down I felt that he was a great poet and that I owe him a tiny bit of the Divine Dalí's asshole. He eventually bagged a young girl, and she replaced me in the sacrifice. Failing to get me to put my ass at his disposal, he swore that the girl's sacrifice was matched by his own: it was the first time he had ever slept with a woman.'
- ^ a b c Salvador Dalí: Olga's Gallery. Retrieved on July 22, 2006.
- ^ "Paintings Gallery No. 5". Dali-gallery.com. http://www.dali-gallery.com/html/galleries/painting05.htm. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ Hodge, Nicola, and Libby Anson. The A–Z of Art: The World's Greatest and Most Popular Artists and Their Works. California: Thunder Bay Press, 1996. Online citation.
- ^ "Phelan, Joseph". Artcyclopedia.com. http://www.artcyclopedia.com/feature-2005-03.html. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ Koller, Michael. Un Chien Andalou. senses of cinema January 2001. Retrieved on July 26, 2006.
- ^ a b c Shelley, Landry. "Dalí Wows Crowd in Philadelphia". Unbound (The College of New Jersey) Spring 2005. Retrieved on July 22, 2006.
- ^ Gibson, Ian (1997). The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 238–9. ISBN 0-571-19380-3.
- ^ "Gala Biography". Dalí. Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation. http://www.salvador-dali.org/dali/en_biografia-gala.html. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ^ Clocking in with Salvador Dalí: Salvador Dalí's Melting Watches (PDF) from the Salvador Dalí Museum. Retrieved on August 19, 2006.
- ^ a b Salvador Dalí, La Conquête de l'irrationnel (Paris: Éditions surréalistes, 1935), p. 25.
- ^ Carré d'Art, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Paris, Anagramme, 2008, p. 212
- ^ Amengual, Margalida (17 October 2011). "An opera on the relationship between Salvador Dalí and Gala arrives at Barcelona’s Liceu". Catalan News Agency (CNA). Intracatalònia, SA. http://www.catalannewsagency.com/news/culture/opera-relationship-between-salvador-dal%C3%AD-and-gala-arrives-barcelona’s-liceu. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ^ Current Biography 1940, pp219–220
- ^ Luis Buñuel, My Last Sigh: The Autobiography of Luis Buñuel, Vintage 1984. ISBN 0-8166-4387-3
- ^ Greeley, Robin Adèle (2006). Surrealism and the Spanish Civil War, Yale University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-300-11295-5.
- ^ Jackaman, Rob. (1989) The Course of English Surrealist Poetry Since the 1930s, Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-932-6.
- ^ Current Biography 1940, p219
- ^ "Program Notes by Andy Ditzler (2005) and Deborah Solomon, ',Utopia Parkway:The Life of Joseph Cornell (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2003)". Andel.home.mindspring.com. http://andel.home.mindspring.com/cornell_notes.htm. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ Salvador Dalí Exhibition, Exhibition Catalogue – February 16 through May 15, 2005
- ^ http://philadelphia.about.com/od/salvador_dali/a/salvador_dali_a.htm
- ^ Bretell, Richard R. (1995). Impressionist paintings, drawings, and sculpture from the Wendy and Emery Reeves Collection. Dallas Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-936227-15-3.
- ^ Salvador Dalí. Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation. Retrieved 2011-06-07
- ^ J. Herbert, Paris 1937: Worlds on Exhibition (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998) ISBN 0-8014-3494-7
- ^ A. Cohen-Solal, Leo and His Circle: The Life of Leo Castelli (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010) ISBN 978-1-4000-4427-6
- ^ a b Artcyclopedia: Salvador Dalí. Retrieved September 4, 2006.
- ^ a b Descharnes, Robert and Nicolas. Salvador Dalí. New York: Konecky & Konecky, 1993. p. 35.
- ^ Luis Buñuel, My Last Sigh: The Autobiography of Luis Buñuel (Vintage, 1984) ISBN 0-8166-4387-3
- ^ a b c Dalí's gift to exorcist uncovered Catholic News, October 14, 2005.
- ^ López, Ignacio Javier. The Old Age of William Tell (A study of Buñuel's Tristana). MLN 116 (2001): 295–314.
- ^ The Phantasmagoric Universe—Espace Dalí À Montmartre. Bonjour Paris. Retrieved on August 22, 2006.
- ^ Ades, ed. by Dawn (2000). Dalí's optical illusions : [Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, January 21 - March 26, 2000 : Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, April 19 - June 18, 2000 ; Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, July 25 - October 1, 2000]. New Haven CT: Yale Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0300081770.
- ^ The History and Development of Holography. Holophile. Retrieved on August 22, 2006.
- ^ Hello, Dalí. Carnegie Magazine. Retrieved on August 22, 2006.
- ^ Elliott H. King in Dawn Ades (ed.), Dalí, Bompiani Arte, Milan, 2004, p. 456.
- ^ Ades, ed. by Dawn (2000). Dalí's optical illusions : [Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, January 21 - March 26, 2000 : Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, April 19 - June 18, 2000 ; Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, July 25 - October 1, 2000]. New Haven CT: Yale Univ. Press. pp. 17-18. ISBN 978-0300081770.
- ^ Salvador Dalí Bio, Art on 5th. Retrieved July 22, 2006. Archived May 4, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Salvador Dalí at Le Meurice Paris and St Regis in New York Andreas Augustin, ehotelier.com, 2007
- ^ "Scotsman review of Dirty Dalí". The Scotsman. UK. http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=869862007. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ The Dali I knew By Brian Sewell, thisislondon.co.uk
- ^ Ian Gibson (1997). The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí. W. W. Norton & Company.
- ^ a b Excerpts from the BOE – Website Heráldica y Genealogía Hispana
- ^ Dalí as "Marqués de Dalí de Púbol" – Boletín Oficial del Estado, the official gazette of the Spanish government
- ^ "Dalí Resting at Castle After Injury in Fire". The New York Times. September 1, 1984. Retrieved July 22, 2006.
- ^ Mark Rogerson (1989). The Dalí Scandal: An Investigation. Victor Gollancz. ISBN 0-575-03786-5.
- ^ Etherington -Smith, Meredith The Persistence of Memory: A Biography of Dalí p. 411, 1995 Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-80662-2
- ^ Etherington -Smith, Meredith The Persistence of Memory: A Biography of Dalí pp. xxiv, 411–412, 1995 Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-80662-2
- ^ http://www.salvador-dali.org/en_index.html | The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation website
- ^ http://arsny.com/requested.html | Most frequently requested artists list of the Artists Rights Society
- ^ Salvador Dalí, The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí (New York: Dial Press, 1942), p. 317.
- ^ Michael Taylor in Dawn Ades (ed.), Dalí (Milan: Bompiani, 2004), p. 342
- ^ a b Dalí Universe Collection. County Hall Gallery. Retrieved on July 28, 2006.
- ^ a b "Salvador Dalí's symbolism". County Hall Gallery. Retrieved on July 28, 2006
- ^ a b Dalí: Explorations into the domain of science. The Triangle Online. Retrieved August 8, 2006.
- ^ a b Lobster telephone. National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved on August 4, 2006.
- ^ Tate Collection | Lobster Telephone by Salvador Dalí. Tate Online. Retrieved on August 4, 2006.
- ^ [Anon.] (1976). "Faenza-Goldmedaille für SUOMI". Artis 29: 8. ISSN 0004-3842.
- ^ Federico García Lorca. Pegásos. Retrieved on August 8, 2006.
- ^ a b c Dalí Rotterdam Museum Boijmans. Paris Contemporary Designs. Retrieved on August 8, 2006.
- ^ Past Exhibitions. Haggerty Museum of Art. Retrieved August 8, 2006.
- ^ "Dali & Film" Edt. Gale, Matthew. Salvador Dalí Museum Inc. St Petersburg, Florida. 2007.
- ^ "L'Âge d'Or (The Golden Age)" Harvard Film Archive. 2006. April 10, 2008.
- ^ Short, Robert. "The Age of Gold: Surrealist Cinema, Persistence of Vision" Vol. 3, 2002.
- ^ Elliott H. King, Dalí, Surrealism and Cinema, Kamera Books 2007, p. 169.
- ^ a b c Prose, Francine. (2000) The Lives of the Muses: Nine Women and the Artists they Inspired. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-055525-4.
- ^ Lear, Amanda. (1986) My Life with Dalí. Beaufort Books. ISBN 0-8253-0373-7.
- ^ Lozano, Carlos. (2000) Sex, Surrealism, Dalí, and Me. Razor Books Ltd. ISBN 0-9538205-0-5.
- ^ Etherington-Smith, Meredith. (1995) The Persistence of Memory: A Biography of Dalí. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80662-2.
- ^ "(Symposium announcement)". The Dalí Renaissance: An international symposium. Philadelphia Museum of Art. April 10–11, 2005. http://www.philamuseum.org/micro_sites/exhibitions/dali/downloads/symposium.pdf. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ a b Taylor, edited by Michael R. (2008). The Dalí renaissance : new perspectives on his life and art after 1940 : an international symposium. New Haven, Conn.: Philadelphia Museum of Art, distributed by Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300136470. http://www.philamuseum.org/publications/377-1-31012.html.
- ^ Schaffner, Ingrid, Photogr. by Eric Schaal (2002). Salvador Dalí's "Dream of Venus" : the surrealist funhouse from the 1939 World's Fair (1. ed.). New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1568983592.
- ^ Salvador Dali: Hidden faces: London: Owen: 1973
- ^ a b Orwell, George "Benefit of Clergy: Some Notes on Salvador Dalí". theorwellprize.co.uk. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
- ^ a b Navarro, Vicente, PhD "The Jackboot of Dada: Salvador Dalí, Fascist". Counterpunch. December 6, 2003. Retrieved July 22, 2006.
- ^ "Payne, Stanley G. THE A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol. 2, Ch. 26, p. 648–651 (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE Accessed May 15, 2007)". Libro.uca.edu. http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne26.htm. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
- ^ De la Cueva, Julio, "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War", Journal of Contemporary History, Vol XXXIII – 3, 1998.
- ^ Salvador Dalí pictured with Francisco Franco[dead link]
- ^ The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí. Smithsonian Magazine. 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2006.
- ^ Dali and Mia Farrow a Surreal Fiendship
- ^ Dali on Whats my Line
- ^ "The Salvador Dalí Online Exhibit". MicroVision. http://www.daliweb.tampa.fl.us/collection.htm. Retrieved June 13, 2006.
- ^ a b "Dalí picture sprung from jail". BBC. March 2, 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2812683.stm.
References[link]
- Linde Sabler. "Dalí". London: Haus Publishing, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 978-1-904341-75-8).
- Salvador Dali interviewed by Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview April 19, 1985
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Salvador Dalí |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Salvador Dalí |
- Biographies and news
- Dalí's surreal wind-powered organ lacks only a rhinoceros
- UbuWeb: Salvador Dalí—Interview and bank advertisement.
- Salvador Dalí in the INA Archives – A collection of interviews and footage of Dalí in the French television
- Other links
- Literary news about Salvador Dalí in Lletra, Catalan literature online at the Open University of Catalonia.
- The Image Library of prints by Salvador Dali
- Robert Whitaker, Photographer, took many great images of Dali
- Salvador Dalí at the Museum of Modern Art
- Article on Dalí's religious faith
- The Salvador Dalí photo library 60.000 photos
- Article on Dalí's opera poem Être Dieu: opéra-poème, audiovisuel et cathare en six parties (Being God: a Cathar Audiovisual Opera-Poem in Six Parts)
- Watch Un Chien Andalou at LikeTelevision
- Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation English language site
- St. Petersburg Dalí Museum
- Kurutz, Steven, "Hello, Dali: Surrealist Museum Becomes a Reality", The Wall Street Journal Speakeasy blog, January 11, 2011, 4:46 pm ET. Interview with St. Petersburg (FL) museum director Dr. Hank Hine about new building.
- "The shameful life of Salvador Dalí" (the witches of Llers)".
- Dalí and Fages: "that intelligent and most cordial of collaborations"
- "El Triomf I el Rodoli de la Gala I en Dali"
- "Not by Dali -- blog post by art appraiser and Dali expert Bernard Ewell"
- Exhibitions
- Espace Dalí—The unique permanent exhibition in France (Museum & Dalí Fine Art Galleries)
- Dalí & Film – Tate Modern, London
- Museum-Gallery Xpo: Salvador Dalí, Marquis de Púbol in Bruges
- Museum of Modern Art
- Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies. ULAN Full Record Display for Salvador Dalí. Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dalí, Salvador |
| Alternative names | Dalí, Salvador Felip Jacint, Domènech; Dalí, Salvador Felipe Jacinto, Domènech |
| Short description | 20th century Catalan surrealist artist |
| Date of birth | May 11, 1904 |
| Place of birth | Figueres, Catalonia, Spain |
| Date of death | January 23, 1989 |
| Place of death | Figueres, Catalonia, Spain |
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Macworld SF 2003 part 1
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Macworld SF 2003 part 1
If you could only ever see one Macworld keynote with Steve Jobs, this would be it. In the final half hour of this Macworld, Mr. Jobs was at the top of his game with the audience completely eating out of his hand. Apple had the technology introductions to back it up too: the world's first 17in widescreen notebook, the first full featured 12in notebook, first ever introduction of 802.11g, first ever backlit keyboard, first introduction of firewire 800. With each introduction the audience goes crazy, and Steve continues to bring them out with perfect salesman timing. This segment begins right after he just got done introducing Keynote for the first time as well, and he gave everyone in the audience a free copy. They were primed. This 3 part video should serve instructionally for anyone who ever aspired to giving a great presentation. No doubt, Steve Jobs is the master at this, and as I said earlier, this may be his greatest Keynote ever. part 2: www.youtube.com part 3: www.youtube.com
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Half Life 2 Tech Demo - E3 2003
seinjunkie
Half Life 2 Tech Demo - E3 2003
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