Flemings
(Vlamingen)

The Flemish Community (red) within Belgium.
Total population
6,550,000 (2006 estimate)
Regions with significant populations
Belgium 6,230,000 [1]  France 187, 750 [2]  United States 389,171 [3]  South Africa 55,200 [2]  Australia 15,130 [2]  Brazil 6,000 [2]

Today, the Flemings or Flemish (Dutch: “de Vlamingen”; French: “les Flamands”) refers to the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of Belgium, where they are mostly found in the northern region of Flanders. They are one of two principal cultural-linguistic groups in Belgium, the other being the French-speaking Walloons. The Flemings make up the majority of the Belgian population (about 60%). Historically, “the Flemings” also refers to the inhabitants of the ancient county of Flanders, including the French-speaking or Picard-speaking Flemings of the regions around Tournai (today in Wallonia), Lille and Douai (today in French Flanders), who were called “les Flamands wallons” (the Romance Flemings).^[4]

History[link]

The feel of 'Flemish' being a national identity increased heavily, shortly after the Belgian Revolution. Prior to this, the term 'Flemings' in the Dutch language was in first place used for the inhabitants of the former County of Flanders. Flemish however had been used since the 14th century to describe the language of both the peoples of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant.^[5] Italians started in 15th century to describe both peoples as 'Fiamingi', the English and the French followed in the 16th. The sentiments of having somehow a common identity, despite belonging to different states (most notably the share of a common language, the deeply felt need to 'act as one' against any foreign state) existed already in the Middle Ages. An example is the 'Flemish-Brabant Co-operation Treaty' (Vlaams-Brabants samenwerkingsverdag) from 3/12/1339 imposed by the main cities of both states upon their rulers.^[6] It must noted that the modern Belgian province of Limburg -nowadays Flemish- was not part of this.

In 1830 the southern provinces of the Kingdom of the Netherlands seceded. The French-speaking administration and elites feared the loss of their privileged status in the newly formed United Kingdom. Under French rule (1794–1815) the exclusive use of French was harshly imposed in public life, resulting in a Frenchification of the elites and, to a lesser extend, some of the middle classes. The Dutch King allowed the use of both Dutch and French as administrative languages in the Flemish (Dutch speaking) provinces. He also enacted laws to (re)enable Dutch in schools.^[7] Since these elites rejected even the idea of learning Dutch, they feared being replaced by bilingual people^{[citation needed]}. The language policy was not the only cause of the secession. The Roman Catholic majority viewed the sovereign, the Protestant William I, with suspicion and were heavily stirred by the Roman Catholic Church which suspected William falsely of wanting to push for Protestantism. Lastly, the Liberals were dissatisfied with William for his rather autocratic behaviour. )

Following the revolt, the language reforms of 1823 were the first (4 June 1830) Dutch laws to be abolished and the subsequent years would see a number of laws restricting the use of Dutch and Dutch culture.^[8] This cultural oppression by the Belgian government responded in the 1840s with the emergence of the Flemish movement, that was built on earlier anti-French Flemish feelings of injustice, as expressed in writings (for example by the late 18th century writer, Jan Verlooy) which criticized the Southern Francophile elites. The efforts of this movement during the following 150 years, have to no small extent helped the formation of a Flemish nation, now consisting of the Dutch-speaking regions of Belgium with a shared number of social, political and linguistic aims.

Identity and culture[link]

Map of the mediæval County of Flanders.

Within Belgium the Flemings form a clearly distinguishable group, set apart by their language and customs. However, when compared to the Netherlands some of these cultural and linguistic differences quickly fade, as the Flemish share the same language, similar or identical customs and (though only with the southern part of today's Netherlands) traditional religion with the Dutch.^[9] However, the popular perception of being a single polity varies greatly, depending on subject matter, locality and personal background. Generally, Flemings will seldom identify themselves as being Dutch and vice versa, especially on a national level.^[10]

This is partly caused by the popular stereotypes in the Netherlands as well as Flanders which are mostly based on the 'cultural extremes' of both Northern and Southern culture.^[11] But also in great part because of the history of emancipation of their culture in Belgium, which has left many Flemings with a high degree of national consciousness, which can be very marked among some Dutch-speaking Belgians.^[12] Alongside this overarching political and social affiliation, there also exists a strong tendency towards regionalism, in which individuals greatly identify themselves culturally through their native province, city, region or dialect they speak.

Language[link]

Flemings speak Dutch (specifically its southern variant, which is sometimes colloquially called 'Flemish'). It is the majority language in Belgium, being spoken natively by three-fifths of the population. Its various dialects contain a number of lexical and a few grammatical features which distinguish them from the standard language.^[13] As in the Netherlands, the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker. All Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium are spoken in adjacent areas of the Netherlands as well. At the same time East Flemish forms a continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish. Standard Dutch is primarily based on the Hollandic dialect (spoken in the Northern Netherlands) and to a lesser extent on Brabantian, which is the most dominant Dutch dialect of the Southern Netherlands and Flanders.

Religion[link]

Approximately 75% of the Flemish people are by baptism assumed Roman Catholic, though a still diminishing minority of less than 8% attends mass on a regular basis and nearly half of the inhabitants of Flanders are agnostic or atheist. A 2006 inquiry in Flanders, showed 55% chose to call themselves religious, 36% believe that God created the world.^[14]

National symbols[link]

The Flag of Flanders

The official flag and coat of arms of the Flemish Community represents a black lion with red claws and tongue on a yellow field (or a lion rampant sable armed and langued gules).^[15] A flag with a completely black lion had been in wide use before 1991 when the current version was officially adopted by the Flemish Community. That older flag was at times recognized by government sources (alongside the version with red claws and tongue).^[16][17] Today, only the flag bearing a lion with red claws and tongue is recognized by Belgian law, while the flag with the all black lion is mostly used by Flemish separatist movements. The Flemish authorities also use two logos of a highly stylized black lion which show the claws and tongue in either red or black.^[18] The first documented use^[19] of the Flemish lion was on the seal of Philip d'Alsace, count of Flanders of 1162. As of that date the use of the Flemish coat of arms (or a lion rampant sable) remained in use throughout the reigns of the d'Alsace, Flanders (2nd) and Dampierre dynasties of counts. The motto "Vlaanderen de Leeuw" (Flanders the lion) was allegedly present on the arms of Pieter de Coninck at the Battle of the Golden Spurs on July 11, 1302.^[20][21][22] After the acquisition of Flanders by the Burgundian dukes the lion was only used in escutcheons. It was only after the creation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that the coat of arms (surmounted by a chief bearing the Royal Arms of the Netherlands) once again became the official symbol of the new province East Flanders.

See also[link]

• De Vlaamse Leeuw
• Flanders
• Flemish Community
• Flemish Movement
• Flemish Region
• French Flemish

References[link]

v t e  Flanders topics Territories Modern Belgium:  Flemish Region • Flemish Community Neighbouring and historical:  County of Flanders (862–1795) • French Flanders • Zeelandic Flanders • Romance Flanders Local regions:  Flemish Ardennes • Campine • Hageland • Haspengouw • Pajottenland • Meetjesland • Westhoek • Waasland • ... Provinces and cities West Flanders (Bruges) • East Flanders (Ghent) • Antwerp (Antwerp) • Flemish Brabant (Leuven) • Limburg (Hasselt) See also:  Brussels • list of municipalities • Flemish Diamond Politics Flemish Parliament • Flemish Government • Political parties History and symbols Flag • Coat of arms • De Vlaamse Leeuw (anthem) • De Leeuw van Vlaanderen (epic) • Day of the Flemish Community (Guldensporenslag) Other Flemish people • Flemish • Flemish Movement • Literature • Painting • Science and technology

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Afro-Arab
السود العرب

Hassan Hakmoun · Raïs M'Bolhi · Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi · Radhi Jaïdi Yacine Brahimi · Abdeslam Ouaddou · Hatem Trabelsi Majed Abdullah Ahmed Dokhi
Regions with significant populations
Sudan  Mauritania  Tunisia  Morocco  Egypt  Comoros  Libya  Algeria  France  Saudi Arabia  Yemen  Oman  Iran  Iraq  UAE  Palestine  Jordan  United Kingdom  United States  Canada  Australia  The Netherlands  Belgium  Italy  Germany
Languages
Varieties of Arabic
Religion
Muslim
Related ethnic groups
Black people  • Arab people

Afro-Arab (also African Arab)^{[when defined as?]} refers to people of mixed Black African and genealogical Arab ancestral heritage, and/or to linguistically and culturally Arabized Black Africans.^{[1][better source needed]} There are individuals and communities of Afro-Arabs in East Africa, West Africa, North Africa, the Near East and Western Europe.

"Afro-Arab" may also refer to the African Union's efforts to improve co-operation between African countries and those of the Arab world.^[2]

Culture[link]

In the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, descendants of Black Africans from Tanzania and Zanzibar perform Liwa and Fann At-Tanbura music and dance.^[3][4] The mizmar is also performed by Afro-Arabs in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia.

In addition, stambali of Tunisia and gnawa music of Morocco are both ritual music/dances in part trace their origins to West African musical styles.

See also[link]

	Africa portal
	Middle East portal

• Zanj
• Zanj Rebellion
• Arab Slave Trade
• Gnawa
• Afro Iranian
• Afro Iraqis
• Afro-Jordanian

References[link]

External links[link]

• Afro Arab/Middle Eastern Style: Book: Jumping the broom in Style
• "Black African and Arab intermarriage in East Africa" - a cited ColorQ.org essay
• "Black Africans in (Arab) West Asia" - a cited ColorQ.org essay
• Prof. Helmi Sharawy, Arab Culture and African Culture: ambiguous relations, paper extracted from the book The Dialogue between the Arab culture and other cultures', Arab League, Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation (ALECSO), Tunis, 1999.
• Africans in the Arabian Gulf, Afropop Worldwide
• Resolution on Afro-arab Co-operation of The Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity, 23, February 23–28, 1987.
• African Union/league of Arab States Inter-secretariat Consultative Meeting On Afro-arab Cooperation, Addis Ababa: 10–12 May 2005.
• Maho M. Sebiane, « Le statut socio-économique de la pratique musicale aux Émirats arabes unis : la tradition du leiwah à Dubai », Chroniques yéménites, 14, 2007.[1].
• Men Around The Messenger, K.M. Khalid, Al-Azhar Administration, Al-Manar for Publishing Distribution Translation Est. (Pub. Date unavailable)

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