Name	Cyborg 2
Caption	Video release poster
Director	Michael Schroeder
Producer	Raju PatelAlain Silver
Writer	Michael SchroederMark GeldmanRon Yanover
Starring	Elias KoteasAngelina JolieJack PalanceBilly DragoKaren SheperdAllen GarfieldRenee Griffin
Music	Peter Allen
Distributor	Trimark Pictures (now Lionsgate)
Released
Runtime	99 minutes
Country
Language	English
Budget	$5.5 million
Preceded by	Cyborg
Followed by

Cyborg 2, released in some countries as Glass Shadow, is a 1993 science fiction action film directed by Michael Schroeder. It is an unrelated sequel to the 1989 film Cyborg, although footage from the original is used in a dream sequence. It is notable as the first film to feature Angelina Jolie in a starring role (she had previously made one earlier film as a child actress). It was followed by the 1995 direct-to-video release .

Plot

In the year 2074, cybernetics market is dominated by two rival companies: USA's Pinwheel Robotics and Japan's Kobayashi Electronics. Cyborgs are commonplace, used for anything from soldiers in the field to prostitutes in the streets.

Casella Reese (Angelina Jolie) is a top-of-the-line cyborg developed for corporate espionage and assassination and is filled with a kind of liquid explosive called Glass Shadow: Pinwheel plans to eliminate the entire Kobayashi board of directors with the aid of Casella.

Casella is programmed to mimic human senses and emotions such as fear, love, pain and hatred. Guided by the renegade prototype cyborg Mercy (Jack Palance), who can communicate through any television screen, she and combat trainer Colton Ricks (Elias Koteas) escape the Pinwheel facility so she can avoid her fate of self-destruction, one that faces most corporate espionage cyborgs, and they're relentlessly pursued by Pinwheel hired killer, master Daniel Bench (Billy Drago).

Cast

Elias Koteas as Colton “Colt” Ricks

Angelina Jolie as Casella “Cash” Reese

Jack Palance as Mercy

Billy Drago as Danny Bench

Karen Sheperd as Chen

Allen Garfield as Martin Dunn

Renee Griffin as Dreena

Jean Claude Van Damme as Gibson Rickenbacker (flashback)

Vincent Klyn as Fender Tremolo (flashback)

External links

Category:1993 films Category:American films Category:English-language films Category:1990s action films Category:1990s science fiction films Category:American science fiction action films Category:Films set in the 2070s Category:Sequel films

Name	Klaus Schulze
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Born	August 04, 1947
Origin	Berlin, Germany
Genre	Electronic musicNew Age musicSpace musicTrance musicKrautrock/Kosmische MusikBerlin School
Occupation	Musician, Producer
Years active	1969–present
Label	OhrBrain RecordsVirgin RecordsMetronomeManikin RecordsIsland RecordsICInteamZYX RecordsWEARainhorseSynthetic SymphonyFAX +49-69/450464
Associated acts	Tangerine DreamAsh Ra TempelCosmic Jokers
Url	Official Site

Klaus Schulze (born 4 August 1947) is a German electronic music composer and musician. He also used the alias Richard Wahnfried. He was briefly a member of the electronic bands Tangerine Dream and Ash Ra Tempel before launching a solo career consisting of more than 60 albums lasting five decades.

History

1970s

In 1969, Klaus Schulze was the drummer of one of the early incarnations of Tangerine Dream for their debut album Electronic Meditation. In 1970 he left this group to form Ash Ra Tempel with Manuel Göttsching. In 1971, he chose again to leave a newly-formed group after only one album, this time to mount a solo career. In 1972, Schulze released his debut album Irrlicht with organ and a recording of an orchestra filtered almost beyond recognition. Despite the lack of synthesizers, this proto-ambient work is regarded as a milestone in electronic music. The follow up, Cyborg, was similar but added the EMS Synthi A synthesizer.

Since this point, Schulze's career has been most prolific, and he can now claim more than 40 original albums to his name since Irrlicht. Highlights of these include 1975's Timewind, 1976's Moondawn (his first album to feature the Moog modular synthesizer), 1979's Dune, and 1995's double-album In Blue (which featured one long track with electric guitar contributions from his friend Manuel Göttsching of Ash Ra Tempel). In 1976, he was drafted by Japanese percussionist and composer Stomu Yamashta to join his short-lived "supergroup" Go, also featuring Steve Winwood, Michael Shrieve and Al Di Meola. They released two studio albums (Go in 1976 and Go Too in 1977) and one live album ("Live from Paris" recorded in 1976 and released in '77) which went on to become a cult favourite.

Throughout the 1970s he followed closely in the footsteps of Tangerine Dream, albeit with far lighter sequencer lines and a more reflective, dreamy edge, not unlike the ambient music of his contemporary Brian Eno. It is to be noted that some of his lighter albums are appreciated by New Age music fans, despite the fact that Schulze has always denied connections to this genre.

Klaus Schulze had a more organic sound than other electronic artists of the time. Often he would throw in decidedly non-electronic sounds such as acoustic guitar and a male operatic voice in Blackdance, or a cello in Dune and Trancefer. Schulze developed a Minimoog technique that sounds uncannily like an electric guitar, which is quite impressive in concert. Schulze often takes German events as a starting point for his compositions, a notable example being on his 1978 album "X" (the title signifying it was his tenth album), subtitled "Six Musical Biographies", a reference to such notables as Ludwig II of Bavaria, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach. His use of the pseudonym Richard Wahnfried is indicative of his interest in Richard Wagner, a clear influence on some albums like the aforementioned Timewind.

1980s

In the 1980s Schulze moved from analog to digital instruments, and his work accordingly became less experimental and more accessible. Although the switch to purely digital recording and instruments is evident in the style of Dig It (1980) It was not until the release of Trancefer (1981) that the shift in style became evident. Trancefer was far more obviously reliant on sequencers than previous recordings, and the resultant effect transformed Schulze's style from gentle melodic journeys to an ever-growing crescendo of music consisting of multi-layered rhythmical passages. This is particularly evident in the Trancefer's first track "A Few Minutes After Trancefer", although the second track "Silent Running" is more reminiscent of Schulze's earlier works.

This newer style can also be found in Schulze's next release Audentity. Both "Cellistica" and "Spielglocken" are composed in a similar, sequencer based, style as Trancefer, but this is certainly not the case of all of Audentity's tracks, indeed "Sebastian in Traum" hints towards the Operatic style to be found in some of Schulze's much later work. The predominance of sequencing can also be found in the follow up live album Dziękuję Poland Live '83, although it should be noted that many of its tracks are re-workings of those to be found on Audentity. Schulze's next studio-based album Angst (soundtrack to the namesake 1983 film) moved away from the harshness of sharp, heavily sequenced style of the 3 previous albums and, once again, had the more "organic feel" of earlier recordings.

Another highlight of this era was En=Trance with the dreamy cut "FM Delight". The album Miditerranean Pads marked the beginning of very complex percussion arrangements that continued into the next two decades.

In 1989, German band Alphaville released their album The Breathtaking Blue, on which Klaus Schulze was both a contributing musician and the album's producer.

1990s

Starting with Beyond Recall, the first half of the 1990s was the notorious "sample" period, when Schulze used a wide variety of pre-recorded sounds such as screeching birds and sensuous female moans in his studio albums and live performances. Sampling was such an unpopular diversion that when In Blue was released in 1995 without samples it was hailed as a return to form. The decade also saw the release of copious amounts of previously unreleased material, of varying quality, in several limited-edition boxed sets. Some live recordings were discovered on pristine but forgotten reels of tape which had been used to provide echo in concerts.

2000s

Recently Schulze began incorporating elements of jazz and classical music, working with more contemporary electronic dance music such as trance, and creating two operas, the second still awaiting release. Also, in 2005 he began re-releasing his classic solo and Wahnfried albums with bonus tracks of unreleased material recorded at roughly the same time as the original works.

In the last several years, Schulze has produced albums and staged numerous live appearances with Lisa Gerrard.

Richard Wahnfried

Richard Wahnfried, then simply Wahnfried after 1993, is the long-time and only real alias for Klaus Schulze – originally a pseudonym, later an official side project name. Seven albums were released under this name between 1979 and 1997.

The main characteristics of the Wahnfried albums (as opposed to Schulze's regular works) are:

Often being oriented towards more mainstream genres (some would say "more commercial"), such as rock, dance, techno and trance.

Always allowing for collaborative and less electronic albums, with known or unknown guest musicians performing along Schulze's synths.

The pseudonym's etymology stems from Schulze's love for Richard Wagner:

Richard, evidently from Wagner's first name. Richard is also the name of Schulze's first son.

Wahnfried ("Peace from delusion and/or madness", in German), from the name Wagner gave to his villa in Bayreuth (and where he was later buried).

In his 1975 album Timewind (four years before the first alias use), Schulze had already named a track "Wahnfried 1883" (in reference to Wagner's death and burial in his Wahnfried's garden in 1883). The other track on Timewind is called "Bayreuth Return". After 1993, the albums are simply credited to "Wahnfried", and namedrop Schulze ("featuring Klaus Schulze", "Produced by Klaus Schulze").

"Wahnfried" is the only known alias of Schulze (albeit on the 1998 Tribute to Klaus Schulze album, among 10 other artists, Schulze contributed one track barely hidden behind the "Schulzendorfer Groove Orchester" pseudonym).

Discography

Albums

Schulze's concert performances are original compositions recorded live and thus listed as albums. An intensive reissue program of Schulze CDs began in 2005, with most releases having bonus tracks, and sometimes additional discs. They are published by the label Revisited Records (a division of German company InsideOut Music 1), and distributed by SPV.

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Year ! Title ! Reissued |- | 1972 | Irrlicht | 2006 |- | 1973 | Cyborg | 2007 |- | 1974 | Blackdance | 2007 |- | 1975 | Picture Music | 2005 |- | 1975 | Timewind | 2006 |- | 1976 | Moondawn | 2005 |- | 1977 | Body Love (soundtrack) | 2005 |- | 1977 | Mirage | 2005 |- | 1977 | Body Love Vol. 2 | 2007 |- | 1978 | "X" | 2005 |- | 1979 | Dune | 2005 |- | 1980 | ...Live... | 2007 |- | 1980 | Dig It | 2005 |- | 1981 | Trancefer | 2006 |- | 1983 | Audentity | 2005 |- | 1983 | Dziękuję Poland Live '83 (live) | 2006 |- | 1984 | Angst (soundtrack) | 2005 |- | 1985 | Inter*Face | 2006 |- | 1986 | Dreams | 2005 |- | 1988 | En=Trance | 2005 |- | 1990 | Miditerranean Pads | 2005 |- | 1990 | The Dresden Performance (live) | |- | 1991 | Beyond Recall | |- | 1992 | Royal Festival Hall Vol. 1 (live) | |- | 1992 | Royal Festival Hall Vol. 2 (live) | |- | 1993 | The Dome Event (live) | |- | 1994 | Le Moulin de Daudet (soundtrack) | 2005 |- | 1994 | Goes Classic | |- | 1994 | Totentag | |- | 1994 | Das Wagner Desaster Live (live) | 2005 |- | 1995 | In Blue | 2005 |- | 1996 | Are You Sequenced? (live) | 2006 |- | 1997 | Dosburg Online (live) | 2006 |- | 2001 | Live @ KlangArt (live) | 2008 |- | 2005 | Moonlake | |- | 2007 | Kontinuum | |- | 2008 | Farscape (with Lisa Gerrard) | |- | 2008 | Rheingold (live, with Lisa Gerrard) | |- | 2009 | Dziękuję Bardzo (live, with Lisa Gerrard) | |- | 2010 | (live) | |}

Richard Wahnfried albums

Composed by Schulze and performed with guest artists under alias Richard Wahnfried:

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Year ! Title ! Reissued |- | 1979 | Time Actor | |- | 1981 | Tonwelle | |- | 1984 | Megatone | |- | 1986 | Miditation | |- | 1994 | Trancelation | |- | 1996 | Trance Appeal | 2007 |- | 1997 | Drums 'n' Balls (The Gancha Dub) | 2006 |}

Box Sets

Between 1993 and 2002 Klaus Schulze released several limited edition box sets.

;Notes: :Collecting Silver, Historic, and Jubilee sets, with additional 5 discs. :A bonus 6th disc included with the first 333 copies.

Reissues from Sets

The Dark Side of the Moog series

The Dark Side of the Moog is a Klaus Schulze collaboration with Pete Namlook (joined also by Bill Laswell on volumes 4 to 7). Each title is a distortion of Pink Floyd song and album titles.

The Evolution of the Dark Side of the Moog is a compilation album, containing excerpts from the first 8 volumes. The series was announced as officially concluded with volume 10 when on 21 March 2005 at 14:52 CET, Pete Namlook sold the Big Moog synthesizer that was the symbol of the series. However, a volume 11 appeared on Namlook's website on 15 April 2008.

Collaborations

Promos

2003 Andromeda

2004 Ion

2009 Come Quietly (with Lisa Gerrard)

2009 Hommage à Polska (with Lisa Gerrard)

Lone tracks

This list includes only tracks remaining uncollected after Lone Tracks (CD 50 of The Ultimate Edition).

1977 "Melange"

1994 "Nachtmusik Schattenhaft"

1994 "Conquest of Paradise" – On a single (A Tribute to Henry (Gentleman) Maske): Schulze was commissioned to replay a track of by Vangelis

2000 "MM 9" – On The Art of Sysyphus Vol. 4

2002 "Manikin Jubilee" – On a Manikin Records 2-CD sampler limited to 777 copies

2004 "Schrittmacher" – On a Manikin Records CD sampler

2008 "Zenit" – On Sehnsucht (Schiller)

2008 "Invisible Musik"

Compilations

1991 2001

1994 The Essential 72–93

1999 Trailer

See also

Berlin School

Kosmische Musik

Tangerine Dream

Ash Ra Tempel

Earthstar

References

External links

Klaus Schulze.com - The official Klaus Schulze website.

The Unofficial Klaus Schulze Discography - Discography, FAQ.

Elektronische Musik - German Klaus Schulze Fan Forum.

Category:New Age musicians Category:German trance musicians Category:German electronic musicians Category:Tangerine Dream members Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:Krautrock

Name	Donna Haraway
Caption	Donna Haraway with Cayenne, 2006; photograph by Rusten Hogness
Birth place	Denver, Colorado
Occupation	professor

Donna J. Haraway (born September 6, 1944 in Denver, Colorado) is currently a Distinguished Professor Emerita in the History of Consciousness Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. She is the author of Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology (1976), Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (1989), Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1991), Modest Witness@Second Millenium. FemaleMan Meets OncoMouse: Feminism and Technoscience (1997, Ludwig Fleck Prize), The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness (2003), and When Species Meet (2008). Haraway has been described as a "feminist, rather loosely a neo-Marxist and a postmodernist" (Young, 172).

Haraway earned a degree in zoology and philosophy at the Colorado College and received the Boettcher Foundation scholarship. She lived in Paris for a year, studying philosophies of evolution on a Fulbright scholarship before completing her Ph. D. in the Department of Biology at Yale in 1972. She wrote her dissertation on the functions of metaphor in shaping research in developmental biology in the twentieth century.

Haraway has taught Women's Studies and the History of Science at the University of Hawaii and Johns Hopkins University. In September 2000, Haraway was awarded the highest honor given by the Society for Social Studies of Science (4S), the J. D. Bernal Award, for lifetime contributions to the field. Haraway has also lectured in feminist theory and techno-science at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland. Haraway is a leading thinker about people's love and hate relationship with machines. Her ideas have sparked an explosion of debate in areas as diverse as primatology, philosophy, and developmental biology (Kunzru, 1).

Haraway's books

Primate Visions

When reading Haraway’s books, it is clear that her writings are predominantly grounded in her knowledge of the history of science and biology (Carubia, 4). In her book, Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science, Haraway explicates the metaphors and narratives that direct the science of primatology. She demonstrates that there is a tendency to masculinize the stories about "reproductive competition and sex between aggressive males and receptive females [that] facilitate some and preclude other types of conclusions" (Carubia, 4). She contends that female primatologists focus on different observations that require more communication and basic survival activities, offering very different perspectives of the origins of nature and culture than the currently accepted ones. Drawing on examples of Western narratives and ideologies of gender, race and class, Haraway questions the most fundamental constructions of scientific human nature stories based on primates. In Primate Visions, she writes:

My hope has been that the always oblique and sometimes perverse focusing would facilitate revisionings of fundamental, persistent western narratives about difference, especially racial and sexual difference; about reproduction, especially in terms of the multiplicities of generators and offspring; and about survival, especially about survival imagined in the boundary conditions of both the origins and ends of history, as told within western traditions of that complex genre (377).

Haraway's aim for science is "to reveal the limits and impossibility of its 'objectivity' and to consider some recent revisions offered by feminist primatologists" (Russon, 10). An expert in her field, Haraway proposed an alternative perspective of the accepted ideologies that continue to shape the way scientific human nature stories are created. More importantly, Haraway offers inventive analogies that reveal whole new vistas and possibilities for investigation (Elkins).

"A Cyborg Manifesto"

In 1985, Haraway published an essay, "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", in Socialist Review. Although most of Haraway's earlier work was focused on emphasizing the masculine bias in scientific culture, she has also contributed greatly to feminist narratives of the twentieth century.

In "A Cyborg Manifesto", Haraway deploys the metaphor of a cyborg to challenge feminists to engage in a politics beyond naturalism and essentialism. She also uses the cyborg metaphor to offer a political strategy for the seemingly disparate interests of socialism and feminism, writing, "We are all chimeras, theorized and fabricated hybrids of machine and organism; in short, we are cyborgs"(p. 150). A cyborg is a:

cybernetic organism

hybrid of machine and organism

Creature of both fiction and lived social reality

Haraway's cyborg is an attempt to break away from Oedipal narratives and Christian origin myths like Genesis. She writes, "The cyborg does not dream of community on the model of the organic family, this time without the oedipal project. The cyborg would not recognize the Garden of Eden; it is not made of mud and cannot dream of returning to dust."

As a postmodern feminist, she argues against essentialism, which she defines as "any theory that claims to identify a universal, transhistorical, necessary cause or constitution of gender identity or patriarchy" ("Feminist Epistemology"). Such theories, she argues, either exclude women who don't conform to the theory and segregate them from "real women" or represent them as inferior.

Another form of feminism that Haraway is disputing is "a jurisprudence model of feminism made popular by the legal scholar and Marxist, Catharine MacKinnon" (Burow-Flak, 2000), who fought to outlaw pornography as a form of hate speech. Haraway argues that MacKinnon's legalistic version of radical feminism assimilates all of women's experiences into a particular identity, which ironically recapitulates the very Western ideologies that have contributed to the oppression of women. She writes, "It is factually and politically wrong to assimilate all of the diverse 'moments' or 'conversations' in recent women's politics named radical feminism to MacKinnon's version" (p. 158).

According to Haraway's "Manifesto", "there is nothing about being female that naturally binds women together into a unified category. There is not even such a state as 'being' female, itself a highly complex category constructed in contested sexual scientific discourses and other social practices" (p. 155). A cyborg does not require a stable, essentialist identity, argues Haraway, and feminists should consider creating coalitions based on "affinity" instead of identity. To ground her argument, Haraway analyzes the phrase "women of color", suggesting it as one possible example of affinity politics. Using a term coined by theorist Chela Sandoval, Haraway writes that "oppositional consciousness" is comparable with a cyborg politics, because rather than identity it stresses how affinity comes as a result of "otherness, difference, and specificity" (p. 156).

Cyborg feminism

In her updated essay "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", in her book Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (1991), Haraway uses the cyborg metaphor to explain how fundamental contradictions in feminist theory and identity should be conjoined, rather than resolved, similar to the fusion of machine and organism in cyborgs. "A Cyborg Manifesto" is also an important feminist critique of capitalism.

The idea of the cyborg deconstructs binaries of control and lack of control over the body, object and subject, nature and culture, in ways that are useful in postmodern feminist thought. Haraway uses the metaphor of cyborg identity to expose ways that things considered natural, like human bodies, are not, but are constructed by our ideas about them. This has particular relevance to feminism, since Haraway believes women are often discussed or treated in ways that reduce them to bodies. Balsamo and Haraway's ideas are also an important component of critiques of essentialist feminism and essentialism, as they subvert the idea of naturalness and of artificiality; the cyborg is a hybrid being.

According to Krista Scott:

Haraway feels that the cyborg myth has the potential for radical political action as it frees feminists from a desperate search for similarity with one another, since physical/epistemological boundary breaks can be extrapolated to political boundary crossings.

According to Marisa Olson:

According to the article Cyborgs:

"Situated Knowledges"

"Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective sheds light on Haraway's vision for a feminist science. This essay originated as a commentary on Sandra Harding's The Science Question in Feminism (1987) and is a reply to Harding's "successor science". Haraway offers a critique of the feminist intervention into masculinized traditions of scientific rhetoric and the concept of "objectivity". The essay identifies the metaphor that gives shape to the traditional feminist critique as a polarization. At one end lies those who would assert that science is a rhetorical practice and, as such, all "science is a contestable text and a power field" (p. 577). At the other are those interested in a feminist version of objectivity, a position Haraway describes as a "feminist empiricism". While the constructivist position, informed by post-structuralist theory, served as a strong tool for deconstructing the truth claims of hostile science by showing the radical historical specificity, and so contestability, of "every layer of the onion of scientific and technological constructions", it also resulted in a dismantling of any apparatus that might be used to effectively talk about the "real" world (p. 578). Making use of the history of feminist standpoint theories, Haraway suggests that there may be a way to reconcile what has been accomplished by the radical constructivist critique of the historical social implications of the rhetoric of science with a specifically feminist positioning with regards to the practice of science. To do this Haraway leaves aside the polarizing metaphor to explore the possibility of a metaphor of vision as one that might see us clear of an agonistic methodology and conception of objectivity in science.

"I'd rather be a Cyborg than a goddess"

The 1990s brought about the beginning of the cyborg era and Haraway is a constant contributor to the cyberculture that exists even today. Although Haraway's writing endorses technology in her metaphor of the cyborg, it is equally critical of what technology can bring about. The idea that machines can contribute to liberation is something feminists and women should consider. Haraway writes: "Up till now (once upon a time), female embodiment seemed to be given, organic, necessary; and female embodiment seemed to mean skill in mothering and its metaphoric extensions. Only by being out of place could we take intense pleasure in machines, and then with excuses that this was organic activity after all, appropriate to females" (180). In spite of this phrase Haraway also wishes to not completely disassociate herself from ecofeminist values (3).

Publications

Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields : Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology, 1976.

A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century, 1985

"Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspectives", in Feminist Studies, 1988, pp. 575–599.

Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science, Routledge: New York and London, 1989.

Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, New York: Routledge, and London: Free Association Books, 1991. (includes "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century")

Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan©Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience, New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-91245-8

How Like a Leaf: A Conversation with Donna J. Haraway, Thyrza Nichols Goodeve, Routledge, 1999

The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness, Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003. ISBN 0-9717575-8-5

When Species Meet, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8166-5045-4

Popular culture

Haraway was referred to indirectly in Mamoru Oshii's film, , when a cyborg version of Haraway appeared as a forensic scientist in a police station. While inspecting the body of a "dead" gynoid, she speaks of humanity's desire to recreate themselves as robots being similar to the desire to procreate biologically. She suggests that the dead gynoid had a ghost itself. The cyborg refers to herself as "Haraway" and bears a remarkable resemblance to the real life professor.

See also

Cyborg theory

Democratic transhumanism

Postgenderism

Posthumanism

Postmodernism

Sandy Stone

Techno-progressivism

Technoscience

Ecofeminism

References

Burow-Flak, Elizabeth, "Background Information on Cyborg Manifesto", 17 September 2000. Online, 30 January 2006.

Campbell, Kirsten, "The Promise of Feminist Reflexivities: Developing Donna Haraway's Project for Feminist Science Studies", in Hypatia, 2004, pp. 162–182.

Carubia, Josephine M., "Haraway on the Map", in Semiotic Review of Books. 9:1 (1998) 4-7.

Elkins, Charles, "The Uses of Science Fiction", in Science Fiction Studies, 17:2 (1990).

"Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science", in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 30 January 2006. Online

Flanagan, Mary and Austin Booth, Reload: Rethinking Women + Cyberculture, 2002.

Kunzru, Hari. "You Are Cyborg", in Wired Magazine, 5:2 (1997) 1-7.

O'Riley, Patricia Ann, "Technology, culture, and socioeconomics: a rhizoanalysis of educational discourses", New York: P. Lang, 2003.

Packman, Carl, "God(desses) and the Jouissance of Woman, or The (Cyborg) Future of Enjoyment", Online

Russon, Anne. "Deconstructing Primatology?", in Semiotic Review of Books, 2:2 (1991) 9-11.

Sandoval, Chela, "New Sciences: Cyborg Feminism and the Methodology of the Oppressed", in Chris Hables Gray (ed.), The Cyborg Handbook, New York: Routledge, 1995.

Senft, Theresa M. "Reading Notes on Donna Haraway's 'Cyborg Manifesto'", 21 October 2001. Online, 1 February 2006.

Young, Robert M, "Science, Ideology & Donna Haraway", in Science as Culture, 15.3 (1992): 165-207.

Footnotes

External links

Donna Haraway Faculty Webpage at UC Santa Cruz, History of Consciousness Program

Donna Haraway Faculty Website at European Graduate School

1997 Interview in Wired

Full transcript of Wired interview

A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s. Socialist Review 15, no. 2 (1985).

A discussion of cyborg feminism at the Purdue University website

2006 Interview - Donna Haraway Reconsiders A Cyborg Manifesto

Category:1944 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century philosophers Category:21st-century philosophers Category:American academics Category:American feminists Category:American Marxists Category:American socialists Category:Feminism and the arts Category:Feminist studies scholars Category:Fulbright Scholars Category:Historians of science Category:People from Denver, Colorado Category:Primatologists Category:Posthumanists Category:Transhumanists Category:Postmodernists Category:Postmodern theory Category:University of California, Santa Cruz faculty Category:Women philosophers Category:Yale University alumni Category:European Graduate School faculty Category:Metaphor theorists

Name	Angelina Jolie
Caption	Jolie at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2010
Birth name	Angelina Jolie Voight
Birth date	June 04, 1975
Birth place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actress, humanitarian
Years active	1982; 1993–present
Spouse	Jonny Lee Miller (1996–1999)
Partner	Brad Pitt (2005–present)
Parents	Jon VoightMarcheline Bertrand (deceased)
Children	3 sons, 3 daughters
Height	5' 8" (1.73 m)

Angelina Jolie ( ; born June 4, 1975), née Angelina Jolie Voight, is an American actress. She has received an Academy Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards. Jolie promotes humanitarian causes, and is noted for her work with refugees as a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). She has been cited as one of the world's most attractive people, as well as the world's "most beautiful" woman, titles for which she has received substantial media attention.

Though she made her screen debut as a child alongside her father Jon Voight in the 1982 film Lookin' to Get Out, Jolie's acting career began in earnest a decade later with the low-budget production Cyborg 2 (1993). Her first leading role in a major film was in Hackers (1995). She starred in the critically acclaimed biographical films George Wallace (1997) and Gia (1998), and won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the drama Girl, Interrupted (1999). Jolie achieved wider fame after her portrayal of video game heroine Lara Croft in (2001), and since then has established herself as one of the best-known and highest-paid actresses in Hollywood. She has had her biggest commercial successes with the action-comedy Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005) and the animated film Kung Fu Panda (2008).

Divorced from actors Jonny Lee Miller and Billy Bob Thornton, Jolie currently lives with actor Brad Pitt, in a relationship that has attracted worldwide media attention. Jolie and Pitt have three adopted children, Maddox, Pax, and Zahara, as well as three biological children, Shiloh, Knox, and Vivienne.

Early life and family

Born in Los Angeles, California, Jolie is the daughter of actors Jon Voight and Marcheline Bertrand. She is the niece of singer-songwriter Chip Taylor, sister of James Haven and the goddaughter of actors Jacqueline Bisset and Maximilian Schell. On her father's side, Jolie is of Czechoslovak and German descent, and on her mother's side she is French Canadian and is said to be of Iroquois ancestry. However, Voight has claimed Bertrand was "not seriously Iroquois", and they merely said it to enhance her exotic background.

After her parents' separation in 1976, Jolie and her brother were raised by their mother, who abandoned her acting ambitions and moved with them to Palisades, New York. As a child, Jolie regularly saw movies with her mother and later explained that this had inspired her interest in acting; she had not been influenced by her father. When she was eleven years old, the family moved back to Los Angeles and Jolie decided she wanted to act and enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, where she trained for two years and appeared in several stage productions.

At the age of 14, she dropped out of her acting classes and dreamed of becoming a funeral director. During this period, she wore black clothing, dyed her hair purple and went out moshing with her live-in boyfriend.

She later recalled her time as a student at Beverly Hills High School (and later Moreno High School), and her feeling of isolation among the children of some of the area's more affluent families. Jolie's mother survived on a more modest income, and Jolie often wore second-hand clothes. She was teased by other students who also targeted her for her distinctive features, for being extremely thin, and for wearing glasses and braces.

Jolie was estranged from her father for many years. The two tried to reconcile and he appeared with her in (2001). In August of the same year, Voight claimed that his daughter had "serious mental problems" on Access Hollywood. Jolie later indicated that she no longer wished to pursue a relationship with her father, and said, "My father and I don't speak. I don't hold any anger toward him. I don't believe that somebody's family becomes their blood. Because my son's adopted, and families are earned." She stated that she did not want to publicize her reasons for her estrangement from her father, but because she had adopted her son, she did not think it was healthy for her to associate with Voight. In February 2010, Jolie publicly reunited with her father when he visited her while filming The Tourist in Venice.

Career

Early work: 1993–1997

Jolie began working as a fashion model when she was 14 years old, modeling mainly in Los Angeles, New York and London. During that time she appeared in several music videos, namely those by Lenny Kravitz ("Stand by My Woman"; 1991), Antonello Venditti ("Alta Marea"; 1991), Jeff Healey ("Lost in Your Eyes"; 1992), The Lemonheads ("It's About Time"; 1993), and Meat Loaf ("Rock & Roll Dreams Come Through"; 1993). At the age of 16, Jolie returned to theatre and played her first role as a German dominatrix. She began to learn from her father, as she noticed his method of observing people to become like them. Their relationship during this time was less strained, with Jolie realizing that they were both "drama queens". The movie failed to make a profit at the box-office, but developed a cult following after its video release.

She appeared as Gina Malacici in the 1996 comedy Love Is All There Is, a modern-day loose adaptation of Romeo and Juliet set among two rival Italian family restaurant owners in the Bronx, New York. In the road movie Mojave Moon (1996) she was a youngster, named Eleanor Rigby, who falls for Danny Aiello's character, while he takes a shine to her mother, played by Anne Archer. In 1996, Jolie also portrayed Margret "Legs" Sadovsky, one of five teenage girls who form an unlikely bond in the film Foxfire after they beat up a teacher who has sexually harassed them. The Los Angeles Times wrote about her performance, "It took a lot of hogwash to develop this character, but Jolie, Jon Voight's knockout daughter, has the presence to overcome the stereotype. Though the story is narrated by Maddy, Legs is the subject and the catalyst."

In 1997, Jolie starred with David Duchovny in the thriller Playing God, set in the Los Angeles underworld. The movie was not received well by critics and Roger Ebert noted that "Angelina Jolie finds a certain warmth in a kind of role that is usually hard and aggressive; she seems too nice to be [a criminal's] girlfriend, and maybe she is." She then appeared in the television movie True Women, a historical romantic drama set in the American West, and based on the book by Janice Woods Windle. That year she also appeared in the music video for "Anybody Seen My Baby?" by the Rolling Stones.

Breakthrough: 1997–2000

Jolie's career prospects began to improve after her performance as Cornelia Wallace in the 1997 biographical film George Wallace for which she won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Emmy Award. Gary Sinise starred as Alabama Governor George Wallace. The film, directed by John Frankenheimer, was praised by critics and, among other awards, received the Golden Globe for Best Miniseries/Motion Picture made for TV. She played the second wife of the former segregationist governor who was shot and paralyzed while running in 1972 for U.S. President.

In 1998, Jolie starred in HBO's Gia, portraying supermodel Gia Carangi. The film depicted a world of sex, drugs and emotional drama, and chronicled the destruction of Carangi's life and career as a result of her drug addiction, and her decline and death from AIDS. Vanessa Vance from Reel.com noted, "Angelina Jolie gained wide recognition for her role as the titular Gia, and it's easy to see why. Jolie is fierce in her portrayal—filling the part with nerve, charm, and desperation—and her role in this film is quite possibly the most beautiful train wreck ever filmed." For the second consecutive year, Jolie won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Emmy Award. She also won her first Screen Actors Guild Award. In accordance with Lee Strasberg's method acting, Jolie reportedly preferred to stay in character in between scenes during many of her early films, and as a result had gained a reputation for being difficult to deal with. While shooting Gia, she told her then-husband Jonny Lee Miller that she would not be able to phone him: "I'd tell him: 'I'm alone; I'm dying; I'm gay; I'm not going to see you for weeks.'"

Following Gia, Jolie moved to New York and stopped acting for a short time, because she felt that she had "nothing else to give". She enrolled at New York University to study filmmaking and attended writing classes. She described it as "just good for me to collect myself" on Inside the Actors Studio.

Jolie returned to film as Gloria McNeary in the 1998 gangster movie Hell's Kitchen, and later that year appeared in Playing by Heart, part of an ensemble cast that included Sean Connery, Gillian Anderson, Ryan Phillippe and Jon Stewart. The film received predominantly positive reviews and Jolie was praised in particular. The San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "Jolie, working through an overwritten part, is a sensation as the desperate club crawler learning truths about what she's willing to gamble." Jolie won the Breakthrough Performance Award by the National Board of Review.

In 1999, she starred in Mike Newell's comedy-drama Pushing Tin, co-starring John Cusack, Billy Bob Thornton, and Cate Blanchett. Jolie played Thornton's seductive wife. The film received a mixed reception from critics and Jolie's character was particularly criticized. The Washington Post wrote, "Mary (Angelina Jolie), a completely ludicrous writer's creation of a free-spirited woman who weeps over hibiscus plants that die, wears lots of turquoise rings and gets real lonely when Russell spends entire nights away from home." She then worked with Denzel Washington in The Bone Collector (1999), an adapted crime novel written by Jeffery Deaver. Jolie played Amelia Donaghy, a police officer haunted by her cop father's suicide, who reluctantly helps Washington track down a serial killer. The movie grossed $151 million worldwide,

Jolie next took the supporting role of the sociopathic Lisa Rowe in Girl, Interrupted (1999), a film that tells the story of mental patient Susanna Kaysen, and which was adapted from Kaysen's original memoir of the same name. While Winona Ryder played the main character in what was hoped to be a comeback for her, the film instead marked Jolie's final breakthrough in Hollywood. She won her third Golden Globe Award, her second Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Variety noted, "Jolie is excellent as the flamboyant, irresponsible girl who turns out to be far more instrumental than the doctors in Susanna's rehabilitation".

In 2000, Jolie appeared in her first summer blockbuster, Gone In 60 Seconds, in which she played Sarah "Sway" Wayland, ex-girlfriend of car-thief Nicolas Cage. The role was small, and the Washington Post criticized that "all she does in this movie is stand around, cooling down, modeling those fleshy, pulsating muscle-tubes that nest so provocatively around her teeth." She later explained that the film was a welcome relief after the heavy role of Lisa Rowe, and it became her highest grossing movie up until then, earning $237 million internationally. The movie was an international success nonetheless, earning $275 million worldwide, In 2002, she played Lanie Kerrigan in Life or Something Like It, a film about an ambitious TV reporter who is told that she will die in a week. The film was poorly received by critics, though Jolie's performance received positive reviews. CNN's Paul Clinton wrote, "Jolie is excellent in her role. Despite some of the ludicrous plot points in the middle of the film, this Academy Award–winning actress is exceedingly believable in her journey towards self-discovery and the true meaning of fulfilling life."

Jolie reprised her role as Lara Croft in in 2003. The sequel, while not as lucrative as the original, earned $156 million at the international box-office.

at the Cannes Film Festival in 2007]]

In 2004, Jolie starred alongside Ethan Hawke in the thriller Taking Lives. She portrayed Illeana Scott, an FBI profiler summoned to help Montreal law enforcement hunt down a serial killer. The movie received mixed reviews and The Hollywood Reporter concluded, "Angelina Jolie plays a role that definitely feels like something she has already done, but she does add an unmistakable dash of excitement and glamour." She also provided the voice of Lola, an angelfish in the animated DreamWorks movie Shark Tale (2004) and she had a brief appearance in Kerry Conran's Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004), a science fiction adventure film shot with actors entirely in front of a bluescreen. Also in 2004, Jolie played Olympias in Alexander, Oliver Stone's biographical film about the life of Alexander the Great. The film failed domestically, with Stone attributing its poor reception to disapproval of the depiction of Alexander's bisexuality, but it succeeded internationally, with revenue of $139 million outside the United States. The movie earned $478 million worldwide, one of the biggest hits of 2005.

, November 2007]]

In 2007, Jolie made her directorial debut with the documentary A Place in Time, which captures the life in 27 locations around the globe during a single week. The film was screened at the Tribeca Film Festival and is intended to be distributed through the National Education Association, mainly in high schools. Jolie starred as Mariane Pearl in Michael Winterbottom's documentary-style drama A Mighty Heart (2007), about the kidnapping and murder of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl in Pakistan. The film is based on Mariane Pearl's memoirs of the same name and had its premiere at the Cannes Film Festival. The Hollywood Reporter described Jolie's performance as "well-measured and moving", played "with respect and a firm grasp on a difficult accent." The film earned her a fourth Golden Globe Award and a third Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. Jolie also played Grendel's mother in Robert Zemeckis' animated epic Beowulf (2007) which was created through the motion capture technique.

Jolie co-starred alongside James McAvoy and Morgan Freeman in the 2008 action movie Wanted, an adaptation of a graphic novel by Mark Millar. The film received predominately favorable reviews and proved to be an international success, earning $342 million worldwide. It is based on the true story of a woman in 1928 Los Angeles who is reunited with her kidnapped son — only to realize he is an impostor. The Chicago Tribune noted, "Jolie really shines in the calm before the storm, the scenes [...] when one patronizing male authority figure after another belittles her at their peril." Jolie received her second Academy Award nomination, and also was nominated for a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, and the Screen Actors Guild Award.

It was confirmed that Jolie would star as Cleopatra in the remake of Queen of the Nile, Cleopatra: A Life, based on the book by Stacy Schiff.

Humanitarian work

Jolie first became personally aware of worldwide humanitarian crises while filming Tomb Raider in Cambodia. She eventually turned to UNHCR for more information on international trouble spots. In the coming months she returned to Cambodia for two weeks and later met with Afghan refugees in Pakistan where she donated $1 million for Afghan refugees in response to an international UNHCR emergency appeal. She insisted on covering all costs related to her missions and shared the same rudimentary working and living conditions as UNHCR field staff on all of her visits. Jolie was named a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador on August 27, 2001 at UNHCR headquarters in Geneva.

Jolie has been on field missions around the world and met with refugees and internally displaced persons in more than 20 countries. Asked what she hoped to accomplish, she stated, "Awareness of the plight of these people. I think they should be commended for what they have survived, not looked down upon." In 2002, Jolie visited the Tham Hin refugee camp in Thailand and Colombian refugees in Ecuador. Jolie later went to various UNHCR facilities in Kosovo and paid a visit to Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya with refugees mainly from Sudan. She also met with Angolan refugees while filming Beyond Borders in Namibia.

In 2003, Jolie embarked on a six-day mission to Tanzania where she traveled to western border camps hosting Congolese refugees, and she paid a week-long visit to Sri Lanka, meeting Tamil refugee orphans in Jaffna. She later concluded a four-day mission to Russia as she traveled to North Caucasus. Concurrently with the release of her movie Beyond Borders she published Notes from My Travels, a collection of journal entries that chronicle her early field missions (2001–2002). During a private stay in Jordan in December 2003 she asked to visit Iraqi refugees in Jordan's eastern desert and later that month she went to Egypt to meet Sudanese refugees.

On her first U.N. trip within the United States, Jolie went to Arizona in 2004, visiting detained asylum seekers at three facilities and the Southwest Key Program, a facility for unaccompanied children in Phoenix. She flew to Chad in June 2004, paying a visit to border sites and camps for refugees who had fled fighting in western Sudan's Darfur region. Four months later she returned to the region, this time going directly into West Darfur. Also in 2004, Jolie met with Afghan refugees in Thailand and on a private stay to Lebanon during the Christmas holidays, she visited UNHCR's regional office in Beirut, as well as some young refugees and cancer patients in the Lebanese capital.

In 2005, Jolie visited Pakistani camps containing Afghani refugees, and she also met with Pakistan's President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz; she returned to Pakistan with Brad Pitt during the Thanksgiving weekend in November to see the impact of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. In 2006, Jolie and Pitt flew to Haiti and visited a school supported by Yéle Haïti, a charity founded by Haitian-born hip hop musician Wyclef Jean. While filming A Mighty Heart in India, Jolie met with Afghan and Burmese refugees in New Delhi. She spent Christmas Day 2006 with Colombian refugees in San José, Costa Rica where she handed out presents. In 2007, Jolie returned to Chad for a two-day mission to assess the deteriorating security situation for refugees from Darfur; Jolie and Pitt subsequently donated $1 million to three relief organizations in Chad and Darfur. Jolie also made her first visit to Syria and twice went to Iraq, where she met with Iraqi refugees as well as multi-national forces and U.S. troops.

at World Refugee Day, June 2005]]

Over time, Jolie became more involved in promoting humanitarian causes on a political level. She has regularly attended World Refugee Day in Washington, D.C., and she was an invited speaker at the World Economic Forum in Davos in 2005 and 2006. Jolie also began lobbying humanitarian interests in the U.S. capital, where she met with members of Congress at least 20 times from 2003. Jolie also pushed for several bills to aid refugees and vulnerable children in the Third World. Jolie also co-chairs the Education Partnership for Children of Conflict, founded at the Clinton Global Initiative in 2006, which helps fund education programs for children affected by conflict.

Jolie has received wide recognition for her humanitarian work. In 2003, she was the first recipient of the newly created Citizen of the World Award by the United Nations Correspondents Association, and in 2005, she was awarded the Global Humanitarian Award by the UNA-USA. Cambodia's King Norodom Sihamoni awarded Jolie Cambodian citizenship for her conservation work in the country on August 12, 2005; she has pledged $5 million to set up a wildlife sanctuary in the north-western province of Battambang and owns property there. In 2007, Jolie became a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and she received the Freedom Award by the International Rescue Committee.

After she and Pitt donated $1 million to relief efforts in Haiti following a devastating 2010 earthquake, Jolie visited Haiti and the Dominican Republic to discuss the future of relief efforts. She also donated $100,000 to the United Nations for the 2010 August flood relief operations in Pakistan.

Relationships

On March 28, 1996, Jolie married British actor Jonny Lee Miller, her co-star in the film Hackers (1995). She attended her wedding in black rubber pants and a white shirt, upon which she had written the groom's name in her blood. Jolie and Miller separated the following year and subsequently divorced on February 3, 1999. They remained on good terms and Jolie later explained, "It comes down to timing. I think he's the greatest husband a girl could ask for. I'll always love him, we were simply too young." Jolie and Thornton divorced on May 27, 2003. Asked about the sudden dissolution of their marriage, Jolie stated, "It took me by surprise, too, because overnight, we totally changed. I think one day we had just nothing in common. And it's scary but... I think it can happen when you get involved and you don't know yourself yet."

at the Deauville American Film Festival in 2007]]

Jolie has said in interviews that she is bisexual and has long acknowledged that she had a sexual relationship with her Foxfire (1996) co-star Jenny Shimizu, "I would probably have married Jenny if I hadn't married my husband. I fell in love with her the first second I saw her." In 2003, asked if she was bisexual, Jolie responded, "Of course. If I fell in love with a woman tomorrow, would I feel that it's okay to want to kiss and touch her? If I fell in love with her? Absolutely! Yes!"

In early 2005, Jolie was involved in a well-publicized Hollywood scandal when she was accused of being the reason for the divorce of actors Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston. The allegation was that she and Pitt had started an affair during filming of Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005). She denied this on several occasions, but admitted that they "fell in love" on the set. In an interview in 2005, she explained, "To be intimate with a married man, when my own father cheated on my mother, is not something I could forgive. I could not look at myself in the morning if I did that. I wouldn't be attracted to a man who would cheat on his wife." In September 2010, Jolie said in an interview with Sanjay Gupta on CNN that Brad Pitt was the only one she could really talk to.

Children

On March 10, 2002, Jolie adopted her first child, seven-month-old Maddox Chivan.

Jolie adopted a six-month-old girl from Ethiopia, Zahara Marley, on July 6, 2005. Zahara was born on January 8, 2005. She was originally named Yemsrach by her mother, and was later given the legal name Tena Adam at an orphanage. Jolie adopted her from Wide Horizons For Children orphanage in Addis Ababa. Shortly after they returned to the United States, Zahara was hospitalized for dehydration and malnutrition. In 2007, media outlets reported Zahara's biological mother, Mentewabe Dawit, was still alive and wanted her daughter back, but she later denied these reports, saying she thought Zahara was "very fortunate" to be adopted by Jolie. On January 19, 2006 a judge in California approved Pitt's request to legally adopt Jolie's two children. Their surnames were formally changed to "Jolie-Pitt".

Jolie gave birth to a daughter, Shiloh Nouvel, in Swakopmund, Namibia, by a scheduled caesarean section, on May 27, 2006. Pitt confirmed that their newly born daughter would have a Namibian passport, and Jolie decided to sell the first pictures of Shiloh through the distributor Getty Images herself, rather than allowing paparazzi to make these valuable photographs. People paid more than $4.1 million for the North American rights, while British magazine Hello! obtained the international rights for roughly $3.5 million. All profits were donated to an undisclosed charity by Jolie and Pitt. Madame Tussauds in New York unveiled a wax figure of two-month-old Shiloh; it was the first infant re-created in wax by Madame Tussauds.

On March 15, 2007, Jolie adopted a three-year-old boy from Vietnam, Pax Thien, who was born on November 29, 2003 and abandoned at birth at a local hospital, where he was initially named Pham Quang Sang. Jolie adopted the boy from the Tam Binh orphanage in Ho Chi Minh City. She revealed that his first name, Pax, was suggested by her mother before her death.

Following months of tabloid speculation, Jolie confirmed, at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, that she was expecting twins. She gave birth to a boy, Knox Léon, and a girl, Vivienne Marcheline, by caesarean section at the Lenval hospital in Nice, France, on July 12, 2008. The rights for the first images of Knox and Vivienne were jointly sold to People and Hello! for $14 million—the most expensive celebrity pictures ever taken. The money went to the Jolie/Pitt Foundation.

Jolie consciously furthers her children understanding not only what is going on in their home countries, but also the nature of the states their siblings come from. and plans to familiarize them with all faiths (in particular Christendom, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism) so that they would be able to decide themselves which religion they want to choose. She is also engaged on familiarizing all of her children with the French language.

In the media

Jolie appeared in the media from an early age due to her famous father Jon Voight. At seven she had a small part in Lookin' to Get Out, a movie co-written by and starring her father, and in 1986 and 1988 she attended the Academy Awards with him. However, when she started her acting career, Jolie decided not to use "Voight" as a stage name, because she wished to establish her own identity as an actress. She quickly became a tabloid's favorite, since she presented herself as very outspoken in interviews, discussing her love life and her interest in BDSM openly, it was also noted that her association with Brad Pitt had "accentuated" the frequency of requests for Jolie's looks. The media speculated that Jolie is a Buddhist, but she said that she teaches Buddhism to her son Maddox because she considers it part of his culture. When asked in 2000 if there was a God, she said, "For the people who believe in it, I hope so. There doesn't need to be a God for me."

in February 2009]]

Starting in 2005, her relationship with Brad Pitt became one of the most reported celebrity stories worldwide. After Jolie confirmed her pregnancy in early 2006, the unprecedented media hype surrounding them "reached the point of insanity" as Reuters described it in their story "The Brangelina fever". Trying to avoid the media attention, the couple went to Namibia for the birth of Shiloh, "the most anticipated baby since Jesus Christ", as it had been described. Two years later, Jolie's second pregnancy again fueled a media frenzy. For the two weeks she spent in a seaside hospital in Nice, reporters and photographers camped outside on the promenade to report on the birth.

Today, Jolie is one of the best known celebrities around the world. According to the Q Score, in 2000, subsequent to her Oscar win, 31% of respondents in the United States said Jolie was familiar to them, by 2006 she was familiar to 81% of Americans. Jolie was among the Time 100, a list of the 100 most influential people in the world, in 2006 and 2008. She was described as the world's most beautiful woman in the 2006 "100 Most Beautiful" issue of People, voted the greatest sex symbol of all time in the British Channel 4 television show The 100 Greatest Sex Symbols in 2007, She also topped Forbes' annual Celebrity 100 list in 2009; she had previously been ranked No. 14 in 2007, and No. 3 in 2008. Jolie was named one of the 50 People Who Matter 2010 by New Statesman Magazine.

Tattoos

visible, June 2007]]

Jolie's numerous tattoos have been the subject of much media attention and have often been addressed by interviewers. Jolie stated that, while she is not opposed to film nudity, the large number of tattoos on her body have forced filmmakers to become more creative when planning nude or love scenes. Make-up has been used to cover up the tattoos in many of her productions. Jolie has thirteen known tattoos, among them the Tennessee Williams quote "A prayer for the wild at heart, kept in cages", which she got together with her mother, the Arabic language phrase "العزيمة" (strength of will), the Latin proverb "quod me nutrit me destruit" (what nourishes me destroys me), and a Yantra prayer written in the ancient Khmer script for her son Maddox. She also has six sets of geographical coordinates on her upper left arm indicating the birthplaces of her children. Over time she covered or lasered several of her tattoos, including "Billy Bob", the name of her former husband Billy Bob Thornton, a Chinese character for death (死), and a window on her lower back; she explained that she removed the window, because, while she used to spend all of her time looking out through windows wishing to be outside, she now lives there all of the time.

Filmography

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |- ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes |- ! scope="row" | Lookin' to Get Out | 1982 | Tosh | |- ! scope="row" | | 1993 | Angela | 2 minute short film |- ! scope="row" | | 1993 | Alice | 2 minute short film |- ! scope="row" | Cyborg 2 | 1993 | Casella "Cash" Reese | |- ! scope="row" | Without Evidence | 1995 | Jodie Swearingen | |- ! scope="row" | Hackers | 1995 | Kate "Acid Burn" Libby | |- ! scope="row" | Love Is All There Is | 1996 | Gina Malacici | |- ! scope="row" | Mojave Moon | 1996 | Eleanor "Elie" Rigby | |- ! scope="row" | Foxfire | 1996 | Margret "Legs" Sadovsky | |- ! scope="row" | True Women (TV) | 1997 | Georgia Virginia Lawshe Woods | Television |- ! scope="row" | George Wallace (TV) | 1997 | Cornelia Wallace | Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TelevisionNominated—Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie |- ! scope="row" | Playing God | 1997 | Claire | |- ! scope="row" | Gia (TV) | 1998 | Gia Marie Carangi | Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Mini-series or Motion Picture Made for TelevisionScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television MovieNominated—Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie |- ! scope="row" | Hell's Kitchen | 1998 | Gloria McNeary | |- ! scope="row" | Playing by Heart | 1998 | Joan | National Board of Review Award – Breakthrough Performance |- ! scope="row" | Pushing Tin | 1998 | Mary Bell | |- ! scope="row" | | 1999 | Amelia Donaghy | |- ! scope="row" | Girl, Interrupted | 1999 | Lisa Rowe | Academy Award for Best Supporting ActressBroadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressGolden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion PictureScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role – Motion PictureNominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress |- ! scope="row" | Gone in 60 Seconds | 2000 | Sara "Sway" Wayland | |- ! scope="row" | | 2001 | Lara Croft | Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Performance – FemaleNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Fight |- ! scope="row" | Original Sin | 2001 | Julia Russell | |- ! scope="row" | Life or Something Like It | 2002 | Lanie Kerrigan | |- ! scope="row" | | 2003 | Lara Croft | |- ! scope="row" | Beyond Borders | 2003 | Sarah Jordan | |- ! scope="row" | Taking Lives | 2004 | Illeana Scott | |- ! scope="row" | Shark Tale | 2004 | Lola | Voice |- ! scope="row" | Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow | 2004 | Francesca "Franky" Cook | People's Choice Award – Favorite Female Action Star |- ! scope="row" | (TV) | 2004 | Revolutionary | Cameo |- ! scope="row" | Alexander | 2004 | Olympias | |- ! scope="row" | Mr. & Mrs. Smith | 2005 | Jane Smith | MTV Movie Award for Best FightNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best KissNominated—People's Choice Award – Favorite Female Movie StarNominated—People's Choice Award – Favorite Female Action StarNominated—People's Choice Award – Favorite On-Screen Match-Up (with Brad Pitt) |- ! scope="row" | | 2006 | Margaret Russell | |- ! scope="row" | | 2007 | Mariane Pearl | Nominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated—Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead FemaleNominated—London Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role – Motion Picture |- ! scope="row" | Beowulf | 2007 | Grendel's mother | Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Villain |- ! scope="row" | Kung Fu Panda | 2008 | Master Tigress | Voice |- ! scope="row" | Wanted | 2008 | Fox | People's Choice Award – Favorite Female Action StarNominated—People's Choice Award – Favorite Female Movie StarNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Performance – FemaleNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best KissNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best WTF Moment |- ! scope="row" | Changeling | 2008 | Christine Collins | Saturn Award for Best ActressNominated—Academy Award for Best ActressNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated—London Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role – Motion Picture |- ! scope="row" | Salt | 2010 | Evelyn Salt | |- ! scope="row" | | 2010 | Elise Ward | Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |- ! scope="row" | | 2011 | Master Tigress | Voice (post-production) |}

Awards

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Award ! scope="col" | Category ! scope="col" | Film ! scope="col" | Result |- ! scope="row" | 1998 | Emmy Award | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie | George Wallace | |- ! scope="row" | 1998 | Golden Globe Award | Best Supporting Actress – Series/Miniseries/TV Movie | George Wallace | |- ! scope="row" | 1998 | National Board of Review Award | Breakthrough Performance – Female | Playing by Heart | |- ! scope="row" | 1998 | Emmy Award | Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie | Gia | |- ! scope="row" | 1999 | Golden Globe Award | Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV | Gia | |- ! scope="row" | 1999 | Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a TV Movie or Miniseries | Gia | |- ! scope="row" | 2000 | Golden Globe Award | Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture | Girl, Interrupted | |- ! scope="row" | 2000 | Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role | Girl, Interrupted | |- ! scope="row" | 2000 | Academy Award | Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role | Girl, Interrupted | |- ! scope="row" | 2004 | People's Choice Award | Favourite Female Action Star | Sky Captain And The World Of Tomorrow | |- ! scope="row" | 2008 | Golden Globe Award | Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama | | |- ! scope="row" | 2008 | Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role | | |- ! scope="row" | 2009 | Golden Globe Award | Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama | Changeling | |- ! scope="row" | 2009 | Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role | Changeling | |- ! scope="row" | 2009 | BAFTA Award | Best Actress in a Leading Role | Changeling | |- ! scope="row" | 2009 | Academy Award | Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role | Changeling | |- ! scope="row" | 2011 | Golden Globe Award | Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy | The Tourist | |}

References

Notes

Further reading

McFay, Edgar. Angelina Jolie: Angel in Disguise. Icon Press, 2005. ISBN 1-894864-25-5

Jolie, Angelina. Notes from My Travels. Pocket Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7434-7023-0.

Wills, Dominic. Angelina Jolie biography. Tiscali.co.uk. Accessed September 8, 2008.

UNHCR. Angelina Jolie UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador Fact Sheet. UNHCR.org. Accessed September 8, 2008.

UNHCR. Field Missions. UNHCR.org. Accessed September 8, 2008.

Bandon, Alexandra. Following, Ambivalently, in Mom or Dad's Footsteps. The New York Times. August 25, 1996. Accessed February 25, 2009.

Rochlin, Margy. Angelina Jolie: For a Fighting Machine, a 'Bad Girl' Image Is Good. The New York Times. June 17, 2001. Accessed January 16, 2009.

Heath, Chris. Blood, Sugar, Sex, Magic. Rolling Stone. July 2001. Accessed September 8, 2008.

Van Meter, Jonathan. Body Beautiful. Vogue. April 2002. Accessed September 8, 2008.

Van Meter, Jonathan. Learning to Fly. Vogue. March 2004. Accessed September 8, 2008.

Schruers, Fred. Angelina Jolie. Premiere Magazine. October 2004. Accessed September 8, 2008.

Sessums, Kevin. Wild at heart. Allure. November 2004. Accessed September 8, 2008.

Swibel, Matthew. Bad Girl Interrupted. Forbes. June 12, 2006. Accessed September 8, 2008.

Van Meter, Jonathan. The Bold and the Beautiful. Vogue. January 2007. Accessed September 8, 2008.

Palmer, Martin. Angelina Almighty. The Times. September 8, 2007. Accessed September 8, 2008.

Harris, Mark. The Mommy Track. The New York Times. October 15, 2008. Accessed January 16, 2009.

Barnes, Brooks. Angelina Jolie’s Carefully Orchestrated Image. The New York Times. November 20, 2008. Accessed November 24, 2008.

External links

UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie, official homepage at UNHCR.org

Angelina Jolie's Refugee Journals, Jolie's journals (2002–2005) at UNHCR.org

Journey Through Eastern Congo, multimedia journal, narrated by Jolie

Interviews of Angelina Jolie by Charlie Rose

Category:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Goodwill Ambassadors Category:Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners Category:Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Female aviators Category:American aviators Category:Bisexual actors Category:LGBT people from the United States Category:American film producers Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:American female models Category:American writers Category:Armenian philanthropists Category:American humanitarians Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California Category:American actors of German descent Category:American people of Slovak descent Category:American people of French-Canadian descent Category:People of Iroquois descent Category:Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute alumni Category:1975 births Category:Living people Category:American actors of French descent